840:
834:
4969:
3658:
983:
4993:
5005:
4981:
3670:
995:
296:
The surface of Mars is expected to have accumulated significant quantities of large organic molecules delivered by interplanetary dust particles and carbonaceous meteorites. MOMA's characterization of this fraction, may determine not only the abundance of this potential background for trace biomarker
247:
which can be preserved over geological timescales. Lipids and other organic molecules may exhibit biogenic features that are not present in abiogenic organic material. If biogenic (synthesized by a life form), such compounds may be found at high concentrations only over a narrow range of molecular
595:
Goesmann, Fred; Brinckerhoff, William B.; Raulin, François; Goetz, Walter; Danell, Ryan M.; Getty, Stephanie A.; Siljeström, Sandra; Mißbach, Helge; Steininger, Harald; Arevalo, Ricardo D.; Buch, Arnaud; Freissinet, Caroline; Grubisic, Andrej; Meierhenrich, Uwe J.; Pinnick, Veronica T.; Stalport,
334:
rover are mostly destructive (pyrolysis), and consequently important information of the organic material is lost. Also, only volatile molecules can be detected and, only nonpolar molecules can get through the GC columns to the detector. MOMA will combine pyrolysis–derivatization with a less
335:
destructive method: LDMS (Laser
Desorption Mass Spectrometry), which allows large and intact molecular fragments to be detected and characterized by the mass spectrometer (MS). The LDMS technique is not affected by these drawbacks, and it is unaffected to the presence of
2194:
366:. The UV-Laser is being developed by the Laser Zentrum Hannover. MOMA does not form a single compact unit, but is modular with numerous mechanical and thermal interfaces within the rover. The final integration and verification will be performed at
256:(asymmetry) is another important clue of their biological origin. The assumption is that life on Mars would be carbon-based and cellular as on Earth, so there are expected common building blocks such as chains of amino acids (
297:
detection, but also the degree of decomposition of this matter by radiation and oxidation as a function of depth. This is essential in order to interpret the samples' origin in the local geological and geochemical context.
174:. MOMA will be able to detect organic molecules at concentrations as low as 10 parts-per-billion by weight (ppbw). MOMA examines solid crushed samples exclusively; it does not perform atmospheric analyses.
1073:
1573:
1033:
3811:
596:
Fabien; Szopa, Cyril; Vago, Jorge L.; Lindner, Robert; Schulte, Mitchell D.; Brucato, John Robert; Glavin, Daniel P.; Grand, Noel; Li, Xiang; Van Amerom, Friso H. W.; The Moma
Science Team (2017).
4562:
363:
40:
3912:
4409:
3581:
4587:
898:
3954:
2314:
170:(carbon-containing molecules) in the collected soil samples. By characterizing the molecular structures of detected organics, MOMA can provide insights into potential molecular
1391:
276:
of high molecular weight organics can be potential biosignatures when identified in context with other supporting evidence. Other compounds targeted for detection will include
4035:
1745:
1026:
4700:
3902:
3101:
3091:
2235:
1984:
1930:
913:
4335:
3708:
1602:
3821:
1341:
343:
178:
28:
3791:
1650:
1019:
3006:
1935:
359:
36:
3176:
2673:
2622:
814:
3970:
3431:
1462:
1172:
3618:
2708:
1733:
1689:
3111:
3026:
2126:
1568:
1366:
1361:
819:
248:
weights, unlike in carbonaceous meteorites where these compounds are detected over a broader range of molecular weights. In the case of sugars and
3937:
3529:
2318:
2044:
4850:
3922:
2862:
2040:
3932:
3519:
1577:
1396:
4941:
4652:
3975:
3304:
3096:
3081:
306:
3701:
3071:
2824:
1955:
5008:
5046:
4343:
4220:
4068:
3633:
3076:
3001:
1950:
1487:
523:
4756:
4379:
4373:
4011:
3613:
3534:
3086:
1989:
1617:
1597:
1371:
958:
903:
750:
339:, known to be abundant on the surface of Mars. Tandem mass spectrometry can then be used to further characterize these molecules.
235:
While there is no unambiguous
Martian biosignature to look for, a pragmatic approach is to look out for certain molecules such as
4726:
4415:
3796:
3786:
3638:
3471:
2991:
2749:
2087:
1612:
1467:
1381:
5036:
4984:
4738:
3806:
3576:
3451:
3191:
3106:
2793:
1472:
1155:
4973:
4815:
4694:
4688:
3907:
3694:
3461:
3406:
2012:
923:
559:
2246:
4997:
3509:
3369:
3181:
3061:
2739:
2509:
2102:
4244:
3051:
1850:
1727:
1664:
1587:
1457:
657:
4578:
3643:
3628:
3544:
3221:
1670:
1527:
804:
351:
32:
2505:
558:
Vago, Jorge; Witasse, Olivier; Baglioni, Pietro; Haldemann, Albert; Gianfiglio, Giacinto; et al. (August 2013).
