750:
806:
55:
3209:
608:). Individuals ranged up to around 75 cm (30 in) high at the shoulder and about 150 cm (59 in) from head to tail. Measurements taken from a number of specimens show they averaged 101 to 130 kg (223 to 287 lb) in weight, although individuals as large as 124–160 kg (273–353 lb) might not have been uncommon, and the largest weight was of 128–164 kg (282–362 lb). This would make it comparable to female lions and female
77:
3204:
625:
867:. This paper by Horton and Wright was able to counter earlier arguments that such marks were the result of humans, largely by pointing out the presence of similar marks on the opposite side of many bones. They concluded that humans were extremely unlikely to have made the marks in question, but that if so "they had set out to produce only marks consistent with what
720:
scans, marsupial lions were found to be unable to use the prolonged, suffocating bite typical of living big cats. They instead had an extremely efficient and unique bite; the incisors would have been used to stab at and pierce the flesh of their prey while the more specialised carnassials crushed
1568:
Wroe, S; Myers, T. J; Wells, R. T; Gillespie, A (1999). "Estimating the weight of the
Pleistocene marsupial lion, Thylacoleo carnifex (Thylacoleonidae:Marsupialia): Implications for the ecomorphology of a marsupial super-predator and hypotheses of impoverishment of Australian marsupial carnivore
892:
suggests that it fed in a similar manner to modern cheetahs, by using their sharp teeth to slice open the ribcage of their prey, thereby accessing the internal organs. They may have killed by using their front claws as either stabbing weapons or as a way to grab their prey with strangulation or
741:. Compared to an African lion which may take 15 minutes to kill a large catch, the marsupial lion could kill a large animal in less than a minute. The skull was so specialized for big game that it was very inefficient at catching smaller animals, which possibly contributed to its extinction.
422:, was also referred to the species in 1982. A fragment of an incisor, unworn and only diagnosable to the genus, was located at a site in Curramulka, close to the Town Cave site, and referred to the species for the apparent correlation in size when compared to the better known
292:
were found in the 1830s in the
Wellington Valley of New South Wales, though not recognised as such at the time. The generic holotype, consisting of broken teeth, jaws, and a skull was discovered by a pastoralist, William Avery, near Lake Colungolac from which the species
849:, but according to Horton (1979) they were not sufficiently rigorous, resulting in their arguments being strongly challenged by later scholars, such as Anderson (1929), and later Gill (1951, 1952, 1954), thereby leaving the issue unresolved.
2356:
Prideaux, Gavin J.; Long, John A.; Ayliffe, Linda K.; Hellstrom, John C.; Pillans, Brad; Boles, Walter E.; Hutchinson, Mark N.; Roberts, Richard G.; Cupper, Matthew L.; Arnold, Lee J.; Devine, Paul D.; Warburton, Natalie M. (January 2007).
1007:
Alloing-Séguier, Léanie; Sánchez-Villagra, Marcelo R.; Lee, Michael S. Y.; Lebrun, Renaud (2013). "The Bony
Labyrinth in Diprotodontian Marsupial Mammals: Diversity in Extant and Extinct Forms and Relationships with Size and Phylogeny".
844:
s retractable claws, something only found in mammalian carnivores, and its lack of any ability to chew plant material. In 1911, a study by
Spencer and Walcott claimed that certain marks on the bones of megafauna had been made by
351:
in 1843 by pastoralist
William Adeney. A partial rostrum collected by Adeney in 1876 from the same locality would later be found to belong to the same individual. It was not until 1966 that the first nearly-complete skeleton was
1046:"XVI. On the fossil mammals of Australia.— Part I. Description of a mutilated skull of a large marsupial carnivore (Thylacoleo carnifex, Owen), from a calcareous conglomerate stratum, eighty miles S. W. Of Melbourne, Victoria".
1597:
700:
could achieve as high a bite force as a modern-day lion; however, this might have been possible when taking into consideration the size of its brain and skull. Carnivores usually have rather large brains when compared to
2435:
Hocknull, Scott A.; Lewis, Richard; Arnold, Lee J.; Pietsch, Tim; Joannes-Boyau, Renaud; Price, Gilbert J.; Moss, Patrick; Wood, Rachel; Dosseto, Anthony; Louys, Julien; Olley, Jon; Lawrence, Rochelle A. (2020-05-18).
1442:; Archer, M.; Hand, S. J.; Godthelp, H. (2012). "The Rise of Australian Marsupials: A Synopsis of Biostratigraphic, Phylogenetic, Palaeoecologic and Palaeobiogeographic Understanding". In Talent, J. A. (ed.).
461:
for a few decades. Though a few authors continued to hint at phalangeroid affinities for thylacoleonids as recently as the 1990s, cranial and other characters have generally led to their inclusion within
410:. This tooth was collected by Alan Hill, a speleologist and founding member of the Cave Exploration Group of South Australia, while examining a site known as the "Town Cave" in 1956; the specific epithet
878:
The marsupial lion's limb proportions and muscle mass distribution indicate that, although it was a powerful animal, it was not a particularly fast runner. Paleontologists conjecture that it was an
709:
however, is thought to have had substantially stronger muscle attachments and therefore a smaller brain. Some later studies questioned the ability of the canine teeth to deliver a killing bite.
915:
analyzed by Gavin
Prideaux et al. indicate marsupial lions could also climb rock faces, and likely reared their young in such caves as a way of protecting them from potential predators.
323:
The colloquial name "marsupial lion" alludes to the genus name, which was named after its superficial resemblance to the placental lion and its ecological niche as a large predator.
647:
teeth, with these teeth being present much further forwards in the jaw than in other mammals. Compared to earlier thyacoleonids, the third premolars were considerably enlarged.
