816:, parolees were previously entitled to a hearing within 10 business days after being charged with violation of their parole to determine if there was probable cause to detain them until their revocation charges were resolved. The measure extended the deadline for this hearing to 15 days. The prior order also required that parolees arrested for parole violations have a hearing to resolve the revocation charges within 35 days. This measure extended this timeline to 45 days. It also provides for the appointment of legal counsel to parolees facing revocation charges only if the board determines, on a case-by-case basis, that the parolee is indigent because of the complexity of the matter or because of the parolee's mental or educational incapacity, the parolee appears incapable of speaking effectively in his or her defense. Because this measure does not provide for counsel at all parole revocation hearings, and because the measure does not provide counsel for parolees who are not indigent, a federal judge held it was in conflict with the Valdivia court order, which requires that all parolees be provided legal counsel. However, in March 2010, the Federal Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals rejected the lower court ruling and directed it to reconcile its ruling with Proposition 9.
428:
826:
the next date of an incarcerated individual's suitability hearing. The board issued 5-year denials for only 18% of parole suitability cases presented to them before Marsy's Law. After Marsy's law, 57% of incarcerated individuals received a denial length longer than 5 years. Statistics reveal that 70% of incarcerated individuals were denied parole in 2015. Public safety concerns can be cited for the increase in denial lengths for incarcerated individuals. An incarcerated individual may receive a shorter denial if commissioners are presented with evidence that reveals the incarcerated individual's potential suitability for parole. From all suitability hearings presented to the board, 75% of cases have received a denial length of 3 years or more. Granting outcomes result in less parole and more lengthy denial with Marsy's Law.
761:
credits granted to prisoners. These credits, which can be awarded for good behavior or participation in specific programs, reduce the amount of time a prisoner must serve before release. Collectively, the state's 58 counties spend over $ 2.4 billion on county jails, which have a population in excess of 80,000. There are currently 20 counties where an inmate population cap has been imposed by the federal courts and an additional 12 counties with a self-imposed population cap. In counties with such population caps, inmates are sometimes released early to comply with the limit imposed by the cap. However, some sheriffs also use alternative methods of reducing jail populations, such as confining inmates to home detention with Global
Positioning System (GPS) devices.
564:, that victim is immediately informed of his or her Marsy's Rights and provided with "Marsy's Card", a small foldout containing a full description of each of the 17 Marsy's Rights, which is also available for download in 17 languages on the California Office of the Attorney General website. The California Attorney General has published these rights, which now are utilized by every law enforcement agency in the state. In addition, each of 58 county District Attorney's offices are required to inform alleged victims of these rights at the time a case is filed for criminal prosecution. In 2010, the California Peace Officer Standards and Training (POST) amended its Learning Domain 04 to include Marsy's Law Training in its Basic Police Academy.
1094:
250:
905:
parole denial will be a result of increased participation of crime survivors during suitability hearings. A prisoner with low recidivism is faced with a board that decides parole suitability is not present due to victim participation. Incarcerated individuals express the difficulty to reveal their efforts to re-enter their communities when victim participation decreases their chances for parole granting outcomes. Criticisms raised the question of the fairness to the rights and processes of incarcerated individuals during their suitability hearings.
407:
protection from the defendant, notification of all court proceedings, and restitution, as well as granting parole boards far greater powers to deny inmates parole. Critics allege that the law unconstitutionally restricts defendant's rights by allowing prosecutors to withhold exculpatory evidence under certain circumstances, and harms victims by restricting their rights to discovery, depositions, and interviews. Passage of this law in
California led to the passage of similar laws in Florida, Georgia,
1120:
304:
462:, was stalked and murdered by her ex-boyfriend. Her murderer, Kerry Michael Conley, was tried by a Los Angeles jury and sentenced to life in prison with the possibility of parole in 17 years. Although Conley died in prison from a heart infection complicated by diabetes, one year before Marsy's Law passed in November 2008, the Nicholas family attended numerous parole hearings, which bothered them for years.
733:
from harm from individuals accused of committing crimes against them, which includes informing the judge of safety concerns and seeking protective orders, (4) the return of property no longer needed as evidence in criminal proceedings, and (5) "finality" in criminal proceedings in which they are involved and the right to due process and a speedy trial. Some of these rights previously existed in statute.
720:
after their arrest, but before trial. In addition, victims are given the constitutional right to participate in other aspects of the criminal justice process, such as conferring with prosecutors on the charges filed and arguing for increased charges. Also, law enforcement and criminal prosecution agencies are required to provide victims with specified information, including details on victim's rights.
68:
326:
757:(CDCR) in 2008 are estimated to be approximately $ 10 billion. The average annual cost to incarcerate an inmate is estimated to be about $ 46,000. The state prison system is currently experiencing overcrowding because there are not enough permanent beds available for all inmates. As a result, gymnasiums and other rooms in state prisons have been converted to house some inmates.
129:
27:
784:
authority to return to state prison for up to a year an individual who has been released on parole but who subsequently commits a parole violation. (Such a process is referred to as parole revocation.) A federal court order requires the state to provide legal counsel to parolees, including assistance at hearings related to parole revocation charges.
901:
Marsy's Law and the effects of demographics which place life-sentenced individuals at less of an advantage than those who voted for Marsy's Law. The life-serving individuals lacked the ability to counter the propositions of Marsy's Law on the lifer community. Marsy's law has altered the rights and processes of incarcerated individuals further.
576:
attack at the second parole hearing for Marsy's killer and was unable to attend subsequent hearing for many years. Now parole denials can be imposed for 7, 10 and even 15 years. Statistics show that in 2009, 20% or 656 inmates received parole denials of 7 years or more. In 2009, only 3.5% received denials of two years or less.
568:
actions to bar alleged victims from the courtroom under a "motion to exclude witnesses" are now routinely denied. Alleged victims have a right to be present in court and prosecutors are trained to call alleged victims who will be witnesses in the case to testify first so they can remain in the courtroom for the entire trial.
