Marriage in modern China - Knowledge (XXG)

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period. Couples who file for divorce are required to wait for a duration of 30 days after submitting their application. During this period, either spouse is allowed to retract their petition. After the completion of the stipulated 30-day waiting period, the couple must once again submit their divorce application in person to legally end their marriage. Chinese officials’ argument for this provision is to prevent “impulsive” divorces and to stop couples who try to escape home purchase limits through a fake divorce. Escaping home purchase limits refers to a practice where couples exploit loopholes in regulations by getting a fake divorce, allowing them to buy additional properties under each person's name. This tactic is used to bypass government-imposed restrictions on the number of properties an individual or a family can own. The “cooling-off” period is shown to be effective in reducing divorce rates, as the Ministry of Civil Affairs has reported that there were 296,000 recorded divorces in the first quarter of 2021. This figure is 72% lower than the 1.06 million divorces that were registered in the last quarter of the previous year.

640:) is a common phenomenon in China that parents and relatives pressure unmarried people to marry before they're 30, particularly females. In China, most parents hope their children can marry at an earlier age, around 30 years old or earlier. Usually, parents will introduce them to potential people to date when parents feel anxiety and worry about their children's unmarried status. One of the most popular ways is by asking their relatives and friends to find a proper marriage partner. Also, they will go to matchmaking corners and post marriage-seeking ads. The phenomenon connects to the ideology that females' marriage and relationship status undermine their success. Caring for the Next Generation Working Committee, a Communist Party-affiliated organization established by the State Council, surveyed in 2016 that 86% of people whose ages range from 25 to 35 were pressured by their parents to marry. Although parental authority has weakened in recent years, many young people are still unable to openly defy their parents' wishes. 350:

point to the possibility that the cooling-off period makes women more vulnerable to domestic violence and even spousal murder. For instance, Kan Xiaofang had long suffered from domestic violence from her husband and filed for divorce in 2021. During the New Year's holiday, she went back to her original residence to gather essential items and continue with the divorce process. Her sister reported that when they noticed an ax near the entrance of her old house, Kan made a remark stating that her husband might be planning to kill her. On January 8, Kan Xiaofang was brutally killed by her spouse before the divorce lawsuit was over. This case has triggered a new round of public discussion about the "cooling-off period" for divorce. People argue that making the divorce process more complex and time-consuming without providing comprehensive protection to women who suffer from domestic violence could lead to tragic consequences.

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were pregnant, and it required a soldier's spouse to have the soldier's permission to obtain a divorce. The primary objective of the Marriage Law of 1950 was to abolish the feudalistic marriage system that persisted in China before 1949. Another development around 1950 was the land reform which granted women the right to own land, enabling them to achieve some more financial autonomy. These changes regarding divorce and land ownership led more women to seek divorce. As a result, the marriage law became known as the "divorce law." since divorce emerged as the most contentious and alarming aspect of the newly introduced laws. Statistics show an exponential increase in divorce cases after the Marriage Law came into effect. In 21 large and medium-sized cities, there were 9,300 divorce petitions from January through April 1950. In that same year, there were 17,763 divorce petitions from May through August.

366: 346:, 208,600 people participated in the vote, with only 57,800 (27.7%) expressing clear support, and 117,000 (55.6%) voicing outright opposition. In May 2020, right after the draft law was published, it became a focal point of social discourse, gaining attention across various domestic social media platforms, including Tik Tok, Sina Weibo, WeChat Moments, and Qzone. Chinese people voiced several arguments against the cooling-off period on these platforms. For example, they say the legislators initially "assumed" that people's intention to divorce was an irrational decision, an assumption that many considered self-righteous and paternalistic overreach. After all, in highly personal relationships like marriage, the individuals involved hold the exclusive right to judge whether the relationship is good or bad. 78:“Marriage was under the near-absolute control of family elders and was considered an important part of a family's strategy for success”. The system of patrilineal succession and ancestral worship left no place for daughters within their natal family trees. Traditionally, brides became a part of their husband’s family and essentially cut ties with their natal families with special emphasis placed on a wife’s ability to produce a male heir. As arranged marriages were customary, husband and wife often did not meet each other until the day of the wedding. Married life consisted of a complex and rigid family arrangement with the role of the male to provide for the family and that of the female to care of the domestic duties within the home, as dictated by the ideas conveyed in Song Ruozhao’s 214:

pursuing these choices. The Law emphasizes marriage planning between the couple as well. Mistreatment of children, including infanticide or any serious harm to infants is prohibited. Property gained during a marriage belongs to both husband and wife and both have equal rights to such property. Familial relationships include the duty to support and assist each other; parents to provide for their children; and grown children have the obligation to care for their parents. This provision “ the obligation of children to care for aging parents.” Women now are not required to be obedient to or to serve their in-laws anymore, and married couples are able to have more intimate relationships.

