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538:. In August 2001, Musk left the Mars Society after a meeting with its members and established a temporary foundation for his publicity projects, despite pleas for collaboration from Zubrin. In a public presentation at the 4th Mars Society convention, Musk stated that the Mars Society might have a purpose in his efforts. By April 2002, Musk had abandoned the temporary foundation entirely; instead, he founded
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490:, which science writer Oliver Morton described as 'rancorous'. The moderator of the debate is Chris McKay. On one side of the debate is Zubrin and a few other people, who championed that terraforming is the end goal of Mars colonization. On the other side of the debate, the audience reminded them that for life on Mars, the act of terraforming will be similar to that of
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471:, the same place where the first Case for Mars convention took place 17 years earlier. With a duration of four days, the convention was attended by 750 persons and can be seen as a successor to the prior Case for Mars conventions. Some of those invited were from the Mars Underground or had written to Zubrin about
296:
464:, the same year as the last Case for Mars convention took place. The book criticized prior Mars exploration mission proposals for being too costly and complicated, proposed an alternative mission plan based on the Mars Direct plan, gave philosophical arguments for it and rebutted criticisms of the plan.
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where the island is uninhabited and barren. The MDRS is located near
Hanksville, Utah, where the habitat is isolated from civilization. Both stations' locations are chosen for the landscape similarities with Mars. Because these stations are meant for research, both FMARS and MDRS are closed to public
659:
donated US$ 1 million to the Mars
Society and 18 other space-related organization. The donation money came from a seat auction in that New Shepard flight. The donation vastly exceeded the Mars Society annual revenue, which was reported to be less than $ 400,000 in a filing with the Internal Revenue
585:
and inadequate coping strategies. Shorter missions were carried out in 2009 and 2013, before another long-duration mission called Mars 160 was conducted in 2017, in collaboration with the MDRS. The crew stayed in MDRS for eighty days before being transferred to FMARS, rotating the crew every month.
383:
The forerunner of the Mars
Society was a small network of space enthusiasts colloquially known as the Mars Underground, which emerged around 1978. The members of this network were frustrated by the U.S. administration's lack of attention to Mars exploration. Most members belonging to the group were
324:
to outline the future of the U.S. space program, Zubrin advocated initiating a lean human Mars program in a similar manner to Mars Direct. The committee was indifferent to the testimony; in the final report, the commission concluded that a human Mars mission in general would "demand decades of
759:
program that simulates MDRS and terrain one square mile around the base. The program was made in collaboration with a local virtual reality company. MarsVR is used to train MDRS's crews by simulating the use of spacesuits, airlocks, rovers and activities such as cooking. The software can also
354:
commented in 2003 that the Mars
Society is a fundamentally "utopian and escapist organization". He observed that many Mars Society convention participants were unhappy with government space programs. As a consequence, they favored funding alternatives that are often impractical, such as
275:, the Mars Society reported to receive around US$ 400,000 in donations per year. Some noteworthy expenses include the annual Mars Society convention (US$ 58,800), the Mars Desert Research Station (US$ 200,000), and the University Rover Challenge (US$ 46,500). The Mars Society's
648:, the MIT team won the debate by making specific and realistic arguments. He also noted that the popularity of Mars One had dwarfed that of the Mars Society, stating that the perceived absurdness of Mars One may potentially be detrimental to the Mars Society's reputation.
715:
The Mars
Society has plans to build additional analog stations. The Euro-MARS, operated by the Mars Society's European chapter, was intended to have three decks and more extensive facilities. However, during transport from the United Kingdom to the deploying location at
332:, a science fiction researcher, pointed out that Zubrin used his president of the Mars Society position to espouse his own views on how human missions to Mars should be carried out. To make the Mars Direct plan appealing to the American public, he compared Mars to the
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takes place in Utah's desert near the MDRS where teams compete in exploration tasks. The rover's operators must only use sensor data for navigation, similar to actual
Martian rovers. Similar regional competitions that belong to the Rover Challenge Series include the
267:
and has chapters in
Australia, Canada, Europe, Japan, and many other countries. Since its foundation in 1998, the society organizes the annual International Mars Society Convention, with presentations primarily about Mars exploration and colonization.
720:, the Euro-MARS sustained irreparable damage. It was reported in 2017 that Euro-MARS was back at the planning phase, but no further updates about the station are available. The Mars Society is also planning to build another Mars analog station in
589:
The society also formulated plans to launch space-based experiments, which never materialized. In 2001, after a discussion between Zubrin, Musk and the board members, the Mars
Society announced the Translife Mission, later renamed to the
227:
that is funded by donations and operated by volunteers. Membership to the Mars
Society is available to all on payment of a small fee. The society's aims are garnering public support for human Mars missions, lobbying government and
618:
system in space. Neither of these proposals were built: the Mars
Gravity Biosatellite was canceled in June 2009 due to a lack of funding and no further development of TEMPO has been reported since the initial proposal.
