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Balloons may provide an alternative to parachutes, allowing for a soft landing. A balloon could allow a lander to take off and land at a new site. Two types of balloon technology are super-pressure and
Montgolfiere. The super-pressure balloons try to contain the pressure caused by heating to maintain
322:
Gliders could carry more scientific instrumentation, but cover less area. Hydrazine has been proposed as a fuel for Mars aircraft. At one point, NASA was developing plans for a wok-sized airplane "micromission", which would piggyback on a separate Mars bound payload. Mach 1 on Mars can be about
106:, was considered for possible missions to fly in and study Mars' atmosphere, but that idea was abandoned. Aircraft may provide on site measurements of the atmosphere of Mars, as well as additional observations over extended areas. A long-term goal is to develop piloted Mars aircraft.
228:
mission. One early design proposed a wing-span of 1.2m, a mass of 2.1 kg, and with the following mission profile: During the landing phase of the surface element of MELOS, the aircraft would be released at an altitude of 5 km then fly 4 minutes, covering 25 horizontal km.
432:
The
Montgolfiere would use heated Martian air to create lift. An example of concept for Mars balloon was the Mars Geoscience Aerobot. Some work has been done to develop extremely thin, flexible solar cells that could allow a balloon's skin itself to generate power from the Sun.
176:, and was one of the first detailed designs for Mars lander although it would not be able to fly in the revised figures for the Mars atmospheric conditions. The Aeronutronic Mars lifting-body lander design was based on Mars atmosphere of mostly nitrogen about 10% of Earth.
310:
Prototype Mars planes have flown at close to 30 km (98,000 ft) altitude on Earth (in roughly twice of the average air pressure at Mars' surface), and tested expandable wings that cure in ultraviolet light. For flight in Mars' atmosphere, the
1518:, Courtney Duncan, Matt Golombek, Håvard Fjær Grip, Wayne Johnson, Justin Maki, Amelia Quon, Ryan Stern, and David Zhu. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA), SciTech Forum Conference; 8–12 January 2018, Kissimmee, Florida
148:
Before the start of Mars exploration with spacecraft, the density of Mars' atmosphere was suspected to be higher than was later measured to be, leading engineers to think that winged flight would be much easier than it actually is. In his
1213:
198:, and the design was considered for sampling the atmosphere of Mars. The airplane had a large propeller to be effective in the thin air and many flights of various configurations were made between 1975 and 1982.
2733:
405:
500:
rover and demonstrated the first rotorcraft flight in the atmosphere of Mars. NASA will be able to build on the design for future Mars missions. NASA announced the end of mission for
164:
in the early 1960s, which was for a lifting body design for the lander; this is when some of best estimates for the Mars atmosphere were significantly denser than revealed by the
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Compared to Earth, the air on Mars is much thinner at the surface, with pressure less than 1% of Earth's at sea level, requiring a more efficient method to achieve
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mid-flight. The helicopter flew 72 times in a period spanning three years; final system tests and data gathering are expected to continue for several months.
1716:
462:. A number of advantages of a viable rotorcraft design were noted, including the ability to pass over difficult Mars terrain yet still visit multiple sites
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became the first powered and controlled Mars aircraft to take flight. It originally landed on the planet while stored under the NASA Mars rover
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The
Daedalus proposal in the canceled Mars Scout program designed a Mars glider that would fly over 400 km (250 mi) along the
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July 1965 marked a shift away from lifting body and winged glider style Mars landers to ballistic entry gumdrop style landers.
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In 2002 a paper was published suggesting autonomous robotic helicopters for Mars exploration would be possible for the
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It made the first powered flight on 19 April 2021, taking off from the surface. Previously, the experimental aircraft,
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landers. There was a proposal by NASA in the 1990s for a Mars airplane to fly on Mars by the anniversary of the
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Missions are ordered by launch date. Sign indicates failure en route or before intended mission data returned.
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https://www.researchgate.net/publication/41504124_A_Mars_VTOL_Aerobot_-_Preliminary_Design_Dynamics_and_Control
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1604:"India's ambitious 2nd Mars mission to include a rover, helicopter, sky crane and a supersonic parachute"
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2009:
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In the 1970s the Mini-Sniffer aircraft were made in several versions so it could also operate in an all-
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camera can both provide virtual Mars flyovers by draping surface pictures over 3D terrain models.
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125:), is denser per unit of volume than Earth air, and gravity on Mars is less than 40% of Earth's.
