Timekeeping on Mars - Knowledge (XXG)

884: 2122:. Other dates of astronomical significance are: northern solstice, 27 June; southward equinox, 36 September; southern solstice, 12 December; perihelion, 31 November; and aphelion, 31 May. Pickering's inclusion of Mars dates in a 1916 report of his observations may have been the first use of a Martian calendar in an astronomical publication. Maggini states: "These dates of the Martian calendar are frequently used by observatories...." Despite his claim, this system eventually fell into disuse, and in its place new systems were proposed periodically which likewise did not gain sufficient acceptance to take permanent hold. 2103:, southern solstice, northward equinox, and northern solstice, respectively; Lowell's focus was on the southern hemisphere of Mars because it is the hemisphere that is more easily observed from Earth during favorable oppositions. Lowell's system was not a true calendar, since a Mars date could span nearly two entire sols; rather it was a convenient device for expressing the time of year in the southern hemisphere in lieu of heliocentric longitude, which would have been less comprehensible to a general readership. 2092:, which despite its various complications is quite useful. It allows for easy determination of whether one date is an anniversary of another, whether a date is in winter or spring, and what is the number of years between two dates. This is much less practical with Julian days count. For similar reasons, if it is ever necessary to schedule and co-ordinate activities on a large scale across the surface of Mars it would be necessary to agree on a calendar. 5020: 341:, the length of the solar day is not quite constant. Because its orbital eccentricity is greater than that of Earth, the length of day varies from the average by a greater amount than that of Earth, and hence its equation of time shows greater variation than that of Earth: on Mars, the Sun can run 50 minutes slower or 40 minutes faster than a Martian clock (on Earth, the corresponding figures are 31: 955:

northward equinox year is 668.5907 sols, the northern solstice year is 668.5880 sols, the southward equinox year is 668.5940 sols, and the southern solstice year is 668.5958 sols (0.0078 sols more than the northern solstice year). (Since, like Earth, the northern and southern hemispheres of Mars have opposite seasons, equinoxes and solstices must be labelled by hemisphere to remove ambiguity.)

2473: 641:

The local mean solar time is also affected by the rover motion; at 4.6°S, this is about 1 second of time difference for every 246 meters of displacement along the east–west direction. The date is kept using a mission clock sol count with the landing occurring on Sol 0, corresponding to MSD 49269 (mission time zone); the landing occurred around 14:53 LMST (05:53 AMT).

5032: 2897: 578:

planning as "Hybrid Local Solar Time" (HLST) or as the "MER Continuous Time Algorithm". These time scales were uniform in the sense of mean solar time (i.e., they approximate the mean time of some longitude) and were not adjusted as the rovers traveled. (The rovers traveled distances that could make a few seconds difference to local solar time.) The HLST of

681:

solar time is also affected by the rover motion; at 18.4°N, this is about 1 second of time difference for every 234 meters of displacement in the east–west direction. The date is kept using a mission clock sol count with the landing occurring on Sol 0, corresponding to MSD 52304 (mission time zone); landing occurred around 15:54 LMST (10:44 AMT).

2535:(1880). The primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary divisions of the sol are based on the number 12. Sols are numbered 0 through the end of the year, with no additional structure to the calendar. The epoch is "the union of all races and nations in a single State, a union which was formally established 13,218 years ago". 415:, which measure longitude 0°–360° East and latitude angles from the center of Mars. An alternative system that was used before then is planetographic coordinates, which measure longitudes as 0°–360° West and determined latitudes as mapped onto the surface. However, planetographic coordinates remain in use, such as on the 640:

rover project specified a mission clock that matched Local Mean Solar Time at its originally planned landing longitude of 137.42°E. This corresponds to a mission clock of AMT+09:09:40.8. The actual landing site was about 0.02° (1.3 km) east of that, a difference of about 5 seconds in solar time.

2425:

37 sols is the smallest integer number of sols after which the Mars Sol Date and the Julian date become offset by a full day. Alternatively, it can be viewed as the smallest integer number of sols needed for any Martian time zones to complete a full lap around Earth time zones. Specifically, 37 sols

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rover project specified a mission clock that matched Local Mean Solar Time at a planned landing longitude of 77.43°E. This corresponds to a mission clock of AMT+05:09:43. The actual landing site was about 0.02° (1.2 km) east of that, a difference of about 5 seconds in solar time. The local mean

617:

lander project specified a mission clock that matched Local Mean Solar Time at the planned landing longitude of 126.65°W (233.35°E). This corresponds to a mission clock of AMT-08:26:36. The actual landing site was 0.900778° (19.8 km) east of that, corresponding to 3 minutes and 36 seconds later

297:

missions, the operations teams have worked on "Mars time", with a work schedule synchronized to the local time at the landing site on Mars, rather than the Earth day. This results in the crew's schedule sliding approximately 40 minutes later in Earth time each day. Wristwatches calibrated in Martian