1903:"Ecomorphological determinations in the absence of living analogues: The predatory behavior of the marsupial lion (Thylacoleo carnifex) as revealed by elbow joint morphology"
1512:"Lekaneleo, a new genus of marsupial lion (Marsupialia, Thylacoleonidae) from the Oligocene–Miocene of Australia, and the craniodental morphology of L. roskellyae, comb. nov"
852:
Besides the most common hypothesis that it was an active predator, a variety of other theories existed in the late 19th to early 20th centuries as to the diet and feeding of
840:
with the
Diprotodonts, but still maintained that it was a carnivore, despite its herbivorous ancestry. Owen found little support in his lifetime, despite the pointing out of
786:
today). The climbing ability would have also helped them climb out of caves, which could therefore have been used as dens to rear their young. Specialised tail bones called
466:, and as stem-members of the wombat lineage. Marsupial lions and other ecologically and morphologically diverse vombatiforms were once represented by over 60 species of
790:
strengthened the tail, likely allowing the animal to use it to prop itself up while rearing on its hind legs, which may have been done when climbing or attacking prey.
1292:
336:) – Australia's marsupial lions, that lived from about 2 million years ago, during the Late Pliocene Epoch and became extinct about 40,000 years ago, during the
3310:
771:, which may have assisted with climbing. The discovery in 2005 of a specimen which included complete hind feet provided evidence that the marsupial lion exhibited
860:, being a specialist of crocodile eggs, or even a melon-eater. As late as 1954, doubts were still being raised as to whether it was actually a hypercarnivore.
990:(who arrived in Australia around 50-60,000 years ago) in the extinctions. There is limited evidence of human interaction with extinct megafauna in Australia.
453:
are recognised, all extinct. The term marsupial lion (lower case) is often applied to other members of this family. Distinct possum-like characteristics led
820:
was first described by
Richard Owen, he considered it to be a carnivore, based on the morphology of its skull and teeth. However other anatomists, such as
2398:"Differences in prey utilization by Pleistocene marsupial carnivores, Thylacoleo carnifex (Thylacoleonidae) and Thylacinus cynocephalus (Thylacinidae)"
1978:
3369:
659:. They also had true canines but they served little purpose as they were stubby and not very sharp. Compared to earlier thylacoleonids, the number of
3284:
2530:
2564:
1986:
1401:; Price, Gilbert J; Archer, Michael; Hand, Suzanne J (2014). "Bearing up well? Understanding the past, present and future of Australia's koalas".
764:
having a single very large retractable hooked claw set on large semi-opposable thumbs, which are suggested to have been used deal a killing blow.
3404:
3384:
486:
species (koalas and three species of wombat) have survived into modern times and are considered the marsupial lion's closest living relatives.
3394:
2322:
1461:
301:. It was not until 1966 that the first nearly-complete skeleton was found. The only pieces missing were a foot and the tail. Currently, the
563:, is the largest known member of the family. The earliest thylacoleonids are thought to have been arboreal (tree dwelling) animals, while
3399:
1164:
767:
The hind feet had four functional toes, the first digit being much reduced in size, but possessing a roughened pad similar to that of
402:
in a study published in the records of the South
Australia Museum in 1977. The holotype is a third premolar, discovered at a cave in
3364:
1869:
1353:
3389:
3379:
2525:
1902:
1596:
Wroe, Stephen; Myers, Troy; Seebacher, Frank; Kear, Ben; Gillespie, Anna; Crowther, Mathew; Salisbury, Steve (Summer 2003).
749:
429:
The marsupial lion is classified in the order
Diprotodontia along with many other well-known marsupials such as kangaroos,
3374:
970:
2557:
979:
415:
362:, around 5 million years ago, and was about the size of a large dog. Its fossils have been found in southeastern
2189:
1843:
1256:(Marsupialia: Thylacoleonidae) with notes on the occurrences and distribution of Thylacoleonidae in South Australia"
76:
2212:
Horton, D. R.; Wright, R. V. S. (1981). "Cuts on Lancefield Bones: Carnivorous Thylacoleo, Not Humans, the Cause".
616:
based on dental remains are typically dubious, in contrast to estimates based on proximal limb bone circumference.
289:
3208:
2517:
1691:"Bite club: Comparative bite force in big biting mammals and the prediction of predatory behaviour in fossil taxa"
904:
and driving off less powerful predators from their kills. It also may have shared behaviours exhibited by recent
717:
1615:
908:
marsupials such as kangaroos, like digging shallow holes under trees to reduce body temperature during the day.
863:
In 1981, another paper was published arguing that certain cuts to bones of large marsupials had been caused by
305:
of West Australia remains to be the greatest finding site. These fossils now reside at the Australian Museum.
3409:
1743:"Two new marsupial lion taxa (Marsupialia, Thylacoleonidae) from the early and Middle Miocene of Australia"
986:. It has been contested as to the relative importance of climatic change vs the impact of recently arrived
3224:
2550:
1602:
987:
929:
was an apex predator that primarily fed on large bodied prey, which may have included the large kangaroos
805:
348:
1331:"The Curramulka local fauna: A new late Tertiary fossil assemblage from Yorke Peninsula, South Australia"
3336:
1796:
Wells, Roderick T.; Murray, Peter F.; Bourne, Steven J. (2009). "Pedal morphology of the marsupial lion
406:
in South Australia, exhibiting the carnivorous characteristics of the genus and around half the size of
3203:
2052:"Behaviour of the Pleistocene marsupial lion deduced from claw marks in a southwestern Australian cave"
1308:"The macropodoids (Marsupialia) of the Early Pliocene Bow local fauna, central eastern New South Wales"
1247:
2504:
836:, and suggested that it was more likely a herbivore. Owen did not disagree with Flower's placement of
3271:
2449:
2139:
2063:
2013:
1937:
1917:
1809:
1754:
1742:
1523:
1511:
1410:
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821:
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region is relatively rigid and straight, and suggests that the lower back was relatively inflexible.
399:
276:. The estimated average weight for the species ranges from 101 to 130 kg (223 to 287 lb).