63:
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Rocket-sustained flight as in the case of retro-rockets have also been a part of landing systems
402:, considered for sampling the atmosphere of Mars, tested running on hydrazine (air independent).
1430:
Young, Larry; Aiken, E.W.; Gulick, Virginia; Mancinelli, Rocco; Briggs, Geoffrey (2002-02-01).
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2018:
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99:), until its rotor blades, possibly all four, were damaged, causing NASA to retire the craft.
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as engineers found that the helicopter sustained damage after a communications blackout with
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240 m/s (790 ft/s) while it is about 332 m/s (1,090 ft/s) on Earth.
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A winged rover design was proposed in the 1970s, to cover more area than the stationary
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In 2015, a Mars aircraft was considered as an option in the re-boot of the
Japanese
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907:"Oliver Morton – MarsAir : How to build the first extraterrestrial airplane"
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113:. Offsetting that disadvantage, Mars air, mostly consisting of carbon dioxide (
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1353:"Mars Balloon Trajectory Model for Mars Geoscience Aerobot Development (1997)"
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931:"Development and Flight Testing of a UAV with Inflatable-Rigidizable Wings"
361:(Mars Advanced Technology Airplane for Deployment, Operations and Recovery)
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1629:"TPS – Unbelievably spectacular flight through Candor ChasmaMar. 9, 2010"
1295:"Flying the Friendly Martian Skies: NASA to Test Mars Airplane Prototype"
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26:
flown in the 1970s was designed for Earth air-sensing missions and used
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The first detailed Mars lander contracted by NASA was to Ford/Philco
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843:"After Three Years on Mars, NASA's Ingenuity Helicopter Mission Ends"
653:
1319:"Mars Aerial and Ground Global Intelligent Explorer (MAGGIE) - NASA"
1154:
BIG BLUE: High-Altitude UAV Demonstrator of Mars
Airplane Technology
866:"NASA's Ingenuity Mars Helicopter Succeeds in Historic First Flight"
494:
mission, is a defunct robotic helicopter that was deployed from the
396:
Prandtl-M (Preliminary
Research Aerodynamic Design to Land on Mars)
319:
was targeted for an uncrewed aircraft flight and by Mars' gliders.
2763:
2045:
1578:"Isro will send a UAV to fly on Mars with next Mangalyaan mission"
511:
472:
443:
436:
Airships with vacuum used to create lift have also been proposed.
249:
225:
33:
18:
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This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
1494:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
1245:
819:
NASA Science Live: Ingenuity Mars
Helicopter Tribute & Legacy
1971:
1737:
What’s the Best Design for a Flying Mars Robot? (Universe Today)
514:
487:
416:
298:
294:
194:
environment. The Mini-Sniffer could run without oxygen by using
90:
82:
74:
1940:
1760:
470:
in 1967 was noted as example of hopping to visit another site.
1653:
Highlight of the Month
January: Mawrth Vallis Animation (2012)
1103:"Current plan of the MELOS, a proposed Japanese Mars mission"
625:
is capable of a very brief flight while landing either rover.
157:
proposed winged vehicles for landing human missions on Mars.
2145:
2137:
2129:
315:
would be very low compared to flight in Earth's atmosphere.
406:
Mars Aerial and Ground Global
Intelligent Explorer (MAGGIE)
1742:
Could This Become the First Mars
Airplane? NASA June 2015
1282:
Could This Become the First Mars Airplane? NASA June 2015
772:"Curiosity's Sky Crane Maneuver, Artist's Concept - NASA"
963:"Astounding Spaceship Designs From Before The Space Age"
454:
deployed at Wright Brothers Field on the surface of Mars
1726:
Flight System Options for a Long-Duration Mars Airplane
387:, "Advanced Reconnaissance Martian Deployable Aircraft"
168:
measurements in July 1965. The lander had a tub-shaped
588:
Various parachutes have been the main air-borne device
585:
Hypersonic gliders were proposed by Wernher von Braun.
381:, glider with 400+ km range (Mars Scout 2011 proposal)
1271:
Euroavia students design Martian aerial vehicle (ESA)
529:. It is presently in the Conceptual stage of design.
