54:
231:
651:
320:
The
Kuomintang continued to promote the concept of martyrdom, the souls of Party martyrs who died fighting for the Kuomintang and the revolution and the party founder Dr. Sun Yatsen were sent to heaven according to the Kuomintang party. Chiang Kai-shek believed that these martyrs witnessed events on
305:
played a role in the attack against Qing forces in the Xinhai
Revolution. The martyrs in the Dare to Die Corps who died in battle wrote letters to family members before heading off to certain death. The Huanghuakang was built as a monument to the 72 martyrs. The martyrdom of the revolutionaries
185:. He said "Now there is no man who does not naturally cling to life and avoid death, love his parents and cherish his wife and children. But the man who is devoted to the right sometimes has no choice but to behave otherwise." Later generations viewed Sima as a martyr and loyal to his ideals.
276:
promoted the Dare to Die corps. Huang said, "We must die, so let us die bravely". During the revolution, suicide squads were formed by
Chinese students going into battle, knowing that they would be killed fighting against overwhelming odds. The
394:(Muslim term for martyr) in battle, where Muslims believe they will go automatically to heaven. Becoming a shaheed in the Jihad for the country was encouraged by the Kuomintang, which was called "glorious death for the state" and a
317:"Dare to Die" corps continued to be used in the Chinese military. The Kuomintang used one to put down an insurrection in Canton. Many women joined them in addition to men to achieve martyrdom against China's opponents.
914:
398:
promoting nationalism was spread. A song written by Xue Wenbo at the Muslim
Chengda school, which was controlled by the Kuomintang, called for martyrdom in battle for China against Japan. The Muslim General
782:
815:
605:
214:
Christian missionaries and
Chinese Christians were mostly accepted along with other religious persuasions but sometimes accused of disloyalty. Government officials
71:
218:
for their refusal to renounce their faith, which the officials regarded as subversive. The largest number of martyrs were those killed by local groups in the
325:
154:
remonstrated with his king but was driven out of the court by vicious rivals. Rather than rebel, he drowned himself in the river, leaving behind his poem,
20:
in China during the premodern period largely concerned loyalty to political principles and was developed in modern times by revolutionaries, such as the
456:
990:
957:
924:
514:
434:
118:
90:
307:
290:
250:
891:
855:
792:
759:
723:
661:
583:
550:
137:
97:
980:
540:
324:
Coolies against the
Communist takeover formed "Dare to Die Corps" to fight for their organizations, with their lives. During the
749:
104:
75:
181:
sentenced him to either death by suicide or being castrated. He explained his choice of the second punishment in a famous
86:
881:
632:
424:
683:
573:
504:
222:, when some 30,000 Chinese citizens and foreign missionaries were killed because their faith was considered foreign.
375:
278:
265:
1023:
37:
64:
328:, protesting students also formed "Dare to Die Corps", to risk their lives defending the protest leaders.
268:" student corps were founded, for student revolutionaries wanting to fight against Qing dynasty rule. Dr.
205:
111:
480:
947:
237:(1887 - 1911) who was martyred leading a suicide squad against Qing forces in the Xinhai Revolution.
33:
534:
532:
1018:
986:
953:
920:
887:
851:
788:
755:
719:
715:
657:
579:
546:
510:
430:
345:
261:
254:
29:
847:
282:
628:
420:
298:
294:
219:
215:
209:
196:
warned of the danger of invasion but was ignored, then put to death on spurious charges.
382:
stated on how
Chinese Muslims were willing to die to accomplish tasks assigned to them.
982:
Intellectuals in the modern
Islamic world: transmission, transformation, communication
949:
Intellectuals in the modern
Islamic world: transmission, transformation, communication
1012:
916:
In the Land of the
Laughing Buddha – The Adventures of an American Barbarian in China
840:
708:
159:
349:
341:
311:
246:
189:
400:
302:
242:
170:
53:
21:
506:
The generalissimo: Chiang Kai-shek and the struggle for modern China, Volume 39
784:
The first Chinese democracy: political life in the Republic of China on Taiwan
379:
371:
367:
286:
273:
269:
25:
710:
Chiang Kai-shek's secret past: the memoir of his second wife, Chʻen Chieh-ju
337:
234:
182:
174:
17:
178:
158:(Encountering Sorrow). His failed attempt in 228 BCE to assassinate the
193:
163:
151:
78: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
403:
himself was a member of a Dare to Die corps in the Xinhai revolution.