4885:
4705:
4298:
4280:
4250:
4160:
3875:
3842:
3816:
3476:
2855:
2612:
1996:
1901:
722:
4870:
4508:
4174:
4016:
3801:
3554:
3385:
2976:
1976:
861:
598:"The Mars Organic Molecule Analyzer (MOMA) Instrument: Characterization of Organic Material in Martian Sediments"
202:
152:
110:
669:
4830:
3586:
2819:
2547:
2184:
933:
3674:
4875:
4629:
4397:
4074:
3927:
3863:
3481:
3247:
3066:
2814:
2073:
1716:
1133:
509:
319:
4845:
4238:
3041:
2930:
5041:
4593:
3892:
3717:
3662:
3601:
3426:
3121:
2986:
2848:
2829:
2048:
1940:
1264:
1183:
1142:
1068:
1062:
743:
216:
839:
4931:
4635:
4479:
4361:
4129:
4111:
4062:
3885:
3880:
3608:
3596:
3491:
3441:
3436:
3335:
3278:
3267:
3171:
3021:
2905:
2895:
2643:
2553:
2058:
1797:
1540:
1314:
1166:
609:
428:
2459:
2361:
1149:
1055:
4915:
4860:
4855:
4825:
4664:
4623:
4611:
4605:
4492:
4304:
4274:
4133:
4105:
4006:
3737:
3591:
3416:
2754:
2629:
2500:
2302:
1239:
1011:
998:
367:
313:
224:
50:
4992:
4905:
4810:
4617:
4554:
4427:
4311:
3421:
2442:
2344:
2198:
2169:
1645:
355:
74:
1386:
4286:
4184:
4167:
4145:
3549:
3299:
3252:
3216:
2956:
2935:
2658:
2307:
1915:
1635:
1581:
1532:
1411:
1404:
788:
635:
347:
212:
201:
that may be found in drilled samples acquired from 2 meters below the
Martian surface by the
148:
1492:
5031:
4946:
4805:
4530:
3870:
3161:
3146:
2568:
1329:
987:
963:
782:
736:
625:
617:
531:
198:
167:
61:
658:
Detecting
Organics with the Mars Organic Molecule Analyzer (MOMA) on the 2018 ExoMars Rover
4762:
4599:
3858:
3456:
3289:
2915:
2107:
2023:
1755:
1515:
1509:
1209:
809:
613:
4795:
3996:
3752:
3375:
2971:
2910:
2885:
2052:
1777:
1772:
1435:
1418:
1123:
938:
700:
630:
597:
236:
833:
683:
208:. MOMA examines solid crushed samples only; it does not perform atmospheric analyses.
5025:
4139:
4080:
3947:
3770:
3031:
2605:
2537:
2412:
2136:
2018:
1275:
470:
253:
244:
211:
MOMA will first volatilize solid organic compounds so that they can be analysed by a
4123:
3942:
3056:
3011:
2996:
2981:
2966:
2925:
2920:
2900:
2890:
2871:
2770:
2596:
2532:
2427:
2329:
2220:
2131:
2063:
1225:
918:
336:
240:
215:; this volatilisation of organic material is achieved by two different techniques:
194:
171:
163:
3201:
4880:
4800:
4473:
4469:
4459:
4455:
4451:
4441:
4437:
4154:
3991:
3352:
3242:
2961:
2951:
968:
433:
Max temperature: 850 °C for pyrolysis/EGA, 600 °C for derivatization
223:
columns. The identification of the organic molecules is then performed with an
4895:
4546:
4538:
4514:
4485:
4465:
4447:
4433:
4256:
3329:
3016:
2405:
2392:
2282:
2275:
2141:
2113:
1790:
1783:
1761:
1683:
1452:
1335:
1305:
1258:
1251:
1219:
716:
701:
Table 1. Main
Characteristics of the Mars Organic Molecule Analyzer Instrument
536:
277:
249:
4936:
4910:
4835:
4658:
4500:
4421:
4232:
4087:
3729:
3466:
3323:
3284:
3262:
3151:
2798:
2636:
2542:
2398:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2296:
2289:
2154:
2147:
2120:
2029:
1945:
1821:
1814:
1808:
1693:
1521:
1294:
1287:
1245:
1232:
1214:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1118:
1113:
1108:
660:(PDF). H. Steininger, F. Goesmann, F. Raulin, W. B. Brinckerhoff, MOMA Team.
424:
639:
621:
4385:
4367:
4327:
4262:
4192:
4001:
3765:
3760:
3524:
3514:
3446:
3237:
3211:
3186:
2722:
2715:
2584:
2240:
1803:
1623:
1348:
1281:
1269:
1103:
1098:
1093:
888:
870:
524:"The long-awaited mission that could transform our understanding of Mars"
285:
261:
3686:
4900:
4775:
4768:
4750:
4744:
4682:
4676:
4670:
4391:
4117:
3917:
3897:
3837:
3742:
3380:
3206:
2514:
2251:
1861:
1767:
1750:
1737:
1723:
1697:
1606:
1592:
1441:
1376:
759:
273:
257:
182:
69:
4890:
4522:
4292:
4226:
4056:
3623:
3196:
3166:
3156:
3116:
2744:
2372:
2367:
2269:
2068:
1676:
1657:
1447:
1400:
1355:
1177:
1088:
1083:
1078:
928:
346:
is leading the development. International partners include NASA. The
281:
728:
4732:
4403:
4319:
4268:
4214:
3539:
3411:
2035:
1971:
1477:
893:
220:
4865:
4840:
4820:
3486:
1856:
1482:
1160:
908:
159:
4033:
3690:
2844:
2840:
1015:
732:
305:
The components of MOMA related to GC-MS have heritage from the
269:
265:
219:
and thermal volatilisation, followed by separation using four
123:
350:(MS) and the main electronics of MOMA are provided by NASA's
670:
Mars
Organic Molecule Analyzer (MOMA) onboard ExoMars 2018
3582:
Astrobiology
Science and Technology for Exploring Planets
326:
rover. But the methods applied in the past on board the
177:
The
Principal Investigator is Fred Goesmann, from the
4924:
4786:
4715:
4645:
4577:
4354:
4203:
4098:
4049:
4042:
3984:
3963:
3851:
3830:
3779:
3751:
3728:
3567:
3500:
3399:
3361:
3345:
3313:
3230:
3139:
3130:
3040:
2944:
2878:
2807:
2784:
2763:
2732:
2701:
2666:
2657:
2577:
2567:
2525:
2493:
2486:
2477:
2451:
2435:
2426:
2353:
2337:
2328:
2262:
2228:
2219:
2177:
2168:
2095:
2086:
1964:
1923:
1914:
1894:
1887:
1880:
1842:
1835:
1707:
1561:
1554:
1501:
1322:
1313:
1304:
1132:
1047:
951:
881:
854:
847:
797:
774:
767:
129:
119:
106:
101:
93:
85:
80:
68:
56:
46:
24:
684:"European states accept Russia as ExoMars partner"
3102:Habitability of F-type main-sequence star systems
3092:Habitability of K-type main-sequence star systems
3812:Space Applications and Telecommunications Centre
1042:Science instruments on satellites and spacecraft
3027:Search for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI)
590:
588:
586:
584:
582:
580:
578:
576:
3822:Space Telescope European Coordinating Facility
560:"ExoMars: ESA's Next Step in Mars Exploration"
358:(GC) is provided by the two French institutes
344:Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research
179:Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research
29:Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research
3702:
2856:
1027:
744:
197:(biosignatures) by analysing a wide range of
8:
3007:List of microorganisms tested in outer space
19:
4046:
4030:
3971:European Launcher Development Organisation
3725:
3709:
3695:
3687:
3432:Enceladus Life Signatures and Habitability
3136:
2863:
2849:
2841:
2663:
2574:
2490:
2483:
2432:
2334:
2225:
2174:
2092:
1920:
1891:
1884:
1839:
1558:
1319:
1310:
1034:
1020:
1012:
851:
771:
751:
737:
729:
505:
503:
501:
499:
497:
495:
493:
491:
441:up to 200 mm crushed sample per oven
193:The goal of MOMA is to seek signs of past
18:
3619:European Astrobiology Network Association
629:
535:
3112:List of potentially habitable exoplanets
512:. European Space Agency. 25 August 2017.
372:
3530:Living Interplanetary Flight Experiment
487:
653:
651:
649:
510:MOMA - Mars Organics Molecule Analyser
457:Pulse duration: < 2.5 ns
312:, the COSAC on board the comet lander
3933:Space Situational Awareness Programme
3520:Biological Oxidant and Life Detection
7:
4980:
3976:European Space Research Organisation
3792:Space Research and Technology Centre
3669:
3097:Habitability of yellow dwarf systems
3082:Habitability of neutron star systems
994:
569:(155). European Space Agency: 12–23.
5004:
3072:Habitability of binary star systems
2825:Venetia Burney Student Dust Counter
682:Clark, Stephen (21 November 2012).
3634:Nexus for Exoplanet System Science
3077:Habitability of natural satellites
3002:Hypothetical types of biochemistry
718:Video (04:14) – ExoMars rover/MOMA
528:Knowable Magazine | Annual Reviews
14:
3614:Center for Life Detection Science
3535:Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cacher
3087:Habitability of red dwarf systems
5003:
4991:
4979:
4968:
4967:
3797:ESA Centre for Earth Observation
3668:
3657:
3656:
3639:Ocean Worlds Exploration Program
3472:Life Investigation For Enceladus
2992:Extraterrestrial sample curation
993:
982:
981:
838:
832:
272:, or their analogs). Also, some
3577:Astrobiology Society of Britain
3452:Explorer of Enceladus and Titan
3107:Habitable zone for complex life
2794:International Lunar Observatory
1605:(TRMM, Terra, Aura, Suomi NPP,
151:-based instrument on board the
4816:Columbus Man-Tended Free Flyer
3462:Journey to Enceladus and Titan
459:Spot size: ≈ 400 μm
141:Mars Organic Molecule Analyser
75:ExoMars Rover Instrument Suite
20:Mars Organic Molecule Analyser
1:
3510:Astrobiology Field Laboratory
3062:Extraterrestrial liquid water
2740:High Resolution Stereo Camera
455:Pulse energy: 13–130 μJ
415:Organics present at ≥10 ppb
264:) and chains of nucleobases (
3644:Spanish Astrobiology Center
3052:Circumstellar habitable zone
522:Drahl, Carmen (3 May 2023).
407:−40 °C to +20 °C
166:mission. It will search for
3629:NASA Astrobiology Institute
1671:Radiation Budget Instrument
475:Mass isolation: ±5 Da
352:Goddard Space Flight Center
33:Goddard Space Flight Center
5063:
4886:Mars sample return mission
4706:European Data Relay System
4386:Meteosat Second Generation
4299:James Webb Space Telescope
4161:Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer
3843:European Data Relay System
3817:Concurrent Design Facility
3477:Mars sample return mission
1997:Infrared Space Observatory
387:11.5 kg (25 lb)
225:ion trap mass spectrometer
158:to be launched in 2028 to
51:ion trap mass spectrometer
16:Astrobiological instrument
5047:Space science experiments
4959:
4509:Meteosat Third Generation
4368:Meteosat First Generation
4029:
4017:Planetary Science Archive
3802:European Astronaut Centre
3724:
3652:
3555:Terrestrial Planet Finder
2977:Earliest known life forms
977:
830:
672:(PDF). Harald Steininger.