1546:"Isro planning to send drone to Red Planet: Reports"
1425:
1423:
1421:
477:
Project design of the future Mars Science Helicopter
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2008:
2001:
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1377:
Concepts and Approaches for Mars Exploration (2012)
1208:
1206:
1014:
1012:
1010:
2889:Sample Collection for Investigation of Mars (SCIM)
2734:Mars Aerial and Ground Global Intelligent Explorer
860:
858:
1732:Ames tests Mars airplane prototype (August 2001)
1078:
1076:
304:capabilities to land and recharge the batteries.
1714:Ultra-Efficient Aircraft Wins NASA Prize (2011)
1665:"Flyover Animation of Becquerel Crater on Mars"
837:
835:
680:, a planned rotorcraft for Saturn's moon Titan
1952:
1772:
1474:"Ingenuity Mars Helicopter Landing Press Kit"
393:, "Martial Aerial Research Euroavia Airplane"
8:
1097:
1095:
1093:
711:, 1985, floated in the Venusian cloud system
213:, in the "Faster, Better, Cheaper" era. The
1084:"NASA Dryden Mini-Sniffer Photo Collection"
1057:"NASA Dryden Mini-Sniffer Photo Collection"
2919:
2815:Aerial Regional-scale Environmental Survey
2802:
2626:
2543:
2160:
2005:
1959:
1945:
1937:
1779:
1765:
1757:
727:
725:
369:, solar powered airplane with micro-robots
341:Aerial Regional-scale Environmental Survey
2850:Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cacher (MAX-C)
1186:"Mars Science Laboratory Mission Profile"
748:"Entry, Descent and Landing (EDL) - NASA"
332:Proposed Mars airplane concepts include:
133:In 1918, the Danish science fiction film
936:. University of Kentucky. Archived from
901:
899:
897:
895:
893:
891:
889:
887:
885:
883:
221:candidate, but not selected for flight.
1508:Mars Helicopter Technology Demonstrator
1266:
1264:
1165:
1163:
1161:
721:
232:On April 19, 2021, the NASA helicopter
1336:
1334:
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1328:
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1134:
2719:Biological Oxidant and Life Detection
1436:. Vol. 1. pp. 1–378 vol.1.
1404:"Evacuated Airship for Mars Missions"
925:
923:
141:) featured an aerospace craft called
7:
1143:Mars Airplane – Ames Research Center
349:(Mars Airborne Geophysical Explorer)
73:is the only aircraft ever to fly on
1293:Anderson, Paul Scott (2015-07-01).
533:Other aircraft and airborne devices
58:is a vehicle capable of sustaining
1993:List of artificial objects on Mars
1896:Claims to the first powered flight
1602:Kuthunur, Sharmila (17 May 2024).
961:Miklós, Vincze (August 15, 2013).
594:Aeroshells from various spacecraft
419:capabilities to land and recharge.
14:
3006:Mars Exploration Joint Initiative
1402:Clarke, John-Paul (Apr 6, 2017).
2694:Mars Sample Recovery Helicopters
1747:Virtual flyover of Candor Chasma
1526:
1489:
563:
546:
521:aims to send a rotorcraft named
280:
271:
262:
2865:Mars Telecommunications Orbiter
2671:Martian Moons eXploration (MMX)
1699:NASA – Planetary Flight Vehicle
1389:"Future Tech: Martian Airships"
527:Martian Boundary Layer Explorer
355:(Airplane for Mars Exploration)
153:" ("Das Marsprojekt") concept,
597:A rocket powered hopper (e.g.
466:. The short hop made by Lunar
1:
2820:Astrobiology Field Laboratory
641:High Resolution Stereo Camera
991:University of Illinois Press
699:Mars Piloted Orbital Station
2744:Mars Exploration Ice Mapper
2689:NASA-ESA Mars Sample Return
2665:Tera-hertz Explorer (TEREX)
2033:Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter
1901:Air warfare of World War II
646:Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter
217:proposal was selected as a
145:for a crewed trip to Mars.