890:
The United States
Constitution guarantees every person accused of a crime the right to be confronted with the witnesses against him or her and to obtain witnesses in his or her favor. Allowing alleged victims to refuse to provide evidence and discovery to the accused is, as we have learned throughout
825:
Marsy's law is one of several determining factors when denying an incarcerated individual parole suitability. If an individual is found unsuitable for parole, the board commissioners determine the incarcerated individual's denial length. Studies indicate a growing relationship between Marsy's Law and
783:
The Board of Parole
Hearings conducts two different types of proceedings relating to parole. First, before CDCR releases an individual who has been sentenced to life in prison with the possibility of parole, the inmate must go before the board for a parole consideration hearing. Second, the board has
575:
Post-conviction, victims' rights have been impacted by the dramatic increase in the length of time between parole hearings. Before Marsy's Law, the maximum parole denial was five years for convicted murderers and two years for all other crimes. Marsy
Nicholas' mother, Marcella Leach, suffered a heart
571:
Marsy's Law also gives alleged victims the right to be represented by counsel of their choosing, rather than relying on the prosecutor, who has a legal obligation to represent the people of his or her jurisdiction, and not the victim. Marsy's Law rights are enforceable and an adverse ruling against a
900:
Marsy's law was enacted in order to expand and assert victim rights and since the introduction of Marsy's Law, the number of prisoners serving life sentences has seen an increase. The United States as of 2021 currently has a lifer population of 203,000. Ryan S. Appleby criticizes the consequences of
710:
This measure requires that, without exception, restitution be ordered from offenders who have been convicted, in every case in which a victim suffers a loss. The measure also requires that any funds collected by a court or law enforcement agencies from a person ordered to pay restitution would go to
583:
In another study on the impact of Marsy's Law on the parole process, UCLA law student Laura L. Richardson found a doubling in the average length of time imposed between parole hearings since
California voters passed the Constitutional Amendment in 2008. But while victims may impact parole decisions,
469:
called the "driving force" behind the constitutional amendment. In late 2007, Nicholas convened a group, including Wilson, to consider putting a comprehensive victims' rights constitutional amendment on the ballot in
California. He recruited legal scholars and former prosecutors to draft, rework and
760:
Both the state
Legislature and the courts have been considering various proposals that would reduce overcrowding, including the early release of inmates from state prison. At the time this analysis was prepared, none of these proposals had been adopted. State prison populations are also affected by
732:
Crime victims and their families have a state constitutional right to (1) prevent the release of their confidential information or records to criminal defendants, (2) refuse to be interviewed or provide pretrial testimony or other evidence requested on behalf of a criminal defendant, (3) protection
882:
Traditionally, a prosecutor is required to provide a defendant with evidence that could show innocence (exculpatory evidence). If the prosecution does not provide it, it may require a new trial. Under Marsy's Law, however, a victim would be able to refuse to provide that evidence to the defendant,
803:
Previously, victims were able to attend and testify at parole consideration hearings with either their next of kin and up to two members of their immediate family, or two representatives. The measure removed the limit on the number of family members, and allows victim representatives to attend and
241:
Requires notification to victim and opportunity for input during phases of criminal justice process, including bail, pleas, sentencing and parole. Establishes victim safety as consideration for bail or parole. Fiscal Impact: Potential loss of state savings on prison operations and increased county
697:
Proposition 8 established the right of crime victims to obtain restitution from any person who committed the crime that caused them to suffer a loss. Restitution often involves replacement of stolen or damaged property or reimbursement of costs that the victim incurred as a result of the crime. A
693:
Among other changes, the proposition amended the
Constitution and various state laws to grant crime victims the right to be notified of, to attend, and to state their views at, sentencing and parole hearings. Other separately enacted laws have created other rights for crime victims, including the
579:
Citing the impact of Marsy's Law in extending the time
California prison inmates must wait between hearings after parole has been denied, a Stanford University study of 32,000 California prisoners serving life sentences with the possibility of parole found the likelihood of parole for a convicted
406:
through the initiative process in the November 2008 general election, is an amendment to the state's constitution and certain penal code sections. The act protects and expands the legal rights of victims of crime to include 17 rights in the judicial process, including the right to legal standing,
904:
Crime survivors are not parole suitability experts. Research conducted criticizes the factored weight of victim testimony during parole suitability hearings and grant outcomes. An incarcerated individual's parole suitability is affected by the crime victim's presence. The research indicates that
807:
Those in attendance at parole consideration hearings are eligible to receive a transcript of the proceedings. This allows the victim to document the level of remorse and rehabilitation exhibited by the inmate in order to make the parole board aware at subsequent hearings if the inmates' behavior
719:
As noted above, Proposition 8 established a legal right for crime victims to be notified of, to attend, and to state their views at, sentencing and parole hearings. This measure expands these legal rights to include all public criminal proceedings, including the release from custody of offenders
567:
Alleged victims now have the right to be heard at every stage of the legal criminal proceedings, which means before the judge makes a sentencing offer in the case. Prior to the passage of Proposition 9, most alleged victims did not address the court until after a conviction or plea. In addition,
527:
In late February 2008, California non-profit corporation Marsy's Law: Justice for Crime Victims proposed Marsy's Law as a way of giving crime victims constitutionally protected rights such as notifications to victims and informing those involved in the criminal justice process of the Marsy's Law
796:
Previously, individuals whom the board did not release following their parole consideration hearing generally waited between one and five years for another parole consideration hearing. This measure extended the time before the next hearing to between 3 and 15 years, as determined by the board.
676:
Marsy's Law amended the state constitution and various state laws to (1) expand the legal rights of crime victims and the payment of restitution by criminal offenders, (2) restrict the early release of inmates, and (3) change the procedures for granting and revoking parole. These changes are
3232:
769:
This measure amends the Constitution to require that criminal sentences imposed by the courts be carried out in compliance with the courts' sentencing orders and that such sentences shall not be "substantially diminished" by early release policies to alleviate overcrowding in prison or jail
711:
pay that restitution first, in effect prioritizing those payments over other fines and obligations an offender may legally owe. The victim also is entitled to be compensated for legal fees in hiring counsel under Marsy's Law on the issues relating to the securing of restitution.
858:
Victims' rights are not rights against the state, but against another individual. The approach taken by Marsy's Law includes rights that could actually strengthen the state's hand against a defendant, undermining a bedrock principle of the U.S. legal system — the
411:, Kentucky, Nevada, North Carolina, Oklahoma, Ohio and Wisconsin, and efforts to pass similar laws in Hawaii, Iowa, Montana, Idaho, South Dakota, and Pennsylvania. In November 2017, Marsy's Law was found to be unconstitutional and void in its entirety by the
770:
facilities. The measure directs that sufficient funding be provided by the Legislature or county boards of supervisors to house inmates for the full terms of their sentences, except for statutorily authorized credits which reduce those sentences.
667:
enjoined certification of the result. In December 2021, the court then held that the provision's inclusion of multiple essentially unrelated changes violated the state constitution's "single subject" limitation for each amendment.
850:
This is not because defendants' rights are valued more by society than victims' rights. Defendants' rights are rights against the state and apply only when the state is attempting to deprive the accused – not the victim – of
924:
encouraged a "no" vote on 9, saying, "If the concern is protection of families from further victimization, as proponents claim, that goal can be met without granting families a new and inappropriate role in prosecutions."
1691:
3237:
3236:
3233:
3238:
701:
Sometimes, however, judges do not order restitution. Proposition 8 also established a right to "safe, secure and peaceful" schools for students and staff of primary, elementary, junior high, and senior high schools.
1892:
3369:
2547:
2521:
3453:
811:
General Parole Revocation Procedures. This measure changed the board's parole revocation procedures for offenders after they have been paroled from prison. Under a federal court order in a case known as
1650:
3520:
3235:
1312:
607:, a different panel from the same court ruled that the ability of a prisoner who had been denied parole to petition to advance the date of the next parole hearing protected Marsy's Law from an
1948:
2500:
2481:
2709:
754:
3364:
599:, the state Court of Appeal, Fourth Appellate District, Division One found that the risk of increased incarceration resulting from longer parole denials under Marsy's Law violated
3515:
496:, then-state assemblyman, former Orange County Assistant District Attorney and Marsy's Law Legal Affairs Director, he was sworn in as District Attorney for Orange County in 2019.
1285:
847:. The basis of the criticism is that equating victims' rights to the rights of the accused is a fallacy that ignores the very different purposes these two sets of rights serve.
3267:
800:
Crime victims are eligible to receive earlier notification in advance of parole consideration hearings. They now receive 90 days advance notice, instead of the prior 30 days.
528:
victim rights. Voters passed the Constitutional Amendment in November 2008 by a margin of 53.8% to 46.2%, despite being opposed by nearly every major newspaper in the state.
1499:
580:
murderer is 6%. The study also found that the lifer population has increased from 8% of inmates in 1990 to 20% in 2010 and that the average number of years served is 20.
427:
619:
The passage of this law in California has led to efforts in other states to pass similar laws. In Illinois, voters passed an amendment to the state constitution, called
3489:
736:
The Constitution was changed to specify that the safety of a crime victim must be taken into consideration by judges in setting bail for persons arrested for crimes.
3324:
3050:
3234:
753:
The state operates 33 state prisons and other facilities that had a combined adult inmate population of about 171,000 as of May 2008. The costs to operate the
3525:
3484:
3474:
2760:
1654:
242:
jail costs amounting to hundreds of millions of dollars annually. Potential net savings in the low tens of millions of dollars annually on parole procedures.
855:. They serve as essential checks against government abuse, preventing the government from arresting and imprisoning anyone, for any reason, at any time.
852:
792:
This measure changed the procedures to be followed by the board when it considers the release from prison of inmates with a life sentence. Specifically:
2196:
2573:
553:
Marsy's Law grants protective rights to an alleged victim of a crime and revokes certain rights of people accused of a crime to defend themselves (see
3530:
572:
victim in any context involving these rights can be appealed to a higher court by alleged victims through their own counsel or the District Attorney.
