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northern side of the entrance to Port Louis harbour. Two towers were built at Grand River North West; on the south-west side of the river bay the tower was built at Pointe aux Sables whilst Fort
Victoria was built covering the north-eastern flank. The remaining two were built to support existing batteries, which were also improved, at the mouth of the Black River; one to the north at La Preneuse and the other south of Grande-Rivière-Noire at Batterie de l'Harmonie. Cunningham Tower disappeared after 1914. The Tower at Fort Victoria was last mentioned in 1880. In 1865, the
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244:(32 guns) had fired two broadsides at it. The British removed the guns to arm a small vessel; consequently, the French were easily able to dislodge the garrison of Corsican patriots that had replaced them. Still, the British were impressed by the effectiveness of the tower when properly supplied and defended, and copied the design. But they got the name wrong, misspelling "Mortella" as "Martello" (which means "hammer" in Italian). When the British withdrew from Corsica in 1803, with great difficulty they
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1283:. The tower is the third fortification on the site. Major Thomas Blanshard built it of Bermuda limestone between 1822 and 1823. The tower shows the effect of thirty years of evolution on the design of coastal fortifications, between the 1790s and 1822. The earlier Ferry Island Fort nearby had multiple guns arrayed to cover the water westward, while the Martello tower used a single gun with 360° traverse to cover all of the surrounding area.
617:, which were built between 1848 and 1857 to protect the naval base there. Today, one of the towers is privately owned. The other is located on the town's riverfront, next to the old entrance of the naval base. It was converted into a small museum that focused on the local history of the dock and its defences. The museum has now shut down because of water influx. Recently Pembrokeshire County Council has decided to put the tower up for sale.
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5570:"English: Tower Dupre was a hexagonal 2 story fortified tower (a Martello Tower or Martello Castle) built in Lake Borgne (Louisiana) from 1827 to 1830. It guarded the entrance to Bayou Dupre and was part of the harbor defense of the Mississippi River. It was destroyed by Hurricane Katrina in 2005 although the ruins are still a popular fishing spot. For more information on its history, see fortwiki.com"
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was lined with bass junk, five feet from the walls, and filled up with sand; and although it was cannonaded from the Height for two days, within 150 yards, and appeared in a very shattered state, the enemy still held out; but a few hot shot setting fire to the bass, made them call for quarter. The number of men in the Tower were 33; only two were wounded, and those mortally.
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1658:. Photos suggest that Martello Menara was not a true Martello, but rather a circular fort. The tower was operational until 1878, when it became a storage site, and was abandoned in 1908. Bidadari Island was also known as Pulau Sakit (Sick Island) as it housed a leper colony during the 17th century. More recently, the island came to be called "Angel Island", to honour the
1998:
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1118:'s original quay. Confusion with the previous fort presumably explains the claims made in Barbudan tourism publications that this was the World's first, and is its oldest, Martello tower, built in 1745. The tower is located on the south coast of the island, a mile or so from River Landing and some seven miles south of the island's main village of
1987:: Phillipet on Lazareto Island, Cala Taulera (St. Clair) and Los Freus (Erskine) on the peninsula of La Mola, Stuart's Tower, and a tower on the Punta de Sant Carlos, which the Spanish destroyed when they took regained possession of Menorca. To the northwest of MahĂłn the British built two more towers, Sa Torreta and Sa Mezquita.
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received two thin towers between 1845 and 1848. However, these are dry ditch defence towers, rather than true
Martello towers.) A common characteristic of Canadian Martello towers was removable cone-shaped roofs to protect against snow. Today, many of the restored towers have permanent roof additions
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The towers were about 40 feet (12 m) high with walls about 8 feet (2.4 m) thick. In some towers the rooms were not built in the centre, but more to the landside, leaving the walls thicker on seaside. These were cases where an attack with a cannon from the landside was thought very unlikely.
1877:
The
British built five Martello Towers between 1832 and 1835 at Grand River North West (2), Black River (2), and Port Louis (1), of which three survive. One tower, named Cunningham Tower after Lieutenant-Colonel Cunningham, the commanding Royal Engineer, was constructed as part of Fort George at the
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Harbour by two
American warships. Concern with the threat of foreign attack had caused the government to review the harbour's inner defences, which were found to be inadequate, and the establishment of a fort was recommended to help protect Sydney Harbour from attack by foreign vessels. Construction
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chart and denoted "Signal Tower", suggesting it was used with a series of other stations for communication. The tower's position offers a view of the sea both to the north and south of the island and is therefore well-suited for that purpose. By the 1830s the tower was described as a "watch-house of
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were ordered against it, without making the least impression by a continued cannonade of two hours and a half; and the former ship being very much damaged by red-hot shot, both hauled off. The walls of the Tower were of a prodigious thickness, and the parapet, where there were two eighteen-pounders,
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Is reduced to a well-built coast tower, but only mounts and is capable of a rotating gun ... The tower contains two floors and the platform. The ground floor is for the warehouse and spare part. The main one for accommodation, and in this one is the door for ladder of hand, and two spans that,
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built in Malta in 1658–1659, began to be used as if it was a
Martello Tower and it is sometimes considered as such. Various modifications were made, including mounting a 64-pound rifled muzzle loading (RML) gun on the roof for coastal defence. From the late 19th century onwards it defended part of
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had a high parapet and a raised platform in the centre with a pivot (sometimes a converted cannon) for a cannon that would traverse a 360° arc. (Some towers were designed to carry more than one gun, with each having a more limited arc of fire.) The walls had narrow slits for defensive musket fire.
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In addition to the 12 towers that they built, the
British made use of three towers that the Spanish had built earlier. In 1781, Captain Francisco Fernandez de Angulo had built towers south of Port Mahon at Punta Prima and Alcufar, based on the design of those that the Spanish had built in Gando,
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on the first floor, which was divided into several rooms and had fireplaces built into the walls for cooking and heating. The officer and men lived in separate rooms of almost equal size. A well or cistern within the fort supplied the garrison with water. An internal drainage system linked to the
1954:. The tower at Simon's Town and Cape Town were both built in 1795. The tower at Cape Town was demolished over 100 years ago, but the tower at Simon's Town now is sometimes claimed as the oldest Martello in the world. It is arguable as to whether one should properly call it a Martello Tower.
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They stand up to 40 feet (12 m) high (with two floors) and typically had a garrison of one officer and 15–25 men. Their round structure and thick walls of solid masonry made them resistant to cannon fire, while their height made them an ideal platform for a single heavy
1837:), that are frequently referred to as Martello towers, though they are not Martellos. They were built in the late 18th century, i.e., before the Martellos, and differ from them in a number of ways. One may think of them as precursors, like the Genoese towers they resemble.
1964:, who commanded the force that captured the colony and then served briefly as its governor, had served with the Mediterranean fleet off Corsica in 1794. The British built the tower at Fort Beaufort in 1837, and it is probably the only example of an inland Martello tower.
157:, who would signal the approach of unexpected ships by lighting a beacon fire on the tower's roof. The fire would alert the local defence forces to the threat. Although the pirate threat subsequently dwindled, the Genoese built a newer generation of circular towers (the
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The Key West towers, though the locals refer to them as
Martellos, were square instead of round and had thin walls with long gun loops. In addition, a curtain wall of heavy guns encircled the Key West towers making them, effectively, keeps instead of standalone towers.
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It served as an office of the
Georgia Telegraph and Telephone Company and finally as the post office for Fort Screven. In 1913, the building was damaged in a fire and it was finally dismantled the following year to clear the field of fire for the guns of Fort Screven.
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public beach, in the Rive Noire/Black River district. The
Friends operate it as a museum for visitors. The original entrance to the tower is raised above ground but a new entrance has been constructed at ground level. The other tower in Rive Noire/Black River district
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now occupies the site. The fourth surviving
Martello Tower in Quebec, No. 4, is located in a residential area on the north side of the Upper City overlooking Lower Town. It is now used as an escape game tourist activity by The National Battlefields Commission.
471:(1745–1827) and a Captain Ford. The northernmost tower at Aldeburgh is of quatrefoil design, i.e. four in one. and there are two towers at Clacton-on-Sea, one near the town and the other to the west near the local Golf Course (see the pictures on the right).
2013:. In 1756 and again in 1781, batteries on the hill had supported successful attacks on the Fortress. The tower was built both to secure the hill and protect the entrance to the bay. The tower's name was later changed to Torre d'en Penjat, or Hangman's Tower.
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The effectiveness of Britain's Martello towers was never actually tested in combat against a Napoleonic invasion fleet. They were, however, effective in hindering smuggling. After the threat had passed, the Martello towers in England met a variety of fates.
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on the south coast, which was restored in 1999. This tower may have been involved in repelling a French attack though there is nothing more than circumstantial support for the notion. British engineers commenced work on three towers to protect
985:, according to local memory during the Napoleonic Wars. It is square rather than round, unlike the traditional Martello tower. This tower is known locally as the Gabhla Fhranca ("French Tower") or the Napoleonic Tower. It is marked on an 1838
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Like its predecessors in the UK, it has an ovoid footprint with the thickness of its walls ranging from nine to 11 feet. It is surrounded by a dry moat. The tower's purpose was to defend the Ferry Reach Channel and so impede any attack on
1575:), that many people refer to as Martello towers, though they are not Martellos. They were built in the late 18th century, i.e., before the Martellos, and differ from them in a number of ways. One may think of them as precursors, like the
1922:. It was significantly modified in 1870 when it was truncated to allow the installation of a water tank to supply Government House (Fort Thornton) with water. The tower has now been incorporated into Sierra Leone's Parliament Buildings.
1408:. It has been restored as a museum and can be visited during the summer months. Tower no. 2 stands close nearby and currently hosts activities for private groups. Tower No. 3 was demolished in 1905 after being used as a residence. The
2020:, the British built a tower on the rocky headland overlooking the harbor's mouth, and a small tower on the island of Sargantana. They complemented these two towers with two more small towers nearby, one at Sa Nitsa and one at Addaya.
1630:, which were demolished in 1954. An earlier example of such is the one found in Pakur, a town in the state of Jharakhand. This tower was built in 1856 by Sub District Officer Sir Martin with view to protect the British Raj from the
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During the first half of the 19th century, the British government embarked on a large-scale programme of building Martello towers to guard the British and Irish coastlines. Around 140 were built, mostly along the south coast of
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Martello Tower is now the reminants of the struggle fought between the British and the Santhals ... was built in the year 1856 by Sir Martin the ten S.D.O., Pakur with view to protect the British Raj from the onslaughts of the
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also constructed towers. The construction of Martello towers abroad continued until as late as the 1870s but was discontinued after it became clear that they could not withstand the new generation of rifled artillery weapons.
1994:, built between 1850 and 1875. The tower was converted to a powder magazine, which led to its destruction in 1958, when lightning struck the tower. The explosion destroyed the tower, blowing out large sections of its walls.
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on the south coast. On the east coast, concentrated mainly around Dublin Bay, twenty-six towers were in line of sight of each other, providing the ability to communicate with one another, or warn of any incoming attacks.
150:. The towers stood one or two storeys high and measured 12–15 m (39–49 ft) in diameter, with a single doorway five metres off the ground that one could access only via a ladder that the occupants could remove.
1133:
It is attached to what remains of the pre-existing fort. The tower mounted three cannon, and in all the fort mounted ten cannons, none of which remain. The tower is the highest building on Barbuda and serves as a
1700:, who carried out his research in 1814 and 1815. Of the seven towers built in Sicily, only four remain. One is the Mazzone Tower (or the British Fort) at Faro Point, Messina. The second is the Magnisi tower at
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besides serving for ventilation, are arranged to receive small caliber guns ... The platform mounts a rotating gun and has a small bench for the fire of rifle. Under the lower floor there is a cistern.
1980:, the then British governor, ordered Engineer Captain Robert D'Arcy to build some 12 Martello towers along the coast. These, when added to the three Spanish towers already in place, gave Menorca 15 towers.
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The British originally constructed River Fort Martello Tower in the early 19th century, on the site of a previous fort (presumed to have been built by the Spanish) to guard nearby River Landing, which was
1634:. It was an important position for the British forces watching fighting the rebellion of the Santhals. This example is reported to still be in good condition, but decaying due to a lack of maintenance.
2262:
Although the Americans copied the design from the towers the British erected in Canada, the American Martello towers differed in some significant respects from the British. The Martello tower built at
912:. As this tower supports three guns (unlike the normal Martello tower which is circular on plan and carries only one gun), it is cam shaped on plan. Currently a rampant growth of ivy covers the tower.
385:). Consequently, the Martello towers of Great Britain and Ireland can be considered to have been part of a single defensive system, designed to protect the coastlines of the two main islands of the
1338:
was mounted on top. The site is open to the public from 10 a.m. to 2 p.m. Monday to Friday in the summer and in the winter by appointment only, by calling the Parks Department. It is part of the
7326:
528:). Some are privately owned or are private residences, The remainder are derelict. A survey of the East Coast towers in 2007 found of the 17 remaining, most were in a reasonable condition.
1122:. The tower is 56 feet high, has a raised gun platform and extremely thick walls, but is missing the floors. It the first such tower constructed in the Caribbean, was built in 1745 by
268:
Entry was by ladder to a door about 10 feet (3.0 m) from the base above which was a machicolated (slotted) platform which allowed for downward fire on attackers. The flat roof or
501:
Fifteen towers were demolished to enable the re-use of their masonry. The sea washed thirty away and the military destroyed four in experiments to test the effectiveness of the new
5235:
2137:. The tower was erected in the center of 1799 fort, in mount St. Julian, dominating port and mouth. In the summer of 1812 English engineers destroyed the fort and erected a tower:
2141:... the British are working on opening a path from the east coast to the post on Mount St. Julian, where they try to build a six-piece battery held in a tower 24 feet in diameter.