82:. Although Confucianism is no longer thought of an explicit belief system in China, it has created a lasting legacy of traditional assumptions and ideas about marriage. Thus, it is still a major barrier to achieving gender equality and women’s sexual autonomy in marriage. On the other hand, the higher house prices squeeze the marriage in China. The house price plays an important role on the influence of marriage and fertility. The increasing house price leads to the lower marriage rate and cause the other serious social problems in China. For the rapid reduction of marriage and fertility, the center government should establish the policy to deal with the high house price. 626:

in most of the large cities in China. Most of the matchmaking candidates in these corners are females, which perpetuates the idea that there are more suitable men than women with which to form marriage partnerships. These women feel the conflicting desires to satisfy their parents and to experience autonomic, romantic love. They also express the desire to change the gender norms of their social realities by combating the career women's "double-burden." Thus, although arranged marriage is against official state policy, parents are still finding ways to exert influence and pressure on their children to form marriages that are beneficial for the family.

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significantly, primarily because the courts were highly restrictive in granting divorces. One of the few reasons courts would allow divorce was to separate a persecuted person from their family. This means that if a person was deemed to be a political target, a "counter-revolutionary," or faced persecution for any other reason related to the Cultural Revolution, the courts would permit a divorce to distance that person from their spouse and children. The intent behind such divorces was to protect the family from guilt by association, as the persecution of one family member could lead to severe consequences for the entire family.

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affairs department. In urban areas, the work unit, the residents' committee, and the neighborhood cadres all step in to help the couple reunite. In rural areas, the divorce mediation process tended to disadvantage the female petitioner. Mediators often consist of members from the husband's family and would either blame the wife or persuade her to remain in the marriage. Official statistics show that in 1982, about 25 percent of all would-be divorces were reconciled after mediation in court, reflecting the government's view that "earnest mediation can prevent the disintegration of families."

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government. A man might divorce his wife under the Qing legal code for improper behavior (gossip, jealousy, adultery, theft, lack of filiality toward in-laws), sickness, or inability to bear a son. These rights were not shared by the wife who could only divorce her husband if her birth family was willing to file a lawsuit on her behalf, and then only if her husband had abandoned her, caused her lasting bodily damage, sought to sell her, or forced her to commit adultery. In practice, divorce was extremely rare in the late Qing Dynasty and could result in social ostracism.

554:. The practice violates traditions that a groom should provide a new place for his future wife or, at least, that the couple's families should provide them a material foundation to provide for their future grandchildren. However, in order for the marriage to be legally recognized and protected by law and the government, the marriage must be registered with the government in accordance with the marriage law. The practice also saves the groom's family from an expensive wedding, the average cost of which has been reckoned to have increased 4000 times in the last 30 years. 279:

In court, women shared stories of husbands who left home to find work but either went missing or were unable to send money back, resulting in wives struggling to provide for themselves and their children. Wives of Nationalist soldiers faced long separations from their husbands, who were unable to communicate or send remittances across Japanese lines. Even if they could, the low pay of enlisted men in the Nationalist army would have made it difficult. In such circumstances, courts were inclined to grant the wife a divorce.

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rural and urban areas respectively, and after the 1980 Marriage Law it decreased to 21.0 years of age in the decade after the law was enacted. The mid twentieth century also saw changes in the occurrence of dowry and payments for brides as these no longer occurred as frequently. However, reports in recent years appear to indicate that these customs are still practiced in some areas, and may actually be increasing since the government has relaxed its tight prohibitions on the practices.

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institution in Chinese culture, parents may no longer hold absolute control but continue to be influential in the decisions of their children’s marriages. Marriage decisions are important to parents because families are understood not simply in the present but as lineages existing throughout time in which living generations pay tribute to ancestors. Additionally, women are generally expected to marry men who are economically better off than themselves in a practice called

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with the younger generation, who value freedom and independence. Therefore, Cui Hun is a common phenomenon in China that many young people should deal with. However, parents urging their children to marry is not a completely outdated behaviour: when parents age, they expect to rely on their children financially and mentally. They worry that unmarried children will not have a family support network as the relationship network plays a significant role in China.