537:10.1146/knowable-050323-1
3587:Breakthrough Initiatives
2820:Inertial Stellar Compass
2185:Raman Laser Spectrometer
431:, 12 for derivatization)
3928:Living Planet Programme
3787:Space Operations Centre
3248:Mars Science Laboratory
3067:Galactic habitable zone
2815:Deep Space Atomic Clock
2074:Venus Emissivity Mapper
5037:Spacecraft instruments
4239:Hubble Space Telescope
3807:Space Astronomy Centre
3427:Enceladus Life Finder
3407:Breakthrough Enceladus
2931:Planetary oceanography
464:Mass spectrometer (MS)
252:, excessive molecular
4036:Projects and missions
3718:European Space Agency
3602:Breakthrough Starshot
3202:Lunar Micro Ecosystem
3122:Superhabitable planet
2987:Extraterrestrial life
2830:Plasma Wave Subsystem
1941:Multispectral Scanner
1265:Pioneer Venus Orbiter
1069:Pioneer Venus Orbiter
622:10.1089/ast.2016.1551
231:Organic biosignatures
4636:European Robotic Arm
4480:Sentinel-5 Precursor
3609:Carl Sagan Institute
3597:Breakthrough Message
3437:Enceladus Orbilander
3172:Biosatellite program
3022:Planetary protection
2906:Evolutionary biology
2896:Atmospheric sciences
1798:Mars Climate Orbiter
1440:RM-08 and MTVZA-OK (
725:(NASA; 24 May 2018))
397:Maximum: 154 W
243:that may be forming
4961:Future missions in
4007:European Space Camp
3738:Guiana Space Centre
3592:Breakthrough Listen
2755:Mars Orbiter Camera
614:2017AsBio..17..655G
395:Average: 65 W
368:Thales Alenia Space
292:Background organics
21:
4811:Ceres Polar Lander
4646:Telecommunications
3422:Enceladus Explorer
2733:Imagers/telescopes
1881:Spectrophotometers
379:Units/performance
356:gas chromatography
5017:
5016:
4955:
4954:
4573:
4572:
4355:Earth observation
4185:Comet Interceptor
4176:Rosalind Franklin
4148:Trace Gas Orbiter
4099:Planetary science
4025:
4024:
3938:Science Programme
3684:
3683:
3563:
3562:
3387:Rosalind Franklin
3300:Trace Gas Orbiter
2957:Allan Hills 84001
2936:Planetary science
2838:
2837:
2775:Rosalind Franklin
2697:
2696:
2693:
2692:
2684:Rosalind Franklin
2659:Mass spectrometer
2653:
2652:
2589:Rosalind Franklin
2563:
2562:
2473:
2472:
2469:
2468:
2422:
2421:
2330:Triaxial fluxgate
2215:
2214:
2211:
2210:
2189:Rosalind Franklin
2164:
2163:
2088:UV-visible (UVVS)
2082:
2081:
1978:Rosalind Franklin
1916:Visible-IR (VIRS)
1910:
1909:
1876:
1875:
1872:
1871:
1831:
1830:
1550:
1549:
1362:DMSP 5D-2/F13-F15
1009:
1008:
947:
946:
863:Rosalind Franklin
828:
827:
789:Trace Gas Orbiter
479:
478:
348:mass spectrometer
213:mass spectrometer
204:Rosalind Franklin
199:organic compounds
168:organic compounds
154:Rosalind Franklin
149:mass spectrometer
137:
136:
112:Rosalind Franklin
62:organic compounds
5054:
5007:
5006:
4995:
4983:
4982:
4971:
4970:
4947:Schiaparelli EDM
4806:Calathus Mission
4630:Georges Lemaître
4588:ISS contribution
4047:
4031:
3726:
3711:
3704:
3697:
3688:
3672:
3671:
3660:
3659:
3137:
3032:Yamato meteorite
2865:
2858:
2851:
2842:
2676:(Europa Clipper)
2664:
2625:(on ExoMars TGO)
2575:
2569:Neutral particle
2491:
2484:
2433:
2335:
2321:(Europa Clipper)
2226:
2175:
2093:
1921:
1892:
1885:
1840:
1836:Ultraviolet (UV)
1559:
1555:Infrared-visible
1320:
1311:
1036:
1029:
1022:
1013:
997:
996:
985:
984:
964:Meridiani Planum
852:
842:
836:
772:
753:
746:
739:
730:
719:
704:
698:
692:
691:
679:
673:
667:
661:
655:
644:
643:
633:
608:(6–7): 655–685.