3159:
1375:
3479:
3290:
2501:"The Washington Post: Study: 1 in 7 U.S. prisoners is serving life, and two-thirds of those are people of color – Campaign to End Life Imprisonment"
3379:
3260:
1836:
2998:
3346:
3175:
3374:
2706:
2691:
2152:
2461:
143:
139:
2851:
2421:
2982:
1920:
1863:
698:
court is required under current state law to order full restitution unless it finds compelling and extraordinary reasons not to do so.
3448:
3356:
3303:
3298:
3281:
3277:
3253:
1507:
1692:"Stanford Criminal Justice Center Issues First Major Study of California Prisoners Serving Life Sentences With Possibility of Parole"
77:
2778:
2548:"Proposition 9, Marsy's Law: An Ill-Suited Ballot Initiative and the (Predictably) Unsatisfactory Results - Note by Ryan S. Appleby"
2522:"Proposition 9, Marsy's Law: An Ill-Suited Ballot Initiative and the (Predictably) Unsatisfactory Results - Note by Ryan S. Appleby"
186:
110:
54:
2069:
1841:
3120:
3014:
2918:
438:, join John Gillis, former National Director, U.S. Department of Justice Office for Victims of Crime, Los Angeles County Sheriff
490:
Steve Ipsen, Los Angeles Deputy District Attorney and then-president of the Los Angeles Association of Deputy District Attorneys
161:
150:
1810:
40:
1204:
1093:
249:
3458:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3388:
3334:
3320:
3316:
3312:
886:
Criminal defense attorney Casey Hoff has criticized this loss of rights of an accused person who is still presumed innocent:
627:, Wisconsin voters approved a version for their state's constitution. There are efforts to introduce similar Marsy's Laws in
3062:
2966:
2623:
2598:
2170:
3088:
2446:
3416:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3392:
3384:
3342:
3308:
3182:
2673:
2891:
2826:
560:
Since its passage, when any alleged victim of crime is contacted by law enforcement, just as the accused are read their
2744:
3535:
1237:
503:
2574:"Victims, Punishment, and Parole: The Effect of Victim Participation on Parole Hearings | Office of Justice Programs"
843:
has criticized Marsy's Law for undermining due process, for being poorly drafted, and for being a threat to existing
481:
1709:
Richardson, Laura Lienhart (October 3, 2018). "Impact of Marsy's Law on Parole in California: An Empirical Study".
1457:
664:
416:
2757:
1676:
1318:
620:
408:
3211:
California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation (CDCR), Victim's Bill of Rights Act of 2008: Marsy's Law
2758:
Orange County Register, "California Prop. 9 Editorial: Unnecessary tinkering with constitution," October 2, 2008
1264:
584:
her analysis of 211 parole hearings failed to reveal an increase in victim participation in the parole process.
465:
The Nicholas family was the main organizer of the campaign to pass Marsy's Law, whom former California Governor
81:
860:
624:
412:
2018:
874:
Marsy's Law has been used by prosecutors to withhold exculpatory evidence against police in states including:
2794:
2204:
1577:
1479:
1897:
694:
opportunity for a victim to obtain a judicial order of protection from harassment by a criminal defendant.
3220:
3156:
3093:
2297:"The Perils of Parole Hearings: California Lifers, Performative Disadvantage, and the Ideology of Insight"
1562:
739:
The measure states that the right to safe schools includes community colleges, colleges, and universities.
2745:"San Diego Union Tribune, "No on Prop 9: Measure is poorly drafted and wrongheaded," September 25, 2008"
2393:
2269:
1738:
1529:
1424:
513:
2098:
1632:
728:
This measure expands the legal rights of crime victims in various other ways, including the following:
541:
Unite the victims' rights movement by providing organizations with media, technology and other support;
1314:
Controversial victims' rights amendment Marsy's Law wins majority support; still faces court challenge
2995:
2043:
1925:
1788:
1397:
844:
628:
455:
3186:
3215:
2688:
1452:
46:
2812:
1287:
Marsy's Law was meant to protect crime victims. It now hides the identities of cops who use force.
2840:
Fresno Bee, "Vote "no" on Proposition 9, an ill-considered crime victims bill," October 13, 2008.
2373:
2342:
2249:
1953:
1718:
623:. In Ohio voters passed an amendment called the Ohio Crime Victims Bill of Rights (Marsy's Law).
470:
write the final version of the bill. In addition to Nicholas and Wilson, contributors included:
2855:
544:
Pass an Amendment to the United States Constitution to protect the rights of victims nationwide
474:
Steve Twist, noted victims' rights legal expert and author of Arizona's Victims' Bill of Rights
454:, the co-founder and former co-chairman of the board, president and chief executive officer of
3245:
2653:
2385:
2381:
2334:
2261:
2257:
1784:
1730:
1726:
1429:
1377:
Montana Supreme Court Strikes Down Marsy's Law as Unconstitutional – ACLU Lawsuit Voids CI-116
1119:
920:
868:
804:
testify at the hearing without regard to whether members of the victim's family were present.
690:
In June 1982, California voters approved Proposition 8, known as the Victims Bill of Rights.
2813:"Bakersfield Californian, "Ballot-box budgeting: Vote NO on Props 6 and 9," October 9, 2008"
2365:
2241:
1710:
1258:
808:
fails to demonstrate remorse or other failure to take personal responsibility for his crime.
459:
3163:
3002:
2970:
2782:
2764:
2713:
2695:
2677:
2487:
2406:
2282:
1751:
1231:
797:
However, inmates are able to periodically request that the board advance the hearing date.
499:
2932:
2852:"Woodland Daily Democrat, "Voters should turn down Props. 5, 6, and 9", October 14, 2008"
2775:
3039:
2323:"Rebutting the Presumption: An Empirical Analysis of Parole Deferrals Under Marsy's Law"
2073:
891:
our history, the way innocent people get convicted of crimes and wrongfully imprisoned.
531:
In 2009, Henry Nicholas formed Marsy's Law for All, which has the following objectives:
3124:
3018:
1996:
1893:"Elections 2016: Montana ballot measures proposed on marijuana, guns, criminal justice"
656:
561:
451:
435:
431:
2950:
1677:""Marsy's Law" Has Significantly Improved Victims' Rights, Henry Nicholas Tells Rally"
3509:
2440:
2377:
2296:
2253:
2099:"Proposition 8 And Crime Rates In California: The Case Of The Disappearing Deterrent"
1722:
663:
approved a Marsy's Law amendment to the state constitution in November 2019, but the
519:
2174:
1500:"On victims' day, Henry Nicholas recalls sister – Home – the Orange County Register"
1339:
603:
principles if applied to prisoners sentenced before the law was passed. However, in
2137:
1949:"Panel studying child sexual abuse seems inclined to favor victim-rights amendment"
660:
644:
493:
92:
3145:
3121:"Santa Cruz Sentinel, "As We See It: Vote No on Props. 6 and 9," October 15, 2008"
2119:
3205:
3066:
2963:
2892:"Chico Enterprise-Record, "Flawed measures should be rejected," October 16, 2008"
2877:
2839:
1546:
595:, which address whether the parole impact of Marsy's Law is unconstitutional. In
419:
reached the same conclusion as Montana under its own state constitution in 2021.
3098:
2726:
466:
443:
415:
for violating that state's procedure for amending the Montana Constitution. The
272:
3210:
2667:
2197:"Marsy's Law: Crime Victims' Bill of Rights Act of 2008 Campaign Announcement"
1811:"Wisconsin Voters Approve State Constitutional Amendment Known As Marsy's Law"
1484:
2895:
2338:
3494:
2996:
Salinas Californian, "Vote no on state Props. 5, 6 and 9," October 18, 2008.
1291:
2361:
2237:
402:, the California Victims' Bill of Rights Act of 2008, enacted by voters as
2483:
Wisconsin: Marsy's Law has good intentions, but endangers accused's rights
2219:"Release No. 10-10, Ninth Circuit Reinstates Proposition 9 Parole Reforms"
2019:"Crime victims would get new rights under plan that could go to NC voters"
1837:"A national effort for "victims" rights' legislation is headed to Georgia"
1766:"California Supreme Court Grants Petition for Review on Marsy's Law Cases"
1603:
1578:"Marsy's Law for All – Fighting to Guarantee Basic Rights for All Victims"
2369:
2245:
2218:
2120:"Victim-Witness: Marsy's Law – Alameda County District Attorney's Office"
1714:
1631:
Training, State of California Commission on Peace Officer Standards and.