461: 3870: 2906: 1602: 2916: 160:, among others. The changes introduced in the 1980 Marriage Law represent the principle transition of the traditional structure of marriage to a modern legal framework. The law enforces provisions to value that gender equality and family relations are emphasized in the reform, and is divided into four major subsections: general principles, marriage contract, family relations, and divorce. 435:. Same-sex relationships have been a part of China’s long history, but it is in the modern period where “cultural tolerance of same-sex eroticism began to fade.” In the modernization efforts after 1949 sexuality was removed from the movement until specific policies were enacted in 1956. Acts of homosexuality were outlawed and classified as “hooliganism” and punished under criminal law. 378:, the movement to secure rights to education for women, and the campaigns to allow women into the work force, alongside other changes all challenged the traditional gender role of married women. However, in practice, women are still responsible for the majority of domestic work and are expected to put their husbands and families first. Working-class women are often forced to juggle the 27: 644:"Sheng Nu", in other words, "leftover women." However, as many young women pursue education and career, the average age of first marriage is delayed. For example, in 2005, people's average age of the first marriage is 24.37 for women and 26.68 for men in Shanghai. However, it becomes 28.14 for women and 30.11 for men in 2014. According to a 2021 report by the 275:

concubine after the Civil Code was implemented in May 1931, but not if he had one before that date. Although a wife couldn't force her husband to abandon his concubine, she could opt for a judicial separation instead of a divorce. This way, she wouldn't have to live with him and wouldn't face the social stigma associated with being a divorcée.

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the decision to marry lies in the freedom of choice of a man or woman to choose their partners. During the 1930s and 1940s, most marriages were decided by the parents of those who were to be wed. Although parents or older generations decided everything for them, on who should be their mate and the amount of money spent on the wedding.

53:, such as arranged marriage, to one where the freedom to choose one’s partner is generally respected. However, both parental and cultural pressures are still placed on many individuals, especially women, to choose socially and economically advantageous marriage partners. In 2023, China had 7.68 million marriages. While 625:

The media conception of "leftover women" has instilled new anxieties into parents, especially those of college-educated daughters who have delayed marriage past their twenties. Thus, many parents have been driven to search for potential matches for their children, and matchmaking corners have emerged

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The marriage laws also enforced an age restriction on marital union in an effort to encourage a later marrying age. The law however seemed to have the opposite effect as the law appeared to reduce the age at which couples got married. In 1978 the average age of marriage for women was 22.4 and 25.1 in

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Important changes in marriage practices came from then newly established communist government which introduced new law in 1950 and 1980, include new Marriage Laws' outlawing of concubinage, child marriages, polygamy, and selling of sons and daughters into marriage or prostitution. Provisions made for

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When the Japanese army invaded China, divorce suits increased in cities that fell under Japanese control. Many men vanished and left their families without financial support. In 1942, women in Beijing filed 77 percent of all divorce cases, with over half of these cases citing desertion as the reason.

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The law bans marriage between close relatives, which is defined as lineal relatives, blood relative in the direct line of descent, and collateral relatives, such as cousins or uncles, to the third degree of relationship. Furthermore, after a marriage has been registered and a certificate for marriage

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The 1980 Marriage Law stipulates that marriage is based on the freedom to choose one’s partner, the practice of monogamy, and equality of the sexes. Article 3 of the law emphasizes the freedom to choose one’s spouse by forbidding marriage decisions made by third parties and the use of money or gifts

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Parents become more agitated when young people pursue their education and career in their twenties without a partner in their late twenties. Secondly, members of the older generation consider marriage a necessary safeguard in sudden sickness or unexpected unemployment. In some respects, it conflicts

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or "leftover women" (剩女) has been created by the state media and government in order to pressure women into marrying earlier. State media often have articles about women regretting their decision not to marry early, highlighting the consequences of marrying at a later age. These “leftover women” are

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Outside of marriage decisions, parents may also be involved in the married lives of their children through their living arrangements. Although many couples now have their own separate residence, residential patterns of parents and children very according to different circumstances. The occurrence of

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The marriage decisions in pre-modern China traditionally were made by parents with the help of matchmakers, and the fate of the children were determined at an early age. Since the reforms in the twentieth century, and the implementation of the marriage law, such practices have been outlawed. Legally

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During the Republican Period, there was a shift towards more liberal divorce laws. In 1930, the government passed the family law which abolished the requirement for family approval and granted a unilateral divorce on ten grounds. However, divorce was still relatively rare due to the continued social

