331:
the deaf, raising the degree of inbreeding even beyond that of the general population of Martha's
Vineyard. This high rate of deaf-deaf marriages increased the deaf population within the community over time, as all offspring of such couples inherited their parents' shared recessive deafness trait and were also congenitally deaf. The MVSL users often associated closely, helping and working with each other to overcome other issues caused by deafness. They entertained at community events, teaching hearing youngsters more MVSL. The sign language was spoken and taught to hearing children as early as their first years to help them communicate with the many deaf people they would encounter in school.
335:, such as lip movement and facial expressions as well as hand gestures and mannerisms were all studied. There were even separate schools specifically for learning MVSL. Hearing people sometimes signed even when there were no deaf people present. For example, children signed behind a schoolteacher's back, adults signed to one another during church sermons, farmers signed to their children across a wide field, and fishermen signed to each other from their boats across the water where the spoken word would not carry.
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community of fishers and farmers began to see an influx of tourists that would become a mainstay in the island's economy. Jobs in tourism were not as deaf-friendly as fishing and farming had been, and as intermarriage and migration joined the people of Martha's
Vineyard to the mainland, the island community grew to resemble the wider community there more and more.
391:
327:
communities around the world, they were treated as typical people. Deaf people living in rural Mexico have a similar community, but few hearing people live there permanently. Other deaf communities are often isolated from the hearing population; the Martha's
Vineyard deaf community of that period is exceptional in its integration into the general population.
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Deaf MVSL users were not excluded by the rest of society at Martha's
Vineyard, but they certainly faced challenges due to their deafness. Marriage between a deaf person and a hearing person was extremely difficult to maintain, even though both could use MVSL. For this reason, the deaf usually married
221:
on the island declined when the population migrated to the mainland. There are no fluent signers of MVSL today. Katie West, the last deaf person born into the island's sign-language tradition, died in 1952, though there were a few elderly residents still able to recall MVSL when researchers started
309:
As more deaf people remained on the mainland, and others who returned brought with them deaf spouses they met there (whose hearing loss may not have been due to the same hereditary cause), the line of hereditary deafness began to diminish. At the outset of the 20th century, the previously isolated
369:
by Ellen Groce, and a series of 1989 teachings called "Interax", Thorp began meeting with fellow
Vineyard residents every week to practice sign language together. About a decade later, Thorp began teaching classes regularly at local community centers. Recently, the Edgartown Elementary School has
254:
in the early 17th century, and many of their descendants later settled on Martha's
Vineyard. The first deaf person known to have settled there was Jonathan Lambert, a carpenter and farmer, who moved there with his wifeâwho was not deafâin 1694. By 1710, the migration had virtually ceased, and the
364:
In recent years there has been a push to reintroduce
American sign language into the Island's culture. A Martha's Vineyard resident, Lynn Thorp, began her mission to revive ASL in the early 2000s with the ultimate goal of reinstating ASL as a second language. After studying the language through
351:
with contributions from MVSL when they returned home, they brought ASL usage back with them, and MVSL faded. Additionally, as transportation became easier in the 19th century, the influx of hearing people meant that more genetic diversity was introduced, and hereditary deafness was no longer
326:
Although the people who were dependent on MVSL were different, they still did the same activities as the typical Martha's
Vineyard resident would. Deaf people would work both complex and simple jobs, attend island events, and participate within the community. In contrast to some other deaf
381:
by Ann Clare LeZotte is a middle grade novel about the thriving deaf community living on Martha's
Vineyard in the early part of the 19th century. In the novel deaf and hearing characters successfully use Martha's Vineyard Sign Language to communicate with each other.
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211:, which meant that almost anyone might have both deaf and hearing siblings. In 1854, when the island's deaf population peaked, an average of one person in 155 was deaf, while the United States national average was one in about 5,730. In the town of
395:
266:, which had the highest concentration of deaf people on the island, the average was 1 in 25; at one point, in a section of Chilmark called Squibnocket, as much as 1 in 4 of the population of 60 was deaf. By the 18th century there was a distinct
5039:
Sign-language names reflect the region of origin. Natural sign languages are not related to the spoken language used in the same region. For example, French Sign
Language originated in France, but is not related to French. Conversely,
313:
The last deaf person born into the island's sign-language tradition, Katie West, died in 1952. A few elderly residents were able to recall MVSL as recently as the 1980s when research into the language began. Indeed, when
215:, which had the highest concentration of deaf people on the island, the average was 1 in 25; at one point, in a section of Chilmark called Squibnocket, as much as 1 in 4 of the population of 60 was deaf.
230:
Hereditary deafness had appeared on Martha's Vineyard by 1714. The ancestry of most of the deaf population of Martha's Vineyard can be traced to a forested area in the south of England known as
274:, and evolved into MVSL in the 19th and 20th centuries. From the late 18th to the early 20th century, virtually everybody on Martha's Vineyard possessed some degree of fluency in the language.
318:
subsequently visited the island after reading a book on the subject, he noted that a group of elderly islanders talking together dropped briefly into sign language then back into speech.
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people in the community; consequently, deafness was not a barrier to participation in public life. Deaf people who signed Martha's Vineyard Sign Language were extremely independent.
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examining the language in the 1980s. Linguists are working to save the language, but their task is difficult because they cannot experience MVSL firsthand.
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In the early 19th century, a new educational philosophy began to emerge on the mainland, and the country's first school for the deaf opened in 1817 in
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noted in the 1980s that some elderly hearing residents of the island could remember a few signs, but the language truly died out after this point.
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238:. Martha's Vineyard Sign Language (MVSL) may be descended from a hypothesized sign language of that area in the 16th century, now referred to as
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commonplace. The last person in the line of hereditary deafness of Martha's Vineyard was Katie West, who died in 1952. Following her death,
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290:). Many of the deaf children of Martha's Vineyard enrolled there, taking their sign language with them. The language of the teachers was
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The language was able to thrive because of the unusually high percentage of deaf islanders and because deafness was a
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Denotes the number (if known) of languages within the family. No further information is given on these languages.
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community that was created contained a high incidence of hereditary deafness that persisted for over 200 years.
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both originated in English-speaking countries but are not related to each other; ASL however is related to
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adopted ASL into their regular curriculum, and other Martha's Vineyard Public Schools are soon to follow.
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743:"Deaf Utopias? Reviewing the Sociocultural Literature on the World's "Martha's Vineyard Situations""
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in the United States, and the different sign systems used there, including MVSL, merged to become
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62:
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909:
Bakken Jepsen, Julie; De Clerck, Goedele; Lutalo-Kiingi, Sam; McGregor, William (2015).
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427:
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759:
402:
Lecture on the history of Martha's Vineyard Sign Language by Joan Poole-Nash
295:
150:
118:
776:
623:
Everyone Here Spoke Sign Language: Hereditary Deafness on Martha's Vineyard
554:
125:
4721:
4680:
4531:
4285:
840:
4356:
719:
711:
243:
347:. Although students from Martha's Vineyard influenced the creation of
7524:
4985:
4070:
1342:
1330:
4685:
389:
343:
Martha's Vineyard Sign Language declined after the opening of the
306:
or ASLânow one of the largest community languages in the country.
231:
4675:
955:
801:
Kageleiry, Jamie (March 1999). "The Island That Spoke by Hand".
235:
194:
5328:
5274:
5088:
3004:
1020:
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systems. This school became known as the birthplace of the
516:"Everyone on Martha's Vineyard Used to Know Sign Language"
193:
from the early 18th century to 1952. It was used by both
588:"The Life and Death of Martha's Vineyard Sign Language"
484:"The Life and Death of Martha's Vineyard Sign Language"
4942:
Association of Visual Language Interpreters of Canada
294:, and many of the other deaf students used their own
234:âspecifically the part of the Weald in the county of
555:"Chilmark Deaf Community Digital Historical Archive"
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1994:
1973:
1952:
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1329:
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1153:
1027:
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912:
Sign Languages of the World: A Comparative Handbook
698:Perlmutter, David (1986). "No Nearer to the Soul".
655:
Seeing Voices: a Journey Into the World of the Deaf
164:
148:
132:
116:
111:
96:
77:
59:
49:
39:
31:
21:
5462:North-Central American / Upper Midwestern English
360:Resurgence of Sign Language on Martha's Vineyard
246:community in the Kentish Weald emigrated to the
4957:World Association of Sign Language Interpreters
270:. In the 19th century, this was influenced by
5286:
5100:
4947:International Center on Deafness and the Arts
971:
855:"Reviving sign language on Martha's Vineyard"
8:
625:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
616:
614:
612:
189:that was once widely used on the island of
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1832:
1614:
1527:
1476:
1335:
1254:
1212:
1150:
1017:
978:
964:
956:
747:Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education
423:List of extinct languages of North America
322:Life as a deaf person on Martha's Vineyard
18:
16:Extinct sign language of Massachusetts, US
758:
549:
547:
545:
543:
7807:Languages attested from the 18th century
5180:Inland Northern American Regional Accent
816:Comstock, Nancy (2016). "Deaf Culture".
4752:Manually coded language in South Africa
915:. Preston, UK: Walter De Gruyter, Inc.
683:Dehn, Georgia (2015). "Signs of Life".
644:
642:
449:
831:"The Marthas Vineyard Summer School".
700:Natural Language and Linguistic Theory
528:from the original on 27 November 2020
95:
7:
861:from the original on 7 December 2020
581:
579:
464:from the original on 14 October 2015
7817:Sign languages of the United States
1789:Creole Hawaiʻi Sign Language (CHSL)
7777:Extinct languages of North America
3102:Somalia, Somaliland & Djibouti
2716:Jamaican Country (KS/Konchri Sain)
14:
941:. Charleston, SC: History Press.
