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about
Nirenberg's result. Crick invited Nirenberg to repeat his performance the next day in a talk to a much larger audience. Speaking before the assembled congress of more than a thousand people, Nirenberg electrified the scientific community. He quickly received great scientific attention for these
690:
The period between 1961 and 1962 is often referred to as the "coding race" because of the competition between the labs of
Nirenberg at NIH and Nobel laureate Severo Ochoa at New York University Medical School, who had a massive staff. Faced with the possibility of helping the first NIH scientist win
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TRUPIN, JS; ROTTMAN, FM; BRIMACOMBE, RL; LEDER, P; Bernfield, MR; Nirenberg, MW (1965), "RNA Codewords and
Protein Synthesis, Vi. On the Nucleotide Sequences of Degenerate Codeword Sets for Isoleucine, Tyrosine, Asparagine, and Lysine",
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687:). This greatly sped up the assignment of three-base codons to amino acids so that 50 codons were identified in this way. Khorana's experiments confirmed these results and completed the genetic code translation.
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In August 1961, at the
International Congress of Biochemistry in Moscow, Nirenberg presented a paper to a small group of scientists, reporting the decoding of the first codon of the genetic code.
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1481:(subtitle) In the 1960s Marshall W. Nirenberg deciphered the genetic code, the combination of A, T, G and C nucleotides that specify amino acids. So why do people think that Francis Crick did it?
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Kellogg, DA; Doctor, BP; Loebel, JE; Nirenberg, MW (1966), "RNA codons and protein synthesis. IX. Synonym codon recognition by multiple species of valine-, alanine-, and methionine-sRNA",
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for phenylalanine on RNA consisted of a repetition of uracil bases. Indeed, as we know now, it is UUU (three uracil bases in a row). This was the first step in deciphering the
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BERNFIELD, MR; NIRENBERG, MW (1965), "RNA Codewords and
Protein Synthesis: The Nucleotide Sequences of Multiple Codewords for Phenylalanine, Serine, Leucine, and Proline",
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Eiserling, F; Levin, JG; Byrne, R; Karlsson, U; Nirenberg, MW; Sjoestrand, FS (1964), "Polyribosomes and DNA-dependent Amino Acid
Incorporation in
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Leder, P; Nirenberg, MW (1964), "RNA Codewords and
Protein Synthesis, III. On the Nucleotide Sequence of a Cysteine and a Leucine RNA Codeword",
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695:, director of the National Institute of Arthritis and Metabolic Diseases, called this period of collaboration "NIH's finest hour".
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BLADEN, HA; BYRNE, R; LEVIN, JG; NIRENBERG, MW (1965), "An electron microscopic study of a DNA-ribosome complex formed in vitro",
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a Nobel prize, many NIH scientists put aside their own work to help
Nirenberg in deciphering the mRNA codons for amino acids. Dr.
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517:. In 1986, Nirenberg's achievements and contributions to the field of biochemistry genetics was recognized at an event honoring
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experiments. Within a few years, his research team had performed similar experiments and found that three-base repeats of
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to be the molecule of genetic information. It was not known, however, how DNA directed the expression of
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that only occurs in RNA. They then added this synthetic poly-uracil RNA into a cell-free extract of
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family, the son of
Minerva (Bykowsky) and Harry Edward Nirenberg, a shirtmaker. He developed
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1245:"The Thrill of Defeat: What Francis Crick and Sydney Brenner taught me about being scooped"
439:), where he remained a laboratory chief until his death. Fellow laboratory chiefs included
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Leder, Philip (Feb 2010), "Retrospective. Marshall Warren
Nirenberg (1927–2010)",
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in 1957, studying hexose uptake in tumor cells with his advisor James F. Hogg.
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873:"Profiles in Science: The Marshall W. Nirenberg Papers. Biographical Overview"
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University of Michigan College of Literature, Science, and the Arts alumni
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Caskey, C. Thomas (Mar 2010), "Obituary: Marshall Nirenberg (1927–2010)",
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1071:, vol. 147, no. 3657 (published Jan 29, 1965), pp. 479–84,
953:, vol. 52, no. 6 (published December 1964), pp. 1521–1529,
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1009:, vol. 10, no. 3 (published December 1964), pp. 536–40,
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8227:
University of Florida College of Agricultural and Life Sciences alumni
1162:, vol. 119, no. 2 (published May 19, 1966), pp. 400–6,
1158:
Jones, OW; Nirenberg, MW (1966), "Degeneracy in the amino acid code",
754:"Marshall Nirenberg, Biologist Who Untangled Genetic Code, Dies at 82"
662:
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1112:, vol. 53, no. 4 (published April 1965), pp. 807–11,
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1194:, vol. 55, no. 4 (published Apr 1966), pp. 912–9,
8237:
Recipients of the Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research
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and other cellular machinery for protein synthesis. They added
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381:
936:"Letter from Bob Dole and Joe Biden to Marshall W. Nirenberg"
8177:
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
1421:
Free to View Video Interview with Marshall W. Nirenberg
1385:"Profiles in Science: The Marshall W. Nirenberg Papers"
1427:
The Life and Scientific Work of Marshall W. Nirenberg.
481:
Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons
413:
National Institute of Arthritis and Metabolic Diseases
1039:, vol. 11 (published Jan 1965), pp. 78–83,
513:. In 1981, Nirenberg became a founding member of the
483:
in 2005. He had four stepchildren: Susan Weissman of
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Members of the European Academy of Sciences and Arts
1238:
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265:(April 10, 1927 – January 15, 2010) was an American
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2013:
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1417:– Profiles in Science, National Library of Medicine
635:of the genetic code and the first demonstration of
506:in 1964 and the National Medal of Honor in 1968 by
226:
216:
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107:
86:
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51:
32:
577:had in these processes. Nirenberg teamed up with
415:. In 1959 he became a research biochemist at the
349:at Gainesville where he was also a member of the
5589:Mathematical, statistical, and computer sciences
122:Perola Zaltzman-Nirenberg (1961-2001; her death)
1445:(November 2007), "The Forgotten Code Cracker",
1437:The Official Site of Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize
950:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
8242:Founding members of the World Cultural Council
861:Membership Directory, 2010, Pi Lambda Phi Inc.
549:By 1958, experiments and analysis such as the
8212:Members of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences
7553:
7031:
3274:
3045:
1502:
1429:(From Richard Olson & Roger Smith (eds.)
8:
1431:The Biographical Encyclopedia of Scientists.
537:in 2001. He died on January 15, 2010, from
8252:Members of the National Academy of Medicine
124:Myrna M. Weissman (m. 2005-2010; his death)
7560:
7546:
7538:
7038:
7024:
7016:
6125:
6114:
5595:
5584:
5005:
4994:
4519:
4508:
3575:
3564:
3311:
3300:
3281:
3267:
3259:
3052:
3038:
3030:
1509:
1495:
1487:
1411:– National Library of Medicine finding aid
1401:
615:. They then added 1 radioactively labeled
40:
29:
8167:Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine
1331:
1287:
1217:
1207:
1135:
1125:
976:
966:
585:to answer these questions. They produced
437:National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute
419:and began to study the steps that relate
313:Nirenberg was born in New York City to a
495:, Connecticut, and Jonathan Weissman of
3290:United States National Medal of Science
1376:Voet, Donald and Judith G. Voet. 1995.
741:
155:Gairdner Foundation International Award
8247:Deaths from cancer in New York (state)
820:
810:
698:Nirenberg's later research focused on
1522:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
1409:Marshall Nirenberg Papers (1937–2003)
525:, in the nation's capital, hosted by
275:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
169:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
7:
7057:Paul-Lewis Award in Enzyme Chemistry
747:
745:
463:and died in 2001. Nirenberg married
457:University of Brazil, Rio de Janeiro
329:. He developed an early interest in
289:" and describing how it operates in
8222:National Medal of Science laureates
1423:provided by the Vega Science Trust.
1383:U.S. National Library of Medicine.
797:Marshall Warren Nirenberg Biography
752:Wade, Nicholas (January 21, 2010),
325:, Florida to take advantage of the
879:from the original on 10 April 2020
673:. The next breakthrough came when
293:. In the same year, together with
27:American biochemist and geneticist
25:
1469:10.1038/scientificamerican1107-50
1380:John Wilely & Sons, New York.
934:The Marshall W. Nirenberg Papers
897:The Marshall W. Nirenberg Papers
642:Nirenberg and Matthaei experiment
623:, was the resulting protein also
541:after several months of illness.
407:(NIH) in 1957 as a fellow of the
321:as a boy, so the family moved to
7047:Pfizer Award in Enzyme Chemistry
875:. National Library of Medicine.
551:Avery–MacLeod–McCarty experiment
148:Pfizer Award in Enzyme Chemistry
1243:Goldstein, Bob (May 30, 2019).
491:, New York, Sharon Weissman of
487:, Illinois, Judith Weissman of
772:"Marshall Nirenberg Biography"
721:List of Jewish Nobel laureates
702:, neural development, and the
684:Nirenberg and Leder experiment
661:(AAA) produced the amino acid
603:which contained the DNA, RNA,
535:American Philosophical Society
134:NAS Award in Molecular Biology
1:
3305:Behavioral and social science
1415:The Marshall Nirenberg Papers
1191:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
1109:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
1045:10.1016/S0022-2836(65)80172-3
1015:10.1016/S0022-2836(64)80073-5
583:National Institutes of Health
447:. He was married in 1961 to
405:National Institutes of Health
221:National Institutes of Health
8257:Recipients of Franklin Medal
1168:10.1016/0005-2787(66)90198-5
1085:10.1126/science.147.3657.479
1006:Journal of Molecular Biology
843:www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org
776:www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org
411:in what was then called the
111:Contribution to solving the
2614:Christiane NĂĽsslein-Volhard
8273:
8202:Jewish American scientists
6193:Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar
899:"Biographical Information"
502:Nirenberg was awarded the
333:. In 1948 he received his
299:Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize
183:Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize
7576:
7063:
7053:
6124:
6113:
5594:
5583:
5168:William Hayward Pickering
5004:
4993:
4518:
4507:
3574:
3563:
3310:
3299:
3186:
3177:Marshall Warren Nirenberg
1811:Charles Scott Sherrington
1787:Frederick Gowland Hopkins
563:Meselson–Stahl experiment
504:National Medal of Science
263:Marshall Warren Nirenberg
236:
199:
141:National Medal of Science
39:
34:Marshall Warren Nirenberg
8172:American Nobel laureates
7568:Founding members of the
6617:Norman Foster Ramsey Jr.