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Divorce laws in China have undergone significant changes throughout history, reflecting the evolution of Chinese societal and cultural norms. Divorce in China has existed for at least two thousand years, yet the right to divorce was mainly available to men. Historically, there were seven grounds for

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The 1980 law also states that marriage must be a willing action where coercion by a third party is strictly not permitted. The age requirement for marriage is 22 years of age for men and 20 years of age for women and the 1980 law also encouraged late marriage and later child birth. This provision in

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Currently in China, there are more men than women, and women in every age group are more likely to marry than their male counterparts. Therefore, this will affect the long-term population growth in China as well as the number of working age population available in China, which is why the government

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Divorce by court mediation. This type of divorce can result in two outcomes. If the mediation is successful in resolving the conflict between the couple, the divorce application is withdrawn. On the other hand, if the mediation fails, the court will issue a mediated divorce certificate, which holds

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The Marriage Law of 1981 promoted the lawful process of obtaining a divorce. This law added a new criterion for divorce: alienation of affection. During the Maoist era, divorce petitions often led to lengthy mediation processes and even official pressure for couples to stay together. However, under

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enacted the Marriage Law in 1950. This law allowed couples to divorce if they both agreed to it, but if they couldn't agree, they had to try mediation and ultimately go to court for a decision. Additionally, the law prohibited husbands from divorcing their wives while they were pregnant or recently

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Children are given the freedom to choose either parent’s last name and have the right to demand the proper care from their parents. Children born out of wedlock have the same rights as children born to a married couple and the father has the duty to provide for that child. Adoption is legal and the

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Many Chinese couples rushed to divorce right before the “cooling-off” period came into effect at the end of 2020. Some people fear that the cooling-off period will make it harder for the initiator of the divorce, mostly women, who have historically been the vulnerable party in the marriage. Others

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Fearing a potential population drop, the government has responded to the increasing trend of divorce by implementing new divorce policies to achieve social stability. In 2021, the government added a new provision to the Civil Code Act 1077, which is later referred to as the mandatory “cooling-off”

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have made such speedy marriages more economical. "Flash" marriages are also more likely to happen due to some couples being pressured by parents to marry quickly before the parents feel it is too late. However "flash" marriages are more likely to end in divorce soon afterwards as the couples find

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Total control in the marriage decisions of children by parents is rare in China today, but parental involvement in decision making now takes on a different form. Parental involvement can range from introducing potential spouses to giving advice on marriage decisions. As the family is an important

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communities have developed within China that have increased the visibility of non-normative sexualities and genders. However, the heterosexual family and marriage still serve as public forms of social control that pressure many of these women to participate in heterosexual marriages. As a result,

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province issued new rules banning wedding banquets for people who are marrying for the second time in an attempt to subdue public displays of extravagance. Multiple feasts, and the use of more than one location for one marriage have also been banned. A bride and groom must now register with their

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While the new law provided better protection for concubines by treating them as family members, it became less socially acceptable for a man to have one. Under the new code, taking on a concubine was effectively considered adultery. As a result, the wife could seek a divorce if her husband took a

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Divorce can be granted when both husband and wife desire it. Both should apply for a divorce and make arrangements for children and property so a divorce certificate can be issued. Divorces initiated by one party should be taken to the people’s court and will be granted when reconciliation is not

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On September 10, 1980, the Marriage Law of the People’s Republic of China was adopted as the modified law code from the 1950 Marriage Law. The 1950 Marriage Law was the first legal document under the People's Republic of China to address marriage and family law. The 1980 Marriage Law followed the

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In the 1950s, the political campaign for "Five-Good Families" urged families to practice the principles of (1) "harmony between husbands and wives"; (2) "equality between men and women"; (3) "frugality in housekeeping"; (4) "solidarity among neighbors"; and (5) "honoring elders and caring for the

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In 1984 the state no longer punished homosexuality as a crime, but classified homosexuality as a mental illness. However, homosexuality is no longer classified as a mental disorder. Being a homosexual person bears even greater stigma than being single or divorced. Despite this stigma, many local

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There is an difference of values between two generations when it comes to whom and when they marry. Firstly, many older generations consider the ideal age to marry to be 23 for women and 25 for men. In particular, females are expected to marry before their late twenties, or they would be titled

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While the Marriage Law was welcomed by many urban women, it was strongly resisted by rural Chinese families. They saw the dissolution of marriage as a consequence of this law and, along with the government, began to oppose this law. During the Cultural Revolution, divorce rates in China dropped