458:"Martha's Vineyard Sign Language"
367:Everyone Here Spoke Sign Language
7570:Sandy River Valley Sign Language
5400:Inland Northern American English
5253:
5252:
4684:
4475:Sandy River Valley Sign Language
496:from the original on 4 July 2018
7552:Martha's Vineyard Sign Language
5239:Martha's Vineyard Sign Language
5065:
5056:
5034:
5002:U.S. Army hand and arm signals
4086:Far North Queensland Indigenous
2708:Keresan Pueblo (KPISL/Keresign)
783:from the original on 2017-04-27
598:from the original on 2018-07-04
565:from the original on 2016-08-11
413:Al-Sayyid Bedouin Sign Language
179:Martha's Vineyard Sign Language
171:Martha's Vineyard Sign Language
22:Martha's Vineyard Sign Language
7802:Languages extinct in the 1950s
5302:Languages of the United States
4823:Bilingualâbicultural education
4143:Western Torres Strait Islander
3217:Kata Kolok (Benkala, Balinese)
1194:Western Torres Strait Islander
660:University of California Press
278:Deaf migration to the mainland
1:
3895:Greenlandic (Ussersuataarneq)
3043:Adamorobe (AdaSL / Mumu kasa)
2905:Adamorobe (AdaSL / Mumu kasa)
2654:Greenlandic (Ussersuataarneq)
2161:Taiwanese (TSL/Taiwan Shouyu)
7505:Black American Sign Language
7283:Creole Hawai'i Sign Language
5524:Western Pennsylvania English
2481:Providence Island (Provisle)
2131:North West Frontier Province
939:Martha's Vineyard, a history
345:American School for the Deaf
288:American School for the Deaf
7299:Navajo Family Sign Language
4081:Akitiri (Eltye eltyarrenke)
880:LeZotte, Ann Clare (2020).
805:. Vol. 63. p. 48.
559:catalog.chilmarklibrary.org
7833:
7797:Languages of Massachusetts
7515:Puerto Rican Sign Language
5127:indicate extinct languages
5116:Languages of Massachusetts
4952:Mimics and Gesture Theatre
4161:HawaiÊ»an (Haoilona Ê»Ćlelo)
4091:Arrernte (Iltyeme iltyeme)
2877:Trinidad and Tobago (TTSL)
2731:Hausa (HSL/Magannar Hannu)
2151:Japanese (JSL/Nihon Shuwa)
1545:Estonian (Eesti viipekeel)
741:Kusters, A. (2010-01-01).
621:Groce, Nora Ellen (1985).
438:Yucatec Maya Sign Language
7238:Anishinaabe Sign Language
5487:Southern American English
5467:Pacific Northwest English
5457:Northern American English
5338:
5308:
5248:
5122:
5030:
4707:
4197:Papua New Guinean (PNGSL)
2636:HawaiÊ»i (Hoailona Ê»Ćlelo)
2446:Ktunaxa (ÊŸa·qanⱥiⱥⱥitnam)
2294:
1853:Kazakh-Russian (KSL/KRSL)
1617:
1530:
1479:
1348:Papua New Guinean (PNGSL)
1338:
1257:
1215:
1003:List by number of signers
993:
586:Romm, Cari (2015-09-25).
85:Old Kentish Sign Language
26:
6265:San FelipeâSanto Domingo
5519:Western American English
5415:Midland American English
5390:General American English
5343:African-American English
4762:Paget Gorman Sign System
4216:Samoa and American Samoa
3006:Sign languages by region
2791:Ottoman (Seraglio/Harem)
2517:Albarradas Sign Language
2507:Al-Sayyid Bedouin (ABSL)
2340:Meciciya ka pekiskwakehk
2192:Martha's Vineyard (MVSL)
2156:Korean (KSL/Hanguk Sueo)
1408:Finland-Swedish (FinSSL)
1022:Sign languages by family
884:. New York: Scholastic.
818:Salem Press Encyclopedia
433:Nicaraguan Sign Language
359:
321:
248:Massachusetts Bay Colony
7241:Blackfoot Sign Language
5452:New York Latino English
5355:American Indian English
5007:Monastic sign languages
4855:Television shows (list)
4828:Manually coded language
4661:Hamburg Notation System
2454:Shuswap (Secwepemcékst)
1700:Indonesian (Nusantaric)
1423:Finnish (Viittomakieli)
1360:Northern Ireland (NISL)
408:Adamorobe Sign Language
89:Chilmark Sign Language
7812:Extinct sign languages
7792:American Sign Language
7787:Village sign languages
7577:Henniker Sign Language
7500:American Sign Language
7244:Cheyenne Sign Language
6109:Central Siberian Yupik
6104:Central Alaskan Yup'ik
5599:Malecite-Passamaquoddy
5509:Upper Michigan English
5482:Puerto Rican Englishes
5233:American Sign Language
4978:CHCI chimpanzee center
4747:Manually coded English
4445:Henniker Sign Language
4111:Warumungu (Warramunga)
4096:Warlpiri (Rdaka rdaka)
3090:Hausa (Magannar Hannu)
998:List of sign languages
403:
349:American Sign Language
304:American Sign Language
268:Chilmark Sign Language
240:Old Kent Sign Language
7279:Hawai'i Sign Language
7262:Ktunaxa Sign Language
7257:Plateau Sign Language
7019:Northern Sierra Miwok
6959:Southern Sierra Miwok
6268:ZiaâSanta Ana Pueblos
6016:Kwalhioqua-Clatskanie
5504:Transatlantic English
5447:New York City English
5437:New Mexican Englishes
5420:New England Englishes
4802:Signing Exact English
4742:Indian Signing System
4465:Plateau Sign Language
3839:Inuit (Atgangmuurniq)
3416:Tibetan (Bökyi lagda)
2946:Amami Shuwa languages
2619:Guatemalan (Lensegua)
2559:Tibetan (Bökyi lagda)
2538:Caucasian (Harsneren)
2486:Old Cayman (Guyanese)
2014:Norwegian (TegnsprÄk)
1986:French Belgian (LSFB)
1418:Swedish (TeckensprÄk)
937:Dresser, Tom (2015).
760:10.1093/deafed/enp026
492:. 25 September 2015.
401:
284:Hartford, Connecticut
187:village sign-language
103:Sandy River Valley SL
71:Village sign language
7727:Serbo-Croatian (0.3)
7595:in 2021 in millions)
7533:Samoan Sign Language
7250:Navajo Sign Language
7185:Afro-Seminole Creole
6954:Central Sierra Miwok
6533:North Straits Salish
5957:Mescalero-Chiricahua
5477:Philadelphia English
5133:Indigenous languages
5050:French Sign Language
4757:Manually Coded Malay
4565:British (two-handed)
4501:Bimodal bilingualism
4131:Far North Queensland
3439:Ban Khor (Pasa kidd)
2961:Sri Lankan languages
2892:Venezuelan (LSV/VSL)
2796:Ban Khor (Pasa kidd)
2307:Chaticks si Chaticks
2287:Plains Sign Language
2205:Mayan (Meemul Tziij)
1707:Indonesian (Bisindo)
1385:South African (SASL)
1108:Far North Queensland
857:. 19 February 2020.
833:Journal of Education
292:French Sign Language
272:French Sign Language
7593:(number of speakers
7591:Immigrant languages
7289:Inuit Sign Language
5514:Utah Mormon English
5442:New Orleans English
5360:Appalachian English
5175:New England English
2972:Tanzanian languages
2951:Ethiopian languages
2918:Nanabin (NanabinSL)
2009:Icelandic (TĂĄknmĂĄl)
1724:Francophone African
1682:Puerto Rican (PRSL)
1540:Swiss-German (DSGS)
1471:Chilean-Paraguayan-
365:references such as
7368:Pennsylvania Dutch
7247:Cree Sign Language
7059:HavasupaiâHualapai
7005:Kings River Yokuts
6984:Buena Vista Yokuts
6964:Tule-Kaweah Yokuts
5472:Pennsylvania Dutch
5395:High Tider English
5380:California English
4973:Baby sign language
4871:Jabbar Baghtcheban
4352:International Sign
4255:Brazilian (Libras)
4169:New Zealand (NZSL)
4116:Mudbura (Mudburra)
4044:Sandy River Valley
4023:Keresan (Keresign)
3614:Yugoslav (Kosovar)
2985:International Sign
2966:Sudanese languages
2589:Navajo/Diné Family
2403:WĂyut'a / WĂblut'e
2241:Original Thai Sign
2019:Danish (Tegnsprog)
1562:Brazilian (Libras)
1375:New Zealand (NZSL)
712:10.1007/bf00134471
404:
374:In popular culture
333:Non-manual markers
242:. Families from a
7782:Martha's Vineyard
7764:
7763:
7586:
7585:
7477:
7476:
7307:
7306:
7221:Manual Indigenous
7216:
7215:
7212:
7211:
7102:
7101:
6477:Northeastern Pomo
6464:Southeastern Pomo
6237:Northern Kalapuya
5537:
5536:
5365:Baltimore English
5268:
5267:
5082:
5081:
5075:extinct languages
4997:Legal recognition
4876:Jeanette Berglind
4836:
4835:
4537:Nonmanual feature
4450:Martha's Vineyard
4375:
4374:
4029:Martha's Vineyard
3524:Faroese (TeknmĂĄl)
3246:Al-Sayyid Bedouin
3056:Bouakako (LaSiBo)
2993:
2992:
2978:Zimsign languages
2956:Laotian languages
2840:Rwandan (AKR/AMR)
2599:Ecuadorian (LSEC)
2544:Azerbaijani (AÄ°D)
2465:
2464:
2063:
2062:
1906:
1905:
1822:
1821:
1812:Cypriot (ÎÎÎ/KNG)
1517:
1516:
1445:Chinese (CSL/ZGS)
1431:
1430:
1325:
1324:
1295:
1294:
1202:
1201:
1057:Eltye eltyarrenke
1037:
1036:multiple families
922:978-1-61451-796-2
399:
191:Martha's Vineyard
176:
175:
44:Martha's Vineyard
7824:
7488:
7459:Louisiana Creole
7318:
7227:
7111:
6402:Plateau Penutian
6230:Central Kalapuya
5557:
5550:
5332:American English
5326:
5295:
5288:
5281:
5272:
5256:
5255:
5170:African American
5109:
5102:
5095:
5086:
5069:
5060:
5038:
4926:Pierre PĂ©lissier
4911:Thomas Gallaudet
4886:Thomas Braidwood
4717:Initialized sign
4705:
4688:
4173:Papua New Guinea
4076:Australian-Irish
3782:Plains Sign Talk
3662:Northern Ireland
3658:Northern Ireland
3181:Hong Kong (HKSL)
3002:
2781:Nicaraguan (ISN)
2696:Kenyan (KSL/LAK)
2512:Albanian (AlbSL)
2292:
2106:Bangalore-Madras
2087:Israeli (Shassi)
2055:Thai (TSL/MSTSL)
1965:Honduran (LESHO)
1833:
1691:Singapore (SgSL)
1627:Black ASL (BASL)
1615:
1555:Australian-Irish
1528:
1477:
1453:Hong Kong (HKSL)
1413:Portuguese (LGP)
1403:Eritrean (EriSL)
1336:
1255:
1213:
1151:
1035:
1018:
980:
973:
966:
957:
952:
933:
931:
929:
896:
895:
877:
871:
870:
868:
866:
851:
845:
844:
828:
822:
821:
813:
807:
806:
798:
792:
791:
789:
788:
762:
738:
732:
731:
695:
689:
688:
680:
674:
673:
646:
637:
636:
618:
607:
606:
604:
603:
583:
574:
573:
571:
570:
551:
538:
537:
535:
533:
512:
506:
505:
503:
501:
480:
474:
473:
471:
469:
454:
400:
286:(now called the
160:
144:
128:
121:
65:
19:
7832:
7831:
7827:
7826:
7825:
7823:
7822:
7821:
7767:
7766:
7765:
7760:
7594:
7592:
7582:
7557:
7537:
7519:
7483:
7473:
7435:
7397:
7354:
7313:
7303:
7267:
7222:
7208:
7177:
7171:
7098:
7045:
7038:
6940:
6912:
6894:
6839:Northern Paiute
6790:
6786:Coast Tsimshian
6772:
6720:
6594:
6489:
6435:
6396:
6369:
6317:
6280:
6249:
6213:
6118:
6070:
5977:Upper Kuskokwim
5903:
5896:
5846:
5818:
5781:
5743:
5544:
5543:Oral Indigenous
5533:
5529:Yeshiva English
5385:Chicano English
5334:
5315:
5304:
5299:
5269:
5264:
5244:
5226:Other languages
5221:
5153:
5128:
5118:
5113:
5083:
5078:
5063:
5054:
5032:
5026:
5012:Tactile signing
4961:
4930:
4859:
4832:
4811:
4787:Signed Japanese
4733:
4726:
4699:
4692:
4666:Stokoe notation
4644:
4546:
4506:Phonology (ASL)
4484:
4419:
4413:
4371:
4340:
4239:Argentine (LSA)
4224:
4056:
3879:New Costa Rican
3874:Old Costa Rican
3774:
3772:
3766:
3650:North Macedonia
3451:
3142:
3077:Bamako (LaSiMa)
3007:
2989:
2939:Other groupings
2934:
2786:Old Costa Rican
2761:Burkina (Mossi)
2741:Mauritian (MSL)
2614:Ghardaia (AJSL)
2527:Argentine (LSA)
2490:
2472:
2461:
2426:
2409:
2281:
2263:
2235:
2199:
2165:
2137:
2098:
2091:
2059:
2026:
1996:Danish (Tegnic)
1990:
1969:
1948:
1927:
1902:
1877:Yugoslavic Sign
1872:
1843:Bulgarian (ĐĐĐ)
1828:
1818:
1807:Greek (ÎÎÎ/ENG)
1792:
1782:Hoailona Ê»Ćlelo
1775:
1758:
1745:Bamako (LaSiMa)
1726:(Françafrosign)
1725:
1719:
1695:
1667:Malaysian (BIM)
1609:
1602:
1577:Valencian (LSV)
1513:
1504:Paraguay (LSPY)
1495:
1488:
1472:
1466:
1427:
1389:
1321:
1291:
1266:
1250:
1244:
1208:Arab (Ishaaric)
1198:
1177:
1149:
1062:Iltyeme iltyeme
1033:
1030:
1023:
1013:
1007:
989:
984:
949:
936:
927:
925:
923:
908:
905:
903:Further reading
900:
899:
892:
879:
878:
874:
864:
862:
853:
852:
848:
830:
829:
825:
815:
814:
810:
800:
799:
795:
786:
784:
740:
739:
735:
697:
696:
692:
685:Daily Telegraph
682:
681:
677:
670:
648:
647:
640:
633:
620:
619:
610:
601:
599:
585:
584:
577:
568:
566:
553:
552:
541:
531:
529:
514:
513:
509:
499:
497:
482:
481:
477:
467:
465:
456:
455:
451:
446:
390:
388:
376:
362:
341:
324:
280:
262:In the town of
252:British America
228:
156:
140:
137:
124:
117:
92:
80:
73:
66:
63:Language family
61:
17:
12:
11:
5:
7830:
7828:
7820:
7819:
7814:
7809:
7804:
7799:
7794:
7789:
7784:
7779:
7769:
7768:
7762:
7761:
7759:
7758:
7752:
7746:
7740:
7734:
7728:
7725:
7719:
7713:
7707:
7701:
7695:
7689:
7683:
7680:
7674:
7668:
7662:
7659:
7653:
7647:
7641:
7635:
7629:
7623:
7617:
7611:
7605:
7598:
7596:
7588:
7587:
7584:
7583:
7581:
7580:
7573:
7565:
7563:
7559:
7558:
7556:
7555:
7547:
7545:
7539:
7538:
7536:
7535:
7529:
7527:
7521:
7520:
7518:
7517:
7512:
7507:
7502:
7496:
7494:
7485:
7482:Manual settler
7479:
7478:
7475:
7474:
7472:
7471:
7466:
7461:
7456:
7450:
7448:
7437:
7436:
7434:
7433:
7428:
7423:
7418:
7413:
7411:CalĂł (Chicano)
7407:
7405:
7399:
7398:
7396:
7395:
7390:
7385:
7380:
7375:
7370:
7364:
7362:
7356:
7355:
7353:
7352:
7347:
7342:
7337:
7332:
7326:
7324:
7315:
7309:
7308:
7305:
7304:
7302:
7301:
7296:
7294:Keresan Pueblo
7291:
7286:
7285:
7284:
7275:
7273:
7269:
7268:
7266:
7265:
7264:
7263:
7252:
7251:
7248:
7245:
7242:
7239:
7235:
7233:
7224:
7218:
7217:
7214:
7213:
7210:
7209:
7207:
7206:
7198:
7197:
7192:
7190:Chinook Jargon
7187:
7181:
7179:
7176:Mixed or trade
7173:
7172:
7170:
7169:
7162:
7154:
7153:
7148:
7143:
7138:
7133:
7128:
7123:
7117:
7115:
7108:
7104:
7103:
7100:
7099:
7097:
7096:
7091:
7086:
7081:
7076:
7071:
7066:
7061:
7056:
7050:
7048:
7040:
7039:
7037:
7036:
7029:
7022:
7015:
7008:
7001:
6998:Gashowu Yokuts
6994:
6987:
6980:
6972:
6971:
6966:
6961:
6956:
6950:
6948:
6942:
6941:
6939:
6938:
6933:
6928:
6922:
6920:
6914:
6913:
6911:
6910:
6904:
6902:
6896:
6895:
6893:
6892:
6885:
6877:
6876:
6871:
6869:Ute-Chemehuevi
6866:
6861:
6856:
6851:
6846:
6841:
6836:
6831:
6826:
6821:
6816:
6811:
6806:
6800:
6798:
6792:
6791:
6789:
6788:
6782:
6780:
6774:
6773:
6771:
6770:
6762:
6761:
6756:
6751:
6746:
6741:
6736:
6730:
6728:
6722:
6721:
6719:
6718:
6711:
6704:
6697:
6690:
6683:
6676:
6669:
6661:
6660:
6655:
6650:
6645:
6640:
6635:
6630:
6625:
6620:
6615:
6610:
6604:
6602:
6596:
6595:
6593:
6592:
6589:Upper Chehalis
6585:
6578:
6571:
6568:Lower Chehalis
6564:
6556:
6555:
6550:
6545:
6540:
6535:
6530:
6525:
6520:
6515:
6510:
6508:Columbia-Moses
6505:
6499:
6497:
6491:
6490:
6488:
6487:
6480:
6472:
6471:
6466:
6461:
6456:
6451:
6445:
6443:
6437:
6436:
6434:
6433:
6426:
6418:
6417:
6412:
6406:
6404:
6398:
6397:
6395:
6394:
6386:
6385:
6379:
6377:
6371:
6370:
6368:
6367:
6359:
6358:
6353:
6348:
6343:
6338:
6333:
6327:
6325:
6319:
6318:
6316:
6315:
6307:
6306:
6301:
6296:
6290:
6288:
6282:
6281:
6279:
6278:
6275:
6272:
6269:
6266:
6263:
6262:Cochiti Pueblo
6259:
6257:
6251:
6250:
6248:
6247:
6240:
6233:
6225:
6223:
6215:
6214:
6212:
6211:
6204:
6197:
6190:
6183:
6175:
6174:
6169:
6164:
6159:
6154:
6149:
6144:
6139:
6134:
6128:
6126:
6120:
6119:
6117:
6116:
6111:
6106:
6101:
6096:
6091:
6086:
6080:
6078:
6072:
6071:
6069:
6068:
6061:
6054:
6047:
6040:
6033:
6026:
6019:
6012:
6005:
5998:
5990:
5989:
5987:Western Apache
5984:
5979:
5974:
5969:
5964:
5959:
5954:
5949:
5944:
5939:
5934:
5929:
5924:
5919:
5914:
5908:
5906:
5898:
5897:
5895:
5894:
5887:
5880:
5873:
5866:
5858:
5856:
5848:
5847:
5845:
5844:
5839:
5834:
5828:
5826:
5820:
5819:
5817:
5816:
5808:
5807:
5802:
5797:
5791:
5789:
5783:
5782:
5780:
5779:
5774:
5769:
5764:
5759:
5753:
5751:
5745:
5744:
5742:
5741:
5734:
5727:
5720:
5713:
5706:
5699:
5692:
5689:Mohegan-Pequot
5685:
5682:Miami-Illinois
5678:
5671:
5664:
5657:
5650:
5642:
5641:
5636:
5631:
5626:
5621:
5616:
5611:
5606:
5601:
5596:
5591:
5586:
5581:
5576:
5571:
5565:
5563:
5554:
5547:
5539:
5538:
5535:
5534:
5532:
5531:
5526:
5521:
5516:
5511:
5506:
5501:
5496:
5495:
5494:
5484:
5479:
5474:
5469:
5464:
5459:
5454:
5449:
5444:
5439:
5434:
5433:
5432:
5427:
5417:
5412:
5407:
5402:
5397:
5392:
5387:
5382:
5377:
5372:
5370:Boston English
5367:
5362:
5357:
5352:
5351:
5350:
5339:
5336:
5335:
5329:
5323:
5317:
5316:
5309:
5306:
5305:
5300:
5298:
5297:
5290:
5283:
5275:
5266:
5265:
5263:
5262:
5249:
5246:
5245:
5243:
5242:
5235:
5229:
5227:
5223:
5222:
5220:
5219:
5214:
5209:
5204:
5199:
5194:
5189:
5188:
5187:
5182:
5177:
5172:
5161:
5159:
5155:
5154:
5152:
5151:
5144:
5136:
5134:
5130:
5129:
5123:
5120:
5119:
5114:
5112:
5111:
5104:
5097:
5089:
5080:
5079:
5031:
5028:
5027:
5025:
5024:
5019:
5014:
5009:
5004:
4999:
4994:
4989:
4975:
4969:
4967:
4963:
4962:
4960:
4959:
4954:
4949:
4944:
4938:
4936:
4932:
4931:
4929:
4928:
4923:
4921:William Stokoe
4918:
4913:
4908:
4906:Valerie Sutton
4903:
4898:
4896:AbbĂ© de l'ĂpĂ©e
4893:
4888:
4883:
4878:
4873:
4867:
4865:
4861:
4860:
4858:
4857:
4852:
4846:
4844:
4838:
4837:
4834:
4833:
4831:
4830:
4825:
4819:
4817:
4813:
4812:
4810:
4809:
4807:Signed Swedish
4804:
4799:
4797:Signed Spanish
4794:
4789:
4784:
4782:Signed Italian
4779:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4738:
4736:
4728:
4727:
4725:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4708:
4702:
4694:
4693:
4691:
4690:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4658:
4652:
4650:
4646:
4645:
4643:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4627:
4625:Serbo-Croatian
4622:
4617:
4612:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4592:
4587:
4582:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4562:
4556:
4554:
4552:Fingerspelling
4548:
4547:
4545:
4544:
4539:
4534:
4529:
4508:
4503:
4498:
4492:
4490:
4486:
4485:
4483:
4482:
4477:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4423:
4421:
4415:
4414:
4412:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4391:
4385:
4383:
4377:
4376:
4373:
4372:
4370:
4369:
4364:
4359:
4354:
4348:
4346:
4342:
4341:
4339:
4338:
4333:
4330:
4325:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4304:
4299:
4296:
4291:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4275:
4270:
4267:
4262:
4257:
4252:
4249:
4244:
4241:
4236:
4232:
4230:
4226:
4225:
4223:
4222:
4217:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4171:
4166:
4163:
4158:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4138:Western Desert
4135:
4134:
4133:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4064:
4062:
4058:
4057:
4055:
4054:
4047:
4040:
4035:
4032:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4012:
4009:
4006:
4003:
4002:
4001:
3996:
3989:American (ASL)
3986:
3983:
3981:Old Salvadoran
3978:
3973:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3957:
3952:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3926:
3921:
3918:
3913:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3897:
3892:
3889:
3884:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3858:
3851:
3848:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3829:Maritime (MSL)
3826:
3821:
3818:
3815:
3812:
3811:
3810:
3805:
3798:American (ASL)
3795:
3792:
3787:
3784:
3778:
3776:
3768:
3767:
3765:
3764:
3759:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3744:Central Taurus
3741:
3738:
3733:
3730:
3725:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3704:
3699:
3696:
3691:
3688:
3683:
3680:
3675:
3672:
3667:
3664:
3659:
3656:
3651:
3648:
3643:
3640:
3635:
3632:
3627:
3624:
3619:
3616:
3611:
3608:
3603:
3600:
3595:
3592:
3587:
3584:
3579:
3576:
3571:
3568:
3563:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3542:
3537:
3534:
3529:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3513:
3508:
3505:
3500:
3499:United Kingdom
3497:
3495:French Belgian
3492:
3487:
3484:
3479:
3476:
3471:
3468:
3463:
3459:
3457:
3453:
3452:
3450:
3449:
3444:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3418:
3413:
3410:
3405:
3402:
3397:
3394:
3389:
3386:
3381:
3378:
3373:
3370:
3365:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3339:
3334:
3331:
3326:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3305:
3300:
3297:
3295:Kazakh-Russian
3292:
3289:
3284:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3227:
3222:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3206:
3201:
3199:Indo-Pakistani
3196:
3191:
3186:
3183:
3178:
3175:
3170:
3167:
3162:
3159:
3154:
3150:
3148:
3144:
3143:
3141:
3140:
3135:
3132:
3127:
3124:
3119:
3116:
3111:
3108:
3103:
3100:
3095:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3066:
3061:
3058:
3053:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3037:
3032:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3015:
3013:
3009:
3008:
3005:
2999:
2995:
2994:
2991:
2990:
2988:
2987:
2981:
2980:
2975:
2969:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2942:
2940:
2936:
2935:
2933:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2921:
2920:
2915:
2912:
2907:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2825:
2820:
2819:
2818:
2811:Peruvian (LSP)
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2756:Miyakubo Shuwa
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2710:
2705:
2704:
2703:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2657:
2656:
2651:
2643:
2642:
2641:
2633:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2594:Dogon/Douentza
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2498:
2496:
2492:
2491:
2489:
2488:
2483:
2477:
2475:
2467:
2466:
2463:
2462:
2460:
2459:
2456:
2451:
2448:
2443:
2440:
2436:
2434:
2428:
2427:
2425:
2424:
2420:
2418:
2416:American (ASL)
2411:
2410:
2408:
2407:
2404:
2401:
2398:
2395:
2392:
2389:
2386:
2383:
2380:
2377:
2374:
2371:
2368:
2365:
2362:
2359:
2356:
2353:
2350:
2347:
2344:
2341:
2338:
2335:
2332:
2329:
2326:
2323:
2320:
2317:
2314:
2311:
2308:
2305:
2302:
2299:
2295:
2289:
2283:
2282:
2280:
2279:
2277:Namibian (NSL)
2273:
2271:
2265:
2264:
2262:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2245:
2243:
2237:
2236:
2234:
2233:
2232:
2231:
2228:
2225:
2222:
2219:
2213:
2209:
2207:
2201:
2200:
2198:
2197:
2196:
2195:
2183:
2175:
2173:
2167:
2166:
2164:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2147:
2145:
2139:
2138:
2136:
2135:
2132:
2129:
2124:
2121:
2118:
2115:
2110:
2107:
2103:
2101:
2097:Indo-Pakistani
2093:
2092:
2090:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2073:
2071:
2065:
2064:
2061:
2060:
2058:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2036:
2034:
2028:
2027:
2025:
2024:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2000:
1998:
1992:
1991:
1989:
1988:
1983:
1977:
1975:
1971:
1970:
1968:
1967:
1962:
1956:
1954:
1950:
1949:
1947:
1946:
1944:Tunisian (TSL)
1941:
1935:
1933:
1929:
1928:
1926:
1925:
1920:
1914:
1912:
1908:
1907:
1904:
1903:
1901:
1900:
1898:Yugoslav (YSL)
1895:
1892:
1889:
1886:
1884:Croatian (HZJ)
1880:
1878:
1874:
1873:
1871:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1839:
1837:
1830:
1824:
1823:
1820:
1819:
1817:
1816:
1815:
1814:
1803:
1801:
1794:
1793:
1791:
1790:
1786:
1784:
1777:
1776:
1774:
1773:
1769:
1767:
1760:
1759:
1757:
1756:
1755:Sierra Leonean
1753:
1750:
1747:
1742:
1739:
1736:
1733:
1729:
1727:
1721:
1720:
1718:
1717:
1716:
1715:
1712:
1703:
1701:
1697:
1696:
1694:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1680:
1678:Filipino (FSL)
1675:
1672:
1669:
1664:
1661:
1658:
1655:
1652:
1651:
1650:
1647:
1639:
1636:
1635:
1634:
1629:
1622:American (ASL)
1618:
1612:
1604:
1603:
1601:
1600:
1598:Romanian (LSR)
1595:
1594:
1593:
1581:
1580:
1579:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1558:
1557:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1535:Algerian (LSA)
1531:
1525:
1519:
1518:
1515:
1514:
1512:
1511:
1506:
1500:
1498:
1496:Uruguayan Sign
1490:
1489:
1487:
1486:
1484:Chilean (LSCh)
1480:
1474:
1473:Uruguayan Sign
1468:
1467:
1465:
1464:
1463:
1462:
1461:
1460:
1459:
1458:
1441:
1439:
1433:
1432:
1429:
1428:
1426:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1399:
1397:
1391:
1390:
1388:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1370:Maritime (MSL)
1367:
1364:
1363:
1362:
1352:
1351:
1350:
1339:
1333:
1327:
1326:
1323:
1322:
1320:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1303:
1301:
1297:
1296:
1293:
1292:
1290:
1289:
1286:
1283:
1280:
1276:
1274:
1268:
1267:
1265:
1264:
1258:
1252:
1246:
1245:
1243:
1242:
1237:
1235:Qatari Unified
1232:
1227:
1222:
1216:
1210:
1204:
1203:
1200:
1199:
1197:
1196:
1191:
1185:
1183:
1182:Zendath Kesign
1179:
1178:
1176:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1159:
1157:
1155:Western Desert
1148:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1134:
1132:Worora Kinship
1129:
1124:
1117:
1112:
1111:
1110:
1100:
1095:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1071:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1041:
1039:
1025:
1024:
1021:
1015:
1009:
1008:
1006:
1005:
1000:
994:
991:
990:
985:
983:
982:
975:
968:
960:
954:
953:
948:978-1626193765
947:
934:
921:
904:
901:
898:
897:
891:978-1338255812
890:
882:Show Me a Sign
872:
846:
823:
808:
793:
733:
690:
675:
668:
638:
631:
608:
575:
539:
524:. 4 May 2016.