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to build a low-cost rocket and invited aerospace engineers whom he had met at Mars Society-sponsored trips. In the following years, Musk kept in contact with the Mars Society, as is evident in his presentation of the
291:
634:) and two researchers from MIT (Sydney Do and Andrew Owens). Mars One, a now-defunct non-profit organization founded in 2011, aimed to establish a human settlement on Mars through a one-way mission called
570:. FMARS was first occupied during a test run in July and August 2000. It began the first simulated mission around 2001. The money donated by Elon Musk was spent on the next Mars analog habitat, called the
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375:. In a way, he continued, the Mars Direct plan provided a grand vision for future Martian endeavors to follow and the Mars Society is a platform for exploring the implications of Mars colonization.
312:
Many of the Mars Society's members believe that a human mission to Mars is achievable within a decade (as laid out in Zubrin's Mars Direct) and such a mission would lay the foundation for the
506:' used by the Zubrin side were prohibited in later conventions. The next few conventions organized additional debates between proponents of nuclear power/terraforming and environmentalists.
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From 2001 to 2005, Mars mission simulations in FMARS were around 2–8 weeks long and consisted of ten rotated crews. The first four-month-long mock mission took place in 2007, which revealed
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Since its founding, the Mars Society has organized events and research activities. It has hosted its annual International Mars Society Convention and operated research projects such as the
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The Mars Society's premier project is the Mars Analog Research Station Program. The program aims to further the understanding of Mars missions' technical and human factors via its two
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566:. Some of FMARS's construction cost was paid by the Mars Society and the Haughton–Mars Project team. Other funding came from commercial sponsorship, such as with the
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the government, holding that there was no technical reason that would prevent a human mission to Mars within a decade. The first convention saw the signing of the
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check from Elon Musk at a fundraiser event. After briefly researching Mars concepts and missions, Musk joined the Mars Society's board of directors and gave it
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1004:
724:, Australia, as of October 2022. The station would replicate a spacecraft launching directly from the Earth's surface, featuring a mock propulsion module,
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1617:
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423:, Robert Zubrin – who had attended the third Case for Mars convention in 1987 – and engineer David Baker developed the human Mars mission plan, titled
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and the public to review in early 1990. The core tenet of the Mars Direct plan is to use existing technologies and eliminate the need for dangerous
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As of April 2020, the MDRS had hosted nineteen field seasons (one per year) totaling 236 crews, with each crew consisting of six or seven members.
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340:" on Earth. Mars would be a way to give birth to an ideal society. In effect, Markley commented, Zubrin has created an "interplanetary vision of
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at its founding in the 16th century: "as much of a social club of enthusiasts as a professional scientific organization", with influences from
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783:, and energy problems in the colonization of Mars. The Institute plans to outsource research to universities before building its own campus.
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rocket in 2008, his acceptance of the Mars Pioneer Award from the society in 2012 and his presentation at the society's 2020 convention.
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As well as research, the Mars Society organizes the Rover Challenge Series, a group of annual university competitions for making mock
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594:. The mission aimed to study the effect of Martian-level gravity on mice, with satellite construction supported by students from the
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as feasible as possible. The Mars Society generates interest in the Mars program by garnering support from the public and through
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367:(on the basis of future resources and profits). Markley commented in 2005 that the Mars Society is somewhat similar to the
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Wieczorek, Luiza; Piech, Wiktor; Cybulski, Bartłomiej; Kujawiński, Mateusz; Węgierska, Agnieszka (30 December 2018).
475:. The Mars Society's founding convention in August 1998 emphasized its focus on the Mars Direct plan and efforts of
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208:
1945:
1759:
563:
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412:. In April 1981, the Mars Underground organized the first Case for Mars convention about Mars exploration at the
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272:
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316:. The Mars Direct philosophy has permeated through the society's lobbying efforts. During testimony to the
176:. Many current and former Mars Society members are influential in the wider spaceflight community, such as
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which outlined primary goals for the society, amidst rifts between Mars Society members' Martian ideals.