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In theory, the Marriage Law of 1981 is capable of making divorce easier in cases where only one party seeks divorce. However, due to cultural norms, divorce is largely seen as the last resort, and couples filing for divorce are discouraged by several parties before their case reaches the civil

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Divorce by appeal to the People’s Court. This type of divorce happens if one party desires a divorce but the other does not agree. If the court determines that the couple has lost their love for each other and that their relationship is irreparable, a court verdict will grant them a divorce to

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This section of the marriage law states that men and women are of equal status in the home and each have a right to use their own family name if they choose. Both also have the freedom to work, to engage in society, and to pursue an education where neither is allowed to restrict the other from

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During the imperial era, divorce laws became more codified and restrictive. The Qing government implemented strict rules governing divorce. For instance, a couple would need a valid reason to divorce, such as infidelity, and the couple would need to obtain approval from their families and the

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that dictated a traditional behavior code between men and women in marriage and in the lifetime preparation for marriage. The segregation of females and the education of males were cultural practices that separated the two sexes, as men and women would occupy different spheres after marriage.

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In the 21st century, divorce rates in China have steadily increased, especially in urban areas. Among all divorce cases, 70 percent of initiators are women. This is partially due to China’s economic growth. More women are being educated and the societal stigma around divorce is becoming less

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remains rare in China, the 1.96 million couples applying for divorce in 2010 represented a rate 14% higher than the year before and doubled from ten years ago. Despite this rising divorce rate, marriage is still thought of as a natural part of the life course and as a responsibility of good

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Rights between adopted children and birth parents become null after the child has been adopted. Stepchildren should not be mistreated and have the right to the same relations between parents and children. Grandparents have the duty to care for grandchildren whose parents are deceased and

240:(civil code) introduced a 30-day "cool-off period" for uncontested divorces, which are handled by the Civil Affairs Bureau. This rule does not affect contested divorces handled by the court. However, the judicial system is known to habitually deny initial petitions. In one extreme case, 137:. The law abolished arranged marriages, paying money or goods for a wife, and outlawed polygamy and child marriage. Following the passage of the 1950 Marriage Law, mass campaigns promoted the principle of freely-chosen monogamous marriages and official registration of marriage. 418:

In December 2018 China’s ministry of civil affairs decreed at a conference on wedding reform that instead of an opulent event, weddings must "integrate core socialist values and excellent Chinese traditional culture into the construction of marriage and family", and "implement

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a man to repudiate his wife including adultery, infertility, and disobedience to his parents. Women, on the other hand, only had three grounds to prevent such repudiation. In the most extreme cases, a woman could only escape a marriage by running away or committing suicide.

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The new provision to the Civil Code Act 1077 triggered different reactions. Several media outlets initiated a public vote on whether to support the implementation of a divorce cooling-off period system in December 2019, well before the law was announced. According to the

70:. This ideology formed a culture of marriage that strove for the “Chinese family idea, which was to have many generations under one roof". Confucianism grants order and hierarchy as well as the collective needs over those of the individual. It was the maintenance of 309:

Divorce by mutual agreement. This type of divorce is managed by civil affairs departments instead of the courts and doesn't involve any fees for the applicants. In this case, an approved divorce means the marriage certificate was withdrawn and a divorce certificate

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Since the opening and reform period in the 1980s, increasing numbers of women hold college degrees and are now reluctant to be "tied down" to a married life so soon after their graduation, with women choosing to be more career-oriented. Another dynamic is reverse

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parents and their married children living together changes over the course of their lifetime as circumstances like childcare needs for the married couples arise, or when parents become widowed, and/or consideration of the health of parents.

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called for men and women to interact freely in public, and to make marriage a free choice based on true love. This freedom of choosing one's spouse was codified in the 1950 Marriage Law, which also outlawed arranged and coerced marriages.

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practice matrilineal succession, and for the entire process from pregnancy, childbirth, to raising a family, the wife-husband pair work together and there is little gendered division of labor in the practices of the Lahu people.

114:, a man could only have one official wife, but polygamy remained in wealthier households where a man might have an official wife (termed, big wife) and a concubine with lower status than the big wife (termed, small wife). 485:

completely, but a change in the practice is evident. In the last fifty years, data indicates that parental involvement in marriage decisions has decreased in all areas of China and among the majority of the population.