864:
715:
Notification and participation of victims in criminal justice proceedings
509:
Kent Scheidegger, legal director of the Criminal Justice Legal Foundation
439:
2346:
2322:
446:
at the annual National Day of Remembrance event in downtown Los Angeles.
2964:
San Gabriel Valley Tribune, "Propositions in Review," October 19, 2008.
1868:
648:
636:
3015:"Monterey County Herald, "Proposition endorsements," October 17, 2008"
88:
3051:
Desert Dispatch, "Victims' Rights Yes, Amendment No," October 8, 2008
640:
632:
484:
and board member of the National Crime Victims' Law Institute (NCVLI)
3157:
Eureka Reporter, "The Eureka Reporter recommends," October 14, 2008
2463:
In Major Threat to Due Process, Marsy's Law Gains Ground Nationwide
2362:"Impact of Marsy's Law on Parole in California: An Empirical Study"
2238:"Impact of Marsy's Law on Parole in California: An Empirical Study"
1651:"Victims' rights supporters march to remember lost friends, family"
3230:
3040:
Long Beach Press-Telegram, "No on Proposition 9," October 4, 2008.
2423:"Victims" Rights' Proposals Like Marsy's Law Undermine Due Process
2153:"Rapist Moved From School Area/ Residents picketed boarding house"
1975:
1092:
652:
518:
Charles Fennessey, senior policy consultant to then-State Senator
426:
2624:"Experts question role of victims, survivors in parole hearings"
2599:"Experts question role of victims, survivors in parole hearings"
2467:
2427:
840:
587:
The California Supreme Court has said it will review two cases,
3249:
2878:"Editorial: Proposition 9 would increase prison costs; vote no"
1581:
122:
61:
20:
16:
California law regarding victim legal rights and parole boards
1864:"Hawaii lawmakers consider crime victims' right-to-know bill"
3242:
Short edit of full length promotional video for Marsy's Law.
1765:
1617:
2648:
1362:
Montana Association of Counties v. State by and Through Fox
535:
Ensure that Marsy's Law is enforced throughout California;
2649:"Los Angeles Times - California, national and world news"
3146:
Modesto Bee, "Prop. 9 is too ambitious," October 9 2008.
2827:"La Opinion, "Two Measures to Reject," October 12, 2008"
1480:"Kerry Michael Conley Obituary (2008) Los Angeles Times"
2460:
Jeanne Hruska & Holly Welborn (November 30, 2018),
1207:. University of California, Hastings College of the Law
774:
Changes affecting the granting and revocation of parole
755:
California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation
538:
Help crime victims obtain quality legal representation;
157:
3206:
California Office of the Attorney General, Marsy's Law
3063:"The Reporter, "Vote No on Prop. 9," October 22, 2008"
273:
Marsy's Law; California Office of the Attorney General
3521:
Criminal penalty ballot measures in the United States
512:
Thomas Hiltachk, then-legal counsel to then-Governor
2171:"Corrections Statistics for the State of California"
1205:"Voter Information Guide for 2008, General Election"
3467:
3441:
3355:
3333:
3289:
3089:"Los Angeles Daily News, "No on Props. 5, 6, and 9"
2138:"Marsy's Law – Criminal Appeal Victim Notification"
1785:"Illinois voters to face a rare 5 ballot questions"
1374:American Civil Liberties Union (November 1, 2017),
279:
267:
259:
2951:"Times recommendations on California propositions"
2050:. American Civil Liberties Union. October 17, 2019
1547:"Victims' Bill of Rights Act of 2008: Marsy's Law"
1404:. American Civil Liberties Union. October 17, 2019
681:Expansion of the rights of victims and restitution
1921:"Bills to help child above, revenge porn victims"
2776:Sacramento Bee, "Proposition 9", October 9, 2008
2671:, "Vote "no" on props. 6 and 9", October 6, 2008
2321:Friedman, David R.; Robinson, Jackie M. (2014).
1530:"On victims' day, Henry Nicholas recalls sister"
1425:"Families of Crime Victims Share Grief, Resolve"
1226:
1224:
1222:
2725:Newspapers, Golden State (September 15, 2023).
2707:Press Enterprise, "No on 9," September 12, 2008
2044:"League of Women Voters of PA v. Degraffenreid"
1398:"League of Women Voters of PA v. Degraffenreid"
2689:Press Democrat, "Wrong Way," September 8, 2008
1633:"Regular Basic Course Training Specifications"
3261:
8:
3516:Amendments to the Constitution of California
1541:
1539:
199:
2360:Richardson, Laura Lienhart (May 16, 2011).
2236:Richardson, Laura Lienhart (May 16, 2011).
487:Meg Garvin, executive director of the NCVLI
55:Learn how and when to remove these messages
3268:
3254:
3246:
3176:"Statement of Vote: 2008 General Election"
835:Distinction between government and accused
254:Results by county (blue indicates support)
91:. Please do not remove this message until
2933:"Opinion - Fiscal Disaster in California"
724:Other expansions of victims' legal rights
203:California Victims' Bill of Rights
187:Learn how and when to remove this message
111:Learn how and when to remove this message
1100:
744:Restrictions on early release of inmates
672:Overview of the Constitutional Amendment
285:
87:Relevant discussion may be found on the
2093:
2091:
1196:
477:Douglas Pipes, recognized legal scholar
3370:United States House of Representatives
2402:
2391:
2278:
2267:
1747:
1736:
198:
2447:Office of the United States Attorneys
1451:Julia Reynolds (September 26, 2007),
442:and then-California Attorney General
7:
1835:Bluestein, Greg (February 1, 2016).
3526:2008 California ballot propositions
3185:. December 13, 2008. Archived from
2795:"Props. 6 and 9 are budget busters"
2151:Lagos, Marisa (February 18, 2010).
1783:Tareen, Sophia (October 20, 2015).
1233:Marsy's Law Victims' Bill of Rights
458:. In 1983, Marsy, then a senior at
3490:San Francisco Board of Supervisors
2072:. January 20, 2012. Archived from
1919:Corona, Marcella (June 12, 2015).
1842:Atlanta Journal & Constitution
1423:Tracy Wilkinson (April 25, 1988),
1260:Marsy's Law: Harmful to Defendants
14:
2070:"Statement of Purpose and Intent"
1891:Carter, Troy (October 25, 2015).
877:
480:Douglas Beloof, professor at the
450:Marsy Nicholas was the sister of
36:This article has multiple issues.
3531:Initiatives in the United States
3485:San Francisco general (November)
3475:San Francisco general (February)
2203:. April 16, 2008. Archived from
1947:Mercer, Bob (October 26, 2015).
1344:, CNN Politics, November 6, 2018
1171:
1160:
1149:
1118:
928:Other editorial boards opposed:
677:discussed in more detail below.
324:
302:
248:
127:
66:
25:
3304:Republican presidential primary
3299:Democratic presidential primary
2480:Casey Hoff (January 11, 2019),
1809:Kremer, Rich (April 13, 2020).