50:in the background (artwork)
3119:
96:1 year, 341 days
3103:Extraterrestrial aircraft
3068:
2801:
2542:
2127:
2051:ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter
1978:
1928:Aviation timelines navbox
1924:
1670:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
1442:10.1109/AERO.2002.1036856
1433:Rotorcraft as Mars Scouts
1170:John F. McGowan, Ph.D. –
1043:"Gumdrops on Mars (1966)"
848:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
796:Mars Helicopter Tech Demo
3001:Mars Exploration Program
1983:List of missions to Mars
1875:Unmanned aerial vehicles
1023:Air & Space Magazine
684:List of missions to Mars
2091:Mars Science Laboratory
611:SkyCrane landing system
43:helicopter viewed with
16:Unmanned space aircraft
2460:Mars Exploration Rover
2150:
2142:
2134:
1817:Between the World Wars
1214:"Daedaluspresentation"
868:. NASA. April 19, 2021
704:Solar-powered aircraft
689:Mars atmospheric entry
540:Other airborne devices
478:
455:
375:, multi-glider mission
291:Solar-powered aircraft
255:
51:
31:
2655:(2024, flyby in 2025)
2647:(2024, flyby in 2025)
2226:(2023, flyby in 2026)
2217:Mars Cube One (MarCO)
2149:
2141:
2133:
1988:List of Mars orbiters
1802:Early flying machines
1257:Daedalus (April 2005)
1020:"The Road to Mars..."
709:Vega program balloons
476:
447:
253:
37:
22:
3011:Mars Next Generation
2970:Permanent settlement
2860:Mars Surveyor Lander
2326:Mars Climate Orbiter
2312:Mars Global Surveyor
1479:. NASA. January 2021
1341:NASA – Mars Balloons
3093:Exploration of Mars
3088:Proposed spacecraft
1968:Spacecraft missions
1788:History of aviation
1524:10.2514/6.2018-0023
1226:Ares Mars Airplane
573:rover lowered from
517:, as a part of its
2996:Mars Scout Program
2835:Mars 4NM & 5NM
2759:Mars Micro Orbiter
2749:Mars Geyser Hopper
2151:
2143:
2135:
1719:2012-11-18 at the
1584:. 19 February 2024
1550:The Times of India
1233:2010-03-25 at the
1174:(December 3, 1999)
981:von Braun, Wernher
613:used land heavier
599:Mars Geyser Hopper
519:Mangalyaan project
479:
460:Mars Scout Program
456:
256:
219:Mars Scout Program
215:ARES Mars airplane
64:atmosphere of Mars
52:
32:
3075:
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3035:The Case for Mars
2945:Atmospheric entry
2909:
2908:
2840:Mars 5M (Mars-79)
2797:
2796:
2774:Next Mars Orbiter
2682:Rosalind Franklin
2618:
2617:
2538:
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2393:Mars Polar Lander
2125:
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2019:2001 Mars Odyssey
1934:
1933:
1916:Women in aviation
1853:Aviation medicine
1827:Post-World War II
1321:. 4 January 2024.
1061:www.dfrc.nasa.gov
1000:978-0-252-06227-8
822:, 31 January 2024
400:NASA Mini-Sniffer
155:Wernher von Braun
104:NASA Mini-Sniffer
98:
24:NASA Mini-Sniffer
3110:
3041:Inspiration Mars
3028:The Mars Project
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1961:
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1673:. Archived from
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989:(2nd ed.).
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68:Mars helicopter
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2739:Mars Base Alpha
2729:Icebreaker Life
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2596:Mars 3MS No.170
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2387:Mars Pathfinder
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2188:Mariner 6 and 7
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1301:
1292:
1291:
1287:
1280:
1276:
1269:
1262:
1255:
1251:
1244:
1240:
1235:Wayback Machine
1225:
1221:
1212:
1211:
1204:
1195:
1193:
1184:
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1179:
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1159:
1152:
1148:
1141:
1132:
1125:
1121:
1111:
1109:
1108:. February 2015
1105:
1101:
1100:
1091:
1082:
1081:
1074:
1065:
1063:
1055:
1054:
1050:
1041:
1040:
1036:
1027:
1025:
1018:
1017:
1008:
1001:
979:
978:
974:
960:
959:
955:
946:
944:
940:
933:
929:
928:
921:
911:
909:
905:
904:
881:
871:
869:
864:
863:
856:
841:
840:
833:
825:
823:
816:
815:
811:
801:
799:
790:
789:
785:
776:
774:
770:
769:
765:
756:
754:
746:mars.nasa.gov.