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107:
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2019:
Space Habitats and Habitability: Designing for Isolated and Confined Environments on Earth and in Space
467:
The Mars Society was founded by Zubrin on 13 August 1998 during the Mars Society's first convention in
1318:
868:
Proceedings of the Founding Convention of the Mars Society: held August 13–16, 1998, Boulder, Colorado
17:
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2728:
1119:
775:
In 2023, the Mars Society established the non-profit Mars Technology Institute and the corresponding
356:
321:
313:
305:
157:
111:
344:". Most members of the Mars Society agreed with the less extreme version of Zubrin's ideal, in that
3182:
3018:
2967:
2864:
2723:
2569:
1529:
696:
680:
416:. The Case for Mars conventions were held every three years until the sixth and final one in 1996.
401:
233:
199:. Both of the stations are placed in remote locations for research. Crew members perform simulated
196:
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550:
After the first convention, the Mars Society decided to construct a Mars analog facility named
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1974:
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A challenge in the University Rover Challenge where rovers have to pour fuel into a generator
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At the Mars Society's 2015 convention, a debate was organized between two representatives of
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1115:
902:"Mars Pioneer Award" Acceptance Speech – 15th Annual International Mars Society Convention
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756:
562:, Canada. The FMARS is the second Mars analog facility in the world; the first one is the
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supplies. The organization also hosts a college robotics competition in Utah called the
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2014:
1918:
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1313:
1229:
1188:
802:
765:
611:
364:
337:
329:
2296:"Participation in international robotics competitions as a new form of student travel"
2166:"Mars One debates MIT: CEO Bas Lansdorp still doesn't have a plan to reach the planet"
514:
3237:
2436:"Mars Society unveils its plan to establish technology institute, perhaps in Seattle"
2128:
1917:
Bishop, Sheryl L. (2011). "From Earth Analogs to Space: Getting There from Here". In
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863:
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244:
161:
124:
69:
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638:. The MIT researchers criticized the plan as infeasible and suicidal. According to
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after a preliminary selection of proposals. TEMPO was conceived as a system of two
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360:
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about Mars Direct and critiques on NASA's human Mars mission proposals, as part of
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656:
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248:
177:
165:
39:
1881:"Elon Musk will share his latest moon and Mars plans with all Earthlings today"
2906:
2843:
1422:
1416:
Roberts, Brandon; Suozzo, Andres; Glassford, Alec; Ngu, Ash (27 August 2019).
1131:
900:
740:
497:
2375:
2331:
2069:
1696:
1509:
1460:
1293:
752:, the Canadian International Rover Challenge and the Indian Rover Challenge.
2828:
2203:
2199:"Blue Origin donates New Shepard auction proceeds to space nonprofit groups"
2170:
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1346:
963:
885:
721:
252:
220:
181:
95:
2312:
1760:"Life on 'Mars': the strangers pretending to colonize the planet – in Utah"
675:, with a central habitat, rover hangar, dome, greenhouse and an observatory
486:
On the second day of the convention, there was an intense debate about the
346:
colonizing Mars is critical for preventing a dystopian future for humankind
2645:
1488:
Human Missions to Mars: Enabling Technologies for Exploring the Red Planet
1039:"To Prepare For Mars Settlement, Simulated Missions Explore Utah's Desert"
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2621:
2440:
623:
544:
519:
476:
204:
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and the colonization of Mars as a way to resolve social stagnation and "
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2487:
2322:
1922:
705:
607:
559:
203:, carry out research assignments and reside at the station on strictly
2264:
The 'Salar de Uyuni' as a simulated Mars base habitat in South America
1822:"Millionaires and billionaires: the secret to sending humans to Mars?"
1579:
447:; less than one-twentieth the cost of the Mars mission plan in NASA's
3150:
2917:
832:
761:
717:
603:
539:
691:(MDRS). The FMARS is located on Devon Island in Canada and near the
1567:"Mars Wars – The Rise and Fall of the Space Exploration Initiative"
2774:
2013:
Häuplik-Meusburger, Sandra; Bishop, Sheryl; O’Leary, Beth (2021).
772:, however, the training part has an attached cost for the public.
730:
667:
513:
286:
700:
visits. These stations are staffed by volunteers with degrees in
247:. Notable current and former members of the organization include
3140:
2528:
2490:– collection of archived presentations and promotional materials
2407:
2403:"The future of Mars colonization begins with VR and video games"
1931:
1885:
1574:
428:
2921:
2497:
2470:
135:
2679:
2261:
Vargas-Cuentas, Natalia I.; Roman-Gonzalez, Avid (June 2017).
1271:
Elon Musk: Tesla, SpaceX, and the Quest for a Fantastic Future
1043:
964:"The Space Review: TEMPO^3: the Mars Society's newest project"
3200:
2089:
Observations of Crew Dynamics during Mars Analog Simulations
1389:
Mapping Mars: Science, Imagination, and the Birth of a World
404:. This is part of the reason some Mars Society members held
2048:
Placing Outer Space: An Earthly Ethnography of Other Worlds
768:. The exploration portion of MarsVR is free to download on
2225:
Weinersmith, Kelly; Weinersmith, Zach (27 December 2023).