923:, which was the property of Blackrock Urban District Council, was formerly the clubhouse of the Seapoint Boat Club from 1916 to 1931, and was subsequently the headquarters of the
213:
after two days of heavy fighting. The British forces were helped by the fact that the tower's two 18-pounder guns fired seaward, while only the one 6-pounder could fire landward.
100:
piece, mounted on the flat roof and able to traverse, and hence fire, over a complete 360° circle. A few towers had moats or other batteries and works attached for extra defence.
1781:, three between 1808 and 1814, and five between 1834 and 1837, one of which, L'Etacq, the German occupation forces destroyed during World War II. The three original towers are:
1665:
Other towers were built at Onrust, Kuiper (Cipir), and Kerkhof (Kelor) islands. All four were demolished in part or in whole after the advent of rifled guns made them obsolete.
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1431:, is the oldest Martello-style tower in North America. It was built in 1796 and was used as a redoubt and a powder magazine. Restored, it is now a National Heritage site. The
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2183:. The tower was very similar in design to the tower at Simon's Town, with a diameter of about 45 ft (14 m) and a height of approximately 20 ft (6.1 m).
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is still in good condition and is used as a base for telephone aerials and antennas. The interior, which is only accessible to technicians, is supposedly well preserved.
1869:. The tower remained in use until World War II. It still stands today, despite having some minor modifications to its original structure, and it was recently restored.
4308:
reports that "bass" is a name "given elliptically to various articles made of this or similar material; e.g. a mat, a hassock, a flat plaited bag or flexible basket."
2270:, a common local building material at the time, instead of the brick or stone that the British towers used. Also, unlike the British towers, the Tybee tower featured
1255:
of the 1850s. However, construction was completed only in 1857, well after the war had ended. Fort Denison is well preserved and is now a popular tourist attraction.
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146:
Since the 15th century, the Corsicans had built similar towers at strategic points around the island to protect coastal villages and shipping from North African
2282:
was in a state of disrepair. Its unfamiliar design confused local writers, who often said that the Spanish had built the tower when Georgia was Spain's colony.
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400:, where chains of Martello towers were built. Elsewhere in the world, individual Martello towers were erected to provide point defence of strategic locations.
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Islands, where the coastal artillery was always most heavily concentrated. Two more Martello towers to protect the Dockyard were planned, but never built.
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Bolton, J., Carey, T., Goodbody, R. & Clabby, G. (2012) The Martello Towers of Dublin. (Dublin: DĂşn Laoghaire-Rathdown & Fingal County Council).
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377:, from 1801 to 1922, spanning the time during which most Martello towers were erected (the initial scheme started under the previous entities of the
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that damaged Menara Martello, which the Dutch colonial government of the East Indies built in 1850 on Bidadari Island (Pulau Bidadari), one of the
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The interior of a classic British Martello tower consisted of two storeys (sometimes with an additional basement). The ground floor served as the
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The Sicilian Martello towers were built around 1810. The estimate rests on the historical context and on the descriptions of the topographer
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1507:, the only tower completely surrounded by water, stands in Kingston's Confederation Basin. Since 2005, it is open to the public as part of
842:; this tower is believed to have been the only Martello tower ever captured, other than the original. The other Cork Harbour towers are at
613:
A small number of Martello towers were also built in Wales, of which few survive. The most notable surviving towers are the two located in
4645:
1544:, features a Martello tower. Since the amalgamation of the Township of Kingston in 2000, the city's flag has also borne a Martello tower.
516:
Forty-seven Martello towers have survived in England, a few of which have been restored and transformed into museums (e.g., the towers at
5975:
5227:
1886:
each per diem", for the towers at Fort George and Grand River. The Friends of the Environment have restored one Martello tower near the
354:
government also built a number of Martello towers along the east coast of the US that copied the British design with some modifications.
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1728:
There is a Martello tower located at what was Fort Nugent. In 1709, the Spanish slave agent in Jamaica, James Castillo, built a fort in
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Fortification of the island began in 1841 but was not completed. The construction had begun following an 1839 night-time incursion into
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still exists but has remained neglected for many years. The other existing tower is at Pointe aux Sables, Grand River North West.
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store. The battery, while restored, remains to be armed and the coach house and artillery store still require some restoration.
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1704:, Syracuse. The Italian Navy used this tower as an observation post during the Second World War. Third is the Cariddi tower at
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The Martello towers were used during the first half of the 19th century, but became obsolete with the introduction of powerful
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in Orkney. They were constructed between 1813 and 1815 to guard against the threat of French and American raiders attacking
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stands. The Portuguese are said to have built many of these towers, but Arnala's is the best surviving specimen. After the
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had four Martello towers, but tower no. 3 was demolished in 1904. In this picture, the internal structure can be seen.
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returned Menorca to Spain in 1802. Around 1804, the Spanish built a tower at Punta Na Radona to protect the beach at
1451:; it was demolished in 1944 and replaced by a concrete lighthouse at Maughers Beach. Another Martello tower stood on
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927:(GSI). The GSI vacated the tower when it found that the atmosphere was not conducive to the preservation of records.
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209:(32 guns), unsuccessfully attacked the tower at Mortella Point; the tower eventually fell to land-based forces under
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The Canadian Press reported on 16 April 2006 that the Canadian military has named a Forward Operating Base (FOB) in
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There were seven Martello towers in the vicinity of Cork Harbour of which five are extant. During the 19th century
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mounted on a traversing carriage on the crown of the Tower. There is a three-gun battery below the tower, with a
85:
5869:
Saunders, Ivan J. (1976) "A History of the Martello Towers in the Defence of British North America, 1796–1871",
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The Asiatic Journal and Monthly Register for British and Foreign India, China, and Australia. Vol II, 3rd Series
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4132:; for much of the twentieth century was private fishing camp; photo at Wikimedia Commons; destroyed in 2005 by
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Between 1804 and 1812 the British authorities built a chain of towers based on the original Mortella tower to
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682:, then a medical student but later to become famous in Irish history as a surgeon, politician and writer. In
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Ruined Martello tower at New Castle, New Hampshire, overlooking Portsmouth harbour in the late 19th century
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1712:. Lastly, the fourth tower is situated on a rocky outcrop overlooking the sea from where it can defend the
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The last Martello tower built in the British Empire is said to be that which composes a part of the larger
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The French built similar towers along their own coastline that they used as platforms for communication by
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764:. There is also a coach house, artillery store, tool shed, and gunner's cottage, with resident gunner and
753:. The Tower is privately owned and has been fully restored, to include a proofed, working King George 3rd
525:
5516:"Dominican College Additional Images: Buildings of Ireland: National Inventory of Architectural Heritage"
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About fifty Martello towers were built around the Irish coastline, especially along the east coast, from
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4966:"The Tormentor - Interactive Activities - Activities - Home | The National Battlefields Commission"
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Restored. Exhibition on the history of Dublin's Martello Towers. Guided tours during the summer months
2005:
The British erected Stuart's Tower in 1798 on Turks Hill or Hangman's Hill to the south of the port of
1820:
509:, some Martello towers returned to military service as observation platforms and firing platforms for
451:. A total of 103 Martello towers were built in England, set at regular intervals along the coast from
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lives in the tower with a medical student, Malachi "Buck" Mulligan, whom Joyce based on Gogarty. The
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5258:"Image details - Skeleton record plan, Fort George, Mauritius - The National Archives Image library"
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1299:. The main channel by which vessels reach most parts of Bermuda west of St. George's, including the
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5584:"On the Trail of Codman Parkerson: Tower Dupre, 1828 (CP No. 34) N29 56.709 W89 50.123 04.26.2015"
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1654:, as part of a set of fortifications built between 1850 and 1852 that protected the approaches to
1614:. There is a Martello Tower that the Portuguese built at the southern tip of the island where the
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has the most elaborate defences as it includes earthen ramparts and a limestone curtain wall. The
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5180:. Massachusetts Institute of Technology: Aga Khan Program for Islamic Architecture. p. 115.
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6128:
5760:
5716:
5695:
5348:
4803:
4780:
4709:
4216:
4166:
4133:
3811:
3732:
3096:
2547:
2524:
2501:
2478:
2228:
2065:
2017:
1737:
1705:
1541:
1494:
1459:
1405:
1401:
1247:
resumed in 1855 to provide Sydney with protection against the threat of a naval attack by the
754:
708:
693:
602:
483:
343:
169:
132:
120:
5342:
2227:
government built several Martello towers at locations along the eastern seaboard. Two are at
1586:, built in 1856, is an oval tower that represents the final evolution of the Martello tower.
1439:. Its lower level still stands, though it has been boarded up for conservation purposes. The
7842:
7817:
7746:
7670:
7271:
7266:
7201:
6752:
6556:
6135:
5992:
5986:
5834:
5796:
5736:
5379:
4175:
East tower is a museum; West tower converted to a botanical garden; both open to the public
3793:
3788:
3162:
3138:
3008:
2831:
2130:
2044:
2040:
1797:
1770:
1740:
Harbour. The tower was probably built between 1808 and 1811, at a reported cost of ÂŁ12,000.
1717:
1713:
1689:
from Naples, Sicily began to build towers to resist an invasion by Napoleon's armies led by
1061:
812:
780:
671:
594:
506:
5598:
5569:
4361:
1105:
749:
Martello Tower South No.7, on Tara Hill, Killiney Bay, is unique, as is its location as an
276:
7731:
7583:
7556:
7496:
7466:
7351:
7316:
7296:
7281:
6836:
6831:
6799:
6560:
6502:
6490:
6472:
6339:
6320:
6246:
6223:
6012:
5925:
5727:
Daly, Gavin (2007). "English Smugglers, the Channel, and the Napoleonic Wars, 1800–1814".
5371:
El último hálito de la fortificación abalartuada. El fuerte de San Julián de Cartagena (1)
5154:
4275:
4257:
4185:
3859:
3767:
3484:
3349:
3215:
2747:
2180:
2055:
1861:
1701:
1508:
1339:
1236:
986:
975:
963:
959:
700:
689:
684:
532:
479:
204:
5787:
Harris, Edward (1988). "The Martello Tower at Ferry Point, St George's Island, Bermuda".
4861:
4026:
1583:
107:
artillery. Many have survived to the present day, often preserved as historic monuments.
4937:"Martello Towers Worldwide" by Bill Clements, Pen & Sword Military 2011 pp. 146–148
7900:
7895:
7561:
7546:
7481:
7471:
7346:
7331:
7231:
7186:
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6517:
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6297:
6155:
6119:
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2552:
2267:
2215:
2134:
1866:
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1791:
1512:
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1292:
1220:
947:
882:
820:
776:
732:
647:
636:
571:
421:
81:
5946:
Location list and explanatory article of most Martello towers in the UK, with pictures
5945:
4585:
1466:. Their builders intended for the towers to serve as redoubts against marine attacks.
974:, built between 1812 and 1871 to defend against a possible French invasion during the
738:
7951:
7905:
7858:
7766:
7756:
7710:
7680:
7665:
7634:
7615:
7476:
7416:
7371:
7286:
7245:
7055:
6688:
6683:
6416:
6379:
6364:
6315:
6260:
6239:
6048:
5955:
5748:
4847:
4285:
4224:
4199:
4180:
4161:
4140:
4104:
4086:
4007:
3620:
3236:
2721:
2240:
2224:
1951:
1690:
1576:
1565:
1448:
982:
920:
905:
901:
877:
The British built two Martello towers on the Hook Peninsula to protect the fort near
827:
704:
640:
614:
570:
Three Martello towers were built in Scotland, the first on offshore rocks facing the
468:
386:
351:
347:
158:
77:
47:
5369:
5002:"Public Archives of Nova Scotia C@P Site – The Royal Engineers in Halifax – Exhibit"
2278:
to be fired through the walls. It was never tested in battle and by the time of the
362:
7883:
7741:
7705:
7660:
7644:
7572:
7525:
7501:
7491:
7486:
7301:
7118:
6979:
6946:
6811:
6747:
6722:
6634:
6608:
6576:
6570:
6512:
6451:
6421:
6269:
5838:
5800:
5168:
4987:
4563:
4041:
4021:
4002:
3981:
3615:
3551:
3528:
3506:
2896:
2506:
2331:
2176:
2032:
1958:
1939:
1919:
1915:
1467:
1436:
1232:
1216:
951:
889:
Harbour. There is a third tower on the headland at Baginbun Bay in County Wexford.
859:
839:
788:
659:
331:
115:
5384:
4696:. Pembroke Dock Gun Tower Museum Trust. Archived from the original on 5 March 2012
416:
408:
1681:
At the beginning of the nineteenth century, during the British "Protectorate" of
7782:
7639:
7608:
7590:
7578:
7520:
7515:
7456:
7451:
7411:
7311:
7276:
7172:
7075:
6846:
6816:
6806:
6712:
6601:
6409:
6218:
6165:
4129:
4125:
4109:
3946:
3636:
3547:
3502:
3444:
3431:
3193:
2986:
2700:
2529:
2415:
2204:
2023:
Lastly, the British built one tower at Santandria to protect the old capital of
1887:
1814:
1659:
1615:
1607:
1599:
1561:
1533:
1504:
1486:
1397:
1252:
1151:
1003:
939:
935:
897:
843:
835:
808:
675:
366:
260:
173:
59:
5191:
4124:
Hexagonal; originally built on shore, 150 ft (46 m) from water, near
1990:
One tower, the Princess Tower, or the Erskine Tower, was incorporated into the
1673:
1606:
Although European in origin, a primitive form of Martello tower had existed in
1350:
1271:(1822) (background), contrasts with the Ferry Island Fort (1790s) (foreground).