2180:

in 1986, with additional details published in 1998 and 2006. It has 24 months to accommodate the longer Martian year while keeping the notion of a "month" that is reasonably similar to the length of an Earth month. On Mars, a "month" would have no relation to the orbital period of any moon of Mars,

2137:

Whereas previous proposals for a Martian calendar had not included an epoch, American astronomer I. M. Levitt developed a more complete system in 1954. In fact, Ralph Mentzer, an acquaintance of Levitt's who was a watchmaker for the Hamilton Watch Company, built several clocks designed by Levitt to

2189:

orbit in about 7 hours and 30 hours respectively. However, Earth and Moon would generally be visible to the naked eye when they were above the horizon at night, and the time it takes for the Moon to move from maximum separation in one direction to the other and back as seen from Mars is close to a

2083:

Long before mission control teams on Earth began scheduling work shifts according to the Martian sol while operating spacecraft on the surface of Mars, it was recognized that humans probably could adapt to this slightly longer diurnal period. This suggested that a calendar based on the sol and the

510:

Each successful lander mission so far has used its own "time zone", corresponding to some defined version of local solar time at the landing site location. Of the nine successful NASA Mars landers to date, eight employed offsets from local mean solar time (LMST) for the lander site while the ninth

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lander project specified a mission clock that matched Local Mean Solar Time at its planned landing site of 135.97°E. This corresponds to a mission clock of AMT+09:03:53. The actual landing site was at 135.623447°E, or 0.346553° (20.5 km) west of the reference longitude, so the lander mission

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did not use mission clocks matched to the LMST of their landing points. For mission planning purposes, they instead defined a time scale that would approximately match the clock to the apparent solar time about halfway through the nominal 90-sol primary mission. This was referred to in mission

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published an article outlining a Martian calendar. In each quarter there are three months of 42 sols and a fourth month of 41 sols. The pattern of seven-day weeks repeats over a two-year cycle, i.e., the calendar year always begins on a Sunday in odd-numbered years, thus effecting a perpetual

954:

On Earth, the variation in the lengths of the tropical years is small, with the mean time from June solstice to June solstice being about a thousandth of a day shorter than that between two December solstices, but on Mars it is much larger because of the greater eccentricity of its orbit. The

313:

rises and falls rapidly at sunrise and sunset because Mars does not have Earth's thick atmosphere and oceans that soften such fluctuations. Consensus has recently been gained in the scientific community studying Mars to similarly define Martian local hours as 1/24th of a Mars day.

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clock is 1 minute and 23 seconds ahead of the actual mean local solar time at the lander location. The date is kept using a mission clock sol count with the landing occurring on Sol 0, corresponding to MSD 51511 (mission time zone); landing occurred around 14:23 LMST (05:14 AMT).

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is AMT-01:01:06 whereas the LMST at its landing site is AMT-00:22:06. Neither rover was likely to ever reach the longitude at which its mission time scale matches local mean time. However, for atmospheric measurements and other science purposes, Local True Solar Time is recorded.

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missions, the positional uncertainty of Airy-0 corresponded to roughly a 20-second uncertainty in realizing AMT. In order to refine the location of the prime meridian, it has been proposed that it be based on a specification that the Viking Lander 1 is located at 47.95137°W.

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of Mars' rotational axis. The precession cycle is 93,000 Martian years (175,000 Earth years), much longer than on Earth. Its length in tropical years can be computed by dividing the difference between the sidereal year and tropical year by the length of the tropical year.

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This makes the 37-sol period useful both for time synchronization between Earth and Mars timezones, and for Martian calendars, as a small number of leap sols can be straightforwardly added to eliminate calendar drift with respect to either the Martian year, Earth-Mars

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used the local apparent solar time at its location of landing. Its time zone was AAT-02:13:01, where "AAT" is Airy Apparent Time, meaning apparent (true) solar time at Airy-0. The difference between the true and mean solar time (AMT and AAT) is the Martian

2563:(1949), humans living on Mars use a 24-month calendar, alternating between familiar Earth months and newly created months such as Ceres and Zeus. For example, Ceres comes after March and before April, while Zeus comes after October and before November. 2197:

Czech astronomer Josef Šurán offered a Martian calendar design in 1997, in which a common year has 672 Martian days distributed into 24 months of 28 days (or 4 weeks of 7 days each); in skip years, the week at the end of the twelfth month is omitted.