507:
475:
448:
447:
445:
442:
441:
440:
435:
430:
425:
420:
418:Founder effect
415:
410:
387:
384:
379:Show Me a Sign
375:
372:
361:
358:
340:
337:
323:
320:
300:deaf community
279:
276:
227:
224:
174:
173:
168:
162:
161:
154:
146:
145:
138:
133:
130:
129:
122:
114:
113:
112:Language codes
109:
108:
107:
106:
98:
94:
93:
91:
90:
83:
81:
78:
75:
74:
69:
67:
60:
57:
56:
53:
47:
46:
41:
37:
36:
33:
32:Native to
29:
28:
24:
23:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7829:
7818:
7815:
7813:
7810:
7808:
7805:
7803:
7800:
7798:
7795:
7793:
7790:
7788:
7785:
7783:
7780:
7778:
7775:
7774:
7772:
7756:
7753:
7750:
7747:
7744:
7741:
7738:
7735:
7732:
7729:
7726:
7723:
7720:
7717:
7714:
7711:
7708:
7705:
7702:
7699:
7696:
7693:
7690:
7687:
7684:
7681:
7678:
7675:
7672:
7669:
7666:
7663:
7660:
7657:
7654:
7651:
7648:
7645:
7642:
7639:
7636:
7633:
7630:
7627:
7624:
7621:
7618:
7615:
7612:
7609:
7606:
7603:
7600:
7599:
7597:
7589:
7579:
7578:
7574:
7572:
7571:
7567:
7566:
7564:
7560:
7554:
7553:
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7548:
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7540:
7534:
7531:
7530:
7528:
7526:
7522:
7516:
7513:
7511:
7508:
7506:
7503:
7501:
7498:
7497:
7495:
7493:
7489:
7486:
7480:
7470:
7467:
7465:
7462:
7460:
7457:
7455:
7452:
7451:
7449:
7446:
7442:
7438:
7432:
7429:
7427:
7424:
7422:
7419:
7417:
7414:
7412:
7409:
7408:
7406:
7404:
7400:
7394:
7391:
7389:
7386:
7384:
7381:
7379:
7376:
7374:
7371:
7369:
7366:
7365:
7363:
7361:
7357:
7351:
7348:
7346:
7343:
7341:
7338:
7336:
7333:
7331:
7328:
7327:
7325:
7323:
7319:
7316:
7310:
7300:
7297:
7295:
7292:
7290:
7287:
7282:
7281:
7280:
7277:
7276:
7274:
7270:
7261:
7260:
7259:
7258:
7254:
7253:
7249:
7246:
7243:
7240:
7237:
7236:
7234:
7232:
7228:
7225:
7219:
7205:
7204:
7200:
7199:
7196:
7193:
7191:
7188:
7186:
7183:
7182:
7180:
7174:
7168:
7167:
7163:
7161:
7160:
7156:
7155:
7152:
7149:
7147:
7144:
7142:
7139:
7137:
7134:
7132:
7129:
7127:
7124:
7122:
7119:
7118:
7116:
7112:
7109:
7105:
7095:
7092:
7090:
7087:
7085:
7082:
7080:
7077:
7075:
7072:
7070:
7067:
7065:
7062:
7060:
7057:
7055:
7052:
7051:
7049:
7047:
7041:
7035:
7034:
7030:
7028:
7027:
7023:
7021:
7020:
7016:
7014:
7013:
7009:
7007:
7006:
7002:
7000:
6999:
6995:
6993:
6992:
6988:
6986:
6985:
6981:
6979:
6978:
6974:
6973:
6970:
6969:Valley Yokuts
6967:
6965:
6962:
6960:
6957:
6955:
6952:
6951:
6949:
6947:
6943:
6937:
6934:
6932:
6929:
6927:
6924:
6923:
6921:
6919:
6915:
6909:
6906:
6905:
6903:
6901:
6897:
6891:
6890:
6886:
6884:
6883:
6879:
6878:
6875:
6872:
6870:
6867:
6865:
6862:
6860:
6857:
6855:
6852:
6850:
6847:
6845:
6842:
6840:
6837:
6835:
6832:
6830:
6827:
6825:
6822:
6820:
6817:
6815:
6812:
6810:
6807:
6805:
6802:
6801:
6799:
6797:
6793:
6787:
6784:
6783:
6781:
6779:
6775:
6769:
6768:
6764:
6763:
6760:
6757:
6755:
6752:
6750:
6749:Southern Tiwa
6747:
6745:
6742:
6740:
6737:
6735:
6732:
6731:
6729:
6727:
6723:
6717:
6716:
6712:
6710:
6709:
6708:Tutelo-Saponi
6705:
6703:
6702:
6698:
6696:
6695:
6691:
6689:
6688:
6684:
6682:
6681:
6677:
6675:
6674:
6670:
6668:
6667:
6663:
6662:
6659:
6656:
6654:
6651:
6649:
6646:
6644:
6641:
6639:
6636:
6634:
6631:
6629:
6626:
6624:
6621:
6619:
6616:
6614:
6611:
6609:
6606:
6605:
6603:
6601:
6597:
6591:
6590:
6586:
6584:
6583:
6579:
6577:
6576:
6572:
6570:
6569:
6565:
6563:
6562:
6558:
6557:
6554:
6551:
6549:
6546:
6544:
6541:
6539:
6536:
6534:
6531:
6529:
6526:
6524:
6521:
6519:
6516:
6514:
6511:
6509:
6506:
6504:
6503:Coeur d'Alene
6501:
6500:
6498:
6496:
6492:
6486:
6485:
6484:Northern Pomo
6481:
6479:
6478:
6474:
6473:
6470:
6469:Southern Pomo
6467:
6465:
6462:
6460:
6457:
6455:
6452:
6450:
6447:
6446:
6444:
6442:
6438:
6432:
6431:
6427:
6425:
6424:
6420:
6419:
6416:
6413:
6411:
6408:
6407:
6405:
6403:
6399:
6393:
6392:
6388:
6387:
6384:
6381:
6380:
6378:
6376:
6372:
6366:
6365:
6361:
6360:
6357:
6354:
6352:
6349:
6347:
6344:
6342:
6339:
6337:
6334:
6332:
6329:
6328:
6326:
6324:
6320:
6314:
6313:
6309:
6308:
6305:
6302:
6300:
6297:
6295:
6292:
6291:
6289:
6287:
6283:
6277:Laguna Pueblo
6276:
6273:
6271:Western Keres
6270:
6267:
6264:
6261:
6260:
6258:
6256:
6252:
6246:
6245:
6241:
6239:
6238:
6234:
6232:
6231:
6227:
6226:
6224:
6222:
6221:
6216:
6210:
6209:
6205:
6203:
6202:
6201:Susquehannock
6198:
6196:
6195:
6191:
6189:
6188:
6187:Neutral Huron
6184:
6182:
6181:
6177:
6176:
6173:
6170:
6168:
6165:
6163:
6160:
6158:
6155:
6153:
6150:
6148:
6145:
6143:
6140:
6138:
6135:
6133:
6130:
6129:
6127:
6125:
6121:
6115:
6114:Chevak Cupâik
6112:
6110:
6107:
6105:
6102:
6100:
6097:
6095:
6092:
6090:
6087:
6085:
6082:
6081:
6079:
6077:
6073:
6067:
6066:
6062:
6060:
6059:
6055:
6053:
6052:
6048:
6046:
6045:
6041:
6039:
6038:
6037:Plains Apache
6034:
6032:
6031:
6027:
6025:
6024:
6020:
6018:
6017:
6013:
6011:
6010:
6006:
6004:
6003:
5999:
5997:
5996:
5992:
5991:
5988:
5985:
5983:
5980:
5978:
5975:
5973:
5970:
5968:
5965:
5963:
5960:
5958:
5955:
5953:
5950:
5948:
5945:
5943:
5940:
5938:
5935:
5933:
5930:
5928:
5925:
5923:
5920:
5918:
5915:
5913:
5910:
5909:
5907:
5905:
5899:
5893:
5892:
5888:
5886:
5885:
5881:
5879:
5878:
5874:
5872:
5871:
5867:
5865:
5864:
5860:
5859:
5857:
5855:
5854:
5849:
5843:
5842:Upper Chinook
5840:
5838:
5835:
5833:
5830:
5829:
5827:
5825:
5821:
5815:
5814:
5810:
5809:
5806:
5803:
5801:
5798:
5796:
5793:
5792:
5790:
5788:
5784:
5778:
5775:
5773:
5770:
5768:
5765:
5763:
5760:
5758:
5755:
5754:
5752:
5750:
5746:
5740:
5739:
5735:
5733:
5732:
5728:
5726:
5725:
5721:
5719:
5718:
5714:
5712:
5711:
5707:
5705:
5704:
5700:
5698:
5697:
5693:
5691:
5690:
5686:
5684:
5683:
5679:
5677:
5676:
5672:
5670:
5669:
5668:Nawathinehena
5665:
5663:
5662:
5658:
5656:
5655:
5651:
5649:
5648:
5644:
5643:
5640:
5637:
5635:
5632:
5630:
5627:
5625:
5622:
5620:
5617:
5615:
5612:
5610:
5607:
5605:
5602:
5600:
5597:
5595:
5592:
5590:
5587:
5585:
5582:
5580:
5577:
5575:
5572:
5570:
5567:
5566:
5564:
5562:
5558:
5555:
5551:
5548:
5546:
5540:
5530:
5527:
5525:
5522:
5520:
5517:
5515:
5512:
5510:
5507:
5505:
5502:
5500:
5499:Texan English
5497:
5493:
5490:
5489:
5488:
5485:
5483:
5480:
5478:
5475:
5473:
5470:
5468:
5465:
5463:
5460:
5458:
5455:
5453:
5450:
5448:
5445:
5443:
5440:
5438:
5435:
5431:
5428:
5426:
5423:
5422:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5410:Maine English
5408:
5406:
5405:Miami English
5403:
5401:
5398:
5396:
5393:
5391:
5388:
5386:
5383:
5381:
5378:
5376:
5375:Cajun English
5373:
5371:
5368:
5366:
5363:
5361:
5358:
5356:
5353:
5349:
5346:
5345:
5344:
5341:
5340:
5337:
5333:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5318:
5313:
5310:Languages in
5307:
5303:
5296:
5291:
5289:
5284:
5282:
5277:
5276:
5273:
5261:
5260:
5251:
5250:
5247:
5241:
5240:
5236:
5234:
5231:
5230:
5228:
5224:
5218:
5215:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5205:
5203:
5200:
5198:
5195:
5193:
5190:
5186:
5185:Boston accent
5183:
5181:
5178:
5176:
5173:
5171:
5168:
5167:
5166:
5163:
5162:
5160:
5156:
5150:
5149:
5145:
5143:
5142:
5138:
5137:
5135:
5131:
5126:
5121:
5117:
5110:
5105:
5103:
5098:
5096:
5091:
5090:
5087:
5076:
5072:
5068:
5067:
5062:
5059:
5058:
5051:
5047:
5043:
5037:
5036:
5029:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4990:
4987:
4983:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4971:
4970:
4968:
4966:Miscellaneous
4964:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4939:
4937:
4935:Organisations
4933:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4891:Laurent Clerc
4889:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4881:PĂ€r Aron Borg
4879:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4868:
4866:
4862:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4847:
4845:
4843:
4839:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4820:
4818:
4814:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4792:Signed Polish
4790:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4777:Signed German
4775:
4773:
4772:Signed French
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4739:
4737:
4735:
4729:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4709:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4695:
4687:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4653:
4651:
4647:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4557:
4555:
4553:
4549:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4524:
4520:
4516:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4496:Grammar (ASL)
4494:
4493:
4491:
4487:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4425:
4424:
4422:
4416:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4386:
4384:
4382:
4378:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4349:
4347:
4345:International
4343:
4337:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4234:
4233:
4231:
4229:South America
4227:
4221:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4202:Rossel Island
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4192:Mount Avejaha
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4132:
4129:
4128:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4066:
4065:
4063:
4059:
4053:
4052:
4048:
4046:
4045:
4041:
4039:
4038:Navajo Family
4036:
4033:
4031:
4030:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4013:
4010:
4007:
4004:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3991:
3990:
3987:
3985:United States
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3856:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3846:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3819:
3816:
3813:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3800:
3799:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3779:
3777:
3769:
3763:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3461:
3460:
3458:
3454:
3448:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3152:
3151:
3149:
3145:
3139:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3114:South African
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3017:
3016:
3014:
3010:
3003:
3000:
2996:
2986:
2983:
2982:
2979:
2976:
2973:
2970:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2943:
2941:
2937:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2925:Yoruban (YSL)
2923:
2919:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2910:Bura (Burasl)
2908:
2906:
2903:
2902:
2901:West African
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2887:Ugandan (USL)
2885:
2883:
2882:Turkish (TÄ°D)
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2867:Spanish (LSE)
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2847:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2835:Rossel Island
2833:
2831:
2830:
2826:
2824:
2823:Qahveh Khaneh
2821:
2817:
2814:
2813:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2766:Mount Avejaha
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2726:Maltese (LSM)
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2702:
2699:
2698:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2649:Atgangmuurniq
2647:
2646:
2644:
2639:
2638:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2631:
2627:
2625:
2624:Guinea-Bissau
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2539:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2499:
2497:
2493:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2478:
2476:
2474:
2468:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2441:
2438:
2437:
2435:
2433:
2429:
2422:
2421:
2419:
2417:
2412:
2405:
2402:
2399:
2396:
2393:
2390:
2387:
2384:
2381:
2378:
2375:
2372:
2369:
2366:
2363:
2360:
2357:
2354:
2351:
2348:
2345:
2342:
2339:
2336:
2333:
2330:
2327:
2324:
2321:
2318:
2315:
2312:
2309:
2306:
2303:
2300:
2297:
2296:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2284:
2278:
2275:
2274:
2272:
2270:
2266:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2246:
2244:
2242:
2238:
2230:Cepeda Peraza
2229:
2226:
2223:
2220:
2217:
2216:
2214:
2212:Highland Maya
2211:
2210:
2208:
2206:
2202:
2194:
2193:
2189:
2188:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2181:
2177:
2176:
2174:
2172:
2168:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2148:
2146:
2144:
2143:Japanese Sign
2140:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2122:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2108:
2105:
2104:
2102:
2100:
2094:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2074:
2072:
2070:
2066:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2037:
2035:
2033:
2029:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2001:
1999:
1997:
1993:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1981:Flemish (VGT)
1979:
1978:
1976:
1972:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1960:Mexican (LSM)
1958:
1957:
1955:
1951:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1939:Italian (LIS)
1937:
1936:
1934:
1930:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1915:
1913:
1909:
1899:
1896:
1893:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1881:
1879:
1875:
1869:
1868:Russian (Đ ĐĐŻ)
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1858:Latvian (LSL)
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1840:
1838:
1834:
1831:
1825:
1813:
1810:
1809:
1808:
1805:
1804:
1802:
1800:
1795:
1788:
1787:
1785:
1783:
1778:
1771:
1770:
1768:
1766:
1761:
1754:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1740:
1737:
1734:
1731:
1730:
1728:
1722:
1713:
1710:
1709:
1708:
1705:
1704:
1702:
1698:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1662:
1659:
1656:
1653:
1648:
1645:
1644:
1643:
1640:
1637:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1624:
1623:
1620:
1619:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1605:
1599:
1596:
1592:
1591:
1587:
1586:
1585:
1582:
1578:
1575:
1574:
1573:
1572:Catalan (LSC)
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1556:
1553:
1552:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1532:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1520:
1510:
1509:Uruguay (LSU)
1507:
1505:
1502:
1501:
1499:
1497:
1491:
1485:
1482:
1481:
1478:
1475:
1469:
1456:
1455:
1454:
1451:
1450:
1448:
1447:
1446:
1443:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1434:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1392:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1365:
1361:
1358:
1357:
1356:
1355:British (BSL)
1353:
1349:
1346:
1345:
1344:
1341:
1340:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1328:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1304:
1302:
1298:
1287:
1284:
1281:
1278:
1277:
1275:
1273:
1269:
1263:
1260:
1259:
1256:
1253:
1247:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1217:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1205:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1186:
1184:
1180:
1174:
1173:Ngaatjatjarra
1171:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1152:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1122:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1109:
1106:
1105:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1093:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1076:
1072:
1070:
1069:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1047:
1043:
1042:
1040:
1032:
1026:
1019:
1016:
1010:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
995:
992:
988:
987:Sign language
981:
976:
974:
969:
967:
962:
961:
958:
950:
944:
940:
935:
924:
918:
914:
913:
907:
906:
902:
893:
887:
883:
876:
873:
860:
856:
850:
847:
842:
838:
834:
827:
824:
819:
812:
809:
804:
797:
794:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
761:
756:
752:
748:
744:
737:
734:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
706:(4): 515â23.
705:
701:
694:
691:
686:
679:
676:
671:
665:
661:
657:
656:
651:
650:Sacks, Oliver
645:
643:
639:
634:
632:0-674-27041-X
628:
624:
617:
615:
613:
609:
597:
593:
589:
582:
580:
576:
564:
560:
556:
550:
548:
546:
544:
540:
527:
523:
522:
521:Atlas Obscura
517:
511:
508:
495:
491:
490:
485:
479:
476:
463:
460:. Lifeprint.
459:
453:
450:
443:
439:
436:
434:
431:
429:
426:
424:
421:
419:
416:
414:
411:
409:
406:
405:
385:
383:
380:
373:
371:
368:
357:
355:
350:
346:
338:
336:
334:
328:
319:
317:
311:
307:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
277:
275:
273:
269:
265:
260:
258:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
225:
223:
220:
219:Sign language
216:
214:
210:
207:
202:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
172:
169:
167:
163:
159:
155:
153:
152:
147:
143:
139:
136:
135:Linguist List
131:
127:
123:
120:
115:
110:
104:
101:
100:
99:
88:
87:
86:
82:
76:
72:
68:
64:
58:
54:
52:
48:
45:
42:
38:
35:United States
34:
30:
25:
20:
7575:
7568:
7551:
7550:
7542:
7431:Sabine River
7426:Puerto Rican
7378:Plautdietsch
7312:Oral settler
7255:
7203:Mohawk Dutch
7201:
7164:
7157:
7033:Plains Miwok
7031:
7024:
7017:
7010:
7003:
6996:
6989:
6982:
6975:
6887:
6880:
6765:
6713:
6706:
6699:
6692:
6685:
6678:
6671:
6664:
6587:
6580:
6573:
6566:
6559:
6482:
6475:
6454:Eastern Pomo
6449:Central Pomo
6428:
6421:
6389:
6362:
6310:
6274:Acoma Pueblo
6242:
6235:
6228:
6218:
6206:
6199:
6192:
6185:
6178:
6063:
6058:Upper Umpqua
6056:
6049:
6042:
6035:
6028:
6021:
6014:
6007:
6000:
5993:
5982:Upper Tanana
5952:Lower Tanana
5889:
5882:
5875:
5868:
5861:
5851:
5811:
5749:Austronesian
5736:
5729:
5722:
5715:
5708:
5703:Narragansett
5701:
5694:
5687:
5680:
5673:
5666:
5659:
5652:
5645:
5604:Massachusett
5330:Dialects of
5314:are extinct.