592:
571:
570:
564:
555:
549:
548:
546:
544:
539:
519:
513:
507:
473:
373:
330:landers and the
217:laser desorption
22:
5062:
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5057:
5056:
5055:
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5018:
5013:
4951:
4920:
4788:
4782:
4763:LISA Pathfinder
4720:
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4711:
4641:
4624:Albert Einstein
4612:Johannes Kepler
4569:
4350:
4208:
4206:
4199:
4094:
4038:
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3753:Launch vehicles
3747:
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3648:
3569:
3559:
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3457:Icebreaker Life
3395:
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2916:Geomicrobiology
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2786:
2780:
2759:
2728:
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2521:
2479:
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2460:Cassini–Huygens
2447:
2418:
2362:Cassini–Huygens
2349:
2324:
2258:
2207:
2160:
2108:Mariner 6 and 7
2078:
2024:Mariner 6 and 7
1960:
1906:
1888:Long wavelength
1868:
1827:
1756:Mariner 6 and 7
1703:
1632:MESSR and VTIR
1546:
1516:Electra (radio)
1510:Cassini-Huygens
1497:
1300:
1150:Cassini–Huygens
1128:
1056:Cassini–Huygens
1043:
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973:
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453:= 266 nm)
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102:Host spacecraft
89:11.5 kg (25 lb)
47:Instrument type
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4771:(2019–present)
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4708:(2016–present)
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4618:Edoardo Amaldi
4615:
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4608:(2010–present)
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4590:(1998–present)
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3501:Cancelled and
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2053:Europa Clipper
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2016:
2010:
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1965:Interplanetary
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4076:
4073:
4070:
4067:
4064:
4061:
4058:
4055:
4054:
4052:
4050:Solar physics
4048:
4045:
4041:
4037:
4032:
4028:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3989:
3987:
3983:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3968:
3966:
3962:
3956:
3953:
3949:
3948:Cosmic Vision
3946:
3944:
3941:
3940:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3887:
3884:
3883:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3865:
3862:
3861:
3860:
3857:
3856:
3854:
3850:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3835:
3833:
3829:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3784:
3782:
3778:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3758:
3756:
3754:
3750:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3735:
3733:
3731:
3727:
3723:
3719:
3712:
3707:
3705:
3700:
3698:
3693:
3692:
3689:
3677:
3676:
3667:
3665:
3664:
3655:
3654:
3651:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3589:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3574:
3572:
3566:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3507:
3505:
3499:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3442:Europa Lander
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3404:
3402:
3398:
3390:
3388:
3384:
3383:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3371:
3367:
3366:
3364:
3360:
3354:
3351:
3350:
3348:
3344:
3338:
3337:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3325:
3321:
3320:
3318:
3312:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3294:
3292:
3288:
3287:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3270:
3266:
3265:
3264:
3261:
3257:
3255:
3251:
3250:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3235:
3233:
3229:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3144:
3142:
3138:
3135:
3129:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3049:
3047:
3045:
3039:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2997:Extremophiles
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2949:
2947:
2943:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2883:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2866:
2861:
2859:
2854:
2852:
2847:
2846:
2843:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2812:
2810:
2806:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2791:
2789:
2783:
2776:
2772:
2769:
2768:
2766:
2762:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2737:
2735:
2731:
2725:
2724:
2720:
2718:
2717:
2713:
2710:
2707:
2706:
2704:
2700:
2685:
2681:
2678:
2675:
2672:
2671:
2669:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2656:
2646:
2645:
2641:
2638:
2634:
2632:
2631:
2627:
2624:
2621:
2618:
2614:
2611:
2608:
2607:
2606:Venus Express
2603:ASPERA-4 (on
2602:
2599:
2598:
2594:ASPERA-3 (on
2593:
2590:
2586:
2583:
2582:
2580:
2576:
2573:
2570:
2566:
2556:
2555:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2530:
2528:
2524:
2516:
2513:
2512:
2511:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2498:
2496:
2492:
2489:
2487:Ion detectors
2485:
2482:
2476:
2462:
2461:
2457:
2456:
2454:
2450:
2444:
2441:
2440:
2438:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2425:
2415:
2414:
2413:Venus Express
2410:
2408:
2407:
2403:
2401:
2400:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2363:
2359:
2358:
2356:
2352:
2346:
2343:
2342:
2340:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2327:
2320:
2316:
2313:
2310:
2309:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2298:
2294:
2292:
2291:
2287:
2285:
2284:
2280:
2278:
2277:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2267:
2265:
2261:
2253:
2250:
2249:
2248:
2245:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2233:
2231:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2218:
2203:
2201:
2196:
2193:
2190:
2186:
2183:
2182:
2180:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2167:
2157:
2156:
2152:
2150:
2149:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2122:
2118:
2116:
2115:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2100:
2098:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2085:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2031:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2014:
2011:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1982:
1981:
1979:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1969:
1967:
1963:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1928:
1926:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1913:
1903:
1900:
1899:
1897:
1893:
1890:
1886:
1883:
1879:
1863:
1860:
1859:
1858:
1855:
1852:
1848:
1847:
1845:
1841:
1838:
1834:
1824:
1823:
1819:
1817:
1816:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1799:
1795:
1793:
1792:
1788:
1786:
1785:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1763:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1732:
1729:
1725:
1722:
1719:
1718:
1713:
1712:
1710:
1706:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1688:
1685:
1681:
1678:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1666:
1662:
1659:
1655:
1653:(Terra, Aqua)
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1625:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1608:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1566:
1564:
1560:
1557:
1553:
1543:
1542:
1538:
1535:
1534:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1523:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1511:
1507:
1506:
1504:
1500:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1443:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1429:
1426:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1416:
1413:
1409:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1367:DMSP 5D-2/F16
1365:
1363:
1360:
1357:
1353:
1350:
1346:
1343:
1340:
1337:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1327:
1325:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1303:
1297:
1296:
1292:
1290:
1289:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1277:
1276:Venus Express
1273:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1260:
1256:
1254:
1253:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1241:
1237:
1235:
1234:
1230:
1228:
1227:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1185:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1168:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1151:
1147:
1145:
1144:
1140:
1139:
1137:
1135:
1134:Radio science
1131:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1064:
1060:
1058:
1057:
1053:
1052:
1050:
1046:
1037:
1032:
1030:
1025:
1023:
1018:
1017:
1014:
1002:
1001:
992:
990:
989:
980:
979:
976:
970:
967:
965:
962:
960:
957:
956:
954:
950:
940:
937:
935:
932:
930:
927:
925:
922:
920:
917:
915:
912:
910:
907:
905:
902:
900:
897:
895:
892:
890:
887:
886:
884:
880:
873:
872:
868:
866:
864:
860:
859:
857:
853:
850:
846:
841:
835:
821:
818:
816:
813:
811:
808:
806:
803:
802:
800:
796:
790:
787:
785:
784:
780:
779:
777:
773:
770:
766:
761:
754:
749:
747:
742:
740:
735:
734:
731:
724:
720:
715:
714:
710:
702:
697:
694:
689:
685:
678:
675:
671:
666:
663:
659:
654:
652:
650:
646:
641:
637:
632:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
591:
589:
587:
585:
583:
581:
579:
577:
573:
568:
561:
554:
551:
538:
533:
529:
525:
518:
515:
511:
506:
504:
502:
500:
498:
496:
494:
492:
488:
481:
472:
469:50–1000
466:
463:
462:
452:
448:
445:
444:
440:
438:Sample volume
437:
436:
430:
426:
422:
419:
418:
414:
411:
410:
406:
401:
400:
394:
391:
390:
386:
383:
382:
378:
375:
374:
371:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
340:
338:
333:
329:
325:
322:on board the
321:
317:
316:
311:
309:
300:
298:
291:
289:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
254:homochirality
251:
246:
242:
241:phospholipids
238:
230:
228:
226:
222:
218:
214:
209:
207:
205:
200:
196:
188:
186:
184:
180:
175:
173:
172:biosignatures
169:
165:
161:
157:
155:
150:
146:
142:
132:
128:
125:
122:
118:
115:
113:
109:
105:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
79:
76:
73:
71:
67:
64:in Mars' soil
63:
59:
55:
52:
49:
45:
42:
38:
34:
30:
27:
23:
5042:Astrobiology
5019:
4996:
4985:
4972:
4962:
4871:Lunar Lander
4789:and proposed
4774:
4561:
4553:
4545:
4537:
4529:
4521:
4513:
4507:
4499:
4491:
4342:
4334:
4326:
4318:
4310:
4191:
4183:
4175:
4166:
4147:
4124:Mars Express
4086:
3964:Predecessors
3943:Horizon 2000
3673:
3661:
3570:and programs
3568:Institutions
3386:
3368:
3346:Heliocentric
3334:
3322:
3290:
3277:
3269:Perseverance
3268:
3253:
3057:Earth analog
3044:habitability
3012:Ocean planet
2982:Earth analog
2967:Biosignature
2926:Paleontology
2921:Microbiology
2901:Biochemistry
2891:Astrophysics
2872:Astrobiology
2785:Astronomical
2774:
2771:MicrOmega-IR
2721:
2714:
2711:(on InSight)
2702:Seismometers
2683:
2679:
2642:
2628:
2616:
2604:
2597:Mars Express
2595:
2588:
2552:
2458:
2428:Helium vapor
2411:
2404:
2397:
2360:
2306:
2295:
2288:
2281:
2274:
2221:Magnetometer
2200:Perseverance
2199:
2188:
2153:
2146:
2119:
2112:
2028:
2006:
2002:
1977:
1820:
1813:
1789:
1782:
1760:
1717:Schiaparelli
1715:
1714:COMARS+ (on
1629:Kanopus-V-IK
1539:
1531:
1520:
1508:
1293:
1286:
1274:
1257:
1250:
1238:
1231:
1226:Mars Express
1224:
1182:
1165:
1148:
1141:
1061:
1054:
999:
986:
919:MicrOmega-IR
869:
862:
783:Schiaparelli
781:
768:ExoMars 2016
703:. ESA. 2017.
696:
687:
677:
665:
605:
602:Astrobiology
601:
566:
553:
541:. Retrieved
527:
517:
467:Mass range:
450:
354:, while the
341:
337:perchlorates
331:
327:
323:
314:
307:
304:
295:
234:
210:
203:
195:life on Mars
192:
176:
164:astrobiology
153:
144:
140:
138:
111:
25:Manufacturer
5009:WikiProject
4881:MarcoPolo-R
4831:Don Quijote
4801:Ariane 5 ME
4765:(2015–2017)
4695:Galileo FOC
4689:Galileo IOV
4661:(1989–1993)
4600:Jules Verne
4581:spaceflight
4412:(2009–2013)
4400:(2003–2007)
4398:Double Star
4394:(2002–2012)
4382:(1995–2011)
4376:(1991–2000)
4370:(1977–1997)
4283:(2009–2013)
4277:(2009–2013)
4253:(1995–1998)
4235:(1989–1993)
4229:(1983–1986)
4223:(1978–1996)
4217:(1975–1982)
4155:BepiColombo
4142:(2005–2014)
4136:(2004–2016)
4120:(2003–2006)
4114:(1997–2005)
4108:(1985–1992)
4077:(2000–2024)
4065:(1990–2009)
4059:(1977–1987)
3992:Arianespace
3503:undeveloped
3353:BioSentinel
3243:Fobos-Grunt
3140:Earth orbit
2962:Biomolecule
2952:Abiogenesis
2945:Main topics
2879:Disciplines
2787:instruments
2764:Microscopes
1430:Meteor-M2-1
1419:Meteor-3M-1
969:Oxia Planum
959:MAX-C rover
882:Instruments
874:(cancelled)
848:2028 launch
798:Instruments
423:32 (20 for
412:Sensitivity
404:temperature
402:Operational
301:Development
278:fatty acids
250:amino acids
130:Launch date
60:search for
5026:Categories
4896:Phootprint
4876:Marco Polo
4717:Technology
4547:MetOp-SG-B
4539:MetOp-SG-A
4515:Sentinel-4
4486:ADM-Aeolus
4466:Sentinel-3
4448:Sentinel-2
4434:Sentinel-1
4362:Copernicus
4257:XMM-Newton
4075:Cluster II
3881:Copernicus
3852:Programmes
3780:Facilities
3730:Spaceports
3550:Red Dragon
3330:OSIRIS-REx
3314:Comets and
3017:Panspermia
2494:Near-Earth
2436:Near-Earth
2406:Pioneer 11
2338:Near-Earth
2276:Pioneer 10
2229:Near-Earth
2114:Mariner 10
1924:Near-Earth
1843:Near-Earth
1796:PMIRR (on
1784:Pioneer 10
1762:Mariner 10
1684:Sentinel-3
1562:Near-Earth
1453:Sentinel-3
1424:MTVZA-GYa
1387:Kanopus-ST
1336:Sentinel-6
1323:Near-Earth
1306:Radiometer
1156:Europa-UVS
855:Spacecraft
775:Spacecraft
482:References
370:in Italy.