817:
President Chiang Kai-shek's selected speeches and messages, 1937-1945
653:
Women in modern China: transition, revolution, and contemporary times
395:
391:
361:
155:
230:
387:
336:
Two of the earliest revolutionary martyrs in Chinese culture were
229:
539:
Howard L. Boorman; Richard C. Howard; Joseph K. H. Cheng (1979).
383:
264:
itself, many Chinese revolutionaries became martyrs in battle. "
47:
979:
Stéphane A. Dudoignon; Hisao Komatsu; Yasushi Kosugi (2006).
946:
Stéphane A. Dudoignon; Hisao Komatsu; Yasushi Kosugi (2006).
633:"PART ONE CHIANG VERSUS COMMUNISM: HIS PERSONAL ACCOUNT"
545:. New York City: Columbia University Press. p. 51.
386:
sponsored by the Kuomintang called for Muslims to go on
542:
Biographical dictionary of Republican China, Volume 3
162:, who would become the First Emperor of China, made
285:, and were recognized as heroes and martyrs by the
839:
707:
366:Islam has its own concept of martyrdom, which the
321:earth from heaven and he called on them for help.
216:executed Christians in the 18th and 19th centuries
650:Marjorie Wall Bingham; Susan Hill Gross (1980).
842:Revolution and tradition in Tientsin, 1949-1952
883:Red China Blues: My Long March from Mao to Now
787:. Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 45.
8:
293:. Dare to Die student corps led by men like
177:was also maligned by rivals and the Emperor
688:. China Trade Bureau, Inc. 1921. p. 79
485:. Government Information Office. p. 21
326:1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre
150:In pre-imperial China, the honest official
578:. Stanford University Press. p. 93.
138:Learn how and when to remove this message
509:. Harvard University Press. p. 23.
751:War and nationalism in China, 1925-1945
412:
656:. Glenhurst Publications. p. 34.
575:Huang Hsing and the Chinese revolution
245:who died in attempts to overthrow the
985:. Taylor & Francis. p. 135.
952:. Taylor & Francis. p. 135.
846:. Stanford University Press. p.
820:. China Cultural Service. p. 137
706:Jieru Chen; Lloyd E. Eastman (1993).
344:. Both were immortalized in operas -
7:
426:Sun Yat Sen and the Chinese Republic
281:died in the uprising that began the
76:adding citations to reliable sources
781:Linda Chao; Ramon H. Myers (1998).
886:. Random House, Inc. p. 237.
461:. China Pub. Co. 1975. p. 657
249:were recognized as martyrs by the
14:
754:. Psychology Press. p. 100.
340:, a 14-year-old school girl, and
306:helped the establishment of the
52:
63:needs additional citations for
482:Selected speeches and messages
87:"Martyrdom in Chinese culture"
1:
637:LIFE Magazine Vol. 42, No. 25
610:. W.Y. Tsao. 1964. p. 88
607:Free China review, Volume 14
332:Revolutionary martyrs in art
919:. READ BOOKS. p. 271.
838:Kenneth Lieberthal (1980).
748:Hans J. Van de Ven (2003).
429:. READ BOOKS. p. 263.
1040:
714:. Westview Press. p.
376:Chinese Muslim Association
359:
279:72 Martyrs of Huanghuagang
203:
814:Kai-shek Chiang (1946).
479:Kai-shek Chiang (1968).
38:Second Sino-Japanese War
241:Revolutionaries of the
685:China review, Volume 1
572:Chün-tu Hsüeh (1961).
238:
206:Martyr Saints of China
173:, the court historian
736:party martyrs heaven.
378:. The Muslim General
233:
44:Martyrdom and loyalty
913:Upton Close (2007).
72:improve this article
503:Jay Taylor (2009).