863:. Parallels have been drawn to
44:or discuss these issues on the
2552:Southern California Law Review
2526:Southern California Law Review
554:
1:
3280:) 2008 California elections (
3183:California Secretary of State
2420:Jeanne Hruska (May 3, 2018),
896:Prisoner Rights and Processes
3480:San Francisco general (June)
3449:55th State Assembly district
706:Changes made by this measure
615:Similar laws in other states
482:Lewis & Clark Law School
3454:12th congressional district
3162:September 26, 2009, at the
2157:The San Francisco Chronicle
1453:"Rally Backs Victim Rights"
1238:California Attorney General
1097:Electoral results by county
878:Accused's right to evidence
821:Parole Suitability Outcomes
723:
201:Marsy's Law (Proposition 9)
93:conditions to do so are met
3554:
3459:12th State Senate district
3221:Full text of Proposition 9
3216:Ballotpedia, Proposition 9
3001:December 19, 2014, at the
2983:"Vote no on Proposition 9"
1458:The Monterey County Herald
1364:, 404 P.3d 733 (Mon. 2017)
1265:Civil Liberties Law Review
1022:San Gabriel Valley Tribune
932:
853:life, liberty, or property
814:Valdivia v. Schwarzenegger
665:Pennsylvania Supreme Court
417:Pennsylvania Supreme Court
216:November 4, 2008
3357:November general election
3291:February primary election
2781:October 16, 2008, at the
2763:December 5, 2008, at the
1976:"Marsy's Law for Florida"
1319:Pennsylvania Capital-Star
1112:
1109:
1106:
1077:Editorial boards in favor
1042:Long Beach Press-Telegram
883:the court, and the jury.
382:Registered voters/turnout
296:
293:
284:
247:
239:
208:
1560:"Marsy's Law proposal",
914:Editorial boards opposed
861:presumption of innocence
621:Marsy's Law for Illinois
502:, former federal judge,
413:Supreme Court of Montana
2731:Golden State Newspapers
1898:Bozeman Daily Chronicle
1504:articles.ocregister.com
1162:Invalid or blank votes
1002:Chico Enterprise-Record
992:Woodland Daily Democrat
977:Bakersfield Californian
972:San Francisco Chronicle
957:San Diego Union Tribune
353:Invalid or blank votes
3243:
3094:Los Angeles Daily News
2969:June 14, 2011, at the
2712:July 21, 2011, at the
2694:July 20, 2011, at the
2676:July 21, 2011, at the
2442:Justice 101: Discovery
2401:Cite journal requires
2277:Cite journal requires
1815:Wisconsin Public Radio
1746:Cite journal requires
1690:School, Stanford Law.
1563:Orange County Register
1098:
1057:Los Angeles Daily News
1052:The Vacaville Reporter
1037:Monterey County Herald
962:Orange County Register
909:Newspaper endorsements
893:
504:University of Utah law
447:
3495:Los Angeles Measure R
3335:June primary election
3241:
1997:"Maine - Marsy's Law"
1096:
997:San Jose Mercury News
888:
845:constitutional rights
549:Impact of Marsy's Law
514:Arnold Schwarzenegger
430:
3192:on October 18, 2012.
2919:"Mostly thumbs down"
2370:10.2139/ssrn.1878594
2246:10.2139/ssrn.1878594
1926:Reno Gazette-Journal
1789:The Associated Press
1715:10.2139/ssrn.1878594
1657:on December 31, 2010
1620:. December 27, 2010.
1027:Napa Valley Register
456:Broadcom Corporation
158:improve this article
2985:. October 16, 2008.
2953:. October 18, 2008.
2939:. October 10, 2008.
2880:. October 14, 2008.
2327:Stanford Law Review
2140:. January 20, 2012.
1566:, February 25, 2008
1549:. January 20, 2012.
1488:. January 27, 2008.
1267:, November 10, 2018
1103:
1083:The Eureka Reporter
1062:Santa Cruz Sentinel
1032:Salinas Californian
548:
205:
162:independent sources
80:of this article is
3325:94, 95, 96, and 97
3244:
2937:The New York Times
2801:. October 9, 2008.
2669:Pasadena Star News
2628:sanquentinnews.com
2603:sanquentinnews.com
2449:, November 7, 2014
2207:on April 29, 2009.
1954:Rapid City Journal
1696:www.prnewswire.com
1606:. August 14, 2021.
1321:, November 5, 2019
1294:, October 29, 2020
1240:, January 20, 2012
1101:
1099:
1017:Contra Costa Times
937:Pasadena Star News
448:
3503:
3502:
3442:Special elections
3239:
2898:on August 8, 2010
2654:Los Angeles Times
2554:. January 2, 2013
2528:. January 2, 2013
2364:. Rochester, NY.
2240:. Rochester, NY.
2048:ACLU Pennsylvania
2017:Campbell, Colin.
1618:"Serving Victims"
1532:. April 20, 2010.
1430:Los Angeles Times
1402:ACLU Pennsylvania
1189:
1188:
1074:
1073:
921:Los Angeles Times
432:Henry T. Nicholas
397:
396:
393:
392:
230:
229:
197:
196:
189:
179:
178:
149:largely based on
121:
120:
113:
59:
3543:
3270:
3263:
3256:
3247:
3240:
3194:
3193:
3191:
3180:
3172:
3166:
3154:
3148:
3143:
3137:
3136:
3134:
3132:
3127:on June 11, 2011
3123:. Archived from
3117:
3111:
3110:
3108:
3106:
3101:on June 21, 2011
3097:. Archived from
3085:
3079:
3078:
3076:
3074:
3069:on July 17, 2011
3065:. Archived from
3059:
3053:
3048:
3042:
3037:
3031:
3030:
3028:
3026:
3021:on July 21, 2011
3017:. Archived from
3011:
3005:
2993:
2987:
2986:
2979:
2973:
2961:
2955:
2954:
2947:
2941:
2940:
2929:
2923:
2922:
2914:
2908:
2907:
2905:
2903:
2894:. Archived from
2888:
2882:
2881:
2874:
2868:
2867:
2865:
2863:
2854:. Archived from
2848:
2842:
2837:
2831:
2830:
2823:
2817:
2816:
2809:
2803:
2802:
2791:
2785:
2773:
2767:
2755:
2749:
2748:
2741:
2735:
2734:
2722:
2716:
2704:
2698:
2686:
2680:
2665:
2659:
2658:
2645:
2639:
2638:
2636:
2634:
2620:
2614:
2613:
2611:
2609:
2595:
2589:
2588:
2586:
2584:
2570:
2564:
2563:
2561:
2559:
2544:
2538:
2537:
2535:
2533:
2518:
2512:
2511:
2509:
2507:
2497:
2491:
2490:
2477:
2471:
2470:
2457:
2451:
2450:
2437:
2431:
2430:
2417:
2411:
2410:
2404:
2399:
2397:
2389:
2357:
2351:
2350:
2318:
2312:
2311:
2309:
2307:
2293:
2287:
2286:
2280:
2275:
2273:
2265:
2233:
2227:
2226:
2215:
2209:
2208:
2193:
2187:
2186:
2184:
2182:
2177:on July 25, 2010
2173:. Archived from
2167:
2161:
2160:
2148:
2142:
2141:
2134:
2128:
2127:
2116:
2110:
2109:
2108:. Toronto. 2006.
2106:www3.thestar.com
2103:
2095:
2086:
2085:
2083:
2081:
2076:on July 25, 2010
2066:
2060:
2059:
2057:
2055:
2040:
2034:
2033:
2031:
2029:
2014:
2008:
2007:
2005:
2003:
1993:
1987:
1986:
1984:
1982:
1972:
1966:
1965:
1963:
1961:
1944:
1938:
1937:
1935:
1933:
1916:
1910:
1909:
1907:
1905:
1888:
1882:
1881:
1879:
1877:
1860:
1854:
1853:
1851:
1849:
1832:
1826:
1825:
1823:
1821:
1806:
1800:
1799:
1797:
1795:
1780:
1774:
1773:
1772:. July 20, 2011.
1762:
1756:
1755:
1749:
1744:
1742:
1734:
1706:
1700:
1699:
1698:(Press release).