1342:"New Alliance to Promote Space Development and Settlement"
1072:"What a simulated Mars mission taught me about food waste"
574:(MDRS). In December 2001, the habitat's construction near
325:
investment and carry considerable safety risk to humans".
1793:"MarsNow 1.9 Profile: Elon Musk, Life to Mars Foundation"
602:. In August 2008, the Mars Society announced the project
933:"The Mars Gravity Biosatellite Program Is Closing Down"
3166:
2227:"The Beautiful Desolation of Life on Mars — On Earth"
1683:"Society Organizes to Make a Case for Humans on Mars"
1447:"Society Organizes to Make a Case for Humans on Mars"
779:
Mars Technology Lab to research solutions for labor,
1418:"Mars Society Inc, Full Filing – Nonprofit Explorer"
614:-powered thrusters, aimed to demonstrate rotational
243:
The Mars Society's founder and current president is
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130:
117:
102:
87:
75:
65:
46:
384:researchers and graduate students, which included
2362:"Why Sports in Space Could Be the Next Big Thing"
1193:Dying Planet: Mars in Science and the Imagination
164:in 1998 and its principles are based on Zubrin's
743:. Around May and June each year, the three-day
1523:Benson, Eric; Nobel, Justin (9 January 2010).
1111:On To Mars!: Chronicles of Martian Simulations
2933:
2509:
1641:"Mars Direct: Humans to Mars in 1999! (1990)"
8:
495:
32:
1791:McKnight, John Carter (25 September 2001).
3264:Non-profit organizations based in Colorado
2940:
2926:
2918:
2554:
2516:
2502:
2494:
2095:. NASA Project Management Challenge 2010.
926:
924:
31:
2480:– available on the Mars Society's website
2321:
2311:
530:In mid-2001, the Mars Society received a
156:that advocates for human exploration and
2477:Founding Declaration of the Mars Society
962:Hill, Tom; Kirk, Alex (25 August 2008).
760:simulate playing sports on Mars such as
481:Founding Declaration of the Mars Society
238:Founding Declaration of the Mars Society
3213:
3173:
2401:Rayome, Alison DeNisco (3 March 2020).
2267:. Global Space Exploration Conference.
1029:
824:
2760:Arctic Mars Analog Svalbard Expedition
2743:Mars Analogue Research Station Program
2355:
2353:
2256:
2254:
2123:
2121:
1815:
1813:
1758:Conroy, J. Oliver (17 February 2022).
1639:Portree, David S. F. (15 April 2013).
1560:
1558:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1379:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1371:
1369:
685:Flashline Mars Arctic Research Station
552:Flashline Mars Arctic Research Station
439:. A modified Mars Direct plan (called
232:, and verifying mission proposals via
189:Flashline Mars Arctic Research Station
18:Mars Analogue Research Station Program
2448:from the original on 19 November 2023
2081:
2079:
2008:
2006:
2004:
2002:
1968:
1966:
1912:
1910:
1908:
1753:
1751:
1676:
1674:
1672:
1670:
1668:
1653:from the original on 11 February 2021
1602:
1600:
1218:
1216:
1183:
1148:from the original on 31 December 2022
1103:
1101:
1099:
1051:from the original on 31 December 2022
1007:from the original on 31 December 2022
997:"Building a Mars Analog "Down Under""
976:from the original on 20 November 2023
596:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
419:At the now-defunct aerospace company
7:
1722:Spitzmiller, Ted (1 November 2007).
1681:Blakeslee, Sandra (18 August 1998).
1620:from the original on 20 January 2022
1445:Blakeslee, Sandra (18 August 1998).
1260:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1252:
1181:
1179:
1177:
1175:
1173:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1165:
1163:
909:from the original on 9 December 2023
2471:The Mars Society's official website
2338:from the original on 3 January 2023
2178:from the original on 2 January 2023
2086:Cusack, Stacy L. (1 January 2010).
1860:from the original on 3 January 2023
1736:from the original on 1 January 2023
1607:S. F. Portree, David (March 2000).
1537:from the original on 2 January 2023
1084:from the original on 1 January 2023
995:Stoltz, Michael (29 October 2022).
610:attached to a tether and spun with
526:at the 2006 Mars Society convention
27:Advocacy group for Mars exploration
2046:Messeri, Lisa (9 September 2016).
1951:from the original on 7 August 2021
1223:Goodyear, Dana (19 October 2009).