310:, overthrowing the
34:Northern Expedition
28:parties during the
868:dare to die china.
239:
226:Modern development
192:military official
992:978-0-415-36835-3
959:978-0-415-36835-3
926:978-1-4067-1675-7
880:Jan Wong (1997).
516:978-0-674-03338-2
436:978-1-4437-2438-8
314:imperial system.
308:Republic of China
291:Republic of China
262:Xinhai Revolution
255:Xinhai Revolution
251:Republic of China
200:Christian martyrs
148:
147:
140:
122:
30:Xinhai Revolution
1031:
1003:
1002:
1000:
999:
976:
970:
969:
967:
966:
943:
937:
936:
934:
933:
910:
904:
903:
901:
900:
877:
871:
870:
865:
864:
845:
835:
829:
828:
826:
825:
811:
805:
804:
802:
801:
778:
772:
771:
769:
768:
745:
739:
738:
733:
732:
713:
703:
697:
696:
694:
693:
680:
674:
673:
671:
670:
647:
641:
640:
631:(24 June 1957).
625:
619:
618:
616:
615:
602:
596:
595:
593:
592:
569:
563:
562:
560:
559:
536:
527:
526:
524:
523:
500:
494:
493:
491:
490:
476:
470:
469:
467:
466:
453:
447:
446:
444:
443:
417:
283:Wuchang Uprising
143:
136:
132:
129:
123:
121:
80:
56:
48:
1039:
1038:
1034:
1033:
1032:
1030:
1029:
1028:
1024:Chinese culture
1009:
1008:
1007:
1006:
997:
995:
993:
978:
977:
973:
964:
962:
960:
945:
944:
940:
931:
929:
927:
912:
911:
907:
898:
896:
894:
879:
878:
874:
862:
860:
858:
837:
836:
832:
823:
821:
813:
812:
808:
799:
797:
795:
780:
779:
775:
766:
764:
762:
747:
746:
742:
730:
728:
726:
705:
704:
700:
691:
689:
682:
681:
677:
668:
666:
664:
649:
648:
644:
629:Chiang Kai-shek
627:
626:
622:
613:
611:
604:
603:
599:
590:
588:
586:
571:
570:
566:
557:
555:
553:
538:
537:
530:
521:
519:
517:
502:
501:
497:
488:
486:
478:
477:
473:
464:
462:
455:
454:
450:
441:
439:
437:
421:Paul Linebarger
419:
418:
414:
409:
372:Chinese Muslims
370:promoted among
364:
358:
334:
299:Huang Shaoxiong
295:Chiang Kai-shek
228:
212:
210:Chinese Martyrs
204:Main articles:
202:
183:Letter to Renan
144:
133:
127:
124:
81:
79:
69:
57:
46:
16:The concept of
12:
11:
5:
1037:
1035:
1027:
1026:
1021:
1011:
1010:
1005:
1004:
991:
971:
958:
938:
925:
905:
892:
872:
856:
830:
806:
793:
773:
760:
740:
724:
698:
675:
662:
642:
639:. p. 147.
620:
597:
584:
564:
551:
528:
515:
495:
471:
458:China yearbook
448:
435:
411:
410:
408:
405:
360:Main article:
357:
354:
352:respectively.