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is obtained, the newlyweds can freely choose to become a member of each other’s families if they so desire, meaning they are not obligated to choose one family and abandon the other as was tradition for Chinese women.

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Marriage today has been influenced by many of the revolutionary and feminist movements that have occurred in the twentieth century. Such reforms focused on women and family. For example, the efforts to end

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grandchildren have the duty to care for grandparents whose children are deceased. Older siblings who are able to care for younger siblings that are orphaned have the duty to provide for their siblings.

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Wei Chen & Lei Shi “Developments in China's Provisions for Postdivorce Relief in the 21st Century and Suggestions for Their Improvement.” Journal of Divorce & Remarriage, 54:5, 363-380,

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same format of the 1950 law, but it was amended in 2001 to introduce and synthesize a national code of family planning. This Marriage Law abolished the feudal marriage system, which included

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Anthropologists often identify the 1980 Marriage Law as an important turning point in the gradual shift of marriage to increasingly focus on affective ties and frameworks of romantic love.

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have also significantly altered the marital relationships between men and women. For example, women were allowed to own property under this law, as well as inherit it. Laws such as the

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stigmatized as being abnormal and unfeminine, since remaining single represents a failure to adhere to the traditional role of women as wives despite their successes in the workplace.

2252: 622:, where men preferably choose to marry women who are younger than them, earn comparably less than their counterpart and come from a "lesser" background compared to the man himself. 534:) is recent Chinese slang, coined in 2008 to describe the growing number of marriages between partners who do not yet own any significant assets. The "Five Nos" involved are: no 327:

severe. Another reason for more divorces is that in 2001, amendments to the Marriage Law included post-divorce reliefs such as economic compensation for divorce damages.

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Although these are common Han practices, many minority groups in China practice different marriage and family lineage practices. For example, the small ethnic minority of the

3896: 578:) is recent (and pejorative) Chinese slang for a marriage between partners who have known each other less than one month. In some cases, these young couples (usually in 118: 1737: 1320: 173:

the law shows a change from the 1950 law which set the age requirements at 18 and 20 for women and men respectively, showing state support of marriage at a later age.

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Selden, M. (1993). Family Strategies and Structures in Rural North China. In D. Deborah and H. Stevan (Eds.), Chinese Families in the Post-Mao Era, 139-145. London.

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the new law, if mediation was unsuccessful, courts were instructed to grant a divorce. In addition, this law specifies three forms of divorce in present-day China:

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William L. Parish and Martin King Whyte. “Village and Family in Contemporary China.” Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press, 1978, pp. 195-6.

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in place from 1979 to 2015. The major transformation in the twentieth century is characterized by the change from traditional structures for

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study, 80 percent of divorce petitions filed by women were denied on the first try, even with evidence of domestic violence present.

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local government office if they wish to hold a wedding banquet to ensure that neither are registered as having been married before.

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Chen, Feinian (2005). "Residential Patterns of Parents and Their Married Children in Contemporary China: A Life Course Approach".

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M. J. Meijer. “Marriage Law and Policy in the Chinese People's Republic.” Hong Kong, Hong Kong University Press, 1971, pp. 26-7.

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Attitudes about marriage have been influenced by Western countries, with more couples nowadays opting for western style weddings

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themselves unable to cope with each other due to personal habits that they did not know about before they married each other.

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The 2001 Amendment of Marriage Law Article 3 bans the cohabitation between a married person with another opposite sex, again.

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possible. This law also specifies that divorce does not cut parental ties and that those relationships should be maintained.

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of doing the majority of the household labor with the waged work they must do to support their families. In particular, the

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China Orders a Halt on Weddings Failing to Incorporate Xi’s Communist ‘Thoughts’, Edwin Mora, 4 December 2018, Breitbart

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Everyday Lives in China's Cold War Military Industrial Complex: Voices from the Shanghai Small Third Front, 1964-1988

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C. K. Yang. “The Chinese Family in the Communist Revolution.” Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1959, pp 69.

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involved into the arrangement of a marriage. The law also prohibits maltreatment and desertion of family members.

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Research has shown that the enforcement of the law has not necessarily been able to stop the practice of parents

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Gaetano, Arianne (2014). "Leftover Women:' Postponing Marriage and Renegotiating Womanhood in Urban China".

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Palmer, Michael (2007). "Transforming Family Law in Post-Deng China: Marriage, Divorce, and Reproduction".

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Kam, Lucetta Yip Lo (2012). "Shanghai Lalas: Female Tongzhi Communities and Politics in Urban China".