1037:Bichell, Rae Ellen (6 July 2017).
870:. Univelt. Citation at the title.
651:In 2021, around a week before the
308:'s 75th-anniversary lecture series
236:. These goals were set out in the
25:
3259:Organizations established in 1998
2540:List of crewed Mars mission plans
2415:from the original on 24 June 2022
2382:from the original on 18 July 2022
2271:from the original on 22 July 2020
2145:from the original on 12 June 2019
2102:from the original on 18 July 2022
1987:from the original on 19 July 2022
1893:from the original on 1 April 2024
1772:from the original on 17 July 2022
1703:from the original on 17 July 2022
1467:from the original on 17 July 2022
1354:from the original on 19 July 2022
1237:from the original on 11 July 2022
943:from the original on 1 April 2024
862:The Mars Society members (1999).
441:NASA Design Reference Mission 3.0
263:. The society is a member of the
3216:
3188:
3176:
2644:
2434:Boyle, Alan (7 September 2023).
1846:Foust, Jeff (8 September 2008).
1820:Cowing, Keith (30 August 2001).
1724:"Book Review: The Case for Mars"
1340:Foust, Jeff (26 February 2015).
1070:McGrath, Dianne (9 April 2020).
653:first crewed New Shepard mission
427:. They published their plan for
38:
2164:Grush, Loren (18 August 2015).
2023:Springer Science+Business Media
1924:Psychology of Space Exploration
1492:Springer Science+Business Media
905:(Videotape). The Mars Society.
843:from the original on 1 May 2022
168:philosophy, which aims to make
123:Worldwide, with a focus in the
2586:Austere Human Missions to Mars
1879:Mack, Eric (16 October 2020).
931:Cowing, Keith (24 June 2009).
277:Taxpayer Identification Number
265:Alliance for Space Development
1:
2707:Mars Design Reference Mission
2112:NASA Technical Reports Server
1307:Michaud, Jon (8 March 2012).
899:Musk, Elon (10 August 2012).
2690:Space Exploration Initiative
2632:Vision for Space Exploration
2591:Mars Piloted Orbital Station
2197:Foust, Jeff (15 July 2021).
1973:Hall, James (8 March 2002).
689:Mars Desert Research Station
673:Mars Desert Research Station
572:Mars Desert Research Station
449:Space Exploration Initiative
193:Mars Desert Research Station
2360:Murphy, Jen (1 July 2022).
1613:Air & Space/Smithsonian
488:ethics of Mars terraforming
283:Philosophy and propositions
3280:
2963:Interplanetary spaceflight
1108:Pletser, Vladimir (2018).
745:University Rover Challenge
518:Musk giving details about
458:In 1996, Zubrin published
443:) was budgeted by NASA at
271:In the 2019 filing to the
209:University Rover Challenge
2642:
2535:
1309:"James Cameron Goes Deep"
1132:10.1007/978-981-10-7030-3
866:; Zubrin, Maggie (eds.).
592:Mars Gravity Biosatellite
318:2009 Augustine Commission
201:extravehicular activities
37:
1565:Hogan, Thor (May 2007).
833:"About the Mars Society"
750:European Rover Challenge
492:Native American genocide
320:, a panel set up by the
273:Internal Revenue Service
3087:Trans-Neptunian objects
2670:Martian Piloted Complex
2367:The Wall Street Journal
1975:"Finding Mars on Earth"
379:Background and founding
334:Great American Frontier
3254:Human missions to Mars
3146:National Space Society
2978:Planetary habitability
2902:Mars atmospheric entry
2313:10.2478/tour-2018-0016
1729:National Space Society
798:National Space Society
736:
693:Haughton impact crater
676:
527:
496:
414:University of Colorado
309:
225:nonprofit organization
219:The Mars Society is a
170:human missions to Mars
154:nonprofit organization
92:Nonprofit organization
3205:at Knowledge (XXG)'s
3156:The Planetary Society
2892:Mars orbit rendezvous
2834:Mars Excursion Module
2791:Caves of Mars Project
2617:Constellation program
2052:Duke University Press
1848:"Looking (far) ahead"
1609:"The Road to Mars..."
1578:(PDF). Archived from
1486:Rapp, Donald (2016).
1197:Duke University Press
808:The Planetary Society
734:
728:and landing engines.
671:
564:Haughton–Mars Project
517:
410:counterculture ideals
299:
3249:Colonization of Mars
3103:Terraforming targets
3033:Colonization targets
2973:Intergalactic travel
2897:Terraforming of Mars
2860:Colonization of Mars
755:MarsVR Project is a
681:Mars analog habitats
322:Obama administration
314:colonization of Mars
306:Ames Research Center
234:Mars analog habitats
197:Mars analog habitats
160:. It was founded by
158:colonization of Mars
2968:Interstellar travel
2865:Exploration of Mars
2570:SpaceX Mars program
2239:on 27 December 2023
2133:"Red planet rumble"
2054:. p. 200, note 19.