745:
744:
740:
731:
730:
723:
718:
662:
649:
632:
582:
581:
580:
579:
578:
568:
560:
559:
551:
542:
541:
535:
442:
426:
328:Coprates Chasma
313:Reynolds number
308:
307:
306:
305:
287:
286:
285:
277:
276:
268:
267:
248:
207:Wright Brothers
190:
187:
186:
185:
183:
131:
121:
118:
117:
116:
114:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3116:
3114:
3106:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3080:
3079:
3073:
3072:
3069:
3066:
3065:
3062:
3061:
3059:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3046:Mars Institute
3043:
3038:
3031:
3023:
3021:
3017:
3016:
3014:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2992:
2990:
2986:
2985:
2983:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2926:
2924:
2917:
2911:
2910:
2907:
2906:
2904:
2903:
2898:
2891:
2886:
2879:
2876:Northern Light
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2811:
2809:
2799:
2798:
2795:
2794:
2792:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2715:
2713:
2709:
2708:
2706:
2705:
2698:
2697:
2696:
2686:
2674:
2668:
2662:
2656:
2648:
2645:Europa Clipper
2642:
2633:
2631:
2624:
2620:
2619:
2616:
2615:
2613:
2612:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2581:Mars 2M No.521
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2552:
2550:
2540:
2539:
2536:
2535:
2533:
2532:
2531:
2530:
2525:
2511:
2509:
2503:
2502:
2500:
2499:
2492:
2491:
2490:
2489:
2488:
2476:
2475:
2474:
2457:
2450:
2444:
2442:
2438:
2437:
2435:
2434:
2426:
2419:
2411:
2404:
2399:
2390:
2383:
2376:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2348:
2346:
2340:
2339:
2337:
2336:
2329:
2322:
2315:
2308:
2301:
2300:
2299:
2294:
2287:Phobos program
2284:
2283:
2282:
2275:
2266:Viking program
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2237:
2235:
2231:
2230:
2228:
2227:
2219:
2214:
2207:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2169:
2167:
2158:
2154:
2153:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2122:
2120:
2119:
2118:
2117:
2112:
2100:
2099:
2098:
2093:
2080:
2078:
2072:
2071:
2069:
2068:
2060:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2042:
2041:
2029:
2022:
2014:
2012:
2003:
1999:
1998:
1996:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1979:
1976:
1975:
1966:
1964:
1963:
1956:
1949:
1941:
1932:
1931:
1925:
1922:
1921:
1919:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1892:
1890:
1886:
1885:
1883:
1882:
1872:
1867:
1866:
1865:
1855:
1850:
1844:
1842:
1838:
1837:
1835:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1798:
1796:
1792:
1791:
1786:
1784:
1783:
1776:
1769:
1761:
1755:
1754:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1723:
1711:
1701:
1694:
1693:External links
1691:
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1687:
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1620:
1594:
1569:
1537:
1516:Timothy Canham
1500:
1465:
1451:978-0780372313
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733:"Mini-Sniffer"
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139:A Trip to Mars
130:
127:
119:
66:. So far, the
60:powered flight
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
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3:
2:
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2987:
2981:
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2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
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2965:Human mission
2963:
2961:
2960:Sample return
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2328:
2327:
2323:
2321:
2320:
2316:
2314:
2313:
2309:
2307:
2306:
2305:Mars Observer
2302:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2289:
2288:
2285:
2281:
2280:
2276:
2274:
2273:
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2259:
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2244:
2242:
2239:
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2232:
2225:
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2218:
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2212:
2208:
2206:
2205:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2170:
2168:
2166:
2162:
2159:
2155:
2148:
2140:
2132:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2107:
2106:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2088:
2087:
2086:
2082:
2081:
2079:
2077:
2073:
2067:
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2061:
2059:
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2054:
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2047:
2044:
2040:
2037:
2036:
2035:
2034:
2030:
2028:
2027:
2023:
2021:
2020:
2016:
2015:
2013:
2011:
2007:
2004:
2000:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1980:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1962:
1957:
1955:
1950:
1948:
1943:
1942:
1939:
1929:
1923:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1911:Mars aircraft
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
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1795:Chronological
1793:
1789:
1782:
1777:
1775:
1770:
1768:
1763:
1762:
1759:
1752:
1751:Candor Chasma
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1718:
1715:
1712:
1709:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1696:
1692:
1677:on 2013-06-03
1676:
1672:
1671:
1666:
1660:
1657:
1654:
1649:
1646:
1635:on 2012-04-10
1634:
1630:
1624:
1621:
1609:
1605:
1598:
1595:
1583:
1579:
1573:
1570:
1559:
1555:
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1547:
1541:
1538:
1534:
1533:public domain
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1504:
1501:
1497:
1496:public domain
1475:
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1424:
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1405:
1398:
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1384:
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1378:
1373:
1370:
1359:on 2014-02-22
1358:
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1220:
1215:
1209:
1207:
1203:
1192:on 2011-02-21
1191:
1187:
1181:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1172:Wings on Mars
1166:
1164:
1162:
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1038:
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1021:
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1007:
1002:
996:
992:
988:
987:
982:
976:
973:
968:
964:
957:
954:
943:on 2010-06-17
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787:
784:
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764:
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752:mars.nasa.gov
749:
742:
739:
735:. 2015-09-28.