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Zeng Meng, “Research on China's Divorce Cooling-off Period System.” Francis Academic Press, UK, 2021

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Engel, John W. (November 1984). "Marriage in the People's Republic of China: Analysis of a New Law".

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Advertisements detailing the age, assets, and education attainment of singles in the Chinese city of

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Chopsticks Only Work in Pairs": Gender Unity and Gender Equality among the Lahu of Southwest China

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New York: Columbia University Press: 827–831. 1752:"China city bans second-time wedding banquets" 830:Gender and Sexuality in modern Chinese history 2946: 2541: 2246: 924:"Do house prices squeeze marriages in China?" 635: 567: 523: 202:started to flourish again since early 1980s. 8: 1736:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 1542:Beijing Review, February 4th, 1985, pp 19-20 1524:Beijing Review, February 4th, 1985, pp 19-20 1341:[The legal definition of sugaring]. 1319:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 121:, the People's Republic of China passed the 2091:"China's 'leftover women', unmarried at 27" 1223:Tamney, J. B., & Chiang, L. H. (2002). 823: 821: 819: 817: 815: 813: 3897:Marriage, unions and partnerships in China 3422: 2953: 2939: 2931: 2548: 2534: 2526: 2276: 2253: 2239: 2231: 1379:"Want a Divorce? In China, Try, Try Again" 1323:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 450:find a member of the opposite sex to marry 37:has undergone change during the country's 1726:. London: University of California Press. 939: 856:. New York, NY: Zed Books Ltd. p. 9. 1717: 1715: 1359:. Mesquite, TX: Ide House, Inc. p. 179. 1238:Women in China's Long Twentieth Century. 1178:. Beijing: Foreign Language Press. 1982. 928:Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja 2089:Magistad, Mary Kay (20 February 2013). 832:. New York: Cambridge University Press. 733: 717:Recognition of same-sex unions in China 582:) represent changing attitudes towards 433:recognition of same-sex unions in China 1959:The bare necessities of naked marriage 1953: 1951: 1729: 1312: 1055: 1053: 1023: 1021: 1019: 1017: 1015: 979:. New York: Columbia University Press. 156:, the Supreme People’s Court, and the 2199:European Council on Foreign Relations 2158: 2156: 2154: 2152: 2139:Journal of Research in Gender Studies 2132: 2130: 2114: 2112: 2110: 2069: 2067: 2065: 2030: 2028: 2026: 2024: 2022: 2007: 2005: 1922:Population Research and Policy Review 1868: 1866: 1864: 1862: 7: 1888:Beresford, Meka (27 November 2016). 1724:Chinese Families in the Post-Mao Era 847: 845: 843: 841: 839: 783:Patience, Martin (2 November 2011). 1410:(in Simplified Chinese). Xinhuanet 990:Xu, Youwei; Wang, Y. Yvon (2022). 314:the same legal value as a verdict. 14: 2337:Three Obediences and Four Virtues 2215:from the original on 17 July 2024 1777:Watts, Gordon (4 December 2018). 1722:Davis, Harrell, Deborah, Steven. 1357:Chinese Women: Past & Present 1287:Population and Development Review 745:. Stanford University Press: 119. 3869: 3868: 2914: 2905: 2904: 2163:Ma, Chunhua (3 September 2018). 2015:. Shanghai Daily. November 2005. 605:In recent years, the concept of 406:In January 2017, authorities in 183:The 1980 Marriage Law described 1998:. All-China Women's Federation. 1577:Griffiths, James (2021-05-19). 318:entirely dissolve the marriage. 3851:Marriage in pre-Islamic Arabia 2872:British Indian Ocean Territory 1227:p. 133. Westport, CT: Praeger. 1097:Journal of Marriage and Family 1034:University of Washington Press 874:Journal of Marriage and Family 164:General principles of marriage 158:Supreme People’s Procuratorate 149:and the free-choice marriage. 