6063:S. R. Srinivasa Varadhan
3694:Burrhus Frederic Skinner
2801:Françoise Barré-Sinoussi
627:. This implied that the
555:Hershey–Chase experiment
533:. He was elected to the
445:Daniel Carleton Gajdusek
433:National Heart Institute
190:William H. Nichols Medal
55:April 10, 1927
7629:André Frédéric Cournand
7508:Mohammad Seyedsayamdost
7424:Wilfred A. van der Donk
5928:Cathleen Synge Morawetz
3846:George Ledyard Stebbins
3767:James Augustine Shannon
1333:10.1126/science.1187484
669:repeats (CCC) produced
409:American Cancer Society
81:New York City, New York
65:New York City, New York
7570:World Cultural Council
6385:Joseph O. Hirschfelder
6372:Kenneth Sanborn Pitzer
5328:Harry George Drickamer
5274:Hans Wolfgang Liepmann
4948:M. Frederick Hawthorne
4822:John D. Baldeschwieler
4062:Daniel E. Koshland Jr.
3744:Earl W. Sutherland Jr.
3192:Nobel Prize recipients
3157:Physiology or Medicine
1582:Santiago RamĂłn y Cajal
1160:Biochim. Biophys. Acta
968:10.1073/pnas.52.6.1521
915:World Cultural Council
726:List of RNA biologists
716:History of RNA biology
559:Watson–Crick structure
523:Menachem M. Schneerson
515:World Cultural Council
390:University of Michigan
259:
251:
246:Nirenberg (right) and
99:University of Michigan
7885:Marshall W. Nirenberg
7880:William A. Nierenberg
7840:Vernon B. Mountcastle
7649:Jean-François Denisse
7581:Christian B. Anfinsen
7394:David W. Christianson
7240:Michael J. Chamberlin
6976:Sylvester James Gates
6362:William Alfred Fowler
6344:Robert Rathbun Wilson
6157:Robert Burns Woodward
4969:Geraldine L. Richmond
4717:Howard E. Simmons Jr.
4000:Rosalyn Sussman Yalow
3929:Vernon B. Mountcastle
3785:Sterling B. Hendricks
3602:Marshall W. Nirenberg
3597:Theodosius Dobzhansky
3445:William Julius Wilson
2083:Dickinson W. Richards
1767:Julius Wagner-Jauregg
1398:Marshall W. Nirenberg
1209:10.1073/pnas.55.4.912
1127:10.1073/pnas.53.4.807
459:, who also worked at
347:University of Florida
297:, he was awarded the
257:
245:
94:University of Florida
8187:American geneticists
8182:American biochemists
7980:William G. Schneider
7975:Menahem Max Schiffer
7959:Hakim Muhammad Saeed
7933:Chintamani N. R. Rao
7671:Jacques-Émile Dubois
7412:Karin Musier-Forsyth
7228:Ekkehard K. F. Bautz
7182:Frederic M. Richards
6947:Warren M. Washington
6911:Fay Ajzenberg-Selove
6820:Jeremiah P. Ostriker
6765:Martin Schwarzschild
6546:Solomon J. Buchsbaum
6538:J. Robert Schrieffer
6508:E. Margaret Burbidge
6352:Nicolaas Bloembergen
6329:Arie Jan Haagen-Smit
6208:Vladimir K. Zworykin
5960:John Griggs Thompson
5883:Martin David Kruskal
5723:Kurt Otto Friedrichs
5196:Erwin Wilhelm MĂĽller
5150:Ralph Brazelton Peck
5105:Jack St. Clair Kilby
5032:John Robinson Pierce
4999:Engineering sciences
4930:Jacqueline K. Barton
4785:George M. Whitesides
4704:Dudley R. Herschbach
4642:Richard B. Bernstein
4611:Walter H. Stockmayer
4159:Elizabeth F. Neufeld
4090:G. Evelyn Hutchinson
3980:Stanley Norman Cohen
3967:Rita Levi-Montalcini
3803:Keith Roberts Porter
3666:Alfred H. Sturtevant
3661:Michael Heidelberger
3633:Fritz Albert Lipmann
2506:Rita Levi-Montalcini
1867:Albert Szent-Györgyi
1378:Biochemistry 2nd ed.
1362:The PolyU Experiment
839:"Marshall Nirenberg"
731:J. Heinrich Matthaei
579:Heinrich J. Matthaei
380:). He received his
258:Nirenberg from 1962.
8192:History of genetics
7913:Comlan A. A. Quenum
7875:Bernhard H. Neumann
7772:Vassos Karageorghis
7709:José Rafael Estrada
7637:Eduardo de Robertis
7274:Frederik C. Hartman
7262:Stephen J. Benkovic
7256:Joseph L. Goldstein
7158:Frank M. Huennekens
7134:G. Robert Greenberg
7104:Bernard L. Horecker
7080:Albert L. Lehninger
6997:Shirley Ann Jackson
6916:Charles P. Slichter
6760:Marshall Rosenbluth
6752:Wallace S. Broecker
6705:Eugene M. Shoemaker
6466:Victor F. Weisskopf
6413:Herbert S. Gutowsky
6395:Edgar Bright Wilson
6236:George Kistiakowsky
5854:Stephen Cole Kleene
5365:George H. Heilmeier
5352:Mildred Dresselhaus
5243:Edward H. Heinemann
5173:Frederick E. Terman
5137:Richard T. Whitcomb
5058:Clarence L. Johnson
5019:Theodore von Kármán
4906:Stephen J. Benkovic
4885:Mostafa A. El-Sayed
4872:Marvin H. Caruthers
4827:Ralph F. Hirschmann
4767:Darleane C. Hoffman
4657:Harden M. McConnell
4598:Frank H. Westheimer
4410:Stanley B. Prusiner
4374:Robert J. Lefkowitz
4133:Howard Martin Temin
3990:Maurice R. Hilleman
3985:Joseph L. Goldstein
3924:Donald A. Henderson
3841:Earl Reece Stadtman
3826:Elizabeth C. Crosby
3790:Orville Alvin Vogel
3620:Donald D. Van Slyke
3569:Biological sciences
3146:Luis Walter Alvarez
2898:William C. Campbell
2809:Elizabeth Blackburn
2646:Robert F. Furchgott
2638:Stanley B. Prusiner
2630:Rolf M. Zinkernagel
2530:George H. Hitchings
2494:Joseph L. Goldstein
2454:Bengt I. Samuelsson
2283:Earl Sutherland Jr.
1461:2007SciAm.297e..50R
1448:Scientific American
1280:2010Natur.464...44C
1200:1966PNAS...55..912K
1118:1965PNAS...53..807T
1077:1965Sci...147..479B
959:1964PNAS...52.1521L
693:DeWitt Stetten, Jr.
589:composed solely of
327:subtropical climate
303:Columbia University
162:Albert Lasker Award
8106:Eugene van Tamelen
8095:Jean L. F. Tricart
8085:Jan Peter Toennies
8071:Peter C. Thonemann
8033:Heikki Suomalainen
7971:Stuart J. Saunders
7949:Stanley K. Runcorn
7945:Abraham J. A. Roux
7923:G. N. Ramachandran
7860:Jayant V. Narlikar
7855:Ilie G. Murgulescu
7845:Robert S. Mulliken
7804:William D. McElroy
7646:Guy Blaudin de Thé
7604:Christiaan Barnard
7334:Kenneth A. Johnson
7292:Richard R. Burgess
7176:Marshall Nirenberg
7164:Jack L. Strominger
6869:G. Brent Dalrymple
6687:Arthur L. Schawlow
6594:James A. Van Allen
6485:Philip W. Anderson
6441:Richard P. Feynman
6367:Linus Carl Pauling
6002:Dennis P. Sullivan
5559:John B. Goodenough
5492:Edwin N. Lightfoot
5460:Yuan-Cheng B. Fung
5441:Kenneth N. Stevens
5209:Raymond D. Mindlin
5132:Harold E. Edgerton
4977:A. Paul Alivisatos
4856:Stephen J. Lippard
4835:Ernest R. Davidson
4772:Harold S. Johnston
4606:William S. Johnson
4570:George C. Pimentel
4405:Susan L. Lindquist
4387:Francis S. Collins
4281:Victor A. McKusick
4256:Francisco J. Ayala
4238:Nancy C. Andreasen
4188:Robert A. Weinberg
3962:Har Gobind Khorana
3947:Michael E. DeBakey
3934:George Emil Palade
3906:Wendell L. Roelofs
3896:Howard L. Bachrach
3726:Barbara McClintock
3628:Edward F. Knipling
3171:Har Gobind Khorana
2958:William Kaelin Jr.
2954:Peter J. Ratcliffe
2697:Leland H. Hartwell
2586:Richard J. Roberts
2466:Barbara McClintock
2410:Godfrey Hounsfield
2311:Nikolaas Tinbergen
2243:Marshall Nirenberg
2211:Charles B. Huggins
2000:Tadeusz Reichstein
1988:AntĂłnio Egas Moniz
1783:Christiaan Eijkman
1400:on Nobelprize.org
295:Har Gobind Khorana
285:for "breaking the
279:Har Gobind Khorana
260:
252:
18:Marshall Nirenberg
8197:Jewish biologists
8144:
8143:
8121:William J. Whelan
8080:Alexander R. Todd
8075:Phillip V. Tobias
8029:Frederick Stewart
7999:Leonard T. Skeggs
7825:Desmond J. Morris
7792:Georges B. Koelle
7759:Adrian Kantrowitz
7754:Reginald V. Jones
7736:Alfred D. Hershey
7706:Kenneth O. Emergy
7652:Venancio Deulofeu
7642:Cornelis de Jager
7535:
7534:
7430:Nicole S. Sampson
7376:P. Andrew Karplus
7304:Robert T.N. Tjian
7246:Malcolm L. Gefter
7216:Herbert Weissbach
7210:Robert T. Schimke
7204:William J. Rutter
7140:Eugene P. Kennedy
7013:
7012:
7009:
7008:
7005:
7004:
6942:Esther M. Conwell
6882:Robert N. Clayton
6874:Riccardo Giacconi
6838:Raymond Davis Jr.
6726:Albert Overhauser
6669:Edwin M. McMillan
6630:Arnold O. Beckman
6607:Paul Ching-Wu Chu
6584:Paul C. Lauterbur
6561:Robert Hofstadter
6513:Maurice Goldhaber
6500:Charles H. Townes
6451:Edward M. Purcell
6418:Frederick Rossini
6272:Wolfgang Panofsky
6203:John H. Van Vleck
6119:Physical sciences
6109:
6108:
6105:
6104:
6071:Solomon W. Golomb
6031:Andrew J. Viterbi
6026:Leonard Kleinrock
5973:Calyampudi R. Rao
5941:Ronald R. Coifman
5849:George F. Carrier
5830:Donald C. Spencer
5825:Saunders Mac Lane
5760:Marshall H. Stone
5710:Shiing-Shen Chern
5617:Solomon Lefschetz
5579:
5578:
5575:
5574:
5516:David J. Wineland
5484:John M. Prausnitz
5425:C. Kumar N. Patel
5420:James L. Flanagan
5388:John Roy Whinnery
5375:H. Guyford Stever
5357:Nick Holonyak Jr.