5311:
5257:
5238:
5237:
5148:Massachusett
5146:
5141:Narragansett
5139:
5124:
5070:
5064:
5055:
5053:
5033:
4850:Films (list)
4767:Signed Dutch
4712:Contact sign
4449:
4157:Hawaii (USA)
4050:
4043:
4028:
4027:
3853:
3844:
3736:Swiss-German
3372:Saudi Arabia
3110:South Africa
2844:
2827:
2701:Somali (SSL)
2628:
2536:
2471:Providenciaâ
2450:Nesilextcl'n
2423:Oneida (OSL)
2385:Tickanwaâątic
2373:Schitsu'umsh
2355:NĆłmÄ
ÌkhĆłÌ·ki
2269:Paget Gorman
2191:
2190:
2185:
2178:
2170:
2134:Punjab-Sindh
2082:Polish (PJM)
2077:German (DGS)
1953:Mexican Sign
1932:Italian Sign
1836:Russian Sign
1799:French (LSF)
1772:Oneida (OSL)
1686:Quebec (LSQ)
1671:Oneida (OSL)
1588:
1584:French (LSF)
1437:Chinese Sign
1395:Swedish Sign
1119:
1090:
1073:
1066:
1044:
938:
926:. Retrieved
911:
881:
875:
863:. Retrieved
849:
832:
826:
817:
811:
802:
796:
785:. Retrieved
750:
746:
736:
703:
699:
693:
684:
678:
658:. Berkeley:
654:
622:
600:. Retrieved
592:The Atlantic
591:
567:. Retrieved
558:
530:. Retrieved
519:
510:
498:. Retrieved
489:The Atlantic
487:
478:
466:. Retrieved
452:
378:
377:
366:
363:
354:Oliver Sacks
342:
329:
325:
316:Oliver Sacks
312:
308:
281:
261:
229:
217:
203:
182:
178:
177:
149:
7661:Hindi (0.9)
7469:Angloromani
7421:New Mexican
7350:New England
6991:Coast Miwok
6864:TĂŒbatulabal
6796:Uto-Aztecan
6778:Tsimshianic
6767:Piro Pueblo
6687:Mitchigamea
6643:OmahaâPonca
6608:Assiniboine
6523:Lushootseed
6375:Palaihnihan
6208:Wenrohronon
5904:Yeniseian?)
5767:Refaluwasch
5654:Gros Ventre
4992:Open Outcry
4916:Abbé Sicard
4901:Roger Fouts
4732:Signed Oral
4671:SignWriting
4519:Orientation
4489:Linguistics
4470:Pitha Pitha
4165:New Zealand
4101:Manjiljarra
3972:El Salvador
3732:Switzerland
3642:Netherlands
3482:Azerbaijani
3424:Old Bangkok
3364:Philippines
3052:Ivory Coast
2846:Sandy River
2584:Cuban (LSC)
2473:Cayman Sign
2322:Hinono'eino
2313:Coahuilteco
2298:Anishinaabe
2259:Old Bangkok
2180:Old Kentish
2109:Beluchistan
2069:German Sign
2050:Ho Chi Minh
1974:Old Belgian
1918:Dutch (NGT)
1657:Costa Rican
1550:Irish (ISL)
1494:Paraguayan-
1285:Palestinian
1168:Manjiljarra
1163:Kartutjarra
1098:Rdaka rdaka
1092:Pitha Pitha
928:28 February
865:19 November
753:(1): 3â16.
532:19 November
79:Early forms
7771:Categories
7682:Urdu (0.5)
7650:Portuguese
7620:Vietnamese
7510:Protactile
7492:Francosign
7159:Chitimacha
7012:Lake Miwok
6513:Halkomelem
6009:Holikachuk
5884:Purisimeño
5629:Potawatomi
5348:Vernacular
5212:Portuguese
5017:Protactile
4656:ASL-phabet
4640:Portuguese
4542:Sign names
4527:Expression
4455:Old French
4440:Kalkutungu
4409:Name signs
4399:Literature
4336:Venezuelan
4310:Inmaculada
4302:Paraguayan
4294:Ecuadorian
4148:Yir Yoront
3999:Protactile
3976:Salvadoran
3968:Panamanian
3955:Nicaraguan
3932:Albarradas
3903:Guatemalan
3860:Costa Rica
3855:Old Cayman
3808:Protactile
3686:Portuguese
3654:Macedonian
3630:Lithuanian
3478:Azerbaijan
3447:Vietnamese
3404:Tajikistan
3392:Sri Lankan
3291:Kazakhstan
3261:Kafr Qasem
3212:Indonesian
2914:Mofu-Gudur
2852:Salvadoran
2829:Rennellese
2816:Inmaculada
2771:Mozambican
2721:Macedonian
2691:Kata Kolok
2681:Kafr Qasim
2640:Creole HSL
2391:Tsuu T'ina
2352:NiitsĂtapi
2346:Ni Mii Puu
2337:Maagiadawa
2301:ApsĂĄalooke
2227:Trascorral
1911:Dutch Sign
1714:Yogyakarta
1674:Panamanian
1632:Protactile
1590:Old French
1567:Lithuanian
1523:Francosign
1140:Yir Yoront
1127:Warramunga
1075:Kalkutungu
1031:Aboriginal
1029:Australian
787:2017-04-26
669:0520060830
602:2018-07-04
569:2018-07-04
468:13 October
444:References
428:Kata Kolok
257:endogamous
7484:languages
7464:Spanglish
7447:languages
7373:Hutterite
7330:Louisiana
7314:languages
7231:Hand Talk
7223:languages
7178:Languages
7026:Palewyami
6977:Bay Miwok
6946:Yuk-Utian
6824:Kitanemuk
6658:Winnebago
6582:Tillamook
6410:Nez Perce
6364:Apalachee
6336:Chickasaw
6323:Muskogean
6220:Kalapuyan
6167:Tuscarora
6124:Iroquoian
5967:Tanacross
5942:Jicarilla
5917:Deg Xinag
5891:Ventureño
5863:Barbareño
5853:Chumashan
5832:Kathlamet
5824:Chinookan
5777:Tokelauan
5696:Nanticoke
5609:Menominee
5579:Blackfoot
5545:languages
5158:Immigrant
5073:indicate
4734:Languages
4635:Ukrainian
4595:Hungarian
4580:Esperanto
4511:Handshape
4480:Warluwara
4420:languages
4404:Profanity
4367:Signalong
4332:Venezuela
4328:Uruguayan
4281:Colombian
4235:Argentina
4106:Warlmanpa
4067:Australia
4005:Blackfeet
3994:Black ASL
3951:Nicaragua
3899:Guatemala
3891:Greenland
3814:Blackfoot
3803:Black ASL
3771:North and
3762:Ukrainian
3720:Valencian
3702:Slovenian
3670:Norwegian
3626:Lithuania
3590:Icelandic
3582:Hungarian
3429:Chiangmai
3400:Taiwanese
3388:Sri Lanka
3384:Singapore
3380:Singapore
3337:Mongolian
3311:Malaysian
3208:Indonesia
3177:Hong Kong
3165:Cambodian
3122:Tanzanian
2998:By region
2554:Bhutanese
2349:NiimĂipuu
2331:Karankawa
2254:Hai Phong
2249:Chiangmai
2040:Hai Phong
2032:Viet-Thai
1894:Slovenian
1863:Mongolian
1829:Hungarian
1765:Hand Talk
1732:Ethiopian
1660:Dominican
1654:Cambodian
1449:Shanghai
1279:Jordanian
1272:Levantine
1251:Levantine
1136:Yan-nhaĆu
1121:Warluwara
1115:Warlmanpa
1081:Miriwoong
769:1081-4159
728:189902060
296:home-sign
232:the Weald
206:recessive
151:Glottolog
119:ISO 639-3
7731:Armenian
7704:Gujarati
7698:Japanese
7562:Isolates
7388:Alsatian
7340:Missouri
7272:Isolates
7114:Isolates
7074:Maricopa
7069:Kumeyaay
6900:Wakashan
6859:Timbisha
6854:Shoshoni
6819:Kawaiisu
6814:Ivilyuat
6804:Comanche
6575:Quinault
6548:Thompson
6538:Okanagan
6528:Nooksack
6495:Salishan
6415:Sahaptin
6391:Atsugewi
6383:Achumawi
6356:Muscogee
6351:Mikasuki
6244:Yoncalla
6194:Nottoway
6152:Onondaga
6137:Cherokee
6076:Eskaleut
6044:Tsetsaut
5927:Gwichâin
5922:Dena'ina
5877:Obispeño
5762:Hawaiian
5757:Chamorro
5717:Powhatan
5647:Etchemin
5584:Cheyenne
5553:Families
5259:Category
4722:Mouthing
4698:Language
4681:ASLwrite
4605:Japanese
4560:American
4532:Mouthing
4523:Movement
4515:Location
4460:Old Kent
4426:Chilmark
4362:Monastic
4315:Peruvian
4298:Paraguay
4286:Provisle
4277:Colombia
4247:Bolivian
4207:Sinasina
4051:Henniker
4011:Cheyenne
3963:Chiriqui
3924:Honduran
3920:Honduras
3790:Belizean
3698:Slovenia
3682:Portugal
3548:Ghardaia
3532:Estonian
3511:Croatian
3474:Austrian
3466:Armenian
3420:Thailand
3368:Filipino
3360:Nepalese
3345:Ghandruk
3333:Mongolia
3329:Maldives
3325:Maldives
3321:Selangor
3307:Malaysia
3279:Miyakubo
3269:Japanese
3251:Ghardaia
3161:Cambodia
3118:Tanzania
3031:Cameroon
3027:Ghardaia
3022:Algerian
2857:Sinasina
2630:Henniker
2609:Ghandruk
2549:Belizean
2532:Armenian
2495:Isolates
2442:Kalispel
2439:A'aninin
2397:Wazhazhe
2394:Umatilla
2376:Shiwinna
2367:Piipaash
2316:Dane-zaa
2310:Cheyenne
2215:Yucatec
2186:Chilmark
2120:Calcutta
2004:Malagasy
1848:Georgian
1752:Nigerian
1749:Moroccan
1738:Ghanaian
1663:Jamaican
1649:Mandalay
1638:Bolivian
1608:American
1300:Possible
1282:Lebanese
1220:Egyptian
1086:Mudburra
1052:Djingili
1014:families
1012:Language
859:Archived
841:44065463
781:Archived
777:19812282
652:(1989).