2920:
506:, an almost entirely herbivorous order of marsupials, the only extant representatives of which are
2229:
2097:
2029:
1958:
1941:
1825:
1778:
1547:
1286:
1145:
1063:
1025:
782:
possibly climbed trees and perhaps carried carcasses to keep the kill for itself (similar to the
722:
475:
71:
3138:
2124:"New skeletal material sheds light on the palaeobiology of the Pleistocene marsupial carnivore,
3341:
2890:
2852:
2633:
686:
could hunt and take prey much larger than itself. Larger animals that were likely prey include
316:. The familial alliance takes its name from this description, the so-called marsupial lions of
54:
3323:
3315:
2483:
2465:
2417:
2378:
2318:
2167:
2089:
1770:
1720:
1668:
1619:
1539:
1479:"A tiny new marsupial lion (Marsupialia, Thylacoleonidae) from the early Miocene of Australia"
1457:
1373:
1137:
912:
787:
3328:
2995:
2950:
2473:
2457:
2438:"Extinction of eastern Sahul megafauna coincides with sustained environmental deterioration"
2409:
2370:
2293:
2260:
2221:
2157:
2147:
2079:
2071:
2021:
1933:
1925:
1817:
1762:
1710:
1702:
1660:
1611:
1598:"An alternative method for predicting body mass: the case of the Pleistocene marsupial lion"
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1418:
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768:
438:
430:
337:
253:
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2624:
879:
761:
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marsupials, which lessens the amount of bone that can be devoted to enhancing bite force.
678:
weighing 101 kg (223 lb) had a bite comparable to that of a 250 kg African
603:
579:
551:, and represented the only extant genus of the family from that time until the end of the
482:
forms ranging in size from 3 kg to 2.5 tonnes. Only two families represented by four
442:
317:
302:
261:
151:
922:
inhabited open, arid environments similar to those found across much of Australia today.
2453:
2143:
2067:
2017:
2000:
Wells, R.T.; Murray, P.F.; Bourne, S.J. (2009). "Pedal morphology of the marsupial lion
1921:
1813:
1758:
1527:
1414:
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with the Diprotodonts, noting its skull and teeth to be laid out more like those of the
3004:
2879:
2767:
2478:
2437:
2225:
2162:
2123:
2084:
2051:
1715:
1690:
1439:
1398:
884:
734:
515:
458:
1223:"A new species of Thylacoleo and notes on some caudal vertebrae of Palorchestes azael"
3358:
3159:
3103:
2741:
2603:
2573:
1963:
1782:
1551:
1443:
1149:
1085:
1067:
955:
as well as possibly the largest Australian marsupial, the rhinoceros-sized vombatoid
660:
592:
519:
503:
495:
463:
265:
138:
2509:
2338:
2298:
2281:
2033:
1945:
1829:
1649:"Circumventing a Constraint - the Case of Thylacoleo (Marsupialia, Thylacoleonidae)"
1029:
3166:
3013:
2845:
2829:
2684:
2101:
1335:
The Beagle: Occasional Papers of the Northern Territory Museum of Arts and Sciences
738:
730:
656:
313:
298:
180:
171:
2359:"An arid-adapted middle Pleistocene vertebrate fauna from south-central Australia"
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1535:
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1222:
1199:
2248:
2152:
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3256:
3180:
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3131:
3117:
3089:
3075:
2930:
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2863:
2751:
2282:"Palaeontological notes no. 1. Macropus titan Owen and Thylacoleo carnifex Owen"
1369:
1279:
Prehistoric Mammals of Australia and New Guinea - 100 million Years of Evolution
941:
937:
905:
726:
713:
693:
552:
483:
471:
467:
414:
honours the collector of the first specimen. Material found amidst the fauna at
45:
2461:
1648:
624:
312:. The new taxon was established in examination of fossil specimens provided to
3145:
3068:
3054:
2815:
2724:
2358:
1021:
957:
951:
772:
688:
655:
in the upper and lower jaws, which functioned analogously to other carnivores
644:
587:
403:
363:
234:
17:
3247:
2469:
2421:
2382:
1774:
1672:
1623:
1543:
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1141:
532:
were small possum-like animals, with the group increasing in size during the
3047:
2799:
2734:
2714:
2704:
2640:
931:
897:
702:
598:
523:
499:
308:
The genus was first published in 1859, erected to describe the type species
245:
241:
128:
88:
2487:
2265:
2171:
2093:
1724:
1706:
1377:
1132:
1115:
1059:
882:, possibly using leaping. Incisions on bones of the extinct large kangaroo
2397:
856:, with hypotheses of it being a scavenger filling the ecological niche of
3241:
3152:
3124:
3110:
3096:
3082:
3061:
2977:
2967:
2940:
2838:
2647:
2591:
2025:
1821:
978:
is thought to have become extinct around 40,000 years ago as part of the
945:
760:
had highly mobile and powerful forelimbs used to grapple prey, with each
640:
548:
528:
479:
419:
392:, date back to the Late Oligocene Epoch, some 24 million years ago.
382:
359:
249:
108:
41:
2374:
2233:
1929:
3289:
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901:
783:
652:
538:
533:
450:
388:
3302:
2075:
1901:
Figueirido, Borja; Martín-Serra, Alberto; Janis, Christine M. (2016).
1664:
2901:
2808:
2694:
2597:
2585:
2004:(Diprotodontia: Thylacoleonidae) from the Pleistocene of Australia".
1800:(Diprotodontia: Thylacoleonidae) from the Pleistocene of Australia".
857:
833:
794:
671:
583:
511:
118:
98:
3218:
2413:
1582:
1510:
Gillespie, Anna K.; Archer, Michael; Hand, Suzanne J. (2019-09-03).