107:Spacecraft
94:Resolution
81:Properties
4937:CryoSat-1
4911:STE-QUEST
4846:Eddington
4836:e.Deorbit
4787:Cancelled
4659:Olympus-1
4501:EarthCARE
4422:CryoSat-2
4271:(2006–13)
4247:(1992–93)
4233:Hipparcos
4207:cosmology
3467:Laplace-P
3370:Dragonfly
3324:Hayabusa2
3316:asteroids
3285:Tianwen-1
3263:Mars 2020
3254:Curiosity
3187:Eu:CROPIS
3042:Planetary
2799:MoonLIGHT
2637:Mariner 2
2617:Curiosity
2543:Mariner 2
2480:detectors
2399:MESSENGER
2378:Mariner 2
2290:Voyager 1
2148:Voyager 1
2121:MESSENGER
2030:MESSENGER
2015:(on Juno)
2003:Voyager 1
1946:SCIAMACHY
1815:Voyager 1
1778:2M No.522
1773:2M No.521
1694:Suomi NPP
1522:Mariner 2
1427:Meteor-M2
1414:, MOS-1b)
1315:Microwave
1288:Voyager 1
1246:Pioneer 7
1233:MESSENGER
1190:Mariner 2
762:programme
425:pyrolysis
376:Parameter
332:Curiosity
324:Curiosity
286:hopanoids
4998:Wikinews
4974:Category
4594:Columbus
4518:) (2024)
4328:ARRAKIHS
4281:Herschel
4263:INTEGRAL
4193:EnVision
4146:ExoMars
4002:EUMETSAT
3893:Columbus
3886:Sentinel
3766:Ariane 6
3761:Ariane 5
3663:Category
3525:Kazachok
3515:Beagle 3
3447:ExoLance
3400:Proposed
3238:Beagle 2
3212:OREOcube
3192:EXOSTACK
3133:missions
2716:Viking 1
2635:SPS (on
2585:ADRON-RM
2571:detector
2538:ASPERA-4
2533:ASPERA-3
2478:Particle
2241:QuakeSat
2041:E-THEMIS
1804:Venera 9
1646:Meteor-2
1624:ADEOS II
1436:Nimbus 7
1382:GPM Core
1349:ADEOS II
1282:Venera 9
1270:Sakigake
1184:Magellan
1143:Akatsuki
1094:Venera 4
1063:Magellan
988:Category
889:ADRON-RM
871:Kazachok
640:31067288
567:Bulletin
420:GC ovens
262:proteins
258:peptides
189:Overview
120:Operator
57:Function
5032:ExoMars
4986:Commons
4963:italics
4932:Cluster
4916:THESEUS
4901:SOLARIS
4776:PROBA-3
4769:OPS-SAT
4751:PROBA-V
4745:PROBA-2
4733:PROBA-1
4683:HYLAS-1
4677:GIOVE-B
4671:GIOVE-A
4665:Artemis
4493:Biomass
4392:Envisat
4331:(2030s)
4130:Rosetta
4118:SMART-1
4112:Huygens
4063:Ulysses
4043:Science
3918:ExoMars
3908:GALILEO
3898:CryoSat
3859:Artemis
3838:ESTRACK
3743:Esrange
3675:Commons
3492:Trident
3482:Oceanus
3381:ExoMars
3362:Planned
3336:Rosetta
3291:Zhurong
3279:Phoenix
3217:Tanpopo
3207:O/OREOS
3152:BIOCORE
2644:Ulysses
2554:Ulysses
2515:Proba-2
2501:DEMETER
2252:Proba-2
2243:1 and 2
2195:SHERLOC
1985:MA-MISS
1862:Proba-2
1768:Mars 96
1751:Luna 13
1738:InSight
1724:Diviner
1698:NOAA-21
1682:SLSTR (
1607:NOAA-20
1598:AVNIR-2
1541:Rosetta
1493:Zond-PP
1442:Sich-1M
1417:MTVZA (
1377:Envisat
1356:Shizuku
1354:AMSR2 (
1334:AMR-C (
1173:InSight
1167:Galileo
1000:Commons
952:Related
914:MA-MISS
810:Electra
760:ExoMars
723:YouTube
631:5685156
610:Bibcode
310:landers
282:sterols
274:isomers
183:Germany
147:) is a
70:Website
4942:GEOS 1
4925:Failed
4891:ODINUS
4861:Hopper
4856:Hermes
4851:EXPERT
4779:(2024)
4759:(2015)
4741:(2007)
4729:(1998)
4655:(1978)
4653:GEOS 2
4638:(2021)
4632:(2014)
4626:(2013)
4620:(2012)
4614:(2011)
4606:Cupola
4602:(2008)
4566:(2027)
4558:(2025)
4550:(2025)
4542:(2025)
4534:(2025)
4526:(2025)
4523:ALTIUS
4504:(2024)
4496:(2024)
4347:(2035)
4339:(2035)
4336:Athena
4323:(2029)
4315:(2026)
4305:Euclid
4293:CHEOPS
4275:Planck
4245:Eureca
4227:EXOSAT
4196:(2031)
4188:(2029)
4180:(2028)
4171:(2024)
4163:(2023)
4134:Philae
4106:Giotto
4091:(2031)
4057:ISEE-2
3871:Aurora
3624:MERMOZ
3417:CAESAR
3305:Viking
3222:VEGGIE
3197:EXPOSE
3177:E-MIST
3167:BIOPAN
3157:Biolab
3117:Tholin