734:
728:
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722:
715:
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65:
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57:
56:Mars aircraft
49:
47:
42:
41:
36:
29:
25:
21:
3098:Astronautics
3051:Mars Society
3033:
3026:
2980:Terraforming
2975:Colonization
2954:
2901:Voyager Mars
2893:
2881:
2874:
2700:
2680:
2651:
2638:Mangalyaan-2
2637:
2556:Mars 1M No.1
2515:
2506:
2495:
2479:
2465:
2453:
2429:
2422:
2416:Schiaparelli
2415:
2407:
2397:Deep Space 2
2386:
2379:
2372:
2332:
2324:
2317:
2310:
2303:
2277:
2270:
2222:
2209:
2202:
2104:Perseverance
2103:
2084:
2063:
2056:
2031:
2026:Mars Express
2024:
2017:
1910:
1889:Other topics
1870:Hang gliding
1848:Aerodynamics
1822:World War II
1679:. Retrieved
1675:the original
1668:
1659:
1648:
1637:. Retrieved
1633:the original
1623:
1611:. Retrieved
1607:
1597:
1586:. Retrieved
1581:
1572:
1561:. Retrieved
1549:
1540:
1503:
1481:. Retrieved
1468:
1432:
1410:November 30,
1408:. Retrieved
1397:
1383:
1372:
1361:. Retrieved
1357:the original
1347:
1313:
1302:. Retrieved
1299:AmericaSpace
1298:
1288:
1277:
1252:
1241:
1222:
1194:. Retrieved
1190:the original
1180:
1171:
1149:
1122:
1112:November 30,
1110:. Retrieved
1064:. Retrieved
1060:
1051:
1037:
1026:. Retrieved
1022:
985:
975:
966:
956:
945:. Retrieved
938:the original
910:. Retrieved
870:. Retrieved
846:
824:, retrieved
818:
812:
800:. Retrieved
795:
792:"Flight Log"
786:
775:. Retrieved
766:
755:. Retrieved
751:
741:
675:
644:
637:Mars Express
635:
633:
623:Perseverance
570:
553:
526:
522:
510:
506:Perseverance
505:
501:
497:Perseverance
496:
482:
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427:
390:
384:
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364:
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352:
346:
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331:
325:
321:
309:
293:concept for
254:ARES concept
239:Perseverance
237:
233:
231:
223:
211:first flight
202:
200:
181:
178:
170:lifting body
162:Aeronutronic
159:
151:Mars Project
147:
142:
135:Himmelskibet
134:
132:
108:
101:
95:
81:operated on
78:
69:
55:
53:
46:Perseverance
45:
39:
2915:Exploration
2764:MELOS rover
2667:(mid 2020s)
2606:Fobos-Grunt
2480:Opportunity
1832:Digital Age
1812:World War I
1807:Pioneer era
1704:NASA – ARES
1582:India Today
1483:14 February
671:Aerobraking
615:Mars rovers
415:plane with
3082:Categories
2989:Strategies
2883:Red Dragon
2845:Mars-Aster
2789:Sky-Sailor
2784:Phootprint
2754:Mars-Grunt
2571:2MV-3 No.1
2566:2MV-4 No.1
2518:helicopter
2333:Mangalyaan
1926:See also:
1858:Ballooning
1708:multimedia
1681:2013-08-22
1639:2012-02-17
1588:2024-02-19
1563:2024-02-19
1363:2012-03-22
1304:2018-07-19
1246:Sky-Sailor
1196:2012-08-21
1066:2018-01-21
1028:2018-07-19
947:2012-02-17
826:2024-02-01
777:2023-10-04
757:2023-10-04
716:References
694:Mars flyby
605:Entomopter
486:, part of
468:Surveyor 6
452:helicopter
440:Rotorcraft
429:altitude.