871:
would produce". Since then, the academic consensus has emerged that
66:(top) and restored musculature based on living marsupials (bottom)
1684:
1682:
1354:"Of koalas and marsupial lions: the vombatiform radiation, part I"
829:
804:
748:
623:
609:
507:
446:
434:
237:
2505:
New study finds no evidence for theory humans wiped out megafauna
1495:
1478:
3276:
2542:
1173:
Science Reports of the Tohoku University. Second Series, Geology
911:
Trace fossils in the form of claw marks and bones from caves in
679:
586:
known to have ever existed in Australia, and one of the largest
273:
3222:
2546:
567:
is thought to be terrestrial with some climbing capabilities.
380:
Fossils of other representatives of Thylacoleonidae, such as
1959:"Extinct Marsupial Lion Tops African Lion In Fight To Death"
1477:
Gillespie, Anna K; Archer, Michael; Hand, Suzanne J (2016).
1281:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 224pp.
1277:
Long, J.A., Archer, M., Flannery, T. & Hand, S. (2002).
502:, something unusual for carnivores. They are members of the
268:
within Australian ecosystems. The largest and last species,
1616:
10.1666/0094-8373(2003)029<0403:AAMFPB>2.0.CO;2
896:
Like many predators, it was probably also an opportunistic
643:
teeth in the upper and lower jaws, that functioned as the
2050:
Arman, Samuel D.; Prideaux, Gavin J. (15 February 2016).
1870:"Thylacoleo carnifex, ancient Australia's marsupial lion"
1120:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London
1048:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London
982:, essentially simultanteously with the vast majority of
1695:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
775:(fused second and third toes) like other diprotodonts.
260:. They were the largest and last members of the family
918:
Analysis of finds on the Nullabor Palin suggests that
2253:
Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales
2992:
2973:
2956:
2946:
2936:
2926:
2916:
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2875:
2826:
2796:
2780:
2747:
2730:
2720:
2710:
2700:
2690:
2680:
2621:
1747:
Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology
778:
Its strong forelimbs and retracting claws mean that
3231:
3030:
3003:
2991:
2900:
2862:
2825:
2795:
2765:
2671:
2620:
372:lived during the Pliocene and was half the size of
2122:Evans, A. R.; Wells, R. T.; Camens, A. B. (2018).
1165:"Antipodal distribution of the holotype bones of
256:(until around 40,000 years ago), often known as
651:also had a proportionally large pair of first
536:, with representatives like the leopard-sized
2558:
2249:"On tooth-marked bones of extinct marsupials"
1041:
1039:
8:
2183:
2181:
2117:
2115:
2113:
2111:
1689:Wroe, S.; McHenry, C.; Thomason, J. (2005).
1434:
1432:
1291:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1242:
1240:
1110:
1108:
1106:
2526:Steve Wroe's Web Page: Australian Megafauna
1896:
1894:
1892:
1890:
3219:
3000:
2868:
2773:
2617:
2613:
2565:
2551:
2543:
612:in general size. Estimates of the size of
53:
31:
2477:
2297:
2264:
2161:
2151:
2083:
1938:1983/1f3ac566-0b08-48fb-b27c-63fe4256c138
1714:
1494:
1131:
824:disagreed. Flower was the first to place
514:, as well as extinct members such as the
1448:. Springer Verlag. pp. 1040, 1047.
347:The holotype cranium was collected from
2207:
2205:
2203:
2045:
2043:
999:
522:. The group first appeared in the Late
418:in New South Wales, dated to the early
376:. It is the oldest member of the genus.
1284:
1260:Records of the South Australian Museum
980:Late Pleistocene megafauna extinctions
437:. It is further classified in its own
2190:"Thylacoleo: Herbivore or Carnivore?"
1736:
1734:
1642:
1640:
1563:
1561:
1358:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
1116:"XV. On the affinities of thylacoleo"
875:was a predator and a hypercarnivore.
7:
2339:"Marsupial lion 'could climb trees'"
1079:
1077:
1306:Flannery, T.F.; Archer, M. (1984).
526:. The earliest thylacoleonids like
2226:10.1002/j.1834-4453.1981.tb00009.x
2006:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
1802:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
1516:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
1200:"The skull of Thylacoleo carnifex"
25:
1977:Dayton, Leigh (18 January 2008).
1741:Gillespie, Anna K. (2023-01-16).
1084:Musser, Anne (29 November 2018).
555:. The youngest representative of
3370:Prehistoric mammals of Australia
3207:
3202:
2286:Records of the Australian Museum
1979:"Marsupial lion was fast killer"
1868:Switek, Brian (31 August 2007).
1227:Memoirs of the Queensland Museum
1204:Memoirs of the Queensland Museum
888:, and the general morphology of
590:carnivores known (comparable to
340:Epoch. Three species are known:
75:
2299:10.3853/j.0067-1975.17.1929.752
1163:Gill, E.D. (25 February 1973).
288:fossil findings, discovered by
1844:"Discovery and Interpretation"
1010:Journal of Mammalian Evolution
674:species, living or extinct; a
670:had the strongest bite of any
1:
3405:Fossil taxa described in 1859
3385:Pleistocene genus extinctions
2313:Tyndale-Biscoe, Hugh (2005).
1767:10.1080/03115518.2022.2152096
1653:Australian Journal of Zoology
1571:Australian Journal of Zoology
1536:10.1080/02724634.2019.1703722
682:, and research suggests that
457:to be regarded as members of
272:, approached the weight of a
3395:Prehistoric marsupial genera
2513:- Australia's Marsupial Lion
2317:. Collingwood, Vic.: CSIRO.
2153:10.1371/journal.pone.0208020
1454:10.1007/978-90-481-3428-1_35
971:Late Pleistocene extinctions
925:A 1985 study suggested that
753:Skeleton at Naracoorte Caves
264:, occupying the position of
2531:Western Australian Museum:
1633:– via Cambridge Core.
1370:10.1016/j.ympev.2004.05.004
1329:Pledge, Neville S. (1992).
696:. It seems improbable that
635:Like other thylacoleonids,
27:Extinct genus of marsupials
3426:
3400:Taxa named by Richard Owen
2462:10.1038/s41467-020-15785-w
2396:Case, J. A. (1985-01-01).