1321:on 16 December 2017
1124:2018otm..book.....P
697:75th parallel north
453:US$ 250–500 billion
300:Video lecture from
50:13 August 1998
34:
3014:McKendree cylinder
2983:Space and survival
2949:Space colonization
2281:HAL (open archive)
2232:The New York Times
2131:(17 August 2015).
2015:Vakoch, Douglas A.
1934:. pp. 47–77.
1919:Vakoch, Douglas A.
1688:The New York Times
1452:The New York Times
737:
677:
616:artificial gravity
583:cultural conflicts
528:
310:
3164:
3163:
2915:
2914:
2824:Crewed Mars rover
2765:Concordia Station
2701:The Case for Mars
2640:
2639:
2061:978-0-8223-6187-9
1941:978-0-16-088358-3
1501:978-3-319-22249-3
1285:978-0-06-230123-9
1225:"Man of Extremes"
1206:978-0-8223-3600-6
1141:978-981-10-7030-3
864:Zubrin, Robert M.
702:planetary science
578:, was completed.
568:Discovery Channel
524:Dragon spacecraft
473:The Case For Mars
469:Boulder, Colorado
461:The Case For Mars
338:Hobbesian despair
297:
146:
145:
16:(Redirected from
3271:
3229:
3221:
3220:
3219:
3209:
3193:
3192:
3191:
3181:
3180:
3179:
3172:
3019:O'Neill cylinder
2988:Space settlement
2942:
2935:
2928:
2919:
2664:The Mars Project
2648:
2627:Inspiration Mars
2612:Aurora programme
2555:
2518:
2511:
2504:
2495:
2484:The Mars Society
2458:
2457:
2455:
2453:
2431:
2425:
2424:
2422:
2420:
2398:
2392:
2391:
2389:
2387:
2357:
2348:
2347:
2345:
2343:
2325:
2315:
2300:Turyzm (Tourism)
2291:
2285:
2284:
2278:
2276:
2258:
2249:
2248:
2246:
2244:
2235:. Archived from
2222:
2216:
2215:
2213:
2211:
2194:
2188:
2187:
2185:
2183:
2161:
2155:
2154:
2152:
2150:
2138:The Space Review
2125:
2116:
2115:
2109:
2107:
2101:
2094:
2083:
2074:
2073:
2043:
2037:
2036:
2021:(1st ed.).
2010:
1997:
1996:
1994:
1992:
1970:
1961:
1960:
1958:
1956:
1950:
1929:
1914:
1903:
1902:
1900:
1898:
1876:
1870:
1869:
1867:
1865:
1853:The Space Review
1843:
1837:
1836:
1834:
1832:
1817:
1808:
1807:
1805:
1803:
1788:
1782:
1781:
1779:
1777:
1755:
1746:
1745:
1743:
1741:
1719:
1713:
1712:
1710:
1708:
1678:
1663:
1662:
1660:
1658:
1636:
1630:
1629:
1627:
1625:
1604:
1595:
1594:
1592:
1590:
1584:
1571:
1562:
1547:
1546:
1544:
1542:
1520:
1514:
1513:
1490:(2nd ed.).