1687:
1681:
1680:
1673:
1667:
1666:
1664:
1662:
1653:. Archived from
1647:
1641:
1640:
1628:
1622:
1621:
1614:
1608:
1607:
1600:
1594:
1593:
1591:
1589:
1584:on March 8, 2012
1580:. Archived from
1574:
1568:
1567:
1557:
1551:
1550:
1543:
1534:
1533:
1526:
1520:
1519:
1517:
1515:
1510:on July 10, 2012
1506:. Archived from
1496:
1490:
1489:
1476:
1470:
1469:
1468:
1466:
1448:
1442:
1441:
1440:
1438:
1420:
1414:
1413:
1411:
1409:
1394:
1388:
1387:
1386:
1384:
1371:
1365:
1359:
1353:
1352:
1351:
1349:
1336:
1330:
1329:
1328:
1326:
1309:
1303:
1302:
1301:
1299:
1282:
1276:
1275:
1274:
1272:
1255:
1249:
1248:
1247:
1245:
1228:
1217:
1216:
1214:
1212:
1201:
1122:
1104:
947:Press Enterprise
931:
930:
460:UC Santa Barbara
434:and his mother,
383:
328:
327:
306:
305:
286:
275:
252:
235:
234:
223:
221:
210:
209:
206:
204:
202:
192:
185:
174:
171:
165:
151:routine coverage
131:
130:
123:
116:
109:
105:
102:
96:
70:
69:
62:
51:
29:
28:
21:
3553:
3552:
3546:
3545:
3544:
3542:
3541:
3540:
3536:Victims' rights
3506:
3505:
3504:
3499:
3468:Local elections
3463:
3437:
3351:
3329:
3285:
3274:
3231:
3229:
3202:
3197:
3189:
3178:
3174:
3173:
3169:
3164:Wayback Machine
3155:
3151:
3144:
3140:
3130:
3128:
3119:
3118:
3114:
3104:
3102:
3087:
3086:
3082:
3072:
3070:
3061:
3060:
3056:
3049:
3045:
3038:
3034:
3024:
3022:
3013:
3012:
3008:
3003:Wayback Machine
2994:
2990:
2981:
2980:
2976:
2971:Wayback Machine
2962:
2958:
2949:
2948:
2944:
2931:
2930:
2926:
2916:
2915:
2911:
2901:
2899:
2890:
2889:
2885:
2876:
2875:
2871:
2861:
2859:
2858:on July 8, 2011
2850:
2849:
2845:
2838:
2834:
2825:
2824:
2820:
2811:
2810:
2806:
2793:
2792:
2788:
2783:Wayback Machine
2774:
2770:
2765:Wayback Machine
2756:
2752:
2743:
2742:
2738:
2724:
2723:
2719:
2714:Wayback Machine
2705:
2701:
2696:Wayback Machine
2687:
2683:
2678:Wayback Machine
2666:
2662:
2647:
2646:
2642:
2632:
2630:
2622:
2621:
2617:
2607:
2605:
2597:
2596:
2592:
2582:
2580:
2572:
2571:
2567:
2557:
2555:
2546:
2545:
2541:
2531:
2529:
2520:
2519:
2515:
2505:
2503:
2499:
2498:
2494:
2488:Sheboygan Press
2479:
2478:
2474:
2459:
2458:
2454:
2439:
2438:
2434:
2419:
2418:
2414:
2400:
2390:
2359:
2358:
2354:
2320:
2319:
2315:
2305:
2303:
2295:
2294:
2290:
2276:
2266:
2235:
2234:
2230:
2217:
2216:
2212:
2195:
2194:
2190:
2180:
2178:
2169:
2168:
2164:
2150:
2149:
2145:
2136:
2135:
2131:
2118:
2117:
2113:
2101:
2097:
2096:
2089:
2079:
2077:
2068:
2067:
2063:
2053:
2051:
2042:
2041:
2037:
2027:
2025:
2016:
2015:
2011:
2001:
1999:
1995:
1994:
1990:
1980:
1978:
1974:
1973:
1969:
1959:
1957:
1946:
1945:
1941:
1931:
1929:
1918:
1917:
1913:
1903:
1901:
1890:
1889:
1885:
1875:
1873:
1872:. March 3, 2015
1862:
1861:
1857:
1847:
1845:
1834:
1833:
1829:
1819:
1817:
1808:
1807:
1803:
1793:
1791:
1782:
1781:
1777:
1764:
1763:
1759:
1745:
1735:
1708:
1707:
1703:
1689:
1688:
1684:
1675:
1674:
1670:
1660:
1658:
1649:
1648:
1644:
1630:
1629:
1625:
1616:
1615:
1611:
1602:
1601:
1597:
1587:
1585:
1576:
1575:
1571:
1559:
1558:
1554:
1545:
1544:
1537:
1528:
1527:
1523:
1513:
1511:
1498:
1497:
1493:
1478:
1477:
1473:
1464:
1462:
1450:
1449:
1445:
1436:
1434:
1422:
1421:
1417:
1407:
1405:
1396:
1395:
1391:
1382:
1380:
1373:
1372:
1368:
1360:
1356:
1347:
1345:
1341:Ballot Measures
1338:
1337:
1333:
1324:
1322:
1311:
1310:
1306:
1297:
1295:
1284:
1283:
1279:
1270:
1268:
1257:
1256:
1252:
1243:
1241:
1230:
1229:
1220:
1210:
1208:
1203:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1091:
1079:
1067:The Modesto Bee
1047:Desert Dispatch
1007:Stockton Record
916:
911:
898:
880:
837:
832:
823:
790:
781:
776:
767:
751:
746:
726:
717:
708:
688:
683:
674:
617:
551:
500:Paul G. Cassell
425:
381:
325:
303:
291:
271:
255:
243:
233:
232:
231:
219:
217:
200:
193:
182:
181:
180:
175:
169:
166:
155:
140:a press release
132:
128:
117:
106:
100:
97:
86:
71:
67:
30:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3551:
3550:
3547:
3539:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3508:
3507:
3501:
3500:
3498:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3471:
3469:
3465:
3464:
3462:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3445:
3443:
3439:
3438:
3436:
3435:
3382:
3380:State Assembly
3377:
3372:
3367:
3361:
3359:
3353:
3352:
3350:
3349:
3339:
3337:
3331:
3330:
3328:
3327:
3306:
3301:
3295:
3293:
3287:
3286:
3275:
3273:
3272:
3265:
3258:
3250:
3228:
3225:
3224:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3201:
3200:External links
3198:
3196:
3195:
3167:
3149:
3138:
3112:
3080:
3054:
3043:
3032:
3006:
2988:
2974:
2956:
2942:
2924:
2909:
2883:
2869:
2843:
2832:
2818:
2804:
2786:
2768:
2750:
2736:
2717:
2699:
2681:
2660:
2640:
2615:
2590:
2565:
2539:
2513:
2492:
2472:
2452:
2432:
2412:
2403:|journal=
2352:
2333:(1): 173–215.