1483:Palaeontologia Electronica
1221:Bartholomai, Alan (1962).
968:
729:, and lacerated the major
602:species, but smaller than
547:first appeared during the
498:are believed to have been
3200:
2871:
2776:
2616:
2612:
2580:
1022:10.1007/s10914-013-9228-3
718:X-ray computed tomography
356:Thylacoleo crassidentatus
202:
197:
186:
179:
72:Scientific classification
70:
61:
52:
34:
3365:Prehistoric vombatiforms
2521:in Pleistocene Australia
1423:10.1016/j.gr.2013.12.008
1312:The Australian Zoologist
559:and the thylacoleonids,
3390:Carnivorous marsupials
3380:Pleistocene marsupials
2266:10.5962/bhl.part.28646
2247:De Vis, C. W. (1883).
2214:Archaeology in Oceania
1707:10.1098/rspb.2004.2986
1352:Naish, Darren (2004).
1133:10.1098/rstl.1883.0015
1060:10.1098/rstl.1859.0016
988:Indigenous Australians
813:
754:
632:
374:T. crassidentatus
3337:Paleobiology Database
2442:Nature Communications
2280:Anderson, C. (1929).
1198:Woods, J. T. (1956).
1086:"Thylacoleo carnifex"
808:
752:
639:had blade-like third
627:
605:Proborhyaena gigantea
233:("pouch lion") is an
40:Temporal range: late
2535:- a voracious hunter
2402:Australian Mammalogy
2026:10.1671/039.029.0424
1822:10.1671/039.029.0424
1647:Werdelin, L (1988).
984:Australian megafauna
822:William Henry Flower
809:Life restoration of
62:Skeletal diagram of
3375:Pliocene marsupials
2454:2020NatCo..11.2250H
2375:10.1038/nature05471
2144:2018PLoSO..1308020W
2126:Thylacoleo carnifex
2068:2016NatSR...621372A
2018:2009JVPal..29.1335W
2002:Thylacoleo carnifex
1930:10.1017/pab.2015.55
1922:2016Pbio...42..508F
1814:2009JVPal..29.1335W
1798:Thylacoleo carnifex
1759:2023Alch...47..506G
1528:2019JVPal..39E3722G
1415:2014GondR..25.1186B
1169:Owen (Marsupialia)"
1167:Thylacoleo carnifex
927:Thylacoleo carnifex
920:Thylacoleo carnifex
811:Thylacoleo carnifex
663:teeth was reduced.
630:Thylacoleo carnifex
345:Thylacoleo carnifex
310:Thylacoleo carnifex
295:Thylacoleo carnifex
270:Thylacoleo carnifex
190:Thylacoleo carnifex
2315:Life of marsupials
2056:Scientific Reports
1967:, 17 January 2008.
1252:"A new species of
814:
755:
633:
3352:
3351:
3324:Open Tree of Life
3225:Taxon identifiers
3216:
3215:
3198:
3197:
3194:
3193:
3190:
3189:
2987:
2986:
2761:
2760:
2369:(7126): 422–425.
2324:978-0-643-09220-4
2076:10.1038/srep21372
1989:on 17 April 2009.
1701:(1563): 619–625.
1665:10.1071/ZO9880565
1463:978-90-481-3427-4
1403:Gondwana Research
1126:: 575–582. 1883.
1090:Australian Museum
1054:: 309–322. 1859.
913:Western Australia
666:Pound for pound,
494:The ancestors of
445:, of which three
398:was described by
358:lived during the
297:was described by
226:
225:
213:T. crassidentatus
175:
16:(Redirected from
3417:
3345:
3344:
3332:
3331:
3319:
3318:
3306:
3305:
3293:
3292:
3280:
3279:
3267:
3266:
3265:
3252:
3251:
3250:
3220:
3211:
3206:
3001:
2996:Diprotodontoidea
2994:
2975:
2958:
2951:Rhizophascolonus
2948:
2938:
2928:
2918:
2888:
2877:
2869:
2828:
2798:
2782:
2774:
2749:
2732:
2722:
2712:
2702:
2692:
2682:
2623:
2618:
2614:
2567:
2560:
2553:
2544:
2492:
2491:
2481:
2432:
2426:
2425:
2393:
2387:
2386:
2353:
2347:
2346:
2335:
2329:
2328:
2310:
2304:
2303:
2301:
2277:
2271:
2270:
2268:
2244:
2238:
2237:
2209:
2198:
2197:
2185:
2176:
2175:
2165:
2155:
2138:(12): e0208020.
2119:
2106:
2105:
2087:
2047:
2038:
2037:
2012:(4): 1335–1340.
1997:
1991:
1990:
1985:. Archived from
1974:
1968:
1956:
1950:
1949:
1907:
1898:
1885:
1884:
1882:
1880:
1865:
1859:
1858:
1856:
1854:
1840:
1834:
1833:
1808:(4): 1335–1340.