237:
Late in the previous year, the tower's French defenders had abandoned it after
164:
7807:
7787:
7627:
7599:
7530:
7406:
7361:
7291:
7211:
7108:
7013:
6953:
6912:
6890:
6841:
6787:
6737:
6732:
6717:
6676:
6624:
6582:
6527:
6369:
6332:
6285:
5935:
4895:
4252:
4067:
3965:
3690:
3421:
3075:
2810:
2679:
2199:
2084:
2080:
2069:
2052:
1477:
967:
955:
943:
931:
772:
716:
655:
579:
559:
288:
and storerooms, where ammunition, water, stores and provisions were kept. The
17:
2105:
2092:
1291:
from the main island of Bermuda, and attacking vessels from slipping through
7216:
7147:
6974:
6969:
6902:
6543:
6456:
6386:
6344:
6170:
6140:
6101:
6067:
5950:
4729:
4113:
4062:
4046:
3959:
3936:
3915:
3896:
3877:
3708:
3186:
2875:
2321:
2271:
2254:
2248:
2191:
1947:
1627:
1557:
1212:
886:
878:
871:
784:
765:
667:
460:
335:
319:
245:
97:
5980:
1997:
1736:, later strengthened the fort to guard the eastern entrance of the city of
7700:
7695:
7620:
7461:
7179:
7154:
7137:
7067:
7008:
6936:
6929:
6772:
6660:
6534:
6354:
6349:
6325:
6253:
6233:
6213:
6180:
5941:
English Heritage Report into Martello Towers on the East Coast of England
3986:
3855:
3831:
3592:
3295:
3117:
2961:
2939:
2917:
2787:
2765:
2129:
Another tower was erected by English troops stationed in the fortress of
2006:
1984:
1911:
1883:
1686:
1631:
1553:
916:
851:
800:
796:
792:
743:
712:
517:
436:
293:
289:
5930:
966:. There is also an extant Martello tower located near the settlement of
373:
Great Britain and Ireland were united as a single political entity, the
7832:
7797:
7792:
7130:
7113:
7098:
7082:
7034:
6962:
6907:
6897:
6865:
6767:
6742:
6727:
6497:
6441:
6359:
6206:
6199:
6145:
5757:
The Historical Development of the Martello Tower in the Channel Islands
3826:
3806:
3726:
3703:
3685:
3669:
3651:
3631:
3610:
3587:
3565:
3542:
3519:
3497:
3474:
3458:
3439:
3416:
3394:
3375:
3356:
3334:
3315:
3290:
3271:
3252:
3231:
3210:
3181:
3157:
3133:
3112:
3091:
3070:
3048:
3024:
3003:
2981:
2956:
2934:
2912:
2891:
2870:
2848:
2826:
2805:
2782:
2760:
2737:
2716:
2674:
2389:
2364:
2344:
1973:
1709:
1655:
1647:
1366:
1135:
1115:
1028: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
475:
464:
397:
393:
327:
315:
136:
6005:
4862:"A brief history of a dynamic and innovative campaigning organisation"
4467:"Holiday at Martello Tower in Aldeburgh, Suffolk - The Landmark Trust"
412:
An aerial view of the western of two Martello towers at Clacton-on-Sea
7837:
7191:
6757:
6695:
6639:
6617:
6594:
6587:
6463:
6446:
6278:
6110:
6092:
6062:
2651:
2628:
2607:
2586:
2565:
2542:
2519:
2496:
2473:
2452:
2447:
Lower levels still exist. Site partially boarded off, can be visited
2431:
2406:
2326:
2275:
1778:
1682:
1378:
1334:
The tower was restored in 2008 and an 18-pounder cannon brought from
1248:
1243:
1138:
from land or sea. Today the fort is a popular location for weddings.
761:
720:
598:
502:
456:
444:
432:
323:
181:
177:
147:
104:
63:
5194:. Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology, Gov't of India
4755:
Damian Corless (25 October 2000). "The man with a mind of his own".
3842:
since 1822, August under construction, later named as coast battery
1856:
The British never built any true Martello Towers in Malta. However,
1515:, the fourth tower, stands unused on Cedar Island near Point Henry.
127:
Martello towers were inspired by a round fortress, part of a larger
5873:#15, National Historic Parks and Sites Branch, Thorn Press Limited.
5740:
5133:
2602:
Open for group activities through National Battlefields Commission
1823:– Absorbed into the 19th-century artificers' barracks and workshops
1571:
In addition, there are a number of earlier towers in Guernsey (the
7878:
7822:
7566:
7091:
6922:
6762:
6083:
5808:
McCall, M. (1999). "The Martello Tower in Hambantota, Sri Lanka".
4263:
3850:
3783:
3762:
3745:
3721:
3029:
2695:
2253:
2214:
2163:
The later constructions that gave rise to the present fortress of
2120:
2009:
at San Esteban or Saint Stephen's bay on the southern side of the
1996:
1929:
1896:
1844:
1764:
1672:
1593:
1476:
1388:
1349:
1323:, and other important sites, carries them around the east ends of
1262:
1211:
1126:, and was designed by Commodore Charles Knowles RN, later Admiral
1104:
816:
737:
630:
575:
563:
553:
540:
415:
407:
361:
304:
275:
255:
163:
128:
114:
6017:
2064:, sent ashore a landing party that destroyed the unarmed tower. (
1239:. It is the only Martello tower to have been built in Australia.
696:, as the tower is now known, houses a museum dedicated to Joyce.
538:
A fuller list of British towers, with photographs, is available.
6860:
6702:
6669:
6644:
6436:
6426:
6395:
6374:
3596:
3574:
2158:
Plano de la plaza de Cartagena, Tebar, Echevarria, Pajares, 1855
863:
724:
474:
Included in the scheme were three much larger circular forts or
6021:
5999:
1400:
originally had four Martello towers. Tower No. 1 stands on the
5457:
Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Tha'na: places of interest
3149:
Tower & battery, both demolished 1836 during extension of
2039:
the British used the St. Nicholas's Tower, built in 1690. The
1901:
Canon on Martello tower in La Preneuse, Black River, Mauritius
1145:
1109:
A 1953 stamp of Antigua showing the Martello Tower in Barbuda.
997:
5936:
YouTube video showing a 3D reconstruction of a Martello tower
1852:(not a true Martello Tower but sometimes considered as such).
1462:
to defend its harbour and naval shipyards in response to the
771:
On the north side of Dublin, one can find Martello towers in
392:
This is most clearly visible on the south and east coasts of
5899:
Ward, S.G.P. (1949). "Defence Works of Britain, 1803–1805".
2125:
Martello tower at Castle of San Julian, Cartagena de Levante
1972:
During the last period of British occupation (1798–1802) of
1381:
still survive. (In addition, the existing fortifications at
5966:
English Heritage Martello towers definition and description
153:
Local villagers paid for the towers and watchmen, known as
942:. Several other towers are still extant, including one at
834:
briefly captured and held the Monning Martello tower near
719:
and Martello towers feature in many literary works set in
5864:
The Channel islands: pictorial, legendary and descriptive
4808:
Journal of the Cork Historical and Archaeological Society
1833:
In addition, there are a number of towers in Jersey (the
1732:, to guard his home against attack. An English Governor,
1130:
Bt, who was then commanding the Leeward Islands station.
5961:
Carleton Martello Tower National Historic Site of Canada
4984:"Prince of Wales Tower National Historic Site of Canada"
3891:
abandoned but no fences, entrance still on second story
5918:
5846:
Millward, J. (2007). "The East Coast Martello Towers".
5770:
Grundy, Mark (1991). "The Martello Towers of Minorca".
5489:
5487:
699:
A number of other Martello towers are extant nearby at
467:. Most were constructed under the direction of General
5510:
5508:
5485:
5483:
5481:
5479:
5477:
5475:
5473:
5471:
5469:
5467:
4814:. Cork Historical and Archaeological Society: 198–200.
3430:
Tower and gardens open to public (access by boat from
545:
Martello Tower on Seaford seafront, housing the Museum
498:
took over many to aid in the fight against smuggling.
5825:
Mead, H.P. (1948). "The Martello Towers of England".
5421:
American Civil War Fortification: Coastal Stone Forts
4491:. Martello-towers.co.uk. 16 June 2009. Archived from
2068:, later a naval captain and author, was serving as a
5989:– the ancestor of Martello towers all over the world
4846:
Seapoint Boat Club archives at the LexIcon library,
4525:"Napoleon-proof your home: convert a Martello tower"
4335:
4333:
2146:
Report by Second Lieutenant Navarro, March 10, 1813.
582:
now lies land-locked within the eastern breakwater.
7851:
7775:
7719:
7653:
7539:
7444:
7254:
7165:
6881:
6874:
6306:
6055:
5901:
Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research
5650:"davenporthousemuseum.org – Davenport House Museum"
5174:
A Guide to Architecture in Hyderabad, Deccan, India
5121:. London: Parbury, Allen, and Company. p. 114.
1474:) are now museums that are open during the summer.
369:
Martello tower, one of many on Ireland's east coast
5134:"Heritage of Portuguese Influence, Asia - entries"
4775:"Liam Collins: Courts lay bare Quinn's oil empire"
4773:
678:lived for a few days. Joyce shared the tower with
666:Possibly the most famous is the Martello tower in
143:(el Fratin), and the tower was completed in 1565.
4304:Bass-junk was a type of cable made of grass. The
3646:Extended to a Fort completed in 1812. Restaurant
5880:. (Cranbury, NJ: Associated Universities Press).
5282:The Mauritius Almanac and Civil Service Register
2291:41st Infantry Regiment of the United States Army
2258:41st Infantry Coat of arms with a Martello Tower
1777:The British built eight true Martello towers in
850:(now part of the Irish Naval Service HQ) and at
6289:
5956:Interactive Google Map of Killiney Bay defences
2266:was constructed around 1815 utilizing wood and
2150:
2139:
1918:in 1805 to defend the port from attacks by the
1386:– for ease of upkeep, not historical accuracy.
1231:, built on a small island, Pinchgut Island, in
892:One of the most interesting Martello towers is
222:
123:to the British in 1794 inspired Martello towers
6851:
6797:
6615:
6461:
5624:"SeacoastNH.com – The Forgotten Walbach Tower"
1377:Nine of the fourteen Martello towers built in
297:roof enabled rainwater to refill the cistern.
84:during the 19th century, from the time of the
7506:
7236:
7065:
7041:
6658:
6649:
6606:
6330:
6126:
6117:
6033:
5341:Clements, Bill; Clements, William H. (2011).
3411:Demolished 1884, when Esplanade constructed
2732:Partially collapsed but accessible to hikers
2297:List of Martello towers outside Great Britain
1622:, the British erected Martello towers at the
605:now operates the Hackness tower as a museum.
184:), at the top of Cap Diamant overlooking the
8:
7625:
7606:
7597:
7588:
7177:
7152:
7128:
7089:
7080:
7032:
7018:
6989:
6960:
6951:
6927:
6888:
6693:
6674:
6592:
6541:
6532:
6488:
6479:
6470:
6407:
6393:
6384:
6267:
6244:
5983:– pictures of the original tower at Mortella
5871:Occasional Papers in Archaeology and History
5713:Towers of Strength: Story of Martello Towers
2289:A Martello tower figures in the arms of the
2079:There are also four towers on the island of
1910:A Martello tower was built on Tower Hill at
1880:Mauritius Almanac and Civil Service Register
1511:Ontario for one day only in June each year.
1423:, had five towers, the oldest of which, the
6276:
6258:
6204:
6190:
6108:
6099:
6090:
6081:
6072:
6006:Eastbourne Redoubt Fortress Military Museum
5228:"Madliena Tower – Malta's 'Martello' Tower"
4385:
4383:
4381:
4379:
4377:
3042:Ye Olde Hurdy Gurdy Museum of Vintage Radio
1938:The British built three Martello towers in
1552:There are three similar Martello towers in
1180:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
524:), visitor centres, and galleries (such as
375:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
358:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
280:Diagram of the interior of a Martello tower
6878:
6040:
6026:
6018:
5987:Mortella Point (Punta Mortella) in Corsica
5706:Tybee Island: The Long Branch of the South
5556:New Orleans, America's Most Fortified City
5297:. Welcometosierraleone.org. Archived from
4434:
4432:
4430:
4428:
4426:
4424:
4422:
4420:
4401:
4399:
4397:
4395:
4036:At the Naval Base. Houses a small museum.
2300:
2001:Martello tower at Cap Cavalleria, Menorca.
627:Martello towers in the Greater Dublin Area
429:defend the south and east coast of England
30:For the rock formation in Antarctica, see
5383:
5327:
5325:
5295:"National Tourist Board – Heritage Sites"
3752:Mazzone's Tower or Tower of British Fort
1983:The British built five towers to protect
1470:and the tower at Point Frederick (at the
1200:Learn how and when to remove this message
1088:Learn how and when to remove this message
309:Distribution of Martello towers worldwide
6002:: Seapoint Martello Tower, County Dublin
2076:at the time.) (This fort has 17 walls.)
1295:and the channel between Ferry Reach and
161:), that warded off later foreign raids.