1483:
1477:
1476:
1474:
1472:
1442:
1436:
1435:
1433:
1431:
1413:
1407:
1406:
1381:
1364:
1363:
1361:
1359:
1337:
1331:
1330:
1328:
1326:
1317:. Archived from
1304:
1298:
1297:
1262:
1247:
1246:
1244:
1242:
1220:
1211:
1210:
1185:
1158:
1157:
1155:
1153:
1105:
1094:
1093:
1091:
1089:
1077:The Conversation
1067:
1061:
1060:
1058:
1056:
1034:
1017:
1016:
1014:
1012:
1001:The Mars Society
992:
986:
985:
983:
981:
969:The Space Review
959:
953:
952:
950:
948:
928:
919:
918:
916:
914:
896:
890:
889:
859:
853:
852:
850:
848:
829:
687:(FMARS) and the
664:Current projects
645:The Space Review
576:Hanksville, Utah
537:
533:
504:manifest destiny
501:
454:
446:
435:or an expensive
433:space rendezvous
406:environmentalism
342:manifest destiny
298:
142:
139:
137:
108:Mars exploration
61:
59:
54:
42:
35:
33:The Mars Society
21:
3279:
3278:
3274:
3273:
3272:
3270:
3269:
3268:
3234:
3233:
3232:
3222:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3208:sister projects
3207:
3199:
3189:
3187:
3177:
3175:
3167:
3165:
3160:
3124:
3098:
3040:Lagrange points
3028:
2997:
2951:
2946:
2916:
2911:
2848:
2811:
2805:
2779:
2726:
2718:
2655:
2649:
2636:
2600:
2574:
2550:
2544:
2531:
2522:
2467:
2462:
2461:
2451:
2449:
2433:
2432:
2428:
2418:
2416:
2400:
2399:
2395:
2385:
2383:
2359:
2358:
2351:
2341:
2339:
2293:
2292:
2288:
2274:
2272:
2260:
2259:
2252:
2242:
2240:
2224:
2223:
2219:
2209:
2207:
2196:
2195:
2191:
2181:
2179:
2163:
2162:
2158:
2148:
2146:
2127:
2126:
2119:
2105:
2103:
2099:
2092:
2085:
2084:
2077:
2062:
2045:
2044:
2040:
2033:
2012:
2011:
2000:
1990:
1988:
1972:
1971:
1964:
1954:
1952:
1948:
1942:
1927:
1916:
1915:
1906:
1896:
1894:
1878:
1877:
1873:
1863:
1861:
1845:
1844:
1840:
1830:
1828:
1819:
1818:
1811:
1801:
1799:
1790:
1789:
1785:
1775:
1773:
1757:
1756:
1749:
1739:
1737:
1721:
1720:
1716:
1706:
1704:
1680:
1679:
1666:
1656:
1654:
1638:
1637:
1633:
1623:
1621:
1606:
1605:
1598:
1588:
1586:
1585:on 25 June 2009
1582:
1569:
1564:
1563:
1550:
1540:
1538:
1522:
1521:
1517:
1502:
1485:
1484:
1480:
1470:
1468:
1444:
1443:
1439:
1429:
1427:
1415:
1414:
1410:
1403:
1383:
1382:
1367:
1357:
1355:
1339:
1338:
1334:
1324:
1322:
1306:
1305:
1301:
1286:
1264:
1263:
1250:
1240:
1238:
1222:
1221:
1214:
1207:
1189:Markley, Robert
1187:
1186:
1161:
1151:
1149:
1142:
1116:Springer Nature
1107:
1106:
1097:
1087:
1085:
1069:
1068:
1064:
1054:
1052:
1036:
1035:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1020:
1010:
1008:
994:
993:
989:
979:
977:
961:
960:
956:
946:
944:
930:
929:
922:
912:
910:
898:
897:
893:
878:
861:
860:
856:
846:
844:
831:
830:
826:
821:
819:Primary sources
816:
789:
757:virtual reality
718:Krafla, Iceland
666:
535:
531:
512:
510:Past activities
452:
444:
421:Martin Marietta
390:Penelope Boston
381:
373:science fiction
359:deals, private
287:
285:
279:is 31-1585646.
257:Gregory Benford
217:
134:
120:
80:
57:
55:
52:
51:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3277:
3275:
3267:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3236:
3235:
3231:
3230:
3201:
3198:
3197:
3185:
3162:
3161:
3159:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3132:
3130:
3126:
3125:
3123:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3106:
3104:
3100:
3099:
3097:
3096:
3091:
3090:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3073:
3072:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3042:
3036:
3034:
3030:
3029:
3027:
3026:
3024:Stanford torus
3021:
3016:
3011:
3005:
3003:
3002:Space habitats
2999:
2998:
2996:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2959:
2957:
2953:
2952:
2947:
2945:
2944:
2937:
2930:
2922:
2913:
2912:
2910:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2883:
2882:
2877:
2867:
2862:
2856:
2854:
2850:
2849:
2847:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2815:
2813:
2807:
2806:
2804:
2803:
2798:
2796:Mars Institute
2793:
2787:
2785:
2781:
2780:
2778:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2756:
2755:
2750:
2740:
2734:
2732:
2720:
2719:
2717:
2716:
2715:
2714:
2704:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2659:
2657:
2651:
2650:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2637:
2635:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2608:
2606:
2602:
2601:
2599:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2582:
2580:
2576:
2575:
2573:
2572:
2567:
2565:Mars Base Camp
2561:
2559:
2552:
2546:
2545:
2543:
2542:
2536:
2533:
2532:
2523:
2521:
2520:
2513:
2506:
2498:
2492:
2491:
2481:
2473:
2466:
2465:External links
2463:
2460:
2459:
2426:
2393:
2349:
2286:
2250:
2217:
2189:
2156:
2117:
2075:
2060:
2038:
2032:978-3030697396
2031:
1998:
1962:
1940:
1904:
1871:
1838:
1809:
1783:
1747:
1714:
1664:
1631:
1596:
1548:
1525:"Mars or Bust"
1515:
1500:
1478:
1437:
1408:
1402:978-0312422615
1401:
1385:Morton, Oliver
1365:
1332:
1314:The New Yorker
1299:
1284:
1248:
1230:The New Yorker
1212:
1205:
1159:
1140:
1095:
1062:
1028:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1019:
1018:
987:
954:
920:
891:
876:
854:
823:
822:
820:
817:
815:
812:
811:
810:
805:
803:Space advocacy
800:
795:
788:
785:
766:mountaineering
741:Martian rovers
665:
662:
612:carbon dioxide
511:
508:
445:US$ 20 billion
380:
377:
363:, and Martian
330:Robert Markley
284:
281:
230:space agencies
216:
213:
144:
143:
132:
128:
127:
121:
118:
115:
114:
104:
100:
99:
89:
85:
84:
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76:
73:
72:
67:
63:
62:
53:(26 years ago)
48:
44:
43:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3276:
3265:
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3227:
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3196:
3186:
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3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3133:
3131:
3129:Organizations
3127:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3107:
3105:
3101:
3095:
3092:
3088:
3085:
3083:
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3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3006:
3004:
3000:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2960:
2958:
2956:Core concepts
2954:
2950:
2943:
2938:
2936:
2931:
2929:
2924:
2923:
2920:
2908:
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2903:
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2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2745:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2725:
2721:
2713:
2710:
2709:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2702:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2665:
2661:
2660:
2658:
2652:
2647:
2633:
2630:
2628:
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2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
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2607:
2603:
2597:
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2587:
2584:
2583:
2581:
2577:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2562:
2560:
2556:
2553:
2547:
2541:
2538:
2537:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2525:Human mission
2519:
2514:
2512:
2507:
2505:
2500:
2499:
2496:
2489:
2485:
2482:
2479:
2478:
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2447:
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2414:
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2363:
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2333:
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2297:
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2287:
2282:
2270:
2266:
2265:
2257:
2255:
2251:
2238:
2234:
2233:
2228:
2221:
2218:
2206:
2205:
2200:
2193:
2190:
2177:
2173:
2172:
2167:
2160:
2157:
2144:
2140:
2139:
2134:
2130:
2124:
2122:
2118:
2113:
2098:
2091:
2090:
2082:
2080:
2076:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2042:
2039:
2034:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2009:
2007:
2005:
2003:
1999:
1986:
1982:
1981:
1976:
1969:
1967:
1963:
1947:
1943:
1937:
1933:
1926:
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1920:
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1911:
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1479:
1466:
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1454:
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1448:
1441:
1438:
1426:. p. 1-2
1425:
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1409:
1404:
1398:
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1336:
1333:
1320:
1316:
1315:
1310:
1303:
1300:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1281:
1277:
1276:HarperCollins
1273:
1272:
1267:
1266:Vance, Ashlee
1261:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1249:
1236:
1232:
1231:
1226:
1219:
1217:
1213:
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1190:
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1178:
1176:
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1168:
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1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1112:
1104:
1102:
1100:
1096:
1083:
1079:
1078:
1073:
1066:
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3136:Mars Society
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3045:Solar System
2993:Terraforming
2819:Mars habitat
2801:Mars Society
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2724:Mars analogs
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2596:Mars to Stay
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3195:Spaceflight
3009:Bishop Ring
2887:Mars cycler
2839:Mars lander
2695:Mars Direct
2685:Ride Report
2323:11089/27873
2243:27 December
2129:Day, Dwayne
1152:31 December
1055:31 December
1011:31 December
781:agriculture
726:heat shield
710:engineering
657:Blue Origin
554:(FMARS) on
536:US$ 100,000
425:Mars Direct
386:Chris McKay
357:sponsorship
249:Buzz Aldrin
178:Buzz Aldrin
166:Mars Direct
3238:Categories
3094:Free space
2907:Mars flyby
2853:Miscellany
2844:Mars rover
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1423:ProPublica
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814:References
598:(MIT) and
498:Lebensraum
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3065:Asteroids
2829:Mars suit
2656:proposals
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2332:2080-6922
2204:SpaceNews
2182:2 January
2171:The Verge
2149:2 January
2070:926821450
1897:1 January
1864:3 January
1802:1 January
1740:1 January
1697:0362-4331
1541:2 January
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1294:881436803
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2810:Hardware
2784:Advocacy
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