1793:
1787:
1786:
1738:
1729:
1728:
1718:
1686:
1677:
1676:
1644:
1635:
1634:
1632:
1630:
1593:
1587:
1586:
1565:
1556:
1555:
1507:
1501:
1500:
1498:
1474:
1468:
1467:
1436:
1427:
1426:
1395:
1389:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1349:
1343:
1342:
1326:
1320:
1319:
1303:
1297:
1296:
1290:
1282:
1274:
1268:
1267:
1244:
1235:
1234:
1218:
1212:
1211:
1195:
1189:
1188:
1186:
1184:
1160:
1154:
1153:
1135:
1112:
1101:
1100:
1098:
1096:
1081:
1072:
1071:
1043:
1034:
1033:
1004:
676:T. carnifex
561:T. carnifex
424:T. carnifex
370:Thylacoleo hilli
338:Late Pleistocene
254:Late Pleistocene
170:
163:
150:
80:
79:
57:
32:
21:
3425:
3424:
3420:
3419:
3418:
3416:
3415:
3414:
3355:
3354:
3353:
3348:
3340:
3335:
3327:
3322:
3314:
3309:
3301:
3296:
3288:
3283:
3275:
3270:
3261:
3260:
3255:
3246:
3245:
3240:
3227:
3217:
3212:
3186:
3041:Alkwertatherium
3032:Diprotodontidae
3026:
3021:Propalorchestes
2983:
2961:Sedophascolomys
2896:
2858:
2821:
2791:
2785:Thylacoleonidae
2770:
2757:
2673:Phascolarctidae
2667:
2625:Thylacoleonidae
2608:
2576:
2571:
2540:
2501:
2496:
2495:
2434:
2433:
2429:
2414:10.1071/AM85002
2395:
2394:
2390:
2355:
2354:
2350:
2337:
2336:
2332:
2325:
2312:
2311:
2307:
2279:
2278:
2274:
2246:
2245:
2241:
2211:
2210:
2201:
2188:Switek, Brian.
2187:
2186:
2179:
2121:
2120:
2109:
2049:
2048:
2041:
1999:
1998:
1994:
1976:
1975:
1971:
1957:
1953:
1905:
1900:
1899:
1888:
1878:
1876:
1867:
1866:
1862:
1852:
1850:
1842:
1841:
1837:
1795:
1794:
1790:
1740:
1739:
1732:
1688:
1687:
1680:
1646:
1645:
1638:
1628:
1626:
1595:
1594:
1590:
1583:10.1071/ZO99006
1567:
1566:
1559:
1522:(5): e1703722.
1509:
1508:
1504:
1476:
1475:
1471:
1464:
1438:
1437:
1430:
1409:(3): 1186–201.
1397:
1396:
1392:
1382:
1380:
1351:
1350:
1346:
1328:
1327:
1323:
1305:
1304:
1300:
1283:
1276:
1275:
1271:
1246:
1245:
1238:
1220:
1219:
1215:
1197:
1196:
1192:
1182:
1180:
1162:
1161:
1157:
1114:
1113:
1104:
1094:
1092:
1083:
1082:
1075:
1045:
1044:
1037:
1006:
1005:
1001:
996:
973:
967:
880:ambush predator
803:
747:
694:giant kangaroos
622:
573:
492:
443:Thylacoleonidae
349:Lake Colongulac
318:Thylacoleonidae
303:Nullarbor Plain
290:Thomas Mitchell
282:
262:Thylacoleonidae
258:marsupial lions
240:of carnivorous
193:
169:
161:
152:Thylacoleonidae
148:
74:
48:
38:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3423:
3421:
3413:
3412:
3410:Apex predators
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3357:
3356:
3350:
3349:
3347:
3346:
3333:
3320:
3307:
3294:
3281:
3268:
3253:
3237:
3235:
3229:
3228:
3223:
3214:
3213:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3195:
3192:
3191:
3188:
3187:
3185:
3184:
3177:
3170:
3163:
3156:
3149:
3142:
3135:
3128:
3121:
3114:
3107:
3100:
3093:
3086:
3079:
3072:
3065:
3058:
3051:
3044:
3036:
3034:
3028:
3027:
3025:
3024:
3017:
3009:
3007:
3005:Palorchestidae
2998:
2989:
2988:
2985:
2984:
2982:
2981:
2971:
2964:
2954:
2944:
2934:
2924:
2914:
2906:
2904:
2898:
2897:
2895:
2894:
2884:
2872:
2866:
2860:
2859:
2857:
2856:
2849:
2842:
2834:
2832:
2823:
2822:
2820:
2819:
2812:
2804:
2802:
2793:
2792:
2790:
2789:
2777:
2771:
2768:Vombatomorphia
2766:
2763:
2762:
2759:
2758:
2756:
2755:
2745:
2738:
2728:
2718:
2708:
2698:
2688:
2677:
2675:
2669:
2668:
2666:
2665:
2658:
2651:
2644:
2637:
2629:
2627:
2610:
2609:
2607:
2606:
2600:
2594:
2588:
2581:
2578:
2577:
2572:
2570:
2569:
2562:
2555:
2547:
2538:
2537:
2528:
2523:
2515:
2507:
2500:
2499:External links
2497:
2494:
2493:
2427:
2388:
2348:
2330:
2323:
2305:
2272:
2239:
2199:
2177:
2107:
2039:
1992:
1983:The Australian
1969:
1951:
1916:(3): 508–531.
1886:
1860:
1848:Natural Worlds
1835:
1788:
1753:(4): 506–521.
1730:
1678:
1636:
1610:(3): 403–411.
1588:
1557:
1502:
1469:
1462:
1445:Earth and Life
1428:
1390:
1364:(1): 240–250.
1344:
1321:
1298:
1269:
1236:
1213:
1190:
1155:
1102:
1073:
1035:
1016:(3): 191–198.
998:
997:
995:
992:
969:Main article:
966:
963:
893:suffocation.