38:
5951:Restoration of No.7 Tower, Killiney Bay
5931:Martello Tower No.24 in Dymchurch, Kent
4320:
4297:
3257:Killiney, south end of Strathmore Road
2231:; others were built at the harbours of
1481:Line of defence: three Martello towers
531:Many remaining Martello Towers are now
32:Martello Tower (South Shetland Islands)
5993:Restoration of an Irish Martello tower
5226:Spiteri, Stephen C. (11 August 2010).
5150:
5139:
4707:
4648:from the original on 28 September 2007
4523:Glancey, Jonathan (20 December 2010).
4477:from the original on 11 February 2013.
1804:The four surviving, later towers are:
420:The eastern of two Martello towers at
5971:The Dymchurch tower: English Heritage
5690:Brock, B.B. & Brock, B.G. (1976)
5659:from the original on 19 February 2020
5630:from the original on 12 December 2013
5526:from the original on 19 October 2015.
5086:from the original on 11 October 2014.
5038:from the original on 3 December 2007.
4804:"The Martello Towers of Cork Harbour"
4736:from the original on 26 December 2010
4674:from the original on 24 December 2007
4668:"Hackness Martello Tower and Battery"
4618:from the original on 22 February 2011
4574:from the original on 17 October 2012.
4564:"Listed buildings - Historic England"
4535:from the original on 22 December 2015
1950:, one at Cape Town, and the third at
1275:There is a Martello tower located at
874:, though these are no longer intact.
866:). There are also Martello towers at
292:of 24 men and one officer lived in a
7:
5368:Guimaraens Igual, Guillermo (2007).
5238:from the original on 19 October 2015
5192:"History, District Pakur, Jharkhand"
4596:from the original on 1 October 2017.
2243:. Two more Martello towers stood at
1610:by the time it was conquered by the
1178:adding citations to reliable sources
1026:adding citations to reliable sources
934:is a feature of an island garden in
7432:Weapons Storage and Security System
5392:from the original on 8 January 2017
5347:. Casemate Publishers. p. 56.
5105:Clements (1998), pp. 133 & 135.
4927:from the original on 9 August 2016.
4864:. Genealogical Society of Ireland.
2274:on the garrison floor that enabled
1652:Thousand Islands (Kepulauan Seribu)
1458:Four Martello towers were built at
981:A Martello-like tower was built on
658:(29 installations) but also around
248:, leaving it in an unusable state.
5034:. Public Archives of Nova Scotia.
4836:from the original on 10 June 2015.
4772:Liam Collins (23 September 2012).
2684:Forteca KorÄŤula (Fort Wellington)
2083:, and one on the nearby island of
978:; it is now a visitor attraction.
192:On 7 February 1794 as part of the
25:
5460:. Government Central Press. 1882.
4826:"Rutland House Additional Images"
4447:Mead (1948), pp. 205–17, 294–303.
3931:Ruined (now a national monument)
1677:Magnisi tower at Priolo Gargallo.
1538:International Hockey Hall of Fame
1393:Martello tower no. 1, Quebec City
7931:
7930:
5976:James Joyce Tower, Dun Laoghaire
5376:Technical University of Valencia
5319:Brock & Brock (1976), p.162.
5284:(1865; Harrison and Sons), p.23.
5052:. Chebucto.ns.ca. Archived from
4868:from the original on 3 June 2012
1472:Royal Military College of Canada
1357:, in the British Virgin Islands.
1150:
1002:
301:Martello towers around the world
6000:Genealogical Society of Ireland
2690:Deserted, accessible to hikers
2339:Museum, harbour light station.
1934:Martello tower at Fort Beaufort
1882:listed "Two Artillery Men, at 1
1447:stood opposite York Redoubt on
1441:Duke of Clarence Martello Tower
1013:needs additional citations for
925:Genealogical Society of Ireland
742:Martello tower (South No.7) at
5839:10.1080/00253359.1948.10657527
5801:10.1080/00253359.1988.10656190
5572:– via Wikimedia Commons.
5262:images.nationalarchives.gov.uk
5032:The Royal Engineers in Halifax
4860:Merrigan, Michael (May 2012).
4732:. Photopol.com. 12 July 2008.
3151:Dublin & Kingstown Railway
2645:Tourist activity - Escape game
1536:FOB Martello. The logo of the
1443:stood on the Dartmouth shore.
585:Two towers were then built at
141:Giovan Giacomo Paleari Fratino
1:
7327:British "hedgehog" road block
5715:. (London: Pen & Sword).
5568:G, KaDee (1 September 1974).
4370:. 15 March 1794. p. 222.
4057:Demolished late 19th century
3997:Part of Parliament Buildings
2175:There is a Martello tower at
1598:Portuguese Martello tower at
1521:, overlooking the harbour of
1369:they added a Martello tower.
5919:Martello Towers Encyclopedia
5711:Clements, William H. (1998)
5704:Ciucevich, Robert A. (2005)
5076:"Kingston, Ontario (Canada)"
4568:list.english-heritage.org.uk
4405:Ciucevich (2005), pp. 19–21.
3731:Cariddi's Tower or Tower of
3537:Museum, owned by Irish Navy
3204:James Joyce Tower and Museum
3139:Kingstown Harbour, West Pier
2047:, Menorca. In 1808, Captain
1860:, which was one of thirteen
727:owned the Martello tower in
72:, sometimes known simply as
7737:Cities with defensive walls
7322:Defensive fighting position
7237:
7042:
6852:
6798:
6659:
6650:
6616:
6607:
6462:
5833:(3): 205–17 & 294–303.
5603:South Carolina Encyclopedia
5436:. The Institute of Heraldry
5004:. Gov.ns.ca. Archived from
4888:"Magilligan Martello Tower"
4586:"Geograph: Martello Towers"
4349:The United Service Magazine
3329:Site of battery, not tower
3266:Site of battery, not tower
2179:that was incorporated into
1433:Duke of York Martello Tower
635:Offshore Martello tower on
80:that were built across the
46:– oldest Martello tower in
7989:
7968:Forts in Key West, Florida
5759:. (Sarnian Publications).
5729:Journal of British Studies
5682:The Rough Guide to Corsica
5652:. Davenport House Museum.
4146:Charleston, South Carolina
3991:Tower Hill Martello Tower
3872:Intact, recently restored
2711:Deserted and Dilapidated.
2355:River Fort Martello Tower
2237:Charleston, South Carolina
2207:but never completed them.
1410:McKenzie Memorial Building
688:, the fictional character
624:
29:
7921:
7367:Hardened aircraft shelter
7342:Entry control point (ECP)
5876:Sutcliffe, Sheila (1973)
5520:www.buildingsofireland.ie
5423:. Osprey Publishing, 2003
5385:10.4995/Thesis/10251/2921
5344:Martello Towers Worldwide
5096:Clements (1998), p.83-90.
4892:Discover Northern Ireland
4714:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
4553:Millward (2007), 173–184.
4327:Vigano (2001), pp. 41–57.
4306:Oxford English Dictionary
4205:Portsmouth, New Hampshire
3339:Shanganagh, Mahera Point
2657:Saint John, New Brunswick
2468:Demolished prior to 1900
2462:Duke of Clarence's Tower
2233:Portsmouth, New Hampshire
2016:To protect the harbor of
1800:(AKA Noirmont; 1808–1814)
1644:1883 eruption of Krakatoa
1523:Saint John, New Brunswick
1445:Sherbrooke Martello Tower
1361:When the British rebuilt
478:that were constructed at
447:, then under the rule of
86:French Revolutionary Wars
7864:Continuity of government
5434:"41st Infantry Regiment"
5232:MilitaryArchitecture.com
4917:"Beautiful Barbuda 2012"
4471:www.landmarktrust.org.uk
3976:Disappeared after 1914.
3370:Lost to coastal erosion
2420:Prince of Wales's Tower
2106:38.7848000°N 1.4180583°E
2051:, commanding the 38-gun
1685:after the escape of the
1620:Indian Rebellion of 1857
1573:Guernsey loophole towers
1525:, is now a museum and a
379:Kingdom of Great Britain
196:, two British warships,
168:A Martello tower on the
7686:Motte-and-bailey castle
7392:Missile launch facility
7387:Main line of resistance
6082:
5862:Rooke, Octavius (1857)
5692:Historical Simon's Town
5132:Mendiratta, Sidh Losa.
5115:Parbury, Allen (1844).
4456:Ward (1949), pp. 18–37.
3901:Grand River North West
3882:Grand River North West
2662:Carleton Martello Tower
1944:Simon's Town Naval base
1519:Carleton Martello Tower
680:Oliver St. John Gogarty
574:in 1807–1809 to defend
511:anti-aircraft artillery
252:Design and construction
7963:Coastal fortifications
7762:Military installations
7626:
7607:
7598:
7589:
7507:
7178:
7153:
7129:
7119:Scarp and Counterscarp
7090:
7081:
7066:
7033:
7019:
6990:
6961:
6952:
6928:
6889:
6694:
6675:
6593:
6542:
6533:
6489:
6480:
6471:
6408:
6394:
6385:
6331:
6290:
6277:
6268:
6259:
6245:
6205:
6191:
6127:
6118:
6109:
6100:
6091:
6073:
5981:Note on Sir John Moore
5755:Grimsley, E.J. (1988)
5216:Grimsley (1988), p.43.
5149:Cite journal requires
4612:Gazetteer for Scotland
4608:"Leith Martello Tower"
4281:List of fortifications
3165:, site of present-day
2771:Meelick Martello Tower
2385:British Virgin Islands
2259:
2220:
2161:
2149:
2126:
2011:Fortress of San Felipe
2002:
1935:
1902:
1853:
1774:
1678:
1603:
1527:National Historic Site
1497:
1394:
1358:
1346:British Virgin Islands
1272:
1267:The Martello tower at
1224:
1124:Sir William Codrington
1110:
954:on the south coast of
930:The restored tower at
910:Meelick, County Galway
894:Meelick Martello Tower
803:(Hicks tower owned by
746:
643:
567:
566:, Edinburgh, Scotland.
546:
526:Jaywick Martello Tower
505:artillery. During the
424:
413:
396:and the east coast of
370:
310:
281:
264:
235:
194:siege of Saint-Florent
189:
124:
119:The resistance of the
76:, are small defensive
66:
7531:Floating water castle
7262:Admiralty scaffolding
6555:Fortified buildings (
5924:6 August 2013 at the
5708:(Arcadia Publishing).
4670:. Historic Scotland.
4339:Abram (2003), p. 103.
4230:Tybee Island, Georgia
2441:Duke of York's Tower
2264:Tybee Island, Georgia
2257:
2245:Tybee Island, Georgia
2218:
2124:
2111:38.7848000; 1.4180583
2000:
1992:Fortress of Isabel II
1933:
1900:
1848:
1817:(AKA St Ouen 2; 1834)
1811:(AKA St Ouen 1; 1835)
1768:
1676:
1662:that had been there.
1597:
1556:, all built in 1804:
1480:
1435:was built in 1798 at
1425:Prince of Wales Tower
1414:Jeffery Hale Hospital
1392:
1353:
1266:
1215:
1108:
741:
634:
601:assembling offshore.
557:
544:
419:
411:
365:
308:
279:
259:
167:
118:
44:Prince of Wales Tower
42:
7874:Subterranean warfare
6827:Viking ring fortress
6011:18 June 2011 at the
5998:, Newsletter of the
5889:Fortress Study Group
5856:Fortress Study Group
5818:Fortress Study Group
5780:Fortress Study Group
5680:Abram, David (2003)
5544:on 29 November 2015.
5378:. pp. 285–311.
4990:on 10 February 2013.
4923:. 21 December 2011.
4830:Buildings of Ireland
4638:"The Martello Tower"
3921:Grande-Rivière-Noire
3910:Last mentioned 1880
3463:Bere Island, Ardagh
3276:Killiney, Tara Hill
2458:Halifax, Nova Scotia
2437:Halifax, Nova Scotia
1421:Halifax, Nova Scotia
1301:Royal Naval Dockyard
1269:Ferry Reach, Bermuda
1174:improve this section
1022:improve this article
958:in the townlands of
885:and the entrance to
723:. During the 1980s,
186:Saint Lawrence River
27:Small defensive fort
7691:Quadrangular castle
7427:Weapon storage area
6783:Quadrangular castle
5374:(doctoral thesis).
4590:www.geograph.org.uk
4495:on 23 December 2010
4489:"Dymchurch Redoubt"
4414:Rooke (1857), p.68.
4351:, Volume 51, p.301.
4099:Abandoned by 1810.
4082:Trinidad and Tobago
2634:Quebec City, Quebec
2613:Quebec City, Quebec
2592:Quebec City, Quebec
2571:Quebec City, Quebec
2412:Point Pleasant Park
2102: /
1835:Jersey Round Towers
1750:Nishinomiya Battery
1429:Point Pleasant Park
1365:on the west end of
1289:St. George's Island
1128:Sir Charles Knowles
1101:Antigua and Barbuda
139:. The designer was
131:defence system, at
88:onwards. Most were
52:Point Pleasant Park
7422:Underground hangar
7207:Fire control tower
7004:Gunpowder magazine
6432:Butter-churn tower
5883:Vigano, M. (2001)
5626:. Seacoastnh.com.
5554:Codman Parkerson,
5056:on 14 October 2008
5008:on 3 December 2007
4970:www.ccbn-nbc.gc.ca
4694:"Gun Tower Museum"
4513:Daly (2007), p.34.