5320:George W. Housner
5315:Willis M. Hawkins
5310:Daniel C. Drucker
5292:Robert Byron Bird
5284:Bernard M. Oliver
5191:Peter C. Goldmark
5178:Wernher von Braun
5124:George E. Mueller
5097:Nathan M. Newmark
5092:J. Presper Eckert
5071:Claude E. Shannon
5040:Charles S. Draper
4989:
4988:
4985:
4984:
4956:Judith P. Klinman
4840:Gábor A. Somorjai
4751:Isabella L. Karle
4738:George S. Hammond
4699:Gertrude B. Elion
4652:Rudolph A. Marcus
4503:
4502:
4499:
4498:
4429:Ralph L. Brinster
4348:Torsten N. Wiesel
4325:Norman E. Borlaug
4312:Solomon H. Snyder
4307:J. Michael Bishop
4266:Mario R. Capecchi
4146:Salome G. Waelsch
4077:E. Donnall Thomas
3952:Theodor O. Diener
3851:Paul Alfred Weiss
3679:Bernard B. Brodie
3615:George G. Simpson
3559:
3558:
3555:
3554:
3504:Michael I. Posner
3405:Eleanor J. Gibson
3357:George J. Stigler
3325:Neal Elgar Miller
3256:
3255:
3103:Yasunari Kawabata
3027:
3026:
2992:Ardem Patapoutian
2841:Ralph M. Steinman
2837:Jules A. Hoffmann
2825:Robert G. Edwards
2793:Harald zur Hausen
2717:H. Robert Horvitz
2618:Eric F. Wieschaus
2554:E. Donnall Thomas
2538:J. Michael Bishop
2526:Gertrude B. Elion
2398:Hamilton O. Smith
2323:Christian de Duve
2059:Frederick Robbins
1936:Alexander Fleming
1875:Corneille Heymans
1721:Frederick Banting
1626:Allvar Gullstrand
1364:. history.nih.gov
511:Lyndon B. Johnson
337:, and in 1952, a
291:protein synthesis
240:
239:
201:Scientific career
187:
159:
145:
46:Nirenberg in 2002
16:(Redirected from
8264:
8131:Rosalyn S. Yalow
8126:Karel F. Wiesner
8111:Ulf S. von Euler
8090:Andrzej Trautman
8015:Leonard Sosnowky
7985:Glenn T. Seaborg
7954:Donald H. Sadler
7909:Jens J. Pindborg
7895:Arthur B. Pardee
7890:George E. Palade
7865:Louis E. F. NĂ©el
7830:Giuseppe Moruzzi
7815:Jerrold Meinwald
7795:Walther Manshard
7764:Nathan O. Kaplan
7741:Gerhard Herzberg
7732:Carl G. Gahmberg
7698:Mohammed El Fasi
7633:William J. Darby
7624:Harold G. Callan
7562:
7555:
7548:
7539:
7514:Kenichi Yokoyama
7490:Douglas Mitchell
7454:Virginia Cornish
7442:Neil L. Kelleher
7388:Ronald T. Raines
7382:Daniel Herschlag
7328:John W. Kozarich
7280:Thomas A. Steitz
7252:Michael S. Brown
7110:Earl R. Stadtman
7040:
7033:
7026:
7017:
6825:Gilbert F. White
6770:George Wetherill
6664:Allan M. Cormack
6622:Jack Steinberger
6602:D. Allan Bromley
6551:H. Richard Crane
6528:Frederick Reines
6518:Helmut Landsberg
6433:George Uhlenbeck
6334:Vladimir Haensel
6296:Allan R. Sandage
6267:Herbert C. Brown
6249:Herbert Friedman
6175:Leon M. Lederman
6147:Julian Schwinger
6126:
6115:
6084:Alexandre Chorin
6058:Richard A. Tapia
6039:David B. Mumford
5867:Alberto CalderĂłn
5812:Joseph B. Keller
5799:Michael Freedman
5768:Herman Goldstine
5622:H. Marston Morse
5596:
5585:
5524:Rudolf E. Kálmán
5508:Robert S. Langer
5500:Jan D. Achenbach
5333:Herbert E. Grier
5084:Igor I. Sikorsky
5045:Othmar H. Ammann
5006:
4995:
4961:Jerrold Meinwald
4730:Norman Hackerman
4709:Glenn T. Seaborg
4624:William O. Baker
4552:F. Albert Cotton
4520:
4509:
4486:Mary-Claire King
4379:Bert W. O'Malley
4335:Thomas E. Starzl
4330:Phillip A. Sharp
4317:Charles Yanofsky
4299:Evelyn M. Witkin
4294:James E. Darnell
4120:Paul C. Zamecnik
4085:Mary Ellen Avery
4057:Herbert W. Boyer
4052:Baruj Benacerraf
4023:Joshua Lederberg
4013:Viktor Hamburger
3975:Michael S. Brown
3821:Robert H. Burris
3576:
3565:
3512:Mortimer Mishkin
3437:William K. Estes
3421:Roger N. Shepard
3413:Robert K. Merton
3397:George A. Miller
3344:Herbert A. Simon
3312:
3301:
3283:
3276:
3269:
3260:
3194:
3165:Robert W. Holley
3054:
3047:
3040:
3031:
3020:
3005:
2994:
2979:
2973:Michael Houghton
2960:
2950:Gregg L. Semenza
2944:
2938:James P. Allison
2932:
2930:Michael W. Young
2916:
2914:Yoshinori Ohsumi
2908:
2892:
2876:
2874:Thomas C. SĂĽdhof
2860:
2848:
2827:
2819:
2813:Carol W. Greider
2803:
2787:
2771:
2759:
2747:
2735:
2723:
2707:
2680:
2664:
2656:
2640:
2632:
2626:Peter C. Doherty
2620:
2604:
2598:Alfred G. Gilman
2592:
2580:
2568:
2556:
2544:
2542:Harold E. Varmus
2532:
2516:
2508:
2496:
2484:
2468:
2460:
2444:
2428:
2418:Baruj Benacerraf
2412:
2400:
2384:
2368:
2345:
2329:
2313:
2297:
2285:
2277:
2261:
2245:
2235:Robert W. Holley
2229:
2213:
2201:
2185:
2173:
2157:
2141:
2139:Georg von Békésy
2133:
2121:
2109:
2107:Joshua Lederberg
2093:
2085:
2079:Werner Forssmann
2069:
2061:
2045:
2033:
2025:
2006:
1990:
1978:
1970:
1968:Bernardo Houssay
1954:
1946:
1930:
1918:
1906:
1905:
1899:
1898:
1892:
1891:
1885:
1877:
1869:
1861:
1849:
1841:
1825:
1817:
1805:
1797:
1795:Karl Landsteiner
1789:
1777:
1769:
1761:
1759:Johannes Fibiger
1742:
1741:
1735:
1733:Willem Einthoven
1727:
1715:
1703:
1702:
1696:
1688:
1680:
1679:
1673:
1672:
1666:
1665:
1659:
1658:
1652:
1644:
1636:
1628:
1620:
1612:
1604:
1598:Élie Metchnikoff
1592:
1590:Alphonse Laveran
1584:
1572:
1564:
1556:
1548:
1540:
1511:
1504:
1497:
1488:
1483:
1405:
1365:
1359:
1353:
1352:
1335:
1315:
1309:
1308:
1291:
1263:
1257:
1256:
1254:
1252:
1240:
1231:
1230:
1221:
1211:
1185:
1179:
1178:
1155:
1149:
1148:
1139:
1129:
1102:
1096:
1095:
1062:
1056:
1055:
1032:
1026:
1025:
1001:Escherichia coli
996:
990:
989:
980:
970:
944:
938:
932:
926:
925:
923:
921:
907:
901:
895:
889:
888:
886:
884:
871:Fee, E. (2000).