373:Kitty Hawk
366:Sky-Sailor
166:Mariner IV
91:total days
3056:Mars race
2870:NetLander
2830:Marsokhod
2808:proposals
2806:Cancelled
2610:Yinghuo-1
2591:Mariner 8
2586:2M No.522
2576:Mariner 3
2528:Mars 2020
2516:Ingenuity
2454:Sojourner
2430:Tianwen-1
2251:Mariner 9
2178:Mariner 4
2110:Mars 2020
2085:Curiosity
2064:Tianwen-1
1608:Space.com
1558:0971-8257
983:(1991) .
872:April 20,
802:7 October
677:Dragonfly
619:Curiosity
577:(artwork)
575:sky crane
571:Curiosity
558:aeroshell
502:Ingenuity
492:Mars 2020
483:Ingenuity
450:Ingenuity
302:tiltrotor
246:Airplanes
234:Ingenuity
196:hydrazine
143:Excelsior
85:for 1042
79:Ingenuity
70:Ingenuity
40:Ingenuity
28:hydrazine
3020:Advocacy
2955:Aircraft
2923:Concepts
2855:Mars One
2825:Beagle 3
2712:Proposed
2702:Kazachok
2685:) (2028)
2659:EscaPADE
2549:launches
2507:Aircraft
2486:timeline
2472:timeline
2414:ExoMars
2402:Beagle 2
2380:Viking 2
2373:Viking 1
2297:Phobos 2
2292:Phobos 1
2279:Viking 2
2272:Viking 1
2234:Orbiters
2115:timeline
2096:timeline
2039:timeline
2010:Orbiters
1863:military
1717:Archived
1460:32275132
1231:Archived
912:March 4,
660:See also
643:and the
617:such as
555:Viking 1
424:Balloons
379:Daedalus
174:winglets
2940:Landing
2935:Orbiter
2724:DePhine
2677:ExoMars
2630:Planned
2601:Mars 96
2561:1M No.2
2523:flights
2496:Zhurong
2423:InSight
2408:Phoenix
2344:Landers
2204:Rosetta
2066:orbiter
1906:Jet Age
1877: (
1228:website
666:Aerobot
630:Virtual
512:India's
464:in situ
359:MATADOR
129:History
62:in the
2769:MetNet
2673:(2026)
2661:(2024)
2641:(2024)
2623:Future
2547:Failed
2466:Spirit
2448:PrOP-M
2441:Rovers
2432:lander
2367:Mars 7
2362:Mars 6
2357:Mars 3
2352:Mars 2
2319:Nozomi
2261:Mars 5
2256:Mars 4
2246:Mars 3
2241:Mars 2
2223:Psyche
2198:Mars 7
2193:Mars 6
2183:Zond 2
2173:Mars 1
2165:Flybys
2076:Rovers
2002:Active
1879:combat
1728:(.pdf)
1613:2 June
1556:
1458:
1448:
1406:. NASA
997:
798:. NASA
654:HiRISE
523:MARBLE
385:ARMaDA
203:Viking
89:(1071
2950:Rover
2930:Flyby
2895:Vesta
2779:PADME
2046:MAVEN
1477:(PDF)
1456:S2CID
1106:(PDF)
941:(PDF)
934:(PDF)
650:'
410:Solar
391:MAREA
226:MELOS
172:with
137:(aka
48:rover
30:fuel.
2652:Hera
2211:Dawn
2157:Past
2057:Hope
1972:Mars
1615:2024
1554:ISSN
1485:2021
1446:ISBN
1412:2022
1114:2022
995:ISBN
914:2021
874:2021
804:2023
634:The
621:and
609:The
515:ISRO
488:NASA
417:VTOL
347:MAGE
337:ARES
299:VTOL
295:Mars
111:lift
87:sols
83:Mars
75:Mars
1970:to
1520:doi
1438:doi
967:io9
525:or
490:'s
413:UAV
353:AME
297:.
209:'s
3084::
2608:/
2395:/
1667:.
1606:.
1580:.
1552:.
1548:.
1514:,
1510:,
1454:.
1444:.
1420:^
1327:^
1297:.
1263:^
1205:^
1160:^
1133:^
1092:^
1075:^
1059:.
1009:^
993:.
965:.
922:^
882:^
857:^
845:.
834:^
794:.
750:.
724:^
652:s
408:-
242:.
184:CO
115:CO
93:;
54:A
2679:(
1960:e
1953:t
1946:v
1881:)
1780:e
1773:t
1766:v
1753:)
1749:(
1710:)
1706:(
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120:2
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