2313:
2288:
2279:|journal=
2228:
2210:
2188:
2162:
2143:
2129:
2124:www.alcoda.org
2111:
2087:
2061:
2035:
2009:
1988:
1967:
1939:
1911:
1883:
1855:
1827:
1801:
1775:
1757:
1748:|journal=
1701:
1682:
1668:
1642:
1623:
1609:
1604:"Marsy's Card"
1595:
1569:
1552:
1535:
1521:
1491:
1471:
1443:
1415:
1389:
1366:
1354:
1331:
1304:
1277:
1250:
1218:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1187:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1170:
1169:
1166:
1163:
1159:
1158:
1155:
1152:
1148:
1147:
1144:
1141:
1137:
1136:
1131:
1126:
1115:
1114:
1111:
1108:
1102:Proposition 9
1090:
1087:
1086:
1085:
1078:
1075:
1072:
1071:
1070:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1012:New York Times
1009:
1004:
999:
994:
989:
984:
979:
974:
969:
967:Sacramento Bee
964:
959:
954:
949:
944:
942:Press Democrat
939:
915:
912:
910:
907:
897:
894:
879:
876:
836:
833:
831:
828:
822:
819:
818:
817:
809:
805:
801:
798:
789:
786:
780:
777:
775:
772:
766:
763:
750:
747:
745:
742:
741:
740:
737:
734:
725:
722:
716:
713:
707:
704:
687:
684:
682:
679:
673:
670:
657:North Carolina
616:
613:
562:Miranda Rights
550:
547:
546:
545:
542:
539:
536:
525:
524:
516:
510:
507:
497:
491:
488:
485:
478:
475:
452:Henry Nicholas
436:Marcella Leach
424:
421:
395:
394:
391:
390:
387:
384:
378:
377:
372:
367:
361:
360:
357:
354:
350:
349:
346:
343:
339:
338:
335:
332:
321:
320:
315:
310:
299:
298:
295:
292:
289:
282:
281:
277:
276:
269:
265:
264:
261:
257:
256:
253:
245:
244:
240:
237:
236:
228:
227:
225:
213:
195:
194:
177:
176:
144:a news article
135:
133:
126:
119:
118:
74:
72:
65:
60:
34:
33:
31:
24:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3549:
3548:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3513:
3511:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3472:
3470:
3466:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3446:
3444:
3440:
3434:
3430:
3426:
3422:
3418:
3414:
3410:
3406:
3402:
3398:
3394:
3390:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3362:
3360:
3358:
3354:
3348:
3344:
3341:
3340:
3338:
3336:
3332:
3326:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3296:
3294:
3292:
3288:
3283:
3279:
3271:
3266:
3264:
3259:
3257:
3252:
3251:
3248:
3226:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3203:
3199:
3188:
3184:
3177:
3171:
3168:
3165:
3161:
3158:
3153:
3150:
3147:
3142:
3139:
3126:
3122:
3116:
3113:
3100:
3096:
3095:
3090:
3084:
3081:
3068:
3064:
3058:
3055:
3052:
3047:
3044:
3041:
3036:
3033:
3020:
3016:
3010:
3007:
3004:
3000:
2997:
2992:
2989:
2984:
2978:
2975:
2972:
2968:
2965:
2960:
2957:
2952:
2946:
2943:
2938:
2934:
2928:
2925:
2920:
2917:Record, The.
2913:
2910:
2897:
2893:
2887:
2884:
2879:
2873:
2870:
2857:
2853:
2847:
2844:
2841:
2836:
2833:
2828:
2822:
2819:
2814:
2808:
2805:
2800:
2796:
2790:
2787:
2784:
2780:
2777:
2772:
2769:
2766:
2762:
2759:
2754:
2751:
2746:
2740:
2737:
2732:
2728:
2727:"Tracy Press"
2721:
2718:
2715:
2711:
2708:
2703:
2700:
2697:
2693:
2690:
2685:
2682:
2679:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2664:
2661:
2656:
2655:
2650:
2644:
2641:
2629:
2625:
2619:
2616:
2604:
2600:
2594:
2591:
2579:
2575:
2569:
2566:
2553:
2549:
2543:
2540:
2527:
2523:
2517:
2514:
2502:
2496:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2484:
2476:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2464:
2456:
2453:
2448:
2444:
2443:
2436:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2424:
2416:
2413:
2408:
2395:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2356:
2353:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2317:
2314:
2302:
2298:
2292:
2289:
2284:
2271:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2232:
2229:
2224:
2220:
2214:
2211:
2206:
2202:
2201:Business Wire
2198:
2192:
2189:
2176:
2172:
2166:
2163:
2158:
2154:
2147:
2144:
2139:
2133:
2130:
2125:
2121:
2115:
2112:
2107:
2100:
2094:
2092:
2088:
2075:
2071:
2065:
2062:
2049:
2045:
2039:
2036:
2024:
2020:
2013:
2010:
1998:
1992:
1989:
1977:
1971:
1968:
1956:
1955:
1950:
1943:
1940:
1928:
1927:
1922:
1915:
1912:
1900:
1899:
1894:
1887:
1884:
1871:
1870:
1865:
1859:
1856:
1844:
1843:
1838:
1831:
1828:
1816:
1812:
1805:
1802:
1790:
1786:
1779:
1776:
1771:
1767:
1761:
1758:
1753:
1740:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1705:
1702:
1697:
1693:
1686:
1683:
1678:
1672:
1669:
1656:
1652:
1646:
1643:
1638:
1634:
1627:
1624:
1619:
1613:
1610:
1605:
1599:
1596:
1583:
1579:
1573:
1570:
1565:
1564:
1556:
1553:
1548:
1542:
1540:
1536:
1531:
1525:
1522:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1495:
1492:
1487:
1486:
1481:
1475:
1472:
1460:
1459:
1454:
1447:
1444:
1432:
1431:
1426:
1419:
1416:
1403:
1399:
1393:
1390:
1379:
1378:
1370:
1367:
1363:
1358:
1355:
1343:
1342:
1335:
1332:
1320:
1316:
1315:
1308:
1305:
1293:
1289:
1288:
1281:
1278:
1266:
1262:
1261:
1254:
1251:
1239:
1235:
1234:
1227:
1225:
1223:
1219:
1206:
1200:
1197:
1191:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1167:
1164:
1161:
1156:
1153:
1150:
1145:
1142:
1139:
1138:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1116:
1105:
1095:
1088:
1084:
1081:
1080:
1076:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
998:
995:
993:
990:
988:
985:
983:
980:
978:
975:
973:
970:
968:
965:
963:
960:
958:
955:
953:
950:
948:
945:
943:
940:
938:
935:
934:
933:
929:
926:
923:
922:
913:
908:
906:
902:
895:
892:
887:
884:
875:
872:
870:
866:
862:
856:
854:
848:
846:
842:
834:
829:
827:
820:
815:
810:
806:
802:
799:
795:
794:
793:
787:
785:
778:
773:
771:
764:
762:
758:
756:
748:
743:
738:
735:
731:
730:
729:
721:
714:
712:
705:
703:
699:
695:
691:
685:
680:
678:
671:
669:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
625:In April 2020
622:
614:
612:
610:
609:ex post facto
606:
602:
601:ex post facto
598:
594:
590:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
563:
558:
556:
543:
540:
537:
534:
533:
532:
529:
523:
521:
520:George Runner
517:
515:
511:
508:
505:
501:
498:
495:
492:
489:
486:
483:
479:
476:
473:
472:
471:
468:
463:
461:
457:
453:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
422:
420:
418:
414:
410:
405:
404:Proposition 9
401:
388:
385:
380:
379:
376:
373:
371:
368:
366:
363:
362:
358:
355:
352:
351:
347:
344:
341:
340:
336:
333:
331:
323:
322:
319:
316:
314:
311:
309:
301:
300:
288:
287:
283:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
251:
246:
238:
226:
224:
214:
212:
211:
207:
191:
188:
173:
163:
159:
153:
152:
146:
145:
141:
136:This article
134:
125:
124:
115:
112:
104:
94:
90:
84:
83:
79:
73:
64:
63:
58:
56:
49:
48:
43:
42:
37:
32:
23:
22:
19:
3420:
3385:Propositions
3375:State Senate