885:Macropus titan
802:
799:
746:
743:
735:carotid artery
725:, severed the
621:
618:
572:
569:
516:diprotodontids
496:thylacoleonids
491:
488:
459:Phalangeroidea
400:Neville Pledge
378:
377:
367:
353:
281:
278:
248:from the late
244:that lived in
224:
223:
222:
221:
215:
209:
200:
199:
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184:
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92:
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86:
82:
81:
68:
67:
59:
58:
50:
49:
39:
26:
24:
18:Marsupial lion
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3422:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
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3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
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3321:
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3304:
3299:
3295:
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3234:
3230:
3226:
3221:
3210:
3205:
3183:
3182:
3178:
3176:
3175:
3171:
3169:
3168:
3164:
3162:
3161:
3160:Raemeotherium
3157:
3155:
3154:
3150:
3148:
3147:
3143:
3141:
3140:
3136:
3134:
3133:
3129:
3127:
3126:
3122:
3120:
3119:
3115:
3113:
3112:
3108:
3106:
3105:
3104:Meniscolophus
3101:
3099:
3098:
3094:
3092:
3091:
3087:
3085:
3084:
3080:
3078:
3077:
3073:
3071:
3070:
3066:
3064:
3063:
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3057:
3056:
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3050:
3049:
3045:
3043:
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3038:
3037:
3035:
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3029:
3023:
3022:
3018:
3016:
3015:
3011:
3010:
3008:
3006:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2990:
2980:
2979:
2972:
2970:
2969:
2965:
2963:
2962:
2955:
2953:
2952:
2945:
2943:
2942:
2935:
2933:
2932:
2925:
2923:
2922:
2921:Nimbavombatus
2915:
2913:
2912:
2908:
2907:
2905:
2903:
2899:
2893:
2892:
2885:
2882:
2881:
2874:
2873:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2861:
2855:
2854:
2850:
2848:
2847:
2843:
2841:
2840:
2836:
2835:
2833:
2831:
2824:
2818:
2817:
2813:
2811:
2810:
2806:
2805:
2803:
2801:
2794:
2787:
2786:
2779:
2778:
2775:
2772:
2769:
2764:
2754:
2753:
2746:
2744:
2743:
2742:Phascolarctos
2739:
2737:
2736:
2729:
2727:
2726:
2719:
2717:
2716:
2709:
2707:
2706:
2699:
2697:
2696:
2689:
2687:
2686:
2679:
2678:
2676:
2674:
2670:
2664:
2663:
2659:
2657:
2656:
2652:
2650:
2649:
2645:
2643:
2642:
2638:
2636:
2635:
2631:
2630:
2628:
2626:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2605:
2604:Diprotodontia
2601:
2599:
2595:
2593:
2589:
2587:
2583:
2582:
2579:
2575:
2574:Vombatiformes
2568:
2563:
2561:
2556:
2554:
2549:
2548:
2545:
2541:
2536:
2534:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2520:
2516:
2514:
2512:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2502:
2498:
2489:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2431:
2428:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2392:
2389:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2352:
2349:
2345:. 2016-02-15.
2344:
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2240:
2235:
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2215:
2208:
2206:
2204:
2200:
2195:
2191:
2184:
2182:
2178:
2173:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2127:
2118:
2116:
2114:
2112:
2108:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2046:
2044:
2040:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1996:
1993:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1973:
1970:
1966:
1965:
1964:Science Daily
1960:
1955:
1952:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1904:
1897:
1895:
1893:
1891:
1887:
1875:
1871:
1864:
1861:
1849:
1845:
1839:
1836:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1792:
1789:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1737:
1735:
1731:
1726:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1685:
1683:
1679:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1643:
1641:
1637:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1604:
1599:
1592:
1589:
1584:
1580:
1577:(5): 489–98.
1576:
1572:
1564:
1562:
1558:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1506:
1503:
1497:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1473:
1470:
1465:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1446:
1441:
1435:
1433:
1429:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1394:
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1371:
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566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
540:
535:
531:
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520:palorchestids
517:
513:
509:
505:
504:Vombatiformes
501:
497:
489:
487:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
464:vombatiformes
460:
456:
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334:Thylacopardus
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266:apex predator
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139:Diprotodontia
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3167:Silvabestius
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2976:
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2878:
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2846:Namilamadeta
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2837:
2830:Wynyardiidae
2814:
2807:
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2750:
2740:
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2723:
2713:
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2693:
2685:Invictokoala
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2518:
2510:
2445:
2441:
2430:
2408:(1): 45–52.
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2285:
2275:
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2252:
2242:
2220:(2): 73–80.
2217:
2213:
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2135:
2131:
2125:
2059:
2055:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1995:
1987:the original
1982:
1972:
1962:
1954:
1913:
1910:Paleobiology
1909:
1877:. Retrieved
1873:
1863:
1851:. Retrieved
1847:
1838:
1805:
1801:
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1791:
1750:
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1607:
1603:Paleobiology
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1574:
1570:
1519:
1515:
1505:
1496:10.26879/632
1486:
1482:
1472:
1444:
1440:Black, K. H.
1406:
1402:
1399:Black, Karen
1393:
1381:. Retrieved
1361:
1357:
1347:
1338:
1334:
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1311:
1301:
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1272:
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1253:
1248:Pledge, N.S.
1230:
1226:
1216:
1207:
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1193:
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1176:
1172:
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1089:
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757:
756:
739:jugular vein
733:such as the
711:
706:
697:
687:
683:
675:
667:
665:
657:canine teeth
648:
636:
634:
629:
613:
604:
597:
591:
582:carnivorous
575:
574:
564:
560:
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544:
537:
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428:
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411:
407:
395:
394:
387:
381:
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373:
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355:
344:
333:
329:
326:
325:
322:
314:Richard Owen
309:
307:
299:Richard Owen
294:
285:
283:
269:
257:
229:
228:
227:
218:
212:
206:
189:
188:
181:Type species
165:
164:
125:Infraclass:
63:
35:
29:
3298:iNaturalist
3257:Wikispecies
3181:Zygomaturus
3174:Sthenomerus
3132:Nototherium
3118:Ngapakaldia
3090:Kolopsoides
3076:Hulitherium
2931:Phascolonus
2911:Lasiorhinus
2864:Vombatoidea
2752:Priscakoala
2448:(1): 2250.
2259:: 187–190.