868:
862:
859:
853:
852:
850:
849:
835:
829:
828:
822:
818:
816:
808:
806:
804:
792:
786:
785:
783:
782:
768:
762:
761:
749:
650:Matthew Meselson
600:Escherichia coli
283:Robert W. Holley
228:Doctoral advisor
195:
194:
185:
180:
173:
166:
157:
152:
143:
138:
77:
74:January 15, 2010
62:
60:
44:
30:
21:
8272:
8271:
8267:
8266:
8265:
8263:
8262:
8261:
8207:Jewish chemists
8147:
8146:
8145:
8140:
8102:Constantin Vago
8067:Harold Thompson
8042:Charles Tanford
8019:Roger W. Sperry
8011:George D. Snell
8007:George J. Smets
7995:Frederick Seitz
7990:Ernest R. Sears
7905:Jacques Piccard
7785:Seymour S. Kety
7780:Donald W. Kerst
7723:David J. Finney
7713:Hans J. Eysenck
7702:Ernest L. Eliel
7680:Francisco J. Dy
7666:Audouin Dollfus
7661:Richard S. Doll
7609:Colin Blakemore
7572:
7566:
7536:
7531:
7358:Michael H. Gelb
7298:Paul L. Mordich
7286:Daniel V. Santi
7234:Howard M. Temin
7188:Samuel B. Weiss
7170:Charles Gilvarg
7128:Merton F. Utter
7098:Arthur Kornberg
7059:
7049:
7044:
7014:
7001:
6989:Sean C. Solomon
6951:
6903:Daniel Kleppner
6895:Lonnie Thompson
6890:Ralph A. Alpher
6856:W. Jason Morgan
6843:Charles Keeling
6833:Marvin L. Cohen
6800:
6783:John N. Bahcall
6778:Don L. Anderson
6744:Peter Goldreich
6697:Steven Weinberg
6649:
6579:Walter Elsasser
6556:Herman Feshbach
6470:
6408:Samuel Goudsmit
6400:Chien-Shiung Wu
6339:Frederick Seitz
6306:John A. Wheeler
6291:Robert H. Dicke
6276:
6139:Luis W. Alvarez
6120:
6101:
6089:David Blackwell
6043:
5994:Carl R. de Boor
5965:Karen Uhlenbeck
5945:
5899:Louis Nirenberg
5834:
5807:Ralph E. Gomory
5745:
5741:Donald E. Knuth
5728:Hassler Whitney
5666:
5590:
5571:
5536:
5468:Andreas Acrivos
5445:
5433:Eli Ruckenstein
5412:Hermann A. Haus
5383:Calvin F. Quate
5370:Luna B. Leopold
5337:
5228:
5214:Robert N. Noyce
5204:Emmett N. Leith
5163:Manson Benedict
5145:Rudolf Kompfner
5109:
5063:Warren K. Lewis
5000:
4981:
4915:
4877:Peter B. Dervan
4848:John I. Brauman
4807:
4759:Norman Davidson
4686:John D. Roberts
4661:
4629:Konrad E. Bloch
4575:Richard N. Zare
4537:
4514:
4495:
4452:Sallie Chisholm
4434:Rudolf Jaenisch
4414:
4397:J. Craig Venter
4356:Rita R. Colwell
4223:
4209:David Baltimore
4100:Robert W. Kates
4072:David G. Nathan
4067:Edward B. Lewis
4037:
4033:Harland G. Wood
4028:Roger W. Sperry
3883:Glenn W. Burton
3855:
3831:Arthur Kornberg
3798:Roger Guillemin
3775:Hallowell Davis
3739:Daniel I. Arnon
3731:Albert B. Sabin
3711:
3684:Detlev W. Bronk
3656:Harry F. Harlow
3651:Kenneth S. Cole
3638:William C. Rose
3610:Francis P. Rous
3570:
3551:
3516:
3496:Gordon H. Bower
3457:
3453:Robert M. Solow
3369:
3365:Milton Friedman
3329:
3306:
3295:
3287:
3257:
3252:
3190:
3182:
3179:(United States)
3173:(United States)
3167:(United States)
3151:
3148:(United States)
3132:
3108:
3084:
3081:(Great Britain)
3065:
3058:
3028:
3023:
3008:
2997:
2982:
2977:Charles M. Rice
2969:Harvey J. Alter
2963:
2947:
2935:
2926:Michael Rosbash
2922:Jeffrey C. Hall
2919:
2911:
2895:
2886:May-Britt Moser
2879:
2863:
2858:Shinya Yamanaka
2851:
2830:
2822:
2817:Jack W. Szostak
2806:
2790:
2785:Oliver Smithies
2774:
2762:
2750:
2738:
2733:Peter Mansfield
2726:
2721:John E. Sulston
2710:
2694:
2683:
2667:
2659:
2643:
2635:
2623:
2610:Edward B. Lewis
2607:
2595:
2583:
2571:
2559:
2547:
2535:
2519:
2514:Susumu Tonegawa
2511:
2499:
2487:
2471:
2463:
2447:
2431:
2415:
2403:
2387:
2374:Roger Guillemin
2371:
2366:Daniel Gajdusek
2362:Baruch Blumberg
2359:
2348:
2339:Renato Dulbecco
2335:David Baltimore
2332:
2316:
2303:Karl von Frisch
2300:
2288:
2280:
2264:
2248:
2232:
2223:Haldan Hartline
2216:
2204:
2188:
2176:
2160:
2155:Maurice Wilkins
2144:
2136:
2124:
2119:Arthur Kornberg
2112:
2096:
2088:
2072:
2064:
2048:
2036:
2028:
2020:
2009:
1993:
1981:
1973:
1957:
1949:
1933:
1924:Joseph Erlanger
1921:
1909:
1903:
1902:
1896:
1895:
1889:
1888:
1880:
1872:
1864:
1852:
1844:
1828:
1820:
1808:
1800:
1792:
1780:
1775:Charles Nicolle
1772:
1764:
1756:
1745:
1739:
1738:
1730:
1718:
1706:
1700:
1699:
1691:
1683:
1677:
1676:
1670:
1669:
1663:
1662:
1656:
1655:
1647:
1639:
1631:
1623:
1618:Albrecht Kossel
1615:
1607:
1595:
1587:
1575:
1567:
1559:
1551:
1543:
1535:
1524:
1515:
1441:
1394:
1392:Further reading
1373:
1368:
1360:
1356:
1317:
1316:
1312:
1289:10.1038/464044a
1265:
1264:
1260:
1250:
1248:
1242:
1241:
1234:
1187:
1186:
1182:
1157:
1156:
1152:
1104:
1103:
1099:
1064:
1063:
1059:
1034:
1033:
1029:
998:
997:
993:
946:
945:
941:
933:
929:
919:
917:
909:
908:
904:
896:
892:
882:
880:
870:
869:
865:
860:
856:
847:
845:
837:
836:
832:
819:
809:
802:
800:
794:
793:
789:
780:
778:
770:
769:
765:
751:
750:
743:
739:
712:
573:, or what role
547:
471:, Professor of
449:Perola Zaltzman
362:Master's thesis
339:master's degree
319:rheumatic fever
311:
192:
188:
181:
178:
174:
171:
167:
164:
160:
153:
150:
146:
139:
136:
132:
123:
103:
87:Alma mater
82:
79:
75:
66:
63:
58:
56:
47:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8270:
8268:
8260:
8259:
8254:
8249:
8244:
8239:
8234:
8229:
8224:
8219:
8214:
8209:
8204:
8199:
8194:
8189:
8184:
8179:
8174:
8169:
8164:
8159:
8149:
8148:
8142:
8141:
8139:
8138:
8133:
8128:
8123:
8118:
8113:
8108:
8103:
8100:
8097:
8092:
8087:
8082:
8077:
8072:
8069:
8064:
8059:
8054:
8052:John M. Tedder
8049:
8044:
8039:
8034:
8031:
8026:
8021:
8016:
8013:
8008:
8005:
8000:
7997:
7992:
7987:
7982:
7977:
7972:
7969:
7964:
7963:Nobufusa Saito
7961:
7956:
7951:
7946:
7943:
7940:
7935:
7930:
7928:Gunnar Randers
7925:
7920:
7915:
7910:
7907:
7902:
7900:David Phillips
7897:
7892:
7887:
7882:
7877:
7872:
7867:
7862:
7857:
7852:
7850:Walter H. Munk
7847:
7842:
7837:
7835:Nevill F. Mott
7832:
7827:
7822:
7820:Harry Melville
7817:
7812:
7811:John McMichael
7809:
7808:Henry McIlwain
7806:
7801:
7796:
7793:
7790:
7789:Prem N. Kirpal
7787:
7782:
7777:
7774:
7769:
7766:
7761:
7756:
7751:
7748:
7746:David H. Hubel
7743:
7738:
7733:
7730:
7725:
7720:
7718:Don W. Fawcett
7715:
7710:
7707:
7704:
7699:
7696:
7691:
7686:
7684:John C. Eccles
7681:
7678:
7676:Gerald Durrell
7673:
7668:
7663:
7658:
7656:Frank J. Dixon
7653:
7650:
7647:
7644:
7639:
7634:
7631:
7626:
7621:
7619:Norman Borlaug
7616:
7611:
7606:
7601:
7596:
7595:M. Balasegaram
7593:
7591:James Baddiley
7588:
7583:
7577:
7574:
7573:
7567:
7565:
7564:
7557:
7550:
7542:
7533:
7532:
7530:
7529:
7523:
7517:
7511:
7505:
7499:
7496:Michelle Chang
7493:
7487:
7481:
7475:
7469:
7466:Sarah O'Connor
7463:
7460:Vahe Bandarian
7457:
7451:
7445:
7439:
7433:
7427:
7421:
7415:
7409:
7403:
7397:
7391:
7385:
7379:
7373:
7367:
7364:Donald Hilvert
7361:
7355:
7349:
7343:
7340:James A. Wells
7337:
7331:
7325:
7322:Gregory Petsko
7319:
7313:
7307:
7301:
7295:
7289:
7283:
7277:
7271:
7265:
7259:
7249:
7243:
7237:
7231:
7225:
7219:
7213:
7207:
7201:
7198:Salih J. Wakil
7194:P. Roy Vagelos
7191:
7185:
7179:
7173:
7167:
7161:
7155:
7149:
7143:
7137:
7131:
7125:
7119:
7113:
7107:
7101:
7095:
7092:Britton Chance
7089:
7086:Henry A. Lardy
7083:
7077:
7071:
7068:David E. Green
7064:
7061:
7060:
7054:
7051:
7050:
7045:
7043:
7042:
7035:
7028:
7020:
7011:
7010:
7007:
7006:
7003:
7002:
7000:
6999:
6994:
6991:
6986:
6984:Burton Richter
6981:
6978:
6973:
6968:
6963:
6959:
6957:
6953:
6952:
6950:
6949:
6944:
6939:
6937:Yakir Aharonov
6934:
6931:
6926:
6921:
6918:
6913:
6908:
6905:
6900:
6897:
6892:
6887:
6884:
6879:
6876:
6871:
6866:
6863:
6858:
6853:
6851:Richard Garwin
6848:
6845:
6840:
6835:
6830:
6827:
6822:
6817:
6815:Willis E. Lamb
6812:
6808:
6806:
6802:
6801:
6799:
6798:
6793:
6788:
6785:
6780:
6775:
6772:
6767:
6762:
6757:
6754:
6749:
6746:
6741:
6736:
6733:
6728:
6723:
6720:
6715:
6710:
6707:
6702:
6699:
6694:
6689:
6684:
6681:
6676:
6671:
6666:
6661:
6657:
6655:
6651:
6650:
6648:
6647:
6642:
6637:
6632:
6627:
6624:
6619:
6614:
6609:
6604:
6599:
6596:
6591:
6586:
6581:
6576:
6574:Philip Abelson
6571:
6568:
6566:Chen-Ning Yang
6563:
6558:
6553:
6548:
6543:
6540:
6535:
6533:Bruno B. Rossi
6530:
6525:
6520:
6515:
6510:
6505:
6502:
6497:
6492:
6490:Yoichiro Nambu
6487:
6482:
6478:
6476:
6472:
6471:
6469:
6468:
6463:
6458:
6453:
6448:
6443:
6438:
6435:
6430:
6425:
6420:
6415:
6410:
6405:
6402:
6397:
6392:
6387:
6382:
6377:
6374:
6369:
6364:
6359:
6354:
6349:
6346:
6341:
6336:
6331:
6326:
6321:
6316:
6313:
6308:
6303:
6301:John C. Slater
6298:
6293:
6288:
6284:
6282:
6278:
6277:
6275:
6274:
6269:
6264:
6261:
6256:
6251:
6246:
6241:
6238:
6233:
6228:
6223:
6218:
6213:
6210:
6205:
6200:
6195:
6190:
6188:Jacob Bjerknes
6185:
6182:
6177:
6172:
6167:
6162:
6159:
6154:
6149:
6144:
6141:
6136:
6132:
6130:
6122:
6121:
6118:
6111:
6110:
6107:
6106:
6103:
6102:
6100:
6099:
6094:
6091:
6086:
6081:
6078:
6073:
6068:
6065:
6060:
6055:
6051:
6049:
6045:
6044:
6042:
6041:
6036:
6033:
6028:
6023:
6020:
6015:
6012:
6007:
6004:
5999:
5996:
5991:
5988:
5986:James G. Glimm
5983:
5980:
5978:Elias M. Stein
5975:
5970:
5967:
5962:
5957:
5953:
5951:
5947:
5946:
5944:
5943:
5938:
5933:
5930:
5925:
5922:
5920:Shing-Tung Yau
5917:
5914:
5909:
5904:
5901:
5896:
5893:
5888:
5885:
5880:
5877:
5872:
5869:
5864:
5861:
5856:
5851:
5846:
5842:
5840:
5836:
5835:
5833:
5832:
5827:
5822:
5817:
5814:
5809:
5804:
5801:
5796:
5791:
5788:
5786:Antoni Zygmund
5783:
5778:
5775:
5773:Isadore Singer
5770:
5765:
5762:
5757:
5753:
5751:
5747:
5746:
5744:
5743:
5738:
5736:Joseph L. Doob
5733:
5730:
5725:
5720:
5717:
5715:George Dantzig
5712:
5707:
5705:John W. Backus
5702:
5699:
5694:
5691:
5686:
5683:
5681:Richard Brauer
5678:
5674:
5672:
5668:
5667:
5665:
5664:
5662:William Feller
5659:
5656:
5651:
5648:
5643:
5640:
5635:
5632:
5627:
5624:
5619:
5614:
5611:
5609:Norbert Wiener
5606:
5602:
5600:
5592:
5591:
5588:
5581:
5580:
5577:
5576:
5573:
5572:
5570:
5569:
5567:Thomas Kailath
5564:
5561:
5556:
5553:
5548:
5544:
5542:
5538:
5537:
5535:
5534:
5529:
5526:
5521:
5518:
5513:
5510:
5505:
5502:
5497:
5494:
5489:
5486:
5481:
5478:
5473:
5470:
5465:
5462:
5457:
5453:
5451:
5447:
5446:
5444:
5443:
5438:
5435:
5430:
5427:
5422:
5417:
5414:
5409:
5406:
5401:
5398:
5393:
5390:
5385:
5380:
5377:
5372:
5367:
5362:
5359:
5354:
5349:
5345:
5343:
5339:
5338:
5336:
5335:
5330:
5325:
5322:
5317:
5312:
5307:
5304:
5299:
5297:H. Bolton Seed
5294:
5289:
5286:
5281:
5276:
5271:
5268:
5263:
5258:
5253:
5250:
5248:Donald L. Katz
5245:
5240:
5236:
5234:
5230:
5229:
5227:
5226:
5221:
5219:Earl R. Parker
5216:
5211:
5206:
5201:
5198:
5193:
5188:
5183:
5180:
5175:
5170:
5165:
5160:
5157:
5152:
5147:
5142:
5139:
5134:
5129:
5126:
5121:
5117:
5115:
5111:
5110:
5108:
5107:
5102:
5099:
5094:
5089:
5086:
5081:
5076:
5073:
5068:
5065:
5060:
5055:
5053:Hugh L. Dryden
5050:
5047:
5042:
5037:
5034:
5029:
5024:
5021:
5016:
5012:
5010:
5002:
5001:
4998:
4991:
4990:
4987:
4986:
4983:
4982:
4980:
4979:
4974:
4971:
4966:
4963:
4958:
4953:
4950:
4945:
4940:
4937:
4935:Peter J. Stang
4932:
4927:
4923:
4921:
4917:
4916:
4914:
4913:
4911:Marye Anne Fox
4908:
4903:
4900:
4895:
4890:
4887:
4882:
4879:
4874:
4869:
4866:
4864:Tobin J. Marks
4861:
4858:
4853:
4850:
4845:
4842:
4837:
4832:
4829:
4824:
4819:
4815:
4813:
4809:
4808:
4806:
4805:
4800:
4795:
4793:Stuart A. Rice
4790:
4787:
4782:
4777:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4761:
4756:
4753:
4748:
4743:
4740:
4735:
4732:
4727:
4725:Donald J. Cram
4722:
4719:
4714:
4711:
4706:
4701:
4696:
4694:Ronald Breslow
4691:
4688:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4669:
4667:
4663:
4662:
4660:
4659:
4654:
4649:
4644:
4639:
4636:
4634:Elias J. Corey
4631:
4626:
4621:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4600:
4595:
4593:Carl S. Marvel
4590:
4585:
4580:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4565:Roald Hoffmann
4562:
4559:
4554:
4549:
4545:
4543:
4539:
4538:
4536:
4535:
4530:
4526:
4524:
4516:
4515:
4512:
4505:
4504:
4501:
4500:
4497:
4496:
4494:
4493:
4488:
4483:
4481:Stanley Falkow
4478:
4475:
4473:Rakesh K. Jain
4470:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4454:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4422:
4420:
4416:
4415:
4413:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4353:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4319:
4314:
4309:
4304:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4276:Gene E. Likens
4273:
4268:
4263:
4261:George F. Bass
4258:
4253:
4250:
4245:
4243:Peter H. Raven
4240:
4235:
4231:
4229:
4225:
4224:
4222:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4206:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4177:
4172:
4169:
4167:Alexander Rich
4164:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4148:
4143:
4141:Daniel Nathans
4138:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4122:
4117:
4115:Folke K. Skoog
4112:
4107:
4105:Salvador Luria
4102:
4097:
4095:Elvin A. Kabat
4092:
4087:
4082:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4045:
4043:
4039:
4038:
4036:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4008:Katherine Esau
4005:
4002:
3997:
3995:Eric R. Kandel
3992:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3941:
3939:Joan A. Steitz
3936:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3913:
3911:Berta Scharrer
3908:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3878:Seymour Benzer
3875:
3872:
3870:Philip Handler
3867:
3863:
3861:
3857:
3856:
3854:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3757:Erwin Chargaff
3754:
3752:Britton Chance
3749:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3719:
3717:
3713:
3712:
3710:
3709:
3704:
3702:Robert Huebner
3699:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3591:
3589:C. B. van Niel
3586:
3582:
3580:
3572:
3571:
3568:
3561:
3560:
3557:
3556:
3553:
3552:
3550:
3549:
3547:Albert Bandura
3544:
3541:
3539:Robert Axelrod
3536:
3533:
3528:
3524:
3522:
3518:
3517:
3515:
3514:
3509:
3506:
3501:
3498:
3493:
3490:
3485:
3482:
3480:R. Duncan Luce
3477:
3474:
3469:
3465:
3463:
3459:
3458:
3456:
3455:
3450:
3447:
3442:
3439:
3434:
3431:
3429:Paul Samuelson
3426:
3423:
3418:
3415:
3410:
3407:
3402:
3399:
3394:
3391:
3389:Patrick Suppes
3386:
3384:Leonid Hurwicz
3381:
3377:
3375:
3371:
3370:
3368:
3367:
3362:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3346:
3341:
3337:
3335:
3331:
3330:
3328:
3327:
3322:
3318:
3316:
3308:
3307:
3304:
3297:
3296:
3288:
3286:
3285:
3278:
3271:
3263:
3254:
3253:
3251:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3187:
3184:
3183:
3181:
3180:
3174:
3168:
3161:
3159:
3153:
3152:
3150:
3149:
3142:
3140:
3134:
3133:
3131:
3130:
3123:
3121:
3110:
3109:
3107:
3106:
3099:
3097:
3086:
3085:
3083:
3082:
3075:
3073:
3067:
3066:
3059:
3057:
3056:
3049:
3042:
3034:
3025:
3024:
3022:
3021:
3014:Katalin KarikĂł
3006:
2995:
2980:
2961:
2945:
2933:
2917:
2909:
2893:
2877:
2870:Randy Schekman
2861:
2849:
2828:
2820:
2804:
2797:Luc Montagnier
2788:
2777:Mario Capecchi
2772:
2760:
2753:Barry Marshall
2748:
2736:
2729:Paul Lauterbur
2724:
2713:Sydney Brenner
2708:
2691:
2689:
2685:
2684:
2682:
2681:
2674:Paul Greengard
2670:Arvid Carlsson
2665:
2657:
2641:
2633:
2621:
2605:
2602:Martin Rodbell
2593:
2581:
2578:Edwin G. Krebs
2574:Edmond Fischer
2569:
2557:
2545:
2533:
2522:James W. Black
2517:
2509:
2497:
2485:
2482:CĂ©sar Milstein
2478:Georges Köhler
2469:
2461:
2450:Sune Bergström
2445:
2442:Torsten Wiesel
2438:David H. Hubel
2429:
2413:
2401:
2394:Daniel Nathans
2385:
2378:Andrew Schally
2369:
2356:
2354:
2350:
2349:
2347:
2346:
2330:
2314:
2298:
2291:Gerald Edelman
2286:
2278:
2275:Julius Axelrod
2262:
2259:Salvador Luria
2255:Alfred Hershey
2246:
2230:
2214:
2202:
2191:François Jacob
2186:
2174:
2158:
2142:
2134:
2122:
2110:
2094:
2086:
2075:André Cournand
2070:
2062:
2046:
2034:
2031:Selman Waksman
2026:
2017:
2015:
2011:
2010:
2008:
2007:
1996:Edward Kendall
1991:
1979:
1971:
1955:
1952:Hermann Muller
1947:
1931:
1928:Herbert Gasser
1919:
1907:
1900:
1893:
1886:
1883:Gerhard Domagk
1878:
1870:
1862:
1850:
1842:
1839:William Murphy
1831:George Whipple
1826:
1818:
1806:
1798:
1790:
1778:
1770:
1762:
1753:
1751:
1747:
1746:
1744:
1743:
1736:
1728:
1716:
1709:Archibald Hill
1704:
1697:
1689:
1681:
1674:
1667:
1660:
1653:
1645:
1642:Charles Richet
1637:
1629:
1621:
1613:
1605:
1593:
1585:
1573:
1565:
1557:
1549:
1541:
1532:
1530:
1526:
1525:
1516:
1514:
1513:
1506:
1499:
1491:
1485:
1484:
1439:
1434:
1424:
1418:
1412:
1406:
1393:
1390:
1389:
1388:
1381:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1366:
1354:
1310:
1258:
1232:
1180:
1150:
1097:
1057:
1027:
991:
939:
927:
902:
890:
863:
854:
830:
821:|website=
787:
763:
740:
738:
735:
734:
733:
728:
723:
718:
711:
708:
546:
543:
465:Myrna Weissman
310:
307:
273:. He shared a
238:
237:
234:
233:
230:
224:
223:
218:
214:
213:
208:
204:
203:
197:
196:
176:Franklin Medal
130:
126:
125:
120:
116:
115:
109:
108:Known for
105:
104:
102:
101:
96:
90:
88:
84:
83:
80:
78:(aged 82)
72:
68:
67:
64:
53:
49:
48:
45:
37:
36:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8269:
8258:
8255:
8253:
8250:
8248:
8245:
8243:
8240:
8238:
8235:
8233:
8230:
8228:
8225:
8223:
8220:
8218:
8215:
8213:
8210:
8208:
8205:
8203:
8200:
8198:
8195:
8193:
8190:
8188:
8185:
8183:
8180:
8178:
8175:
8173:
8170:
8168:
8165:
8163:
8160:
8158:
8155:
8154:
8152:
8137:
8136:John Z. Young
8134:
8132:
8129:
8127:
8124:
8122:
8119:
8117:
8114:
8112:
8109:
8107:
8104:
8101:
8098:
8096:
8093:
8091:
8088:
8086:
8083:
8081:
8078:
8076:
8073:
8070:
8068:
8065:
8063:
8060:
8058:
8057:Edward Teller
8055:
8053:
8050:
8048:
8045:
8043:
8040:
8038:
8035:
8032:
8030:
8027:
8025:
8024:Lyman Spitzer
8022:
8020:
8017:
8014:
8012:
8009:
8006:
8004:
8003:Stefan Ĺšlopek
8001:
7998:
7996:
7993:
7991:
7988:
7986:
7983:
7981:
7978:
7976:
7973:
7970:
7968:
7965:
7962:
7960:
7957:
7955:
7952:
7950:
7947:
7944:
7941:
7939:
7936:
7934:
7931:
7929:
7926:
7924:
7921:
7919:
7916:
7914:
7911:
7908:
7906:
7903:
7901:
7898:
7896:
7893:
7891:
7888:
7886:
7883:
7881:
7878:
7876:
7873:
7871:
7870:Yuval Ne'eman
7868:
7866:
7863:
7861:
7858:
7856:
7853:
7851:
7848:
7846:
7843:
7841:
7838:
7836:
7833:
7831:
7828:
7826:
7823:
7821:
7818:
7816:
7813:
7810:
7807:
7805:
7802:
7800:
7799:Georges Mathé
7797:
7794:
7791:
7788:
7786:
7783:
7781:
7778:
7776:Peter E. Kent
7775:
7773:
7770:
7768:Leo A. Kaprio
7767:
7765:
7762:
7760:
7757:
7755:
7752:
7750:Osmo H. Järvi
7749:
7747:
7744:
7742:
7739:
7737:
7734:
7731:
7729:
7726:
7724:
7721:
7719:
7716:
7714:
7711:
7708:
7705:
7703:
7700:
7697:
7695:
7694:Manfred Eigen
7692:
7690:
7687:
7685:
7682:
7679:
7677:
7674:
7672:
7669:
7667:
7664:
7662:
7659:
7657:
7654:
7651:
7648:
7645:
7643:
7640:
7638:
7635:
7632:
7630:
7627:
7625:
7622:
7620:
7617:
7615:
7612:
7610:
7607:
7605:
7602:
7600:
7599:Frank Barnaby
7597:
7594:
7592:
7589:
7587:
7584:
7582:
7579:
7578:
7575:
7571:
7563:
7558:
7556:
7551:
7549:
7544:
7543:
7540:
7527:
7524:
7521:
7518:
7515:
7512:
7509:
7506:
7503:
7502:Emily Balskus
7500:
7497:
7494:
7491:
7488:
7485:
7482:
7479:
7476:
7473:
7470:
7467:
7464:
7461:
7458:
7455:
7452:
7449:
7448:Carsten Krebs
7446:
7443:
7440:
7437:
7434:
7431:
7428:
7425:
7422:
7419:
7418:Dorothee Kern
7416:
7413:
7410:
7407:
7406:Ruma Banerjee
7404:
7401:
7398:
7395:
7392:
7389:
7386:
7383:
7380:
7377:
7374:
7371:
7368:
7365:
7362:
7359:
7356:
7353:
7350:
7347:
7344:
7341:
7338:
7335:
7332:
7329:
7326:
7323:
7320:
7317:
7316:JoAnne Stubbe
7314:
7311:
7308:
7305:
7302:
7299:
7296:
7293:
7290:
7287:
7284:
7281:
7278:
7275:
7272:
7269:
7268:Paul Schimmel
7266:
7263:
7260:
7257:
7253:
7250:
7247:
7244:
7241:
7238:
7235:
7232:
7229:
7226:
7223:
7220:
7217:
7214:
7211:
7208:
7205:
7202:
7199:
7195:
7192:
7189:
7186:
7183:
7180:
7177:
7174:
7171:
7168:
7165:
7162:
7159:
7156:
7153:
7152:Arthur Pardee
7150:
7147:
7146:Minor J. Coon
7144:
7141:
7138:
7135:
7132:
7129:
7126:
7123:
7122:Paul D. Boyer
7120:
7117:
7116:Alton Meister
7114:
7111:
7108:
7105:
7102:
7099:
7096:
7093:
7090:
7087:
7084:
7081:
7078:
7075:
7074:Van R. Potter
7072:
7069:
7066:
7065:
7062:
7058:
7055:Formerly the
7052:
7048:
7041:
7036:
7034:
7029:
7027:
7022:
7021:
7018:
6998:
6995:
6992:
6990:
6987:
6985:
6982:
6979:
6977:
6974:
6972:
6969:
6967:
6964:
6961:
6960:
6958:
6954:
6948:
6945:
6943:
6940:
6938:
6935:
6932:
6930:
6929:James E. Gunn
6927:
6925:
6922:
6919:
6917:
6914:
6912:
6909:
6906:
6904:
6901:
6898:
6896:
6893:
6891:
6888:
6885:
6883:
6880:
6877:
6875:
6872:
6870:
6867:
6864:
6862:
6861:Edward Witten
6859:
6857:
6854:
6852:
6849:
6846:
6844:
6841:
6839:
6836:
6834:
6831:
6828:
6826:
6823:
6821:
6818:
6816:
6813:
6810:
6809:
6807:
6803:
6797:
6794:
6792:
6789:
6786:
6784:
6781:
6779:
6776:
6773:
6771:
6768:
6766:
6763:
6761:
6758:
6755:
6753:
6750:
6747:
6745:
6742:
6740:
6737:
6734:
6732:
6729:
6727:
6724:
6721:
6719:
6716:
6714:
6711:
6708:
6706:
6703:
6700:
6698:
6695:
6693:
6690:
6688:
6685:
6682:
6680:
6679:Roger Revelle
6677:
6675:
6672:
6670:
6667:
6665:
6662:
6659:
6658:
6656:
6652:
6646:
6645:Henry Stommel
6643:
6641:
6638:
6636:
6635:Eugene Parker
6633:
6631:
6628:
6625:
6623:
6620:
6618:
6615:
6613:
6610:
6608:
6605:
6603:
6600:
6597:
6595:
6592:
6590:
6587:
6585:
6582:
6580:
6577:
6575:
6572:
6569:
6567:
6564:
6562:
6559:
6557:
6554:
6552:
6549:
6547:
6544:
6541:
6539:
6536:
6534:
6531:
6529:
6526:
6524:
6521:
6519:
6516:
6514:
6511:
6509:
6506:
6503:
6501:
6498:
6496:
6495:Edward Teller
6493:
6491:
6488:
6486:
6483:
6480:
6479:
6477:
6473:
6467:
6464:
6462:
6461:Lyman Spitzer
6459:
6457:
6454:
6452:
6449:
6447:
6444:
6442:
6439:
6436:
6434:
6431:
6429:
6426:
6424:
6421:
6419:
6416:
6414:
6411:
6409:
6406:
6403:
6401:
6398:
6396:
6393:
6391:
6388:
6386:
6383:
6381:
6380:Hans A. Bethe
6378:
6375:
6373:
6370:
6368:
6365:
6363:
6360:
6358:
6355:
6353:
6350:
6347:
6345:
6342:
6340:
6337:
6335:
6332:
6330:
6327:
6325:
6324:Maurice Ewing
6322:
6320:
6319:Carl Djerassi
6317:
6314:
6312:
6311:Saul Winstein
6309:
6307:
6304:
6302:
6299:
6297:
6294:
6292:
6289:
6286:
6285:
6283:
6279:
6273:
6270:
6268:
6265:
6262:
6260:
6259:Eugene Wigner
6257:
6255:
6252:
6250:
6247:
6245:
6244:Paul Bartlett
6242:
6239:
6237:
6234:
6232:
6231:Louis Hammett
6229:
6227:
6226:Gregory Breit
6224:
6222:
6221:Francis Birch
6219:
6217:
6214:
6211:
6209:
6206:
6204:
6201:
6199:
6196:
6194:
6191:
6189:
6186:
6183:
6181:
6180:William Rubey
6178:
6176:
6173:
6171:
6168:
6166:
6163:
6160:
6158:
6155:
6153:
6150:
6148:
6145:
6142:
6140:
6137:
6134:
6133:
6131:
6127:
6123:
6116:
6112:
6098:
6097:Michael Artin
6095:
6092:
6090:
6087:
6085:
6082:
6079:
6077:
6074:
6072:
6069:
6066:
6064:
6061:
6059:
6056:
6053:
6052:
6050:
6046:
6040:
6037:
6034:
6032:
6029:
6027:
6024:
6021:
6019:
6016:
6013:
6011:
6010:Bradley Efron
6008:
6005:
6003:
6000:
5997:
5995:
5992:
5989:
5987:
5984:
5981:
5979:
5976:
5974:
5971:
5968:
5966:
5963:
5961:
5958:
5955:
5954:
5952:
5948:
5942:
5939:
5937:
5936:Felix Browder
5934:
5931:
5929:
5926:
5923:
5921:
5918:
5915:
5913:
5912:Stephen Smale
5910:
5908:
5905:
5902:
5900:
5897:
5894:
5892:
5889:
5886:
5884:
5881:
5878:
5876:
5873:
5870:
5868:
5865:
5862:
5860:
5859:John McCarthy
5857:
5855:
5852:
5850:
5847:
5844:
5843:
5841:
5837:
5831:
5828:
5826:
5823:
5821:
5820:Samuel Karlin
5818:
5815:
5813:
5810:
5808:
5805:
5802:
5800:
5797:
5795:
5792:
5789:
5787:
5784:
5782:
5779:
5776:
5774:
5771:
5769:
5766:
5763:
5761:
5758:
5755:
5754:
5752:
5748:
5742:
5739:
5737:
5734:
5731:
5729:
5726:
5724:
5721:
5718:
5716:
5713:
5711:
5708:
5706:
5703:
5700:
5698:
5695:
5692:
5690:
5687:
5684:
5682:
5679:
5676:
5675:
5673:
5669:
5663:
5660:
5657:
5655:
5652:
5649:
5647:
5644:
5641:
5639:
5636:
5633:
5631:
5630:Oscar Zariski
5628:
5625:
5623:
5620:
5618:
5615:
5612:
5610:
5607:
5604:
5603:
5601:
5597:
5593:
5586:
5582:
5568:
5565:
5562:
5560:
5557:
5554:
5552:
5549:
5546:
5545:
5543:
5539:
5533:
5530:
5527:
5525:
5522:
5519:
5517:
5514:
5511:
5509:
5506:
5503:
5501:
5498:
5495:
5493:
5490:
5487:
5485:
5482:
5479:
5477:
5474:
5471:
5469:
5466:
5463:
5461:
5458:
5455:
5454:
5452:
5448:
5442:
5439:
5436:
5434:
5431:
5428:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5418:
5415:
5413:
5410:
5407:
5405:
5404:Ray W. Clough
5402:
5399:
5397:
5396:Alfred Y. Cho
5394:
5391:
5389:
5386:
5384:
5381:
5378:
5376:
5373:
5371:
5368:
5366:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5350:
5347:
5346:
5344:
5340:
5334:
5331:
5329:
5326:
5323:
5321:
5318:
5316:
5313:
5311:
5308:
5305:
5303:
5300:
5298:
5295:
5293:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5269:
5267:
5266:John G. Trump
5264:
5262:
5259:
5257:
5254:
5251:
5249:
5246:
5244:
5241:
5238:
5237:
5235:
5231:
5225:
5222:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5207:
5205:
5202:
5199:
5197:
5194:
5192:
5189:
5187:
5184:
5181:
5179:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5158:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5143:
5140:
5138:
5135:
5133:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5122:
5119:
5118:
5116:
5112:
5106:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5082:
5080:
5079:Edwin H. Land
5077:
5074:
5072:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5043:
5041:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5027:Vannevar Bush
5025:
5022:
5020:
5017:
5014:
5013:
5011:
5007:
5003:
4996:
4992:
4978:
4975:
4972:
4970:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4943:Allen J. Bard
4941:
4938:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4925:
4924:
4922:
4918:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4898:JoAnne Stubbe
4896:
4894:
4893:Joanna Fowler
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4817:
4816:
4814:
4810:
4804:
4803:Susan Solomon
4801:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4671:
4670:
4668:
4664:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4647:Melvin Calvin
4645:
4643:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4632:
4630:
4627:
4625:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4588:Yuan Tseh Lee
4586:
4584:
4583:Harry B. Gray
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4557:Gilbert Stork
4555:
4553:
4550:
4547:
4546:
4544:
4540:
4534:
4531:
4528:
4527:
4525:
4521:
4517:
4510:
4506:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4465:Bruce Alberts
4463:
4461:
4460:May Berenbaum
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4424:
4423:
4421:
4417:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4366:Lubert Stryer
4364:
4362:
4361:Nina Fedoroff
4359:
4357:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4343:Anthony Fauci
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4286:Harold Varmus
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4233:
4232:
4230:
4226:
4220:
4219:Lynn Margulis
4217:
4215:
4214:Jared Diamond
4212:
4210:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4154:Thomas Eisner
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4128:Maxine Singer
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4110:Paul A. Marks
4108:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4047:
4046:
4044:
4040:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3919:Stanley Cohen
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3865:
3864:
3862:
3858:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3808:Efraim Racker
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3762:James V. Neel
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3721:
3720:
3718:
3714:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3674:Horace Barker
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3643:Sewall Wright
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3584:
3583:
3581:
3577:
3573:
3566:
3562:
3548:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3531:Anne Treisman
3529:
3526:
3525:
3523:
3519:
3513:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3488:Kenneth Arrow
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3467:
3466:
3464:
3460:
3454:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3379:
3378:
3376:
3372:
3366:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3352:Anne Anastasi
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3339:
3338:
3336:
3332:
3326:
3323:
3320:
3319:
3317:
3313:
3309:
3302:
3298:
3294:
3291:
3284:
3279:
3277:
3272:
3270:
3265:
3264:
3261:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3193:
3189:
3188:
3185:
3178:
3175:
3172:
3169:
3166:
3163:
3162:
3160:
3158:
3154:
3147:
3144:
3143:
3141:
3139:
3135:
3128:
3125:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3104:
3101:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3080:
3077:
3076:
3074:
3072:
3068:
3063:
3055:
3050:
3048:
3043:
3041:
3036:
3035:
3032:
3019:
3018:Drew Weissman
3015:
3011:
3007:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2946:
2943:
2939:
2934:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2918:
2915:
2910:
2907:
2903:
2902:Satoshi ĹŚmura
2899:
2894:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2878:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2866:James Rothman
2862:
2859:
2855:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2833:Bruce Beutler
2829:
2826:
2821:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2805:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2789:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2773:
2770:
2766:
2761:
2758:
2754:
2749:
2746:
2745:Linda B. Buck
2742:
2737:
2734:
2730:
2725:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2709:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2693:
2692:
2690:
2686:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2666:
2663:
2662:GĂĽnter Blobel
2658:
2655:
2651:
2650:Louis Ignarro
2647:
2642:
2639:
2634:
2631:
2627:
2622:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2606:
2603:
2599:
2594:
2591:
2590:Phillip Sharp
2587:
2582:
2579:
2575:
2570:
2567:
2563:
2558:
2555:
2551:
2550:Joseph Murray
2546:
2543:
2539:
2534:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2518:
2515:
2510:
2507:
2503:
2502:Stanley Cohen
2498:
2495:
2491:
2490:Michael Brown
2486:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2470:
2467:
2462:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2446:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2430:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2414:
2411:
2407:
2406:Allan Cormack
2402:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2386:
2383:
2382:Rosalyn Yalow
2379:
2375:
2370:
2367:
2363:
2358:
2357:
2355:
2351:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2331:
2328:
2327:George Palade
2324:
2320:
2319:Albert Claude
2315:
2312:
2308:
2307:Konrad Lorenz
2304:
2299:
2296:
2295:Rodney Porter
2292:
2287:
2284:
2279:
2276:
2272:
2271:Ulf von Euler
2268:
2263:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2247:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2231:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2219:Ragnar Granit
2215:
2212:
2208:
2203:
2200:
2199:Jacques Monod
2196:
2192:
2187:
2184:
2180:
2175:
2172:
2171:Andrew Huxley
2168:
2164:
2159:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2147:Francis Crick
2143:
2140:
2135:
2132:
2131:Peter Medawar
2128:
2123:
2120:
2116:
2111:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2099:George Beadle
2095:
2092:
2087:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2071:
2068:
2067:Hugo Theorell
2063:
2060:
2056:
2055:Thomas Weller
2052:
2047:
2044:
2043:Fritz Lipmann
2040:
2035:
2032:
2027:
2024:
2019:
2018:
2016:
2012:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1992:
1989:
1985:
1980:
1977:
1972:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1956:
1953:
1948:
1945:
1944:Howard Florey
1941:
1937:
1932:
1929:
1925:
1920:
1917:
1913:
1908:
1901:
1894:
1887:
1884:
1879:
1876:
1871:
1868:
1863:
1860:
1856:
1851:
1848:
1843:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1827:
1824:
1823:Thomas Morgan
1819:
1816:
1812:
1807:
1804:
1799:
1796:
1791:
1788:
1784:
1779:
1776:
1771:
1768:
1763:
1760:
1755:
1754:
1752:
1748:
1737:
1734:
1729:
1726:
1722:
1717:
1714:
1713:Otto Meyerhof
1710:
1705:
1698:
1695:
1690:
1687:
1682:
1675:
1668:
1661:
1654:
1651:
1650:Róbert Bárány
1646:
1643:
1638:
1635:
1634:Alexis Carrel
1630:
1627:
1622:
1619:
1614:
1611:
1606:
1603:
1599:
1594:
1591:
1586:
1583:
1579:
1578:Camillo Golgi
1574:
1571:
1566:
1563:
1558:
1555:
1550:
1547:
1542:
1539:
1534:
1533:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1512:
1507:
1505:
1500:
1498:
1493:
1492:
1489:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1449:
1444:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1432:
1428:
1425:
1422:
1419:
1416:
1413:
1410:
1407:
1404:
1399:
1396:
1395:
1391:
1386:
1382:
1379:
1375:
1374:
1370:
1363:
1358:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1326:(5968): 972,
1325:
1321:
1314:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1262:
1259:
1246:
1239:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1192:
1184:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1154:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1110:
1101:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1069:
1061:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1037:J. Mol. Biol.