2777:rover)
2745:HiRISE
2686:rover)
2674:MASPEX
2630:Nozomi
2591:rover)
2373:Magsat
2368:FIELDS
2315:ICEMAG
2270:FIELDS
2191:rover)
2137:SPICAV
2132:SPICAM
2069:SPICAV
2064:SPICAM
2001:IRIS (
1851:EURECA
1677:GCOM-C
1675:SGLI (
1665:EURECA
1658:JERS-1
1448:Seasat
1401:MOPITT
1347:AMSR (
1344:(AQUA)
1342:AMSR-E
1240:Nozomi
1178:Kaguya
1124:WISDOM
1089:MARSIS
1084:SHARAD
1079:SELENE
1074:REASON
939:WISDOM
929:PanCam
638:
628:
364:LATMOS
328:Viking
318:, and
315:Philae
308:Viking
284:, and
237:lipids
162:on an
97:10 ppb
41:LATMOS
4906:SPICA
4701:EGNOS
4563:FORUM
4555:SMILE
4428:Swarm
4404:MetOp
4380:ERS-2
4374:ERS-1
4320:ARIEL
4312:PLATO
4269:CoRoT
4215:Cos-B
4178:rover
4088:Vigil
4012:GEWEX
3955:Pride
3913:ELIPS
3903:EGNOS
3540:MELOS
3412:BRUIE
3389:rover
3293:rover
3271:rover
3256:rover
3131:Space
2750:LORRI
2623:FREND
2443:Swarm
2345:Swarm
2202:rover
2170:Raman
2127:NOMAD
2103:Alice
2059:Ralph
2036:MERIS
2013:JIRAM
1980:rover
1972:AKARI
1849:ORI (
1690:VIIRS
1663:ORI (
1656:OPS (
1651:MODIS
1636:MOS-1
1622:GLI (
1603:CERES
1593:AVNIR
1582:Terra
1574:ASTER
1569:AVHRR
1488:WSF-M
1478:SSMIS
1473:SSM/I
1412:MOS-1
1410:MSR (
1405:Terra
1392:MIRAS
1048:Radar
899:HABIT
894:CLUPI
865:rover
820:NOMAD
815:FREND
563:(PDF)
543:9 May
446:Laser
392:Power
221:GC-MS
206:rover
156:rover
114:rover
4866:LOFT
4841:EChO
4821:CSTS
4796:AIDA
4739:YES2
4531:FLEX
4416:SMOS
4410:GOCE
4344:LISA
4287:Gaia
4168:Hera
4069:SOHO
3923:FLPP
3771:Vega
3487:THEO
3231:Mars
3162:Bion
2808:Misc
2709:SEIS
2680:MOMA
2615:(on
2510:DSLP
2508:and
2506:TPMU
2319:PIMS
2317:and
2308:Juno
2247:SGVM
2236:GOES
2051:(on
2049:SUDA
2045:MISE
2005:and
1990:ISEM
1956:TRMM
1936:MOMS
1931:CASE
1857:LYRA
1746:IRIS
1736:(on
1726:(on
1618:ERSS
1613:ERBS
1588:AIRS
1578:MISR
1533:Juno
1483:TRMM
1468:SMOS
1463:SMMR
1458:SMAP
1397:MISR
1372:ERSS
1330:AQUA
1210:6, 7
924:MOMA
909:LaRa
904:ISEM
636:PMID
545:2023
449:UV (
384:Mass
362:and
360:LISA
342:The
260:and
239:and
160:Mars
145:MOMA
139:The
86:Mass
39:and
37:LISA
4757:IXV
4727:ARD
4579:ISS
4251:ISO
4221:IUE
3876:ATV
3864:ESM
3182:ERA
3147:BIO
2613:DAN
2548:SPS
2303:MAG
2142:UVS
1951:TES
1902:ISO
1734:HP3
1728:LRO
1528:MWR
934:RLS
805:ACS
721:on
626:PMC
618:doi
532:doi
429:EGA
320:SAM
270:DNA
266:RNA
181:in
124:ESA
5028::
4474:3B
4472:/
4470:3A
4468:/
4460:2C
4458:/
4456:2B
4454:/
4452:2A
4450:/
4442:1B
4440:/
4438:1A
4436:/
2393:10
2283:11
2047:,
2043:,
1809:10
1791:11
1696:,
1640:1b
1576:,
1399:,
1259:11
1252:10
1220:10
1119:16
1114:15
1109:10
686:.
648:^
634:.
624:.
616:.
606:17
604:.
600:.
575:^
565:.
530:.
526:.
490:^
471:Da
288:.
280:,
268:,
227:.
185:.
35:,
31:,
4512:(
4132:/
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3696:v
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2850:v
2773:(
2723:2
2682:(
2639:)
2619:)
2609:)
2600:)
2587:(
2388:5
2383:4
2311:)
2305:(
2297:2
2204:)
2197:(
2187:(
2155:2
2055:)
2019:M
2009:)
2007:2
1853:)
1822:2
1800:)
1740:)
1730:)
1720:)
1700:)
1692:(
1686:)
1679:)
1667:)
1660:)
1626:)
1609:)
1584:)
1580:(
1536:)
1530:(
1444:)
1421:)
1407:)
1403:(
1358:)
1351:)
1338:)
1295:2
1215:9
1205:5
1200:4
1195:3
1104:9
1099:8
1035:e
1028:t
1021:v
752:e
745:t
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690:.
642:.
620::
612::
547:.
534::
451:λ
427:/
143:(
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