596:Archived
563:Archived
526:Archived
494:Archived
462:Archived
386:See also
264:Chilmark
213:Chilmark
185:) was a
158:mart1251
97:Dialects
7722:Punjabi
7710:Bengali
7686:Persian
7677:Italian
7656:Haitian
7644:Russian
7614:Tagalog
7608:Chinese
7602:Spanish
7543:Kentish
7403:Spanish
7383:Bernese
7345:Muskrat
7166:Tonkawa
7136:Siuslaw
7131:Kutenai
7094:Yavapai
7084:Quechan
7054:Cocopah
7046:CochimĂ
6926:Nomlaki
6918:Wintuan
6849:Serrano
6844:O'odham
6829:Luiseño
6744:Picuris
6694:Moneton
6680:Chiwere
6673:Catawba
6623:Hidatsa
6561:Cowlitz
6518:Klallam
6459:Kashaya
6423:Klamath
6346:Koasati
6341:Choctaw
6331:Alabama
6304:Nisenan
6286:Maiduan
6255:Keresan
6172:Wyandot
6099:Alutiiq
6089:Inupiat
6065:Wailaki
6051:Tututni
6030:Mattole
5947:Koyukon
5870:Cruzeño
5805:Wichita
5795:Arikara
5787:Caddoan
5724:Quiripi
5710:Pamlico
5675:Mahican
5634:Shawnee
5614:Mi'kmaq
5574:Arapaho
5569:Abenaki
5430:Western
5425:Eastern
5321:English
5312:italics
5217:Chinese
5197:Italian
5192:Spanish
5165:English
5125:Italics
5071:Italics
5022:Tic-tac
4864:Persons
4700:contact
4649:Writing
4630:Spanish
4620:Russian
4575:Chilean
4570:Catalan
4435:Jaralde
4418:Extinct
4389:Grammar
4357:Makaton
4324:Uruguay
4290:Ecuador
4273:Chilean
4265:Ka'apor
4243:Bolivia
4061:Oceania
3947:Mexican
3937:Chatino
3916:Haitian
3845:Plateau
3775:America
3773:Central
3758:Ukraine
3754:Turkish
3728:Swedish
3715:Spanish
3710:Catalan
3694:Russian
3638:Russian
3634:Moldova
3622:Latvian
3606:Italian
3594:Ireland
3586:Iceland
3578:Hungary
3562:Germany
3540:Finnish
3536:Finland
3528:Estonia
3515:Denmark
3507:Croatia
3503:British
3490:Flemish
3486:Belgium
3470:Austria
3462:Armenia
3443:Vietnam
3408:Russian
3350:Jhankot
3303:Laotian
3256:Israeli
3238:Kurdish
3225:Persian
3194:Bengali
3173:Chinese
3157:Bengali
3138:Zambian
3130:Ugandan
3094:Senegal
3081:Nigeria
3048:Nanabin
3018:Algeria
2930:Zambian
2806:Persian
2712:Kisindo
2671:Ka'apor
2661:Jhankot
2579:Chatino
2432:Plateau
2414:Mixed,
2406:Wyandot
2400:Wichita
2388:ThĂĄumgĂĄ
2370:PpĂĄâżkka
2358:NÊmÊnÊÊ
2334:Liksiyu
2325:HiraacĂĄ
2304:Arikara
2171:Kentish
2113:Bengali
2023:TeknmĂĄl
1923:Gambian
1891:Serbian
1888:Kosovar
1827:Austro-
1797:Mixed,
1780:Mixed,
1763:Mixed,
1741:Guinean
1735:Chadian
1711:Jakarta
1642:Burmese
1610:(ASLic)
1307:Emirati
1225:Kuwaiti
1068:Jaralde
720:4047641
339:Decline
244:Puritan
226:Origins
199:hearing
51:Extinct
7749:Hebrew
7692:Telugu
7671:Polish
7665:German
7638:Korean
7632:French
7626:Arabic
7604:(41.3)
7525:BANZSL
7454:Gullah
7441:Creole
7416:Isleño
7360:German
7322:French
7195:Michif
7107:Others
7089:Tiipai
7079:Mojave
7044:Yumanâ
6931:Patwin
6889:Tongva
6882:Cupeño
6726:Tanoan
6715:Woccon
6666:Biloxi
6653:Stoney
6648:Quapaw
6638:Mandan
6633:Lakota
6618:Dakota
6600:Siouan
6543:Salish
6441:Pomoan
6430:Molala
6294:Konkow
6162:Seneca
6147:Oneida
6142:Mohawk
6132:Cayuga
5972:Tolowa
5962:Navajo
5902:DenĂ©(â
5837:TsinĂșk
5813:Kitsai
5772:Samoan
5624:Ojibwe
5619:Munsee
5207:German
4986:Loulis
4982:Washoe
4816:Others
4615:Polish
4610:Korean
4590:German
4585:French
4430:Diyari
4394:Idioms
4251:Brazil
4220:Samoan
4182:Kailge
4126:Umpila
4071:Auslan
4034:Navajo
4018:Oneida
4014:Ojibwa
3959:Panama
3928:Mexico
3869:Brunca
3864:Bribri
3850:Cayman
3834:Quebec
3824:Oneida
3820:Ojibwa
3794:Canada
3786:Belize
3749:Mardin
3740:Turkey
3724:Sweden
3690:Russia
3678:Polish
3674:Poland
3666:Norway
3618:Latvia
3610:Kosovo
3570:Greece
3566:German
3553:French
3544:France
3519:Danish
3456:Europe
3396:Taiwan
3316:Penang
3287:Korean
3274:Koniya
3242:Israel
3189:Alipur
3153:Bengal
3134:Zambia
3126:Uganda
3106:Somali
3064:Kenyan
3035:Maroua
3012:Africa
2968:(~150)
2801:Penang
2746:M'bour
2736:Mardin
2686:Kailge
2676:Kajana
2645:Inuit
2569:Brunca
2564:Bribri
2522:Alipur
2502:Afghan
2458:Sqeliz
2343:Nakota
2221:Nohkop
2218:ChicĂĄn
2127:Nepali
2117:Bombay
1646:Yangon
1380:Samoan
1366:Fijian
1343:Auslan
1331:BANZSL
1288:Syrian
1249:Iraqiâ
1240:Yemeni
1230:Libyan
1189:Meriam
1103:Umpila
1046:Diyari
945:
919:
888:
839:
803:Yankee
775:
767:
726:
718:
666:
629:
500:4 July
40:Region
7757:(0.2)
7755:Khmer
7751:(0.2)
7745:(0.2)
7743:Hmong
7739:(0.3)
7737:Greek
7733:(0.3)
7724:(0.3)
7718:(0.3)
7716:Tamil
7712:(0.4)
7706:(0.4)
7700:(0.5)
7694:(0.5)
7688:(0.5)
7679:(0.5)
7673:(0.5)
7667:(0.9)
7658:(0.9)
7652:(0.9)
7646:(1.0)
7640:(1.1)
7634:(1.2)
7628:(1.4)
7622:(1.5)
7616:(1.7)
7610:(3.4)
7445:mixed
7393:Texas
7335:MĂ©tis
7146:Yuchi
7141:Washo
7126:Karuk
7121:Haida
6936:Wintu
6908:Makah
6874:Yaqui
6739:Kiowa
6734:Jemez
6628:Kansa
6553:Twana
6312:Chico
6299:Maidu
6157:Osage
6094:Aleut
6084:Inuit
6023:Lipan
5995:Cahto
5912:Ahtna
5800:Caddo
5738:Wiyot
5731:Unami
5639:Yurok
5561:Algic
5492:Older
5202:Irish
4842:Media
4600:Irish
4320:Sivia
4269:Chile
4212:Wanib
4187:Mehek
4153:YolĆu
4121:Ngada
3942:Mayan
3912:Haiti
3908:Mayan
3887:Cuban
3706:Spain
3646:Dutch
3602:Italy
3598:Irish
3574:Greek
3558:Lyons
3412:Tibet
3376:Saudi
3355:Jumla
3341:Nepal
3283:Korea
3265:Japan
3233:Iraqi
3185:India
3169:China
3098:Mbour
3072:Tebul
3060:Kenya
3039:Ghana
2897:Wanib
2872:Tebul
2862:Sivia
2751:Mehek
2666:Jumla
2379:Sioux
2364:Palus
2361:Omaha
2224:Nohya
2123:Delhi
2045:Hanoi
1457:Macau
1317:Omani
1312:Saudi
1262:Iraqi
1145:YolĆu
837:JSTOR
724:S2CID
716:JSTOR
209:trait
7443:and
7151:Zuni
7064:Ipai
6834:Mono
6809:Hopi
6759:Tewa
6754:Taos
6613:Crow
6180:Erie
6002:Eyak
5937:Hupa
5661:Loup
5589:Cree
5044:and
4676:si5s
4306:Peru
4260:Cena
4177:Enga
4008:Cree
3883:Cuba
3817:Cree
3434:Thai
3299:Laos
3229:Iraq
3221:Iran
3204:Naga
3147:Asia
3085:Bura
3068:Mali
2974:(7+)
2776:Naga
2604:Enga
2574:Cena
2382:Taos
2328:IcÄk
2319:Diné
2099:Sign
943:ISBN
930:2017
917:ISBN
886:ISBN
867:2020
773:PMID
765:ISSN
664:ISBN
627:ISBN
534:2020
502:2018
470:2015
236:Kent
197:and
195:deaf
183:MVSL
55:1952
27:MVSL
6701:Ofo
5932:HĂ€n
5594:Fox
5046:BSL
5042:ASL
4381:ASL
755:doi
708:doi
250:in
166:ELP
142:mre
126:mre
7773::
5066:^c
5057:^b
5052:.
5035:^a
4984:,
4525:/
4521:/
4517:/
4513:/
835:.
779:.
771:.
763:.
751:15
749:.
745:.
722:.
714:.
702:.
662:.
641:^
611:^
594:.
590:.
578:^
561:.
557:.
542:^
518:.
486:.
5294:e
5287:t
5280:v
5108:e
5101:t
5094:v
5077:.
4988:)
4980:(
4689:)
4683:(
1038:)
1034:(
979:e
972:t
965:v
951:.
932:.
894:.
869:.
843:.
820:.
790:.
757::
730:.
710::
704:4
687:.
672:.
635:.
605:.
572:.
536:.
504:.
472:.
181:(
105:?
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