1: 3460:Ghost marriage in South Sudan 2319:In ancient and imperial times 1450:Women and China's Revolutions 1400:Shu Shengxiang (2021-04-16). 941:10.1080/1331677X.2020.1746190 2433:Traditional Chinese marriage 2289:All-China Women's Federation 1873:Kam, Lucetta Yip Lo (2012). 1797:"济南市人民政府要闻全国婚俗改革工作座谈会在济召开" 1659:Rudolph, Josh (2021-01-24). 1566:10.1080/10502556.2013.800392 1377:Cai, Yineng (Nov 26, 2021). 909:Sources of Chinese Tradition 498:Living with married children 242:Ning Shunhua v. 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(2011). 518:Naked marriage in China 289:Chinese Communist Party 271:stigma attached to it. 3448:Chinese ghost marriage 2330:Good Wife, Wise Mother 2294:Female migrant workers 1408:Yangcheng Evening News 1060:Ching, Pao-Yu (2021). 646:Communist Youth League 469: 370: 300:Economic reform period 107: 58:citizenship in China. 47:family planning policy 31: 1975:People's Daily Online 1603:"Sina Visitor System" 975:Shanshan, Du (2002). 463: 368: 105: 29: 2796:United Arab Emirates 1853:The Emerging Lesbian 1258:(2): 266–269. 1984. 580:China's large cities 456:Parental involvement 187:as a national duty. 123:Marriage Law of 1950 3689:Royal intermarriage 3391:Mystery of Crowning 2823:limited recognition 2197:. Berlin, Germany: 1191:The China Quarterly 687:May Fourth Movement 483:arranging marriages 384:May Fourth movement 3555:Marriage allowance 3185:Widow conservation 2962:Types of marriages 2428:Polyandry in Tibet 2401:Three-child policy 2360:Female infanticide 1957:Waldmeir, Patti. 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It prohibited 51:Chinese marriage 45:of 1950 and the 43:New Marriage Law 3917: 3916: 3912: 3911: 3910: 3908: 3907: 3906: 3887: 3886: 3885: 3880: 3860: 3829: 3809: 3746: 3693: 3641: 3614: 3566: 3526: 3480: 3418: 3412: 3369: 3321:Sister exchange 3307: 3281: 3073: 3013:Serial monogamy 2969:Legal scenarios 2964: 2959: 2929: 2924: 2896: 2864: 2855: 2836:Northern Cyprus 2822: 2815: 2557: 2554: 2524: 2515: 2489:same-sex unions 2437: 2366: 2268: 2259: 2229: 2228: 2218: 2216: 2209: 2194: 2187: 2186: 2182: 2173: 2171: 2162: 2161: 2150: 2136: 2135: 2128: 2118: 2117: 2108: 2099: 2097: 2088: 2087: 2083: 2073: 2072: 2063: 2049: 2048: 2044: 2034: 2033: 2020: 2011: 2010: 2003: 1996:womenofchina.cn 1990: 1989: 1985: 1973: 1969: 1963:Financial Times 1956: 1949: 1919: 1918: 1914: 1909: 1905: 1895: 1893: 1887: 1886: 1882: 1872: 1871: 1860: 1850: 1849: 1845: 1835: 1833: 1830:TheGuardian.com 1822: 1821: 1817: 1812: 1808: 1795: 1794: 1790: 1776: 1775: 1771: 1761: 1759: 1750: 1749: 1745: 1728: 1721: 1720: 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361:Marriage reform 333: 302: 285: 268: 259: 250: 228: 211: 166: 135:mental disorder 100: 64: 39:economic reform 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 3915: 3913: 3905: 3904: 3899: 3889: 3888: 3882: 3881: 3879: 3878: 3865: 3862: 3861: 3859: 3858: 3853: 3848: 3843: 3837: 3835: 3831: 3830: 3828: 3827: 3819: 3817: 3811: 3810: 3808: 3807: 3806: 3805: 3800: 3795: 3790: 3780: 3775: 3774: 3773: 3763: 3757: 3755: 3748: 3747: 3745: 3744: 3739: 3734: 3729: 3724: 3719: 3714: 3709: 3703: 3701: 3695: 3694: 3692: 3691: 3686: 3681: 3676: 3675: 3674: 3673: 3672: 3670:Middle Eastern 3662: 3651: 3649: 3643: 3642: 3640: 3639: 3634: 3628: 3626: 3620: 3619: 3616: 3615: 3613: 3612: 3607: 3602: 3597: 3592: 3587: 3586: 3585: 3574: 3572: 3568: 3567: 3565: 3564: 3563: 3562: 3557: 3552: 3542: 3536: 3534: 3528: 3527: 3525: 3524: 3519: 3514: 3509: 3504: 3499: 3494: 3488: 3486: 3482: 3481: 3479: 3478: 3477: 3476: 3475: 3474: 3462: 3452: 3451: 3450: 3445: 3440: 3429: 3427: 3420: 3417:Circumstantial 3414: 3413: 3411: 3410: 3409: 3408: 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