4367:The London Gazette
4215:Incorporated into
3885:Pointe aux Sables
3641:Greencastle Tower
3605:Private residence
3525:Haulbowline Island
3389:Private residence
3361:Bray, Corke Abbey
3310:Private residence
3226:Private residence
3065:Private residence
2998:Private residence
2976:Private residence
2929:Private residence
2777:Private residence
2755:Private residence
2280:American Civil War
2260:
2221:
2127:
2003:
1962:George Elphinstone
1936:
1903:
1854:
1775:
1769:La Tour de Vinde,
1755:Wadamisaki Battery
1679:
1612:East India Company
1604:
1498:
1404:, overlooking the
1395:
1359:
1336:Fort St. Catherine
1321:Murray's Anchorage
1281:St George's Parish
1273:
1225:
1111:
990:the coast-guard."
972:County Londonderry
908:river crossing to
848:Haulbowline Island
779:and Red Island at
747:
644:
568:
547:
425:
414:
383:Kingdom of Ireland
371:
344:optical telegraphs
311:
282:
265:
190:
135:(Myrtle) Point in
125:
67:
7945:
7944:
7869:Military urbanism
7803:Fortified gateway
7676:Concentric castle
7440:
7439:
7357:Fire support base
7197:Coastal artillery
7072:(Spanish America)
6666:
6508:Concentric castle
5996:The Genie Gazette
5765:978-0-9513868-0-4
5721:978-0-85052-679-0
5597:Keith, Willis J.
5558:. The Quest, 1990
5538:"als Digitalisat"
5501:on 12 March 2016.
5354:978-1-84884-535-0
4781:Irish Independent
4389:Sutcliffe (1973).
4244:
4243:
4217:Fort Constitution
4167:Key West, Florida
4134:Hurricane Katrina
3970:Cunningham Tower
3772:Torre di Magnisi
3740:Closed to public
3659:Magilligan Tower
3196:'s Martello tower
2705:Hanumant Bastion
2560:Closed to Public
2548:Kingston, Ontario
2537:Closed to Public
2525:Kingston, Ontario
2502:Kingston, Ontario
2479:Kingston, Ontario
2247:and Bayou Dupre,
2229:Key West, Florida
2066:Frederick Marryat
1821:La Collette Tower
1624:British Residency
1542:Kingston, Ontario
1495:Kingston, Ontario
1460:Kingston, Ontario
1406:St Lawrence River
1402:Plains of Abraham
1210:
1209:
1202:
1098:
1097:
1090:
1072:
758:18-pounder cannon
694:James Joyce Tower
603:Historic Scotland
441:possible invasion
439:to guard against
318:. Governments in
246:blew up the tower
170:plains of Abraham
121:Torra di Mortella
16:(Redirected from
7980:
7934:
7933:
7927:
7818:National redoubt
7747:Fortified estate
7671:Circular rampart
7631:
7612:
7603:
7594:
7512:
7272:Anti-tank trench
7267:Air raid shelter
7242:
7202:Disappearing gun
7183:
7158:
7134:
7095:
7086:
7071:
7047:
7038:
7024:
6995:
6966:
6957:
6933:
6894:
6879:
6857:
6837:Bailey (or ward)
6803:
6708:Motte-and-bailey
6699:
6680:
6664:
6656:
6655:
6621:
6612:
6598:
6547:
6538:
6494:
6485:
6476:
6467:
6413:
6399:
6390:
6336:
6293:
6282:
6273:
6264:
6250:
6210:
6196:
6136:Circular rampart
6132:
6123:
6114:
6105:
6096:
6087:
6078:
6042:
6035:
6028:
6019:
5908:
5859:
5842:
5827:Mariner's Mirror
5821:
5804:
5789:Mariner's Mirror
5783:
5752:
5669:
5668:
5666:
5664:
5658:
5646:
5640:
5639:
5637:
5635:
5620:
5614:
5613:
5611:
5609:
5594:
5588:
5587:
5586:. 27 April 2015.
5580:
5574:
5573:
5565:
5559:
5552:
5546:
5545:
5540:. Archived from
5534:
5528:
5527:
5512:
5503:
5502:
5497:. Archived from
5491:
5462:
5461:
5452:
5446:
5445:
5443:
5441:
5430:
5424:
5417:
5411:
5408:
5402:
5401:
5399:
5397:
5387:
5365:
5359:
5358:
5338:
5332:
5329:
5320:
5317:
5311:
5310:
5308:
5306:
5291:
5285:
5279:
5273:
5272:
5270:
5268:
5254:
5248:
5247:
5245:
5243:
5223:
5217:
5214:
5208:
5207:
5201:
5199:
5188:
5182:
5181:
5179:
5165:
5159:
5158:
5152:
5147:
5145:
5137:
5129:
5123:
5122:
5112:
5106:
5103:
5097:
5094:
5088:
5087:
5080:www.crwflags.com
5072:
5066:
5065:
5063:
5061:
5046:
5040:
5039:
5024:
5018:
5017:
5015:
5013:
4998:
4992:
4991:
4986:. Archived from
4980:
4974:
4973:
4962:
4956:
4955:Saunders (1976).
4953:
4947:
4944:
4938:
4935:
4929:
4928:
4913:
4907:
4906:
4904:
4902:
4884:
4878:
4877:
4875:
4873:
4857:
4851:
4844:
4838:
4837:
4822:
4816:
4815:
4799:
4793:
4792:
4790:
4788:
4777:
4769:
4763:
4762:
4752:
4746:
4745:
4743:
4741:
4726:
4720:
4719:
4713:
4705:
4703:
4701:
4690:
4684:
4683:
4681:
4679:
4664:
4658:
4657:
4655:
4653:
4642:History of Leith
4634:
4628:
4627:
4625:
4623:
4604:
4598:
4597:
4582:
4576:
4575:
4560:
4554:
4551:
4545:
4544:
4542:
4540:
4520:
4514:
4511:
4505:
4504:
4502:
4500:
4485:
4479:
4478:
4463:
4457:
4454:
4448:
4445:
4439:
4438:Clements (1998).
4436:
4415:
4412:
4406:
4403:
4390:
4387:
4372:
4371:
4358:
4352:
4346:
4340:
4337:
4328:
4325:
4309:
4302:
3794:Castello Maniace
2401:Private (hotel)
2301:
2159:
2147:
2117:
2116:
2114:
2113:
2112:
2107:
2103:
2100:
2099:
2098:
2095:
2041:Treaty of Amiens
1798:La Tour de Vinde
1714:Castello Maniace
1313:Hamilton Harbour
1205:
1198:
1194:
1191:
1185:
1154:
1146:
1093:
1086:
1082:
1079:
1073:
1071:
1037:"Martello tower"
1030:
1006:
998:
968:Magilligan Point
751:enfilading tower
533:Listed Buildings
507:Second World War
348:Chappe Telegraph
21:
7988:
7987:
7983:
7982:
7981:
7979:
7978:
7977:
7958:Martello towers
7948:
7947:
7946:
7941:
7925:
7917:
7847:
7771:
7715:
7649:
7584:Imperial castle
7557:Coercion castle
7552:Coastal defence
7535:
7497:Promontory fort
7467:Hillside castle
7436:
7352:Fallout shelter
7317:Concertina wire
7297:Border security
7250:
7161:
6870:
6503:Coercion castle
6491:Cheval de frise
6473:Chemin de ronde
6321:Albarrana tower
6302:
6247:Schwedenschanze
6224:Promontory fort
6051:
6046:
6013:Wayback Machine
5926:Wayback Machine
5915:
5898:
5878:Martello Towers
5845:
5824:
5807:
5786:
5769:
5726:
5694:. (Cape Town).
5677:
5672:
5662:
5660:
5656:
5648:
5647:
5643:
5633:
5631:
5622:
5621:
5617:
5607:
5605:
5596:
5595:
5591:
5582:
5581:
5577:
5567:
5566:
5562:
5553:
5549:
5536:
5535:
5531:
5514:
5513:
5506:
5493:
5492:
5465:
5454:
5453:
5449:
5439:
5437:
5432:
5431:
5427:
5419:Angus Konstam,
5418:
5414:
5409:
5405:
5395:
5393:
5367:
5366:
5362:
5355:
5340:
5339:
5335:
5330:
5323:
5318:
5314:
5304:
5302:
5293:
5292:
5288:
5280:
5276:
5266:
5264:
5256:
5255:
5251:
5241:
5239:
5225:
5224:
5220:
5215:
5211:
5197:
5195:
5190:
5189:
5185:
5177:
5167:
5166:
5162:
5148:
5138:
5131:
5130:
5126:
5114:
5113:
5109:
5104:
5100:
5095:
5091:
5074:
5073:
5069:
5059:
5057:
5048:
5047:
5043:
5028:"Fort Clarence"
5026:
5025:
5021:
5011:
5009:
5000:
4999:
4995:
4982:
4981:
4977:
4964:
4963:
4959:
4954:
4950:
4945:
4941:
4936:
4932:
4915:
4914:
4910:
4900:
4898:
4886:
4885:
4881:
4871:
4869:
4859:
4858:
4854:
4850:, County Dublin
4845:
4841:
4824:
4823:
4819:
4801:
4800:
4796:
4786:
4784:
4771:
4770:
4766:
4754:
4753:
4749:
4739:
4737:
4728:
4727:
4723:
4706:
4699:
4697:
4692:
4691:
4687:
4677:
4675:
4666:
4665:
4661:
4651:
4649:
4644:. 26 May 2004.
4636:
4635:
4631:
4621:
4619:
4606:
4605:
4601:
4584:
4583:
4579:
4562:
4561:
4557:
4552:
4548:
4538:
4536:
4522:
4521:
4517:
4512:
4508:
4498:
4496:
4487:
4486:
4482:
4465:
4464:
4460:
4455:
4451:
4446:
4442:
4437:
4418:
4413:
4409:
4404:
4393:
4388:
4375:
4360:
4359:
4355:
4347:
4343:
4338:
4331:
4326:
4322:
4318:
4313:
4312:
4303:
4299:
4294:
4276:List of castles
4258:Fortified tower
4249:
4186:New York Harbor
4128:'s entrance to
3801:Open to public
3778:Can be visited
3768:Priolo Gargallo
3492:Open to public
3485:Finavarra Tower
3350:coastal erosion
3285:Fully restored
3216:Bulloch Harbour
2748:Aughinish Tower
2726:Gabhla Fhranca
2426:Open to public
2379:Can be visited
2316:Current status
2299:
2213:
2189:
2181:High Knoll Fort
2173:
2160:
2157:
2148:
2145:
2110:
2108:
2104:
2101:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2089:
2088:
1970:
1928:
1908:
1875:
1862:De Redin towers
1843:
1763:
1746:
1726:
1702:Priolo Gargallo
1671:
1640:
1592:
1579:they resemble.
1550:
1375:
1348:
1340:Bermuda Railway
1261:
1237:New South Wales
1206:
1195:
1189:
1186:
1171:
1155:
1144:
1103:
1094:
1083:
1077:
1074:
1031:
1029:
1019:
1007:
996:
987:Ordnance Survey
976:Napoleonic Wars
904:, guarding the
828:Fenian uprising
791:, Tower Bay in
701:Bullock Harbour
690:Stephen Dedalus
650:(Drogheda), to
629:
623:
611:
552:
406:
360:
303:
254:
113:
70:Martello towers
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7986:
7984:
7976:
7975:
7970:
7965:
7960:
7950:
7949:
7943:
7942:
7940:
7939:
7922:
7919:
7918:
7916:
7915:
7914:
7913:
7903:
7901:Trench warfare
7898:
7896:Tunnel warfare
7893:
7892:
7891:
7881:
7876:
7871:
7866:
7861:
7855:
7853:
7849:
7848:
7846:
7845:
7840:
7835:
7830:
7825:
7820:
7815:
7810:
7805:
7800:
7795:
7790:
7785:
7779:
7777:
7773:
7772:
7770:
7769:
7764:
7759:
7754:
7752:Fortifications
7749:
7744:
7739:
7734:
7729:
7723:
7721:
7717:
7716:
7714:
7713:
7708:
7703:
7698:
7693:
7688:
7683:
7678:
7673:
7668:
7663:
7657:
7655:
7651:
7650:
7648:
7647:
7642:
7637:
7632:
7623:
7618:
7613:
7604:
7595:
7586:
7581:
7576:
7569:
7564:
7562:Counter-castle
7559:
7554:
7549:
7547:Border barrier
7543:
7541:
7537:
7536:
7534:
7533:
7528:
7523:
7518:
7513:
7504:
7499:
7494:
7489:
7484:
7482:Lowland castle
7479:
7474:
7472:Hilltop castle
7469:
7464:
7459:
7454:
7448:
7446:
7442:
7441:
7438:
7437:
7435:
7434:
7429:
7424:
7419:
7414:
7409:
7404:
7399:
7394:
7389:
7384:
7379:
7374:
7369:
7364:
7359:
7354:
7349:
7347:Electric fence
7344:
7339:
7337:Dragon's teeth
7334:
7332:Czech hedgehog
7329:
7324:
7319:
7314:
7309:
7304:
7299:
7294:
7289:
7284:
7279:
7274:
7269:
7264:
7258:
7256:
7252:
7251:
7249:
7248:
7246:Wire obstacles
7243:
7234:
7232:Polygonal fort
7229:
7224:
7222:Martello tower
7219:
7214:
7209:
7204:
7199:
7194:
7189:
7187:Border outpost
7184:
7175:
7169:
7167:
7163:
7162:
7160:
7159:
7150:
7145:
7140:
7135:
7126:
7121:
7116:
7111:
7106:
7101:
7096:
7087:
7078:
7073:
7063:
7061:Polygonal fort
7058:
7053:
7048:
7039:
7030:
7025:
7016:
7011:
7006:
7001:
6996:
6987:
6982:
6977:
6972:
6967:
6958:
6949:
6944:
6939:
6934:
6925:
6920:
6915:
6910:
6905:
6900:
6895:
6885:
6883:
6876:
6872:
6871:
6869:
6868:
6863:
6858:
6849:
6844:
6839:
6834:
6829:
6824:
6819:
6814:
6809:
6804:
6795:
6790:
6785:
6780:
6775:
6770:
6765:
6760:
6755:
6750:
6745:
6740:
6735:
6730:
6725:
6720:
6715:
6710:
6705:
6700:
6691:
6686:
6681:
6672:
6667:
6647:
6642:
6637:
6632:
6627:
6622:
6613:
6604:
6599:
6590:
6585:
6580:
6573:
6568:
6553:
6551:Flanking tower
6548:
6539:
6530:
6525:
6520:
6518:Counter-castle
6515:
6510:
6505:
6500:
6495:
6486:
6477:
6468:
6459:
6454:
6449:
6444:
6439:
6434:
6429:
6424:
6419:
6414:
6405:
6400:
6391:
6382:
6377:
6372:
6367:
6362:
6357:
6352:
6347:
6342:
6337:
6328:
6323:
6318:
6312:
6310:
6308:Post-classical
6304:
6303:
6301:
6300:
6298:Vitrified fort
6295:
6283:
6274:
6265:
6256:
6251:
6242:
6237:
6231:
6226:
6221:
6216:
6211:
6202:
6197:
6188:
6183:
6178:
6173:
6168:
6163:
6158:
6156:Defensive wall
6153:
6148:
6143:
6138:
6133:
6124:
6115:
6106:
6097:
6088:
6079:
6070:
6065:
6059:
6057:
6053:
6052:
6049:Fortifications
6047:
6045:
6044:
6037:
6030:
6022:
6016:
6015:
6003:
5990:
5984:
5978:
5973:
5968:
5963:
5958:
5953:
5948:
5943:
5938:
5933:
5928:
5914:
5913:External links
5911:
5910:
5909:
5896:
5881:
5874:
5867:
5860:
5843:
5822:
5805:
5795:(1): 131–139.