952:Ostphranter
942:Protemnodon
938:Procoptodon
906:diprotodont
842:Thylacoleo'
745:Postcranium
727:spinal cord
714:3D modeling
703:herbivorous
668:T. carnifex
614:T. carnifex
588:metatherian
576:T. carnifex
571:Description
553:Pleistocene
484:herbivorous
476:terrestrial
472:herbivorous
468:carnivorous
408:T. carnifex
207:T. carnifex
129:Marsupialia
64:T. carnifex
46:Pleistocene
3359:Categories
3263:Thylacoleo
3233:Thylacoleo
3146:Plaisiodon
3139:Pitikantia
3069:Euryzygoma
3055:Diprotodon
2902:Vombatidae
2816:Kuterintja
2725:Nimiokoala
2655:Thylacoleo
2533:Thylacoleo
2519:Thylacoleo
2511:Thylacoleo
1659:(5): 565.
1383:17 October
1341:: 115–142.
1318:: 357–383.
1266:: 277–283.
1254:Thylacoleo
1210:: 125–140.
994:References
976:Thylacoleo
965:Extinction
958:Diprotodon
890:Thylacoleo
873:Thylacoleo
869:Thylacoleo
865:Thylacoleo
854:Thylacoleo
847:Thylacoleo
838:Thylacoleo
826:Thylacoleo
818:Thylacoleo
780:Thylacoleo
773:syndactyly
758:Thylacoleo
707:Thylacoleo
698:Thylacoleo
689:Diprotodon
684:Thylacoleo
649:Thylacoleo
645:carnassial
637:Thylacoleo
565:Thylacoleo
557:Thylacoleo
545:Thylacoleo
543:The genus
500:herbivores
455:Thylacoleo
433:, and the
404:Curramulka
364:Queensland
330:Thylacoleo
286:Thylacoleo
284:The first
242:marsupials
230:Thylacoleo
166:Thylacoleo
36:Thylacoleo
3048:Ambulator
2891:Mukupirna
2853:Wynyardia
2800:Ilariidae
2735:Perikoala
2715:Madakoala
2705:Litokoala
2641:Lekaneleo
2634:Enigmaleo
2584:Kingdom:
2470:2041-1723
2422:0310-0049
2383:0028-0836
2292:: 35–49.
2062:: 21372.
1783:256157821
1775:0311-5518
1673:0004-959X
1629:14 August
1624:0094-8373
1569:faunas".
1552:214332715
1544:0272-4634
1287:cite book
1183:13 August
1179:: 497–499
1150:111347165
1142:0261-0523
1068:110651400
932:Sthenurus
898:scavenger
716:based on
692:spp. and
628:Skull of
599:Borhyaena
524:Oligocene
490:Evolution
416:Bow River
246:Australia
95:Kingdom:
89:Eukaryota
3242:Wikidata
3153:Pyramios
3125:Nimbadon
3111:Neohelos
3097:Maokopia
3083:Kolopsis
3062:Euowenia
2978:Warendja
2968:Vombatus
2941:Ramsayia
2839:Muramura
2648:Microleo
2598:Mammalia
2592:Chordata
2590:Phylum:
2586:Animalia
2488:32418985
2343:BBC News
2234:40386545
2172:30540785
2132:PLOS ONE
2094:26876952
2034:86460654
1946:87168573
1830:86460654
1725:15817436
1378:15324852
1250:(1977).
1233:: 33–40.
1030:16385939
946:Macropus
832:and the
788:chevrons
723:windpipe
653:incisors
641:premolar
549:Pliocene
529:Microleo
480:arboreal
420:Pliocene
396:T. hilli
383:Microleo
360:Pliocene
280:Taxonomy
250:Pliocene
219:T. hilli
198:Species
145:Family:
119:Mammalia
109:Chordata
105:Phylum:
99:Animalia
85:Domain:
42:Pliocene
3329:3607104
3316:1037930
3290:4826095
3277:4435865
3248:Q312099
2662:Wakaleo
2602:Order:
2596:Class:
2479:7231803
2450:Bibcode
2163:6291118
2140:Bibcode
2102:3548956
2085:4753435
2064:Bibcode
2014:Bibcode
1918:Bibcode
1874:Laelaps
1810:Bibcode
1755:Bibcode
1716:1564077
1524:Bibcode
1411:Bibcode
902:carrion
801:Ecology
784:leopard
769:possums
580:largest
578:is the
539:Wakaleo
534:Miocene
512:wombats
451:species
449:and 11
431:possums
389:Wakaleo
274:lioness
252:to the
235:extinct
158:Genus:
135:Order:
115:Class:
3303:632753
2880:Marada
2809:Ilaria
2695:Koobor
2486:
2476:
2468:
2420:
2381:
2363:Nature
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2100:
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1140:
1066:
1028:
858:hyenas
834:wombat
795:lumbar
712:Using
672:mammal
610:tigers
584:mammal
508:koalas
447:genera
441:, the
439:family
352:found.
327:Genus:
174:, 1859
44:—late
3342:40139
3311:IRMNG
2230:JSTOR
2194:Wired
2098:S2CID
2030:S2CID
1942:S2CID
1906:(PDF)
1879:8 May
1853:7 May
1826:S2CID
1779:S2CID
1548:S2CID
1489:(2).
1146:S2CID
1095:7 May
1064:S2CID
1026:S2CID
830:koala
816:When
762:manus
661:molar
620:Skull
435:koala
412:hilli
238:genus
3285:GBIF
2484:PMID
2466:ISSN
2418:ISSN
2379:ISSN
2319:ISBN
2168:PMID
2090:PMID
1881:2019
1855:2019
1771:ISSN
1721:PMID
1669:ISSN
1631:2024
1620:ISSN
1540:ISSN
1458:ISBN
1385:2014
1374:PMID
1293:link
1185:2020
1138:ISSN
1097:2019
949:and
793:The
737:and
721:the
680:lion
596:and
518:and
510:and
478:and
386:and
172:Owen
3272:EoL
2474:PMC
2458:doi
2410:doi
2371:doi
2367:445
2294:doi
2261:doi
2222:doi
2158:PMC
2148:doi
2080:PMC
2072:doi
2022:doi
1934:hdl
1926:doi
1818:doi
1763:doi
1711:PMC
1703:doi
1699:272
1661:doi
1612:doi
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1532:doi
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