1031:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
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1008:
1007:
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992:
988:
984:
979:
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951:
943:
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931:
928:
916:
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903:
900:
894:
891:
878:
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867:
864:
858:
855:
844:
840:
834:
831:
826:
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748:
746:
742:
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685:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
655:
654:Francis Crick
651:
646:
644:
643:
638:
637:messenger RNA
634:
630:
626:
622:
621:phenylalanine
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
601:
596:
592:
588:
584:
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568:
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516:
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497:San Francisco
494:
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458:
454:
450:
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438:
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430:
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410:
406:
402:
399:He began his
397:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
352:
351:Pi Lambda Phi
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
308:
306:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
277:in 1968 with
276:
272:
268:
264:
256:
249:
244:
235:
232:James F. Hogg
231:
229:
225:
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97:
95:
92:
91:
89:
85:
73:
69:
54:
50:
43:
38:
31:
19:
8062:Howard Temin
7938:Rex Richards
7918:Hermann Rahn
7884:
7728:Val L. Fitch
7689:Paul Ehrlich
7614:Aage N. Bohr
7586:Werner Arber
7526:Amie K. Boal
7478:Kate Carroll
7436:James Berger
7400:Eric T. Kool
7370:Gerald Joyce
7352:Carl O. Pabo
7175:
7056:
6971:Sandra Faber
6966:Sidney Drell
6796:Leo Kadanoff
6791:James Cronin
6739:Hans Dehmelt
6674:Robert Pound
6640:Robert Sharp
6456:John Sinfelt
6423:Verner Suomi
6390:Lewis Sarett
6254:Lars Onsager
6198:Henry Eyring
6165:John Bardeen
5907:Richard Karp
5875:Allen Newell
5654:Jerzy Neyman
5279:Tung-Yen Lin
5256:Bill Hewlett
5186:Morris Cohen
4780:John W. Cahn
4681:Karl Folkers
4442:Lucy Shapiro
4392:Elaine Fuchs
4271:Ann Graybiel
4201:Janet Rowley
4183:James Watson
4175:Ruth Patrick
4018:Philip Leder
3888:Mildred Cohn
3836:Severo Ochoa
3813:E. O. Wilson
3601:
3222:
3176:
3079:Lars Onsager
3003:Svante Pääbo
2988:David Julius
2942:Tasuku Honjo
2890:Edvard Moser
2882:John O'Keefe
2845:posthumously
2844:
2781:Martin Evans
2757:Robin Warren
2741:Richard Axel
2688:2001–present
2566:Bert Sakmann
2434:Roger Sperry
2426:George Snell
2422:Jean Dausset
2390:Werner Arber
2343:Howard Temin
2267:Bernard Katz
2251:Max DelbrĂĽck
2242:
2207:Francis Rous
2183:Feodor Lynen
2179:Konrad Bloch
2167:Alan Hodgkin
2151:James Watson
2127:Frank Burnet
2115:Severo Ochoa
2103:Edward Tatum
2091:Daniel Bovet
2004:Philip Hench
1916:Edward Doisy
1847:Hans Spemann
1835:George Minot
1815:Edgar Adrian
1803:Otto Warburg
1725:John Macleod
1694:August Krogh
1686:Jules Bordet
1602:Paul Ehrlich
1554:Niels Finsen
1538:Emil Behring
1480:
1455:(5): 50–51,
1452:
1446:
1430:
1377:
1357:
1323:
1319:
1313:
1274:(7285): 44,
1271:
1267:
1261:
1249:. Retrieved
1189:
1183:
1159:
1153:
1107:
1100:
1066:
1060:
1036:
1030:
1004:
1000:
994:
948:
942:
930:
918:. Retrieved
905:
893:
881:. Retrieved
866:
857:
846:. Retrieved
842:
833:
801:. Retrieved
796:
790:
779:. Retrieved
775:
766:
757:
700:neuroscience
697:
689:
682:
675:Philip Leder
647:
640:
629:genetic code
598:
548:
501:
473:Epidemiology
441:Ernst Freese
403:work at the
401:postdoctoral
398:
386:biochemistry
374:caddis flies
358:dissertation
312:
287:genetic code
262:
261:
217:Institutions
211:Biochemistry
200:
113:genetic code
76:(2010-01-15)
8162:2010 deaths
8157:1927 births
8047:Henry Taube
7967:Abdus Salam
7520:Rahul Kohli
7346:Ronald Vale
7310:Thomas Cech
7222:Jack Preiss
6924:Berni Alder
6731:Frank Press
6612:Walter Kohn
6589:George Pake
6523:Walter Munk
6446:Herman Mark
6428:Henry Taube
6216:Jesse Beams
6170:Peter Debye
6152:Harold Urey
6076:Barry Mazur
5638:John Milnor
5532:Amnon Yariv
5476:Leo Beranek
5302:Ernst Weber
5155:Abel Wolman
4746:Thomas Cech
4676:Elkan Blout
4616:Max Tishler
4533:Roger Adams
4491:Simon Levin
3957:Harry Eagle
3780:Paul Gyorgy
3472:Gary Becker
3127:René Cassin
3062:Nobel Prize
2854:John Gurdon
2769:Craig Mello
2765:Andrew Fire
2678:Eric Kandel
2654:Ferid Murad
2562:Erwin Neher
2474:Niels Jerne
2239:Har Khorana
2227:George Wald
2195:André Lwoff
2163:John Eccles
2051:John Enders
2023:Max Theiler
1984:Walter Hess
1976:Paul MĂĽller
1940:Ernst Chain
1610:Emil Kocher
1570:Robert Koch
1562:Ivan Pavlov
1546:Ronald Ross
1003:Extracts",
920:November 8,
625:radioactive
378:Trichoptera
8151:Categories
8116:Alan Walsh
8037:Pol Swings
7942:Jean Rösch
7484:Hening Lin
6718:Vera Rubin
6357:Paul Flory
6018:Hyman Bass
5891:John Cocke
5794:Raoul Bott
5697:Kurt Gödel
5689:John Tukey
5646:Paul Cohen
5261:George Low
5224:Simon Ramo
4447:Leroy Hood
4248:Carl Woese
4196:Bruce Ames
3707:Ernst Mayr
3090:Literature
2705:Paul Nurse
2039:Hans Krebs
1964:Gerty Cori
1912:Henrik Dam
1859:Otto Loewi
1855:Henry Dale
1371:References
1247:. Nautilus
911:"About Us"
848:2018-01-09
781:2018-01-09
617:amino acid
595:nucleotide
565:had shown
519:Maimonides
477:Psychiatry
366:ecological
354:Fraternity
271:geneticist
267:biochemist
59:1927-04-10
8099:Ioan Ursu
7472:Jin Zhang
6713:Val Fitch
5781:Peter Lax
5551:Shu Chien
4798:John Ross
4513:Chemistry
3901:Paul Berg
3293:laureates
3071:Chemistry
3064:laureates
2906:Tu Youyou
2458:John Vane
2353:1976–2000
2014:1951–1975
1960:Carl Cori
1750:1926–1950
1529:1901–1925
1518:Laureates
1350:206525608
823:ignored (
813:cite book
659:adenosine
605:ribosomes
531:Joe Biden
508:President
493:New Haven
455:from the
435:(now the
394:Ann Arbor
388:from the
372:study of
370:taxonomic
345:from the
335:BS degree
309:Biography
250:from 1961
119:Spouse(s)
6692:Ed Stone
3689:Jay Lush
3129:(France)
2701:Tim Hunt
1477:17990823
1443:Ed Regis
1342:20167780
1298:20203601
1146:14324538
1093:14237203
1053:14255762
1023:14257696
987:14243527
877:Archived
803:18 March
758:NY Times
710:See also
704:homeobox
667:cytosine
571:proteins
561:and the
545:Research
527:Bob Dole
489:New York
485:Evanston
360:for the
248:Matthaei
3138:Physics
3105:(Japan)
1520:of the
1457:Bibcode
1320:Science
1306:4348218
1276:Bibcode
1251:Jan 21,
1228:5327071
1196:Bibcode
1176:5335948
1114:Bibcode
1073:Bibcode
1068:Science
955:Bibcode
883:9 April
706:genes.
671:proline
581:at the
453:chemist
429:protein
364:was an
343:zoology
331:biology
323:Orlando
57: (
7528:(2021)
7522:(2020)
7516:(2019)
7510:(2018)
7504:(2017)
7498:(2016)
7492:(2015)
7486:(2014)
7480:(2013)
7474:(2012)
7468:(2011)
7462:(2010)
7456:(2009)
7450:(2008)
7444:(2007)
7438:(2006)
7432:(2005)
7426:(2004)
7420:(2003)
7414:(2002)
7408:(2001)
7402:(2000)
7396:(1999)
7390:(1998)
7384:(1997)
7378:(1996)
7372:(1995)
7366:(1994)
7360:(1993)
7354:(1992)
7348:(1991)
7342:(1990)
7336:(1989)
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7324:(1987)
7318:(1986)
7312:(1985)
7306:(1984)
7300:(1983)
7294:(1982)
7288:(1981)
7282:(1980)
7276:(1979)
7270:(1978)
7264:(1977)
7258:(1976)
7254:&
7248:(1975)
7242:(1974)
7236:(1973)
7230:(1972)
7224:(1971)
7218:(1970)
7212:(1969)
7206:(1968)
7200:(1967)
7196:&
7190:(1966)
7184:(1965)
7178:(1964)
7172:(1963)
7166:(1962)
7160:(1961)
7154:(1960)
7148:(1959)
7142:(1958)
7136:(1957)
7130:(1956)
7124:(1955)
7118:(1954)
7112:(1953)
7106:(1952)
7100:(1951)
7094:(1950)
7088:(1949)
7082:(1948)
7076:(1947)
7070:(1946)
2948:2019:
2936:2018:
2920:2017:
2912:2016:
2896:2015:
2880:2014:
2864:2013:
2852:2012:
2831:2011:
2823:2010:
2807:2009:
2791:2008:
2775:2007:
2763:2006:
2751:2005:
2739:2004:
2727:2003:
2711:2002:
2695:2001:
2668:2000:
2660:1999:
2644:1998:
2636:1997:
2624:1996:
2608:1995:
2596:1994:
2584:1993:
2572:1992:
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2512:1987:
2500:1986:
2488:1985:
2472:1984:
2464:1983:
2448:1982:
2432:1981:
2416:1980:
2404:1979:
2388:1978:
2372:1977:
2360:1976:
2333:1975:
2317:1974:
2301:1973:
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2265:1970:
2249:1969:
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2189:1965:
2177:1964:
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2145:1962:
2137:1961:
2125:1960:
2113:1959:
2097:1958:
2089:1957:
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2037:1953:
2029:1952:
2021:1951:
1994:1950:
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1821:1933:
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1475:
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1348:
1340:
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1268:Nature
1226:
1219:224250
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1137:221071
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1091:
1051:
1021:
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978:300480
975:
665:, and
663:lysine
633:codons
591:uracil
557:, the
553:, the
539:cancer
356:. His
315:Jewish
207:Fields
193:(1969)
186:(1968)
179:(1968)
172:(1968)
165:(1968)
158:(1967)
151:(1964)
144:(1964)
137:(1962)
129:Awards
6956:2010s
6805:2000s
6654:1990s
6475:1980s
6281:1970s
6129:1960s
6048:2010s
5950:2000s
5839:1990s
5750:1980s
5671:1970s
5599:1960s
5541:2010s
5450:2000s
5342:1990s
5233:1980s
5114:1970s
5009:1960s
4920:2010s
4812:2000s
4666:1990s
4542:1980s
4523:1960s
4419:2010s
4228:2000s
4042:1990s
3860:1980s
3716:1970s
3579:1960s
3521:2010s
3462:2000s
3374:1990s
3334:1980s
3315:1960s
3223:1968
3114:Peace
3060:1968
1346:S2CID
1302:S2CID
737:Notes
681:(see
639:(see
609:DNase
301:from
6993:2014
6980:2012
6962:2011
6933:2009
6920:2008
6907:2007
6899:2006
6886:2005
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6315:1973
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6263:1969
6240:1968
6212:1967
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6161:1965
6143:1964
6135:1963
6093:2013
6080:2012
6067:2011
6054:2010
6035:2009
6022:2007
6014:2006
6006:2005
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5990:2003
5982:2002
5969:2001
5956:2000
5932:1999
5924:1998
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5887:1994
5879:1993
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5863:1991
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5816:1989
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5719:1976
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5693:1974
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5658:1969
5650:1968
5642:1967
5634:1966
5626:1965
5613:1964
5605:1963
5563:2012
5555:2011
5547:2010
5528:2009
5520:2008
5512:2007
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5496:2005
5488:2004
5480:2003
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5464:2001
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5437:1999
5429:1998
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5400:1994
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4973:2014
4965:2013
4952:2012
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4926:2010
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4881:2007
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4852:2004
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4818:2000
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1657:1915
1473:PMID
1338:PMID
1294:PMID
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1224:PMID
1172:PMID
1142:PMID
1089:PMID
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1019:PMID
983:PMID
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825:help
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679:tRNA
593:, a
529:and
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