5784:
5767:
5753:
5741:10.1086/508397
5724:
5709:
5702:
5688:
5685:
5676:
5673:
5671:
5670:
5641:
5615:
5599:"Fort Johnson"
5589:
5575:
5560:
5547:
5529:
5504:
5463:
5447:
5425:
5412:
5410:McCall (1999).
5403:
5360:
5353:
5333:
5331:Grundy (1991).
5321:
5312:
5301:on 4 June 2008
5286:
5274:
5249:
5218:
5209:
5183:
5160:
5151:|journal=
5124:
5107:
5098:
5089:
5067:
5041:
5019:
4993:
4975:
4957:
4948:
4946:Harris (1988).
4939:
4930:
4908:
4879:
4852:
4839:
4817:
4794:
4764:
4758:Evening Herald
4747:
4721:
4685:
4659:
4629:
4599:
4577:
4555:
4546:
4515:
4506:
4480:
4458:
4449:
4440:
4416:
4407:
4391:
4373:
4353:
4341:
4329:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4311:
4310:
4296:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4289:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4267:
4266:
4260:
4255:
4248:
4245:
4242:
4241:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4227:
4221:
4220:
4213:
4210:
4209:Walbach Tower
4207:
4202:
4196:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4188:
4183:
4177:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4169:
4164:
4158:
4157:
4155:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4137:
4136:
4122:
4119:
4116:
4107:
4101:
4100:
4097:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4078:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4065:
4059:
4058:
4055:
4052:
4051:Craig's Tower
4049:
4044:
4038:
4037:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4024:
4018:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4005:
3999:
3998:
3995:
3992:
3989:
3984:
3978:
3977:
3974:
3971:
3968:
3962:
3956:
3955:
3952:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3933:
3932:
3929:
3926:
3923:
3918:
3912:
3911:
3908:
3905:
3904:Fort Victoria
3902:
3899:
3893:
3892:
3889:
3886:
3883:
3880:
3874:
3873:
3870:
3867:
3865:Madliena Tower
3862:
3853:
3847:
3846:
3840:
3837:
3836:Fort Stockton
3834:
3829:
3823:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3814:
3809:
3803:
3802:
3799:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3780:
3779:
3776:
3773:
3770:
3765:
3759:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3742:
3741:
3738:
3735:
3729:
3724:
3718:
3717:
3715:
3713:
3711:
3706:
3700:
3699:
3697:
3695:
3693:
3688:
3682:
3681:
3679:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3666:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3654:
3648:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3634:
3628:
3627:
3625:
3623:
3621:Macamish Tower
3618:
3613:
3607:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3599:
3590:
3584:
3583:
3581:
3579:
3577:
3568:
3562:
3561:
3559:
3557:
3556:Monning Tower
3554:
3545:
3539:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3531:
3522:
3516:
3515:
3513:
3511:
3509:
3500:
3494:
3493:
3490:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3471:
3470:
3468:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3455:
3454:
3452:
3450:
3448:
3442:
3436:
3435:
3428:
3426:
3424:
3419:
3413:
3412:
3409:
3406:
3403:
3397:
3391:
3390:
3387:
3384:
3381:
3378:
3372:
3371:
3368:
3365:
3362:
3359:
3353:
3352:
3346:
3343:
3340:
3337:
3331:
3330:
3327:
3324:
3321:
3318:
3312:
3311:
3308:
3305:
3299:
3293:
3287:
3286:
3283:
3280:
3277:
3274:
3268:
3267:
3264:
3261:
3258:
3255:
3249:
3248:
3245:
3242:
3239:
3234:
3228:
3227:
3224:
3221:
3218:
3213:
3207:
3206:
3201:
3198:
3191:South No. 11,
3189:
3184:
3178:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3169:
3160:
3154:
3153:
3147:
3144:
3141:
3136:
3130:
3129:
3126:
3123:
3120:
3115:
3109:
3108:
3105:
3102:
3099:
3094:
3088:
3087:
3084:
3081:
3078:
3073:
3067:
3066:
3063:
3060:
3057:
3051:
3045:
3044:
3039:
3036:
3033:
3032:, Harbour Rd.
3027:
3021:
3020:
3017:
3014:
3011:
3006:
3000:
2999:
2996:
2993:
2990:
2989:, Carrickhill
2984:
2978:
2977:
2974:
2971:
2965:
2959:
2953:
2952:
2949:
2946:
2943:
2937:
2931:
2930:
2927:
2924:
2921:
2915:
2909:
2908:
2905:
2902:
2899:
2894:
2888:
2887:
2884:
2881:
2878:
2873:
2867:
2866:
2863:
2860:
2857:
2855:Shenick Island
2851:
2845:
2844:
2841:
2838:
2835:
2829:
2823:
2822:
2819:
2816:
2813:
2808:
2802:
2801:
2798:
2795:
2793:Millmount Fort
2790:
2785:
2779:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2757:
2756:
2753:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2734:
2733:
2730:
2727:
2724:
2719:
2713:
2712:
2709:
2706:
2703:
2698:
2692:
2691:
2688:
2685:
2682:
2677:
2671:
2670:
2667:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2648:
2647:
2642:
2639:
2636:
2631:
2625:
2624:
2621:
2618:
2615:
2610:
2604:
2603:
2600:
2597:
2594:
2589:
2583:
2582:
2579:
2576:
2573:
2568:
2562:
2561:
2558:
2555:
2553:Cathcart Tower
2550:
2545:
2539:
2538:
2535:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2516:
2515:
2512:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2493:
2492:
2489:
2486:
2484:Fort Frederick
2481:
2476:
2470:
2469:
2466:
2463:
2460:
2455:
2449:
2448:
2445:
2442:
2439:
2434:
2428:
2427:
2424:
2421:
2418:
2409:
2403:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2381:
2380:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2367:
2361:
2360:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:Palmetto Point
2347:
2341:
2340:
2337:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2318:
2317:
2314:
2311:
2308:
2305:
2298:
2295:
2268:tabby concrete
2212:
2209:
2196:Martello tower
2188:
2185:
2172:
2169:
2155:
2143:
2135:Peninsular War
2035:, in 1740. At
1978:Charles Stuart
1969:
1966:
1927:
1924:
1907:
1904:
1874:
1871:
1867:Victoria Lines
1858:Madliena Tower
1850:Madliena Tower
1842:
1839:
1831:
1830:
1827:Victoria Tower
1824:
1818:
1812:
1802:
1801:
1795:
1792:Portelet Tower
1789:
1762:
1759:
1758:
1757:
1752:
1745:
1742:
1725:
1722:
1670:
1667:
1639:
1636:
1591:
1588:
1577:Genoese towers
1549:
1546:
1540:and Museum in
1513:Cathcart Tower
1501:Fort Frederick
1491:Cathcart Tower
1483:Fort Frederick
1453:Georges Island
1374:
1371:
1347:
1344:
1293:Castle Harbour
1260:
1257:
1233:Sydney Harbour
1221:Sydney Harbour
1208:
1207:
1158:
1156:
1149:
1143:
1140:
1102:
1099:
1096:
1095:
1010:
1008:
1001:
995:
992:
948:County Donegal
883:County Wexford
832:Captain Mackey
785:Drumanagh Fort
777:Shenick Island
733:County Wicklow
637:Shenick Island
622:
619:
610:
607:
572:Firth of Forth
551:
548:
496:The Coastguard
422:Clacton-on-Sea
405:
402:
359:
356:
302:
299:
253:
250:
211:Sir John Moore
203:(74 guns) and
159:Genoese towers
112:
109:
82:British Empire
26:
24:
18:Martello Tower
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7985:
7974:
7971:
7969:
7966:
7964:
7961:
7959:
7956:
7955:
7953:
7938:
7937:
7924:
7923:
7920:
7912:
7909:
7908:
7907:
7906:Urban warfare
7904:
7902:
7899:
7897:
7894:
7890:
7887:
7886:
7885:
7882:
7880:
7877:
7875:
7872:
7870:
7867:
7865:
7862:
7860:
7859:Civil defense
7857:
7856:
7854:
7850:
7844:
7841:
7839:
7836:
7834:
7831:
7829:
7826:
7824:
7821:
7819:
7816:
7814:
7811:
7809:
7806:
7804:
7801:
7799:
7796:
7794:
7791:
7789:
7786:
7784:
7781:
7780:
7778:
7774:
7768:
7765:
7763:
7760:
7758:
7755:
7753:
7750:
7748:
7745:
7743:
7740:
7738:
7735:
7733:
7730:
7728:
7727:Bastion forts
7725:
7724:
7722:
7718:
7712:
7711:Z-plan castle
7709:
7707:
7704:
7702:
7699:
7697:
7694:
7692:
7689:
7687:
7684:
7682:
7681:L-plan castle
7679:
7677:
7674:
7672:
7669:
7667:
7666:Bridge castle
7664:
7662:
7659:
7658:
7656:
7652:
7646:
7643:
7641:
7638:
7636:
7635:Refuge castle
7633:
7630:
7629:
7624:
7622:
7619:
7617:
7616:Military base
7614:
7611:
7610:
7605:
7602:
7601:
7596:
7593:
7592:
7587:
7585:
7582:
7580:
7579:Hunting lodge
7577:
7575:
7574:
7570:
7568:
7565:
7563:
7560:
7558:
7555:
7553:
7550:
7548:
7545:
7544:
7542:
7538:
7532:
7529:
7527:
7524:
7522:
7519:
7517:
7514:
7511:
7510:
7505:
7503:
7500:
7498:
7495:
7493:
7492:Moated castle
7490:
7488:
7485:
7483:
7480:
7478:
7477:Island castle
7475:
7473:
7470:
7468:
7465:
7463:
7460:
7458:
7455:
7453:
7450:
7449:
7447:
7445:By topography
7443:
7433:
7430:
7428:
7425:
7423:
7420:
7418:
7417:Submarine pen
7415:
7413:
7410:
7408:
7405:
7403:
7400:
7398:
7395:
7393:
7390:
7388:
7385:
7383:
7380:
7378:
7375:
7373:
7372:Hesco bastion
7370:
7368:
7365:
7363:
7360:
7358:
7355:
7353:
7350:
7348:
7345:
7343:
7340:
7338:
7335:
7333:
7330:
7328:
7325:
7323:
7320:
7318:
7315:
7313:
7310:
7308:
7305:
7303:
7300:
7298:
7295:
7293:
7290:
7288:
7287:Blast shelter
7285:
7283:
7280:
7278:
7275:
7273:
7270:
7268:
7265:
7263:
7260:
7259:
7257:
7253:
7247:
7244:
7241:
7240:
7235:
7233:
7230:
7228:
7225:
7223:
7220:
7218:
7215:
7213:
7210:
7208:
7205:
7203:
7200:
7198:
7195:
7193:
7190:
7188:
7185:
7182:
7181:
7176:
7174:
7171:
7170:
7168:
7164:
7157:
7156:
7151:
7149:
7146:
7144:
7141:
7139:
7136:
7133:
7132:
7127:
7125:
7122:
7120:
7117:
7115:
7112:
7110:
7107:
7105:
7102:
7100:
7097:
7094:
7093:
7088:
7085:
7084:
7079:
7077:
7074:
7070:
7069:
7064:
7062:
7059:
7057:
7056:Place-of-arms
7054:
7052:
7049:
7046:
7045:
7040:
7037:
7036:
7031:
7029:
7026:
7023:
7022:
7017:
7015:
7012:
7010:
7007:
7005:
7002:
7000:
6997:
6994:
6993:
6988:
6986:
6983:
6981:
6978:
6976:
6973:
6971:
6968:
6965:
6964:
6959:
6956:
6955:
6950:
6948:
6945:
6943:
6940:
6938:
6935:
6932:
6931:
6926:
6924:
6921:
6919:
6916:
6914:
6911:
6909:
6906:
6904:
6901:
6899:
6896:
6893:
6892:
6887:
6886:
6884:
6880:
6877:
6873:
6867:
6864:
6862:
6859:
6856:
6855:
6850:
6848:
6845:
6843:
6840:
6838:
6835:
6833:
6830:
6828:
6825:
6823:
6820:
6818:
6815:
6813:
6810:
6808:
6805:
6802:
6801:
6796:
6794:
6791:
6789:
6786:
6784:
6781:
6779:
6776:
6774:
6771:
6769:
6766:
6764:
6761:
6759:
6756:
6754:
6751:
6749:
6746:
6744:
6741:
6739:
6736:
6734:
6731:
6729:
6726:
6724:
6721:
6719:
6716:
6714:
6711:
6709:
6706:
6704:
6701:
6698:
6697:
6692:
6690:
6689:Machicolation
6687:
6685:
6684:L-plan castle
6682:
6679:
6678:
6673:
6671:
6668:
6663:
6662:
6654:
6653:
6648:
6646:
6643:
6641:
6638:
6636:
6633:
6631:
6628:
6626:
6623:
6620:
6619:
6614:
6611:
6610:
6605:
6603:
6600:
6597:
6596:
6591:
6589:
6586:
6584:
6581:
6579:
6578:
6574:
6572:
6569:
6566:
6562:
6558:
6554:
6552:
6549:
6546:
6545:
6540:
6537:
6536:
6531:
6529:
6526:
6524:
6521:
6519:
6516:
6514:
6511:
6509:
6506:
6504:
6501:
6499:
6496:
6493:
6492:
6487:
6484:
6483:
6478:
6475:
6474:
6469:
6466:
6465:
6460:
6458:
6455:
6453:
6450:
6448:
6445:
6443:
6440:
6438:
6435:
6433:
6430:
6428:
6425:
6423:
6420:
6418:
6417:Bridge castle
6415:
6412:
6411:
6406:
6404:
6401:
6398:
6397:
6392:
6389:
6388:
6383:
6381:
6380:Bent entrance
6378:
6376:
6373:
6371:
6368:
6366:
6365:Battery tower
6363:
6361:
6358:
6356:
6353:
6351:
6348:
6346:
6343:
6341:
6338:
6335:
6334:
6329:
6327:
6324:
6322:
6319:
6317:
6316:Advanced work
6314:
6313:
6311:
6309:
6305:
6299:
6296:
6292:
6287:
6284:
6281:
6280:
6275:
6272:
6271:
6266:
6263:
6262:
6257:
6255:
6252:
6249:
6248:
6243:
6241:
6240:Refuge castle
6238:
6235:
6232:
6230:
6227:
6225:
6222:
6220:
6217:
6215:
6212:
6209:
6208:
6203:
6201:
6198:
6195:
6194:
6189:
6187:
6184:
6182:
6179:
6177:
6174:
6172:
6169:
6167:
6164:
6162:
6159:
6157:
6154:
6152:
6149:
6147:
6144:
6142:
6139:
6137:
6134:
6131:
6130:
6125:
6122:
6121:
6116:
6113:
6112:
6107:
6104:
6103:
6098:
6095:
6094:
6089:
6086:
6085:
6080:
6077:
6076:
6071:
6069:
6066:
6064:
6061:
6060:
6058:
6054:
6050:
6043:
6038:
6036:
6031:
6029:
6024:
6023:
6020:
6014:
6010:
6007:
6004:
6001:
5997:
5994:
5991:
5988:
5985:
5982:
5979:
5977:
5974:
5972:
5969:
5967:
5964:
5962:
5959:
5957:
5954:
5952:
5949:
5947:
5944:
5942:
5939:
5937:
5934:
5932:
5929:
5927:
5923:
5920:
5917:
5916:
5912:
5906:
5902:
5897:
5894:
5890:
5886:
5882:
5879:
5875:
5872:
5868:
5865:
5861:
5857:
5853:
5849:
5844:
5840:
5836:
5832:
5828:
5823:
5819:
5815:
5811:
5806:
5802:
5798:
5794:
5790:
5785:
5781:
5777:
5773:
5768:
5766:
5762:
5758:
5754:
5750:
5746:
5742:
5738:
5734:
5730:
5725:
5722:
5718:
5714:
5710:
5707:
5703:
5701:
5700:0-86961-055-4
5697:
5693:
5689:
5686:
5684:Rough Guides.
5683:
5679:
5678:
5674:
5655:
5651:
5645:
5642:
5629:
5625:
5619:
5616:
5604:
5600:
5593:
5590:
5585:
5579:
5576:
5571:
5564:
5561:
5557:
5551:
5548:
5543:
5539:
5533:
5530:
5525:
5521:
5517:
5511:
5509:
5505:
5500:
5496:
5490:
5488:
5486:
5484:
5482:
5480:
5478:
5476:
5474:
5472:
5470:
5468:
5464:
5459:
5458:
5451:
5448:
5435:
5429:
5426:
5422:
5416:
5413:
5407:
5404:
5391:
5386:
5381:
5377:
5373:
5372:
5364:
5361:
5356:
5350:
5346:
5345:
5337:
5334:
5328:
5326:
5322:
5316:
5313:
5300:
5296:
5290:
5287:
5283:
5278:
5275:
5263:
5259:
5253:
5250:
5237:
5233:
5229:
5222:
5219:
5213:
5210:
5206:
5193:
5187:
5184:
5176:
5175:
5170:
5169:Khalidi, Omar
5164:
5161:
5156:
5143:
5135:
5128:
5125:
5120:
5119:
5111:
5108:
5102:
5099:
5093:
5090:
5085:
5081:
5077:
5071:
5068:
5055:
5051:
5045:
5042:
5037:
5033:
5029:
5023:
5020:
5007:
5003:
4997:
4994:
4989:
4985:
4979:
4976:
4971:
4967:
4961:
4958:
4952:
4949:
4943:
4940:
4934:
4931:
4926:
4922:
4918:
4912:
4909:
4897:
4893:
4889:
4883:
4880:
4867:
4863:
4856:
4853:
4849:
4848:Dun Laoghaire
4843:
4840:
4835:
4831:
4827:
4821:
4818:
4813:
4809:
4805:
4802:Cn, (1907).
4798:
4795:
4783:
4782:
4776:
4768:
4765:
4760:
4759:
4751:
4748:
4735:
4731:
4730:"Tower No. 7"
4725:
4722:
4717:
4711:
4695:
4689:
4686:
4673:
4669:
4663:
4660:
4647:
4643:
4639:
4633:
4630:
4617:
4613:
4609:
4603:
4600:
4595:
4591:
4587:
4581:
4578:
4573:
4569:
4565:
4559:
4556:
4550:
4547:
4534:
4530:
4526:
4519:
4516:
4510:
4507:
4494:
4490:
4484:
4481:
4476:
4472:
4468:
4462:
4459:
4453:
4450:
4444:
4441:
4435:
4433:
4431:
4429:
4427:
4425:
4423:
4421:
4417:
4411:
4408:
4402:
4400:
4398:
4396:
4392:
4386:
4384:
4382:
4380:
4378:
4374:
4369:
4368:
4363:
4357:
4354:
4350:
4345:
4342:
4336:
4334:
4330:
4324:
4321:
4315:
4307:
4301:
4298:
4291:
4287:
4286:List of forts
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4273:
4272:
4271:
4265:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4250:
4246:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4225:United States
4223:
4222:
4218:
4214:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4200:United States
4198:
4197:
4193:
4191:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4181:United States
4179:
4178:
4174:
4172:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4162:United States
4160:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4141:United States
4139:
4138:
4135:
4131:
4127:
4123:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4105:United States
4103:
4102:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4087:Port of Spain
4085:
4083:
4080:
4079:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4060:
4056:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4039:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4019:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4009:
4008:Fort Beaufort
4006:
4004:
4001:
4000:
3996:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3979:
3975:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:Fort George,
3963:
3961:
3958:
3957:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3934:
3930:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3913:
3909:
3906:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3894:
3890:
3887:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3875:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3848:
3845:
3841:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3824:
3821:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3804:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3781:
3777:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3760:
3757:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3743:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3667:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3649:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3608:
3604:
3602:
3600:
3598:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3578:
3576:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3540:
3536:
3534:
3532:
3530:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3510:
3508:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3495:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3449:
3447:, Cloughland
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3437:
3433:
3429:
3427:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3414:
3410:
3407:
3404:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3392:
3388:
3385:
3382:
3380:Bray harbour
3379:
3377:
3374:
3373:
3369:
3366:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3354:
3351:
3347:
3344:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3332:
3328:
3325:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3313:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3303:Enoch's Tower
3301:South No. 6,
3300:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3288:
3284:
3281:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3269:
3265:
3262:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3250:
3246:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3237:Dalkey Island
3235:
3233:
3230:
3229:
3225:
3222:
3220:South No. 10
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3208:
3205:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3195:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3179:
3176:
3173:
3171:South No. 12
3170:
3168:
3164:
3163:DĂşn Laoghaire
3161:
3159:
3156:
3155:
3152:
3148:
3145:
3143:South No. 13
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3131:
3127:
3124:
3122:South No. 14
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3110:
3106:
3103:
3101:South No. 15
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3089:
3085:
3082:
3080:South No. 16
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3068:
3064:
3061:
3058:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3046:
3043:
3040:
3037:
3034:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3022:
3018:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3009:Ireland's Eye
3007:
3005:
3002:
3001:
2997:
2994:
2991:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2979:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:North No. 5,
2966:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2954:
2950:
2947:
2944:
2942:, Balcarrick
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2932:
2928:
2925:
2922:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2910:
2906:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2889:
2885:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2868:
2864:
2861:
2859:North No. 10
2858:
2856:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2846:
2842:
2839:
2837:North No. 11
2836:
2834:, Red Island
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2824:
2820:
2817:
2815:North No. 12
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2803:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2780:
2776:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2758:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2735:
2731:
2729:c. 1803–1815
2728:
2725:
2723:
2722:Achill Island
2720:
2718:
2715:
2714:
2710:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2701:Arnala Island
2699:
2697:
2694:
2693:
2689:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2672:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2649:
2646:
2643:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2626:
2622:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2605:
2601:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2584:
2580:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2563:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2540:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2517:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2494:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2471:
2467:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2450:
2446:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2429:
2425:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2404:
2400:
2398:
2396:
2395:Fort Recovery
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2382:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2342:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2319:
2315:
2312:
2309:
2306:
2303:
2302:
2296:
2294:
2292:
2287:
2283:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2256:
2252:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2241:New York City
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2225:United States
2217:
2211:United States
2210:
2208:
2206:
2201:
2198:, located at
2197:
2193:
2186:
2184:
2182:
2178:
2170:
2168:
2166:
2154:
2142:
2138:
2136:
2133:, during the
2132:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2086:
2082:
2077:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2062:
2057:
2054:
2050:
2049:Lord Cochrane
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2028:
2026:
2021:
2019:
2014:
2012:
2008:
1999:
1995:
1993:
1988:
1986:
1981:
1979:
1975:
1967:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1955:
1953:
1952:Fort Beaufort
1949:
1945:
1941:
1932:
1925:
1923:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1905:
1899:
1895:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1872:
1870:
1868:
1863:
1859:
1851:
1847:
1840:
1838:
1836:
1828:
1825:
1822:
1819:
1816:
1813:
1810:
1807:
1806:
1805:
1799:
1796:
1793:
1790:
1787:
1784:
1783:
1782:
1780:
1772:
1771:Saint Brélade
1767:
1760:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1747:
1743:
1741:
1739:
1735:
1734:George Nugent
1731:
1723:
1721:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1694:
1692:
1691:Joachim Murat
1688:
1684:
1675:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1637:
1635:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1601:
1596:
1589:
1587:
1585:
1580:
1578:
1574:
1569:
1567:
1566:Fort Saumarez
1563:
1559:
1555:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1530:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1479:
1475:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1464:Oregon Crisis
1461:
1456:
1454:
1450:
1449:McNabs Island
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1391:
1387:
1384:
1380:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1364:
1363:Fort Recovery
1356:
1355:Fort Recovery
1352:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1337:
1332:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1284:
1282:
1278:
1270:
1265:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1204:
1201:
1193:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1169:
1168:
1164:
1159:This section
1157:
1153:
1148:
1147:
1141:
1139:
1137:
1131:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1107:
1100:
1092:
1089:
1081:
1070:
1067:
1063:
1060:
1056:
1053:
1049:
1046:
1042:
1039: –
1038:
1034:
1033:Find sources:
1027:
1023:
1017:
1016:
1011:This section
1009:
1005:
1000:
999:
993:
991:
988:
984:
983:Achill Island
979:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
928:
926:
922:
921:County Dublin
918:
915:The tower at
913:
911:
907:
903:
902:County Offaly
899:
895:
890:
888:
884:
880:
875:
873:
869:
868:Little Island
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
830:, the famous
829:
824:
822:
818:
814:
813:Ireland's Eye
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
769:
767:
763:
759:
756:
752:
745:
740:
736:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
705:Dalkey Island
702:
697:
695:
691:
687:
686:
681:
677:
673:
672:DĂşn Laoghaire
669:
664:
661:
657:
653:
649:
642:
641:County Dublin
638:
633:
628:
620:
618:
616:
615:Pembroke Dock
608:
606:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
583:
581:
578:Harbour. The
577:
573:
565:
561:
556:
549:
543:
539:
536:
534:
529:
527:
523:
519:
514:
512:
508:
504:
499:
497:
491:
489:
485:
481:
477:
472:
470:
469:William Twiss
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
423:
418:
410:
403:
401:
399:
395:
390:
388:
387:British Isles
384:
380:
376:
368:
364:
357:
355:
353:
352:United States
349:
345:
340:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
307:
300:
298:
295:
291:
287:
278:
274:
271:
262:
258:
251:
249:
247:
243:
242:
234:
231:
227:
221:
219:
216:Vice-Admiral
214:
212:
208:
207:
202:
201:
195:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
166:
162:
160:
156:
151:
149:
144:
142:
138:
134:
130:
122:
117:
110:
108:
106:
101:
99:
93:
91:
90:coastal forts
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
48:North America
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
7973:Round towers
7929:
7884:Siege engine
7852:Other topics
7776:Related word
7742:Defense line
7706:Tower castle
7661:Bastion fort
7645:Urban castle
7573:Ganerbenburg
7571:
7526:Water castle
7502:Ridge castle
7487:Marsh castle
7302:Bomb shelter
7282:Belgian gate
7255:20th century
7221:
7166:19th century
7104:Retrenchment
7076:Punji sticks
6985:Entrenchment
6980:Device Forts
6947:Counterguard
6882:Early modern
6812:Tower castle
6748:Powder tower
6723:Outer bailey
6635:Inner bailey
6609:Gulyay-gorod
6577:Ganerbenburg
6575:
6571:Fujian tulou
6513:Corner tower
6452:Chamber gate
6422:Bridge tower
6270:Trou de loup
5995:
5904:
5900:
5892:
5884:
5877:
5870:
5863:
5851:
5847:
5830:
5826:
5813:
5809:
5792:
5788:
5775:
5771:
5756:
5735:(1): 30–46.