2657:, a time when inhibitions can be shed, and the emerging identity of Mars as a separate entity from Earth is celebrated. (It is not said explicitly whether this occurs simultaneously all over Mars, or at local midnight in each longitude.) Also in the 1132:. Although Clancy and co-authors described the choice as "arbitrary", the great dust storm of 1956 falls in MY1. This system has been extended by defining Mars Year 0 (MY0) as beginning May 24, 1953, and so allowing for negative year numbers. 318: 904:, is about 686.98 Earth solar days (≈ 1.88 Earth years), or 668.5991 sols. Because of the eccentricity of Mars' orbit, the seasons are not of equal length. Assuming that seasons run from equinox to solstice or vice versa, the season L 1115:

For purposes of enumerating Mars years and facilitating data comparisons, a system increasingly used in the scientific literature, particularly studies of Martian climate, enumerates years relative to the northern spring equinox

227:—a simple sequential count of days—for timekeeping purposes. An analogous system for Mars has been proposed "or historical utility with respect to the Earth-based atmospheric, visual mapping, and polar-cap observations of Mars, 943:. There are various possible years including the March (northward) equinox year, June (northern) solstice year, the September (southward) equinox year, the December (southern) solstice year, and the tropical year based on the 618:

in local solar time. The date is kept using a mission clock sol count with the landing occurring on Sol 0, corresponding to MSD 47776 (mission time zone); the landing occurred around 16:35 LMST, which is MSD 47777 01:02 AMT.

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Kuchynka, P.; Folkner, W.M.; Konopliv, A.S.; Parker, T.J.; Park, R.S.; Le Maistre, S.; Dehant, V. (2014). "New constraints on Mars rotation determined from radiometric tracking of the Opportunity Mars Exploration Rover".

273:

A convention used by spacecraft lander projects to date has been to enumerate local solar time using a 24-hour "Mars clock" on which the hours, minutes and seconds are 2.75% longer than their standard (Earth) durations.

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Use of the term "Martian Coordinated Time" as a planetary standard time first appeared in a journal article in 2000. The abbreviation "MTC" was used in some versions of the related Mars24 sunclock coded by the NASA

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flyby of Mars. This system stretches the Gregorian calendar to fit the longer Martian year, much as Lowell had done in 1895, the difference being that 20 March, 21 June, 22 September, and 21 December marks the

395:

defined at regular intervals from the prime meridian, as on Earth. Each lander so far has used an approximation of local solar time as its frame of reference, as cities did on Earth before the introduction of

2988:"An intercomparison of ground-based millimeter, MGS TES, and Viking atmospheric temperature measurements: Seasonal and interannual variability of temperatures and dust loading in the global Mars atmosphere" 277:

This has the advantage that no handling of times greater than 23:59 is needed, so standard tools can be used. The Mars time of noon is 12:00 which is in Earth time 12 hours and 20 minutes after midnight.

2550:(1913), the divisions of the sol into zodes, xats, and tals. Although possibly the first to make the mistake of describing the Martian year as lasting 687 Martian days, he was far from the last. 2173:

described a Martian calendar of his own design in 1977. His idea was to divide up a Martian year into 18 months. Months 6, 12 and 18, have 38 sols, while the rest of the months contain 37 sols.

235:-numbers". This Mars Sol Date (MSD) starts "prior to the 1877 perihelic opposition." Thus, the MSD is a running count of sols since 29 December 1873 (coincidentally the birth date of astronomer 2118:, in which the first nine months contain 56 sols and the last three months contain 55 sols. Their calendar year begins with the northward equinox on 1 March, thus imitating the original 2609:(1966), during the prison ship's journey to Mars: "Nobody on board had any real idea how the people in the settlement would have organised their six-hundred-and-eighty-seven-day year." 537:

mission landers were offsets from LMST at the respective lander sites. In both cases, the initial clock midnight was set to match local true midnight immediately preceding touchdown.

2084:

Martian year might be a useful timekeeping system for astronomers in the short term and for explorers in the future. For most day-to-day activities on Earth, people do not use

2754:, which is set in large part on a Mars base, there are wristwatches set to "Mars time" much the same way as are currently used among the staff of robotic Mars missions. 559:

Pathfinder kept track of the days with a sol count starting on Sol 1 (corresponding to MSD 43905), on which it landed at night at 02:56:55 (mission clock; 4:41 AMT).

384:

of 1884 established one for Earth. The definition of the Martian prime meridian has since been refined on the basis of spacecraft imagery as the center of the crater

2099:

expressed the time of year on Mars in terms of Mars dates that were analogous to Gregorian dates, with 20 March, 21 June, 22 September, and 21 December marking the

380:. This convention was readily adopted by the astronomical community, the result being that Mars had a universally accepted prime meridian half a century before the 3251:

Picqueux, S.; Byrne, S.; Kieffer, H.H.; Titus, T.N.; Hansen, C.J. (2015). "Enumeration of Mars years and seasons since the beginning of telescopic observations".

2587:" (1957), the Martian calendar and the periodic table are the keys to archaeologists' deciphering of the records left by the long dead Martian civilization. 2576:(1951) mentions in passing that "Monday followed Sunday in the usual way" and "the months also had the same names, but were fifty to sixty days in length". 2667:, except for a "1" or "2" in front to indicate the first or second occurrence of that month (for example, 1 January, 2 January