333:
330:
289:party and the
227:
224:
220:Boxer Uprising
201:
198:
146:
145:
60:
58:
51:
45:
42:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1036:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1016:
1014:
994:
988:
984:
983:
975:
972:
961:
955:
951:
950:
942:
939:
928:
922:
918:
917:
909:
906:
895:
893:0-385-25639-6
889:
885:
884:
876:
873:
869:
859:
857:0-8047-1044-9
853:
849:
844:
843:
834:
831:
819:
818:
810:
807:
796:
794:0-8018-5650-7
790:
786:
785:
777:
774:
763:
761:0-415-14571-6
757:
753:
752:
744:
741:
737:
727:
725:0-8133-1825-4
721:
717:
712:
711:
702:
699:
687:
686:
679:
676:
665:
663:0-86596-028-3
659:
655:
654:
646:
643:
638:
634:
630:
624:
621:
609:
608:
601:
598:
587:
585:0-8047-0031-1
581:
577:
576:
568:
565:
554:
552:0-231-08957-0
548:
544:
543:
535:
533:
529:
518:
512:
508:
507:
499:
496:
484:
483:
475:
472:
460:
459:
452:
449:
438:
432:
428:
427:
422:
416:
413:
406:
404:
402:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
363:
355:
353:
351:
347:
343:
339:
331:
329:
327:
322:
318:
315:
313:
309:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
275:
271:
267:
263:
258:
256:
252:
248:
244:
236:
232:
225:
223:
221:
217:
211:
207:
199:
197:
195:
191:
186:
184:
180:
176:
172:
167:
165:
161:
157:
153:
142:
139:
131:
120:
117:
113:
110:
106:
103:
99:
96:
92:
89: –
88:
84:
83:Find sources:
77:
73:
67:
66:
61:This section
59:
55:
50:
49:
43:
41:
39:
35:
31:
27:
23:
19:
996:. Retrieved
981:
974:
963:. Retrieved
948:
941:
930:. Retrieved
915:
908:
897:. Retrieved
882:
875:
867:
861:. Retrieved
841:
833:
822:. Retrieved
816:
809:
798:. Retrieved
783:
776:
765:. Retrieved
750:
743:
735:
729:. Retrieved
709:
701:
690:. Retrieved
684:
678:
667:. Retrieved
652:
645:
636:
623:
612:. Retrieved
606:
600:
589:. Retrieved
574:
567:
556:. Retrieved
541:
520:. Retrieved
505:
498:
487:. Retrieved
481:
474:
463:. Retrieved
457:
451:
440:. Retrieved
425:
415:
374:through the
365:
350:Sister Jiang
342:Jiang Zhuyun
335:
323:
319:
316:
312:Qing dynasty
259:
247:Qing dynasty
240:
213:
190:Song dynasty
187:
168:
149:
134:
125:
115:
108:
101:
94:
82:
70:Please help
65:verification
62:
15:
401:Bai Chongxi
303:Bai Chongxi
266:Dare to Die
260:During the
243:Tongmenghui
171:Han dynasty
160:King of Qin
22:Tongmenghui
1013:Categories
998:2010-06-28
965:2010-06-28
932:2010-06-28
899:2010-06-28
863:2010-06-28
824:2010-06-28
800:2010-06-28
767:2010-06-28
731:2010-06-28
692:2010-06-28
669:2010-06-28
614:2010-06-28
591:2010-06-28
558:2010-06-28
522:2010-06-28
489:2010-06-28
465:2010-06-28
442:2010-06-28
407:References
390:to become
380:Ma Fuxiang
368:Kuomintang
287:Kuomintang
274:Huang Xing
270:Sun Yatsen
253:after the
166:a martyr.
128:April 2020
98:newspapers
26:Kuomintang
1019:Martyrdom
346:Liu Hulan
338:Liu Hulan
235:Yu Peilun
175:Sima Qian
18:martyrdom
423:(2008).
179:Han Wudi
24:and the
392:shaheed
194:Yue Fei
188:In the
169:In the
164:Jing Ke
152:Qu Yuan
112:scholar
989:
956:
923:
890:
854:
791:
758:
722:
660:
582:
549:
513:
433:
396:hadith
362:Shahid
156:Li Sao
114:
107:
100:
93:
85:
36:, and
388:Jihad
384:Imams
356:Islam
301:with
119:JSTOR
105:books
987:ISBN
954:ISBN
921:ISBN
888:ISBN
852:ISBN
789:ISBN
756:ISBN
720:ISBN
658:ISBN
580:ISBN
547:ISBN
511:ISBN
431:ISBN
348:and
297:and
272:and
208:and
91:news
716:236
74:by
1015::
866:.
850:.
848:67
734:.
718:.
635:.
531:^
257:.
40:.
32:,
1001:.
968:.
935:.
902:.
827:.
803:.
770:.
695:.
672:.
617:.
594:.
561:.
525:.
492:.
468:.
445:.
141:)
135:(
130:)
126:(
116:·
109:·
102:·
95:·
68:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