3365:Presidential
3343:Propositions
3309:Propositions
3282:→ 2009
3278:2007 ←
3187:the original
3170:
3152:
3141:
3129:. Retrieved
3125:the original
3115:
3103:. Retrieved
3099:the original
3092:
3083:
3071:. Retrieved
3067:the original
3057:
3046:
3035:
3023:. Retrieved
3019:the original
3009:
2991:
2977:
2959:
2945:
2936:
2927:
2912:
2900:. Retrieved
2896:the original
2886:
2872:
2860:. Retrieved
2856:the original
2846:
2835:
2821:
2807:
2798:
2789:
2771:
2753:
2739:
2730:
2720:
2702:
2684:
2668:
2663:
2652:
2643:
2631:. Retrieved
2627:
2618:
2606:. Retrieved
2602:
2593:
2581:. Retrieved
2577:
2568:
2556:. Retrieved
2551:
2542:
2530:. Retrieved
2525:
2516:
2504:. Retrieved
2495:
2482:
2475:
2462:
2455:
2441:
2435:
2422:
2415:
2394:cite journal
2355:
2330:
2326:
2316:
2304:. Retrieved
2301:ResearchGate
2300:
2291:
2270:cite journal
2231:
2223:www.cjlf.org
2222:
2213:
2205:the original
2200:
2191:
2179:. Retrieved
2175:the original
2165:
2156:
2146:
2132:
2123:
2114:
2105:
2078:. Retrieved
2074:the original
2064:
2052:. Retrieved
2047:
2038:
2028:September 7,
2026:. Retrieved
2023:newsobserver
2022:
2012:
2000:. Retrieved
1991:
1979:. Retrieved
1970:
1958:. Retrieved
1952:
1942:
1930:. Retrieved
1924:
1914:
1902:. Retrieved
1896:
1886:
1874:. Retrieved
1867:
1858:
1846:. Retrieved
1840:
1830:
1818:. Retrieved
1814:
1804:
1792:. Retrieved
1778:
1769:
1760:
1739:cite journal
1704:
1695:
1685:
1671:
1659:. Retrieved
1655:the original
1645:
1636:
1626:
1612:
1598:
1586:. Retrieved
1582:the original
1572:
1561:
1555:
1524:
1512:. Retrieved
1508:the original
1503:
1494:
1483:
1474:
1465:December 18,
1463:, retrieved
1461:, p. B1
1456:
1446:
1437:December 18,
1435:, retrieved
1428:
1418:
1406:. Retrieved
1401:
1392:
1381:, retrieved
1376:
1369:
1361:
1357:
1346:, retrieved
1340:
1334:
1323:, retrieved
1313:
1307:
1296:, retrieved
1286:
1280:
1269:, retrieved
1259:
1253:
1244:December 18,
1242:, retrieved
1232:
1211:February 24,
1209:. Retrieved
1199:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1151:Valid votes
1133:
1128:
1123:
1082:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1001:
996:
991:
986:
981:
976:
971:
966:
961:
956:
951:
946:
941:
936:
927:
919:
917:
903:
899:
889:
885:
881:
873:
857:
849:
838:
824:
813:
791:
788:Changes made
782:
768:
765:Changes made
759:
752:
727:
718:
709:
700:
696:
692:
689:
675:
661:Pennsylvania
659:. Voters in
645:South Dakota
618:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
559:
552:
530:
526:
522:
494:Todd Spitzer
464:
449:
403:
399:
398:
374:
369:
364:
342:Valid votes
329:
317:
312:
307:
215:
183:
170:January 2017
167:
156:Please help
148:
137:
107:
101:January 2017
98:
76:
52:
45:
39:
38:Please help
35:
18:
2578:www.ojp.gov
1960:November 2,
1932:December 7,
1904:November 2,
1876:November 2,
1794:November 2,
1770:uscpcjp.com
1637:post.ca.gov
1433:, p. 8
1383:November 6,
1348:November 6,
1325:November 5,
1298:November 5,
1271:November 5,
1174:Total votes
1154:12,411,433
952:Tracy Press
611:challenge.
593:In re Russo
589:In re Vicks
467:Pete Wilson
444:Jerry Brown
400:Marsy's Law
386:17,304,091
365:Total votes
345:12,411,433
147:and may be
138:reads like
3510:Categories
1981:August 20,
1485:Legacy.com
1192:References
1179:13,743,177
1165:1,331,744
1143:5,728,968
987:Fresno Bee
982:La Opinion
779:Background
749:Background
686:Background
423:Background
370:13,743,177
356:1,331,744
334:5,728,968
220:2008-11-04
78:neutrality
41:improve it
3347:98 and 99
2378:152389409
2339:0038-9765
2254:152389409
1820:April 14,
1723:152389409
1292:USA Today
1129:6,682,465
867:cases on
830:Criticism
555:Criticism
506:professor
313:6,682,465
89:talk page
47:talk page
3160:Archived
3131:July 27,
3105:July 27,
3073:July 27,
3025:July 27,
2999:Archived
2967:Archived
2902:July 27,
2862:July 27,
2779:Archived
2761:Archived
2710:Archived
2692:Archived
2674:Archived
2347:24246731
2181:July 27,
2080:July 27,
2054:June 25,
2002:March 3,
1661:March 2,
1588:March 2,
1408:June 25,
869:campuses
865:Title IX
440:Lee Baca
409:Illinois
160:and add
82:disputed
2633:May 29,
2608:May 30,
2583:May 30,
2558:May 30,
2532:May 30,
2506:May 29,
2386:1878594
2306:May 29,
2262:1878594
1869:KHON-TV
1848:May 15,
1731:1878594
1514:May 22,
1107:Choice
1089:Results
649:Florida
637:Montana
629:Georgia
375:100.00%
348:90.31%
337:46.16%
280:Results
268:Website
260:Outcome
218: (
3431:, and
2799:Sfgate
2384:
2376:
2345:
2337:
2260:
2252:
1729:
1721:
1184:100.00
1110:Votes
655:, and
641:Nevada
633:Hawaii
389:79.4%
359:9.69%
318:53.84%
294:Votes
290:Choice
263:Passed
3227:Media
3190:(PDF)
3179:(PDF)
2374:S2CID
2343:JSTOR
2250:S2CID
2102:(PDF)
1719:S2CID
1157:90.3
1146:46.2
653:Maine
605:Russo
597:Vicks
3133:2010
3107:2010
3075:2010
3027:2010
2904:2010
2864:2010
2635:2022
2610:2022
2585:2022
2560:2022
2534:2022
2508:2022
2468:ACLU
2428:ACLU
2407:help
2382:SSRN
2335:ISSN
2308:2022
2283:help
2258:SSRN
2183:2010
2082:2010
2056:2022
2030:2018
2004:2018
1983:2018
1962:2015
1934:2015
1906:2015
1878:2015
1850:2017
1822:2020
1796:2015
1752:help
1727:SSRN
1663:2012
1590:2012
1516:2022
1467:2015
1439:2015
1410:2022
1385:2018
1350:2018
1327:2021
1300:2021
1273:2021
1246:2015
1213:2024
1168:9.7
1134:53.8
918:The
841:ACLU
839:The
591:and
75:The
2366:doi
2242:doi
1711:doi
1140:No
1124:Yes
557:).
308:Yes
142:or
3512::
3433:12
3429:11
3427:,
3425:10
3423:,
3419:,
3415:,
3411:,
3407:,
3403:,
3399:,
3395:,
3391:,
3389:1A
3387::
3345::
3323:,
3321:93
3319:,
3317:92
3315:,
3313:91
3311::
3181:.
3091:.
2935:.
2797:.
2729:.
2651:.
2626:.
2601:.
2576:.
2550:.
2524:.
2486:,
2466:,
2445:,
2426:,
2398::
2396:}}
2392:{{
2380:.
2372:.
2341:.
2331:66
2329:.
2325:.
2299:.
2274::
2272:}}
2268:{{
2256:.
2248:.
2221:.
2199:.
2155:.
2122:.
2104:.
2090:^
2046:.
2021:.
1951:.
1923:.
1895:.
1866:.
1839:.
1813:.
1787:.
1768:.
1743::
1741:}}
1737:{{
1725:.
1717:.
1694:.
1635:.
1538:^
1502:.
1482:.
1455:,
1427:,
1400:.
1317:,
1290:,
1263:,
1236:,
1221:^
1113:%
871:.
651:,
647:,
643:,
639:,
635:,
631:,
330:No
297:%
50:.
3421:9
3417:8
3413:7
3409:6
3405:5
3401:4
3397:3
3393:2
3284:)
3276:(
3269:e
3262:t
3255:v
3135:.
3109:.
3077:.
3029:.
2921:.
2906:.
2866:.
2829:.
2815:.
2747:.
2733:.
2657:.
2637:.
2612:.
2587:.
2562:.
2536:.
2510:.
2409:)
2405:(
2388:.
2368::
2349:.
2310:.
2285:)
2281:(
2264:.
2244::
2225:.
2185:.
2159:.
2126:.
2084:.
2058:.
2032:.
2006:.
1985:.
1964:.
1936:.
1908:.
1880:.
1852:.
1824:.
1798:.
1754:)
1750:(
1733:.
1713::
1679:.
1665:.
1639:.
1592:.
1518:.
1412:.
1215:.
222:)
190:)
184:(
172:)
168:(
164:.
154:.
114:)
108:(
103:)
99:(
95:.
85:.
57:)
53:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