5732:
5728:
5712:
5705:
5691:
5681:
5661:. Retrieved
5644:
5632:. Retrieved
5618:
5606:. Retrieved
5602:
5592:
5578:
5563:
5555:
5550:
5542:the original
5532:
5519:
5499:the original
5456:
5450:
5438:. Retrieved
5428:
5420:
5415:
5406:
5394:. Retrieved
5370:
5363:
5343:
5336:
5315:
5303:. Retrieved
5299:the original
5289:
5281:
5277:
5265:. Retrieved
5261:
5252:
5240:. Retrieved
5231:
5221:
5212:
5203:
5196:. Retrieved
5186:
5173:
5163:
5142:cite journal
5127:
5117:
5110:
5101:
5092:
5079:
5070:
5058:. Retrieved
5054:the original
5050:"Sherbrooke"
5044:
5031:
5022:
5010:. Retrieved
5006:the original
4996:
4988:the original
4978:
4969:
4960:
4951:
4942:
4933:
4920:
4911:
4899:. Retrieved
4891:
4882:
4870:. Retrieved
4855:
4842:
4829:
4820:
4811:
4807:
4797:
4785:. Retrieved
4779:
4767:
4756:
4750:
4738:. Retrieved
4724:
4698:. Retrieved
4688:
4676:. Retrieved
4662:
4650:. Retrieved
4641:
4632:
4620:. Retrieved
4611:
4602:
4589:
4580:
4567:
4558:
4549:
4537:. Retrieved
4529:The Guardian
4528:
4518:
4509:
4497:. Retrieved
4493:the original
4483:
4470:
4461:
4452:
4443:
4410:
4365:
4356:
4348:
4344:
4323:
4305:
4300:
4269:
4268:
4151:Fort Johnson
4118:Tower Dupre
4042:South Africa
4027:Simon's Town
4022:South Africa
4003:South Africa
3982:Sierra Leone
3843:
3816:Fort Nugent
3674:Loughshinny
3656:Lough Foyle
3616:Lough Swilly
3552:Cork Harbour
3529:Cork Harbour
3507:Cork Harbour
3405:South No. 1
3383:South No. 2
3364:South No. 3
3342:South No. 4
3323:South No. 5
3302:
3279:South No. 7
3260:South No. 8
3241:South No. 9
3192:
3167:Peoples Park
3166:
3097:Williamstown
3059:North No. 1
3035:North No. 2
3013:North No. 3
2992:North No. 4
2968:
2945:North No. 6
2923:North No. 7
2920:, Tower Bay
2901:North No. 8
2880:North No. 9
2507:Murney Tower
2332:Fort Denison
2288:
2284:
2261:
2222:
2190:
2177:Saint Helena
2174:
2171:Saint Helena
2162:
2151:
2140:
2128:
2094:38°47′5.28″N
2085:S'Empalmador
2078:
2073:
2060:
2033:Gran Canaria
2029:
2022:
2015:
2004:
1989:
1982:
1971:
1959:Vice Admiral
1956:
1940:South Africa
1937:
1926:South Africa
1920:Temne people
1916:Sierra Leone
1909:
1906:Sierra Leone
1892:
1879:
1876:
1855:
1832:
1803:
1776:
1730:Harbour View
1727:
1695:
1680:
1664:
1641:
1605:
1584:Bréhon Tower
1581:
1570:
1551:
1531:
1517:
1499:
1468:Murney Tower
1457:
1437:York Redoubt
1419:
1396:
1376:
1360:
1333:
1329:St. George's
1297:Coney Island
1285:
1274:
1241:
1229:Fort Denison
1226:
1217:Fort Denison
1196:
1187:
1172:Please help
1160:
1132:
1112:
1084:
1075:
1065:
1058:
1051:
1044:
1032:
1020:Please help
1015:verification
1012:
980:
952:County Clare
929:
914:
891:
876:
860:Great Island
840:Cork Harbour
825:
770:
748:
709:Williamstown
698:
683:
665:
660:Cork Harbour
645:
612:
584:
569:
537:
530:
515:
500:
492:
473:
426:
391:
389:as a whole.
372:
341:
332:South Africa
312:
283:
269:
266:
240:
236:
229:
225:
223:
215:
205:
199:
191:
154:
152:
145:
126:
102:
94:
73:
69:
68:
36:
7783:Castle town
7640:Toll castle
7609:Lustschloss
7591:Kaiserpfalz
7521:Spur castle
7516:Rock castle
7457:Hill castle
7452:Cave castle
7412:Spider hole
7312:Bremer wall
7277:Barbed tape
7173:Barbed wire
6847:Witch tower
6817:Tower house
6807:Toll castle
6793:Shield wall
6713:Murder hole
6602:Guard tower
6219:Pincer gate
6166:Faussebraye
5663:19 February
5440:21 February
4740:21 December
4539:21 December
4499:21 December
4362:"No. 13631"
4130:Lake Borgne
4126:Bayou Dupre
4110:Lake Borgne
4092:Fort Picton
3947:La Preneuse
3942:Black River
3925:L'Harmonie
3709:Ros a' MhĂl
3637:Lough Foyle
3548:Fota Island
3503:Ringaskiddy
3445:Bere Island
3432:Glengarriff
3320:Shanganagh
3194:James Joyce
2987:Portmarnock
2969:Hicks Tower
2964:, Robswall
2530:Shoal Tower
2416:Nova Scotia
2370:Ferry Reach
2310:Tower name
2205:Trincomalee
2109: /
2097:1°25′5.01″E
1957:That said,
1888:La Preneuse
1815:Kempt Tower
1809:Lewis Tower
1660:leprosarium
1616:Arnala fort
1562:Fort Hommet
1534:Afghanistan
1505:Shoal Tower
1487:Shoal Tower
1427:located in
1398:Quebec City
1325:St. David's
1309:Great Sound
1277:Ferry Reach
1253:Crimean War
1251:during the
950:and two in
940:County Cork
936:Glengarriff
898:Clonahenoge
844:Ringaskiddy
836:Fota Island
809:Portmarnock
676:James Joyce
674:, in which
431:, Ireland,
367:Portmarnock
346:(using the
261:Québec city
174:Quebec City
60:Nova Scotia
7952:Categories
7808:Gatekeeper
7628:Ordensburg
7600:Landesburg
7407:Sentry gun
7362:Flak tower
7292:Blast wall
7212:Gun turret
7109:Sally port
7014:Kotta mara
6954:Couvreface
6918:Breastwork
6913:Blockhouse
6891:Abwurfdach
6842:Watchtower
6832:Wall tower
6788:Shell keep
6738:Portcullis
6733:Peel tower
6718:Neck ditch
6677:Landesburg
6625:Half tower
6583:Gate tower
6528:Drawbridge
6370:Battlement
6286:Wagon fort
6129:Chengqiang
5858:: 173–184.
5820:: 143–158.
5675:References
5634:24 October
5305:24 October
5198:29 October
5060:24 October
5012:24 October
4896:Tourism NI
4872:24 October
4253:Blockhouse
4194:Destroyed
4068:Hambantota
3966:Port Louis
3691:Rathmullan
3571:Rossleague
3422:Ilnacullin
3076:Sandymount
2853:Skerries,
2811:Balbriggan
2641:1808–1812
2623:Destroyed
2620:1808–1812
2599:1808–1812
2578:1808–1812
2376:1823–1828
2200:Hambantota
2165:San Julián
2081:Formentera
2074:Imperieuse
2070:midshipman
2061:Imperieuse
2053:fifth-rate
2037:Ciutadella
2025:Ciutadella
1786:Icho Tower
1698:W.H. Smyth
1509:Doors Open
1383:Fort Henry
1317:The Flatts
1120:Codrington
1048:newspapers
956:Galway Bay
944:Rathmullan
932:Ilnacullin
856:Rossleague
805:Tony Quinn
773:Balbriggan
755:Blomefield
717:Sandymount
656:Dublin Bay
625:See also:
580:Tally Toor
560:Tally Toor
488:Eastbourne
449:Napoleon I
270:terreplein
241:Lowestoffe
220:reported:
155:torregiani
7911:Guerrilla
7654:By design
7402:Revetment
7217:Land mine
7148:Star fort
6975:Crownwork
6970:Covertway
6903:Barricade
6544:Embrasure
6457:Chartaque
6387:Bergfried
6345:Arrowslit
6171:Gatehouse
6141:City gate
6102:Castellum
6068:Acropolis
5749:159902078
5396:2 January
5205:Santhals.
4316:Citations
4262:Scottish
4219:; ruined
4114:Louisiana
4063:Sri Lanka
4047:Cape Town
3960:Mauritius
3937:Mauritius
3916:Mauritius
3897:Mauritius
3878:Mauritius
3844:Fort Hill
3819:1808–11?
3664:Restored
3480:Finavarra
3187:Sandycove
2876:Drumanagh
2743:Aughinish
2708:c. 1530s
2638:Tower #4
2617:Tower #3
2596:Tower #2
2575:Tower #1
2322:Australia
2307:Location
2272:gun loops
2249:Louisiana
2192:Sri Lanka
2187:Sri Lanka
2131:Cartagena
2059:HMS
1948:Cape Town
1942:, one at
1873:Mauritius
1646:caused a
1638:Indonesia
1628:Hyderabad
1558:Fort Grey
1190:July 2022
1161:does not
1142:Australia
994:Elsewhere
964:Aughinish
960:Finavarra
887:Waterford
879:Duncannon
872:Rostellan
766:gunpowder
668:Sandycove
654:, around
648:Millmount
591:Crockness
484:Dymchurch
461:Aldeburgh
336:Sri Lanka
320:Australia
239:HMS
226:Fortitude
218:Lord Hood
200:Fortitude
198:HMS
98:artillery
74:Martellos
7936:Category
7926:See also
7813:Loophole
7701:Ringwork
7696:Ringfort
7621:Obstacle
7462:Hillfort
7382:Loophole
7180:Barbette
7155:Tenaille
7138:Sea fort
7068:Presidio
7028:Magazine
7009:Hornwork
6942:Cavalier
6937:Casemate
6930:Caponier
6773:Ringwork
6661:Detinets
6630:Hoarding
6535:Enceinte
6410:Bretèche
6355:Bartizan
6350:Barbican
6326:Alcazaba
6254:Stockade
6234:Ringfort
6214:Palisade
6186:Landwehr
6181:Hillfort
6009:Archived
5922:Archived
5907:: 18–37.
5782:: 22–58.
5654:Archived
5628:Archived
5524:Archived
5390:Archived
5236:Archived
5171:(2009).
5084:Archived
5036:Archived
4925:Archived
4901:23 April
4866:Archived
4834:Archived
4734:Archived
4710:cite web
4672:Archived
4646:Archived
4616:Archived
4594:Archived
4572:Archived
4533:Archived
4475:Archived
4247:See also
4074:1801–03
4014:1839–46
3987:Freetown
3973:1832–35
3951:1832–35
3928:1832–35
3907:1832–35
3888:1832–35
3860:Pembroke
3856:Madliena
3832:Monrovia
3812:Kingston
3789:Syracuse
3733:Ganzirri
3593:Belvelly
3408:1804–05
3386:1804–05
3367:1804–05
3348:Lost to
3345:1804–05
3326:1804–05
3307:1804–05
3298:, beach
3296:Killiney
3282:1804–05
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3223:1804–05
3200:1804–05
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4787:4 March
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4652:13 July
4622:13 July
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3807:Jamaica
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3670:Ireland
3652:Ireland
3632:Ireland
3611:Ireland
3588:Ireland
3566:Ireland
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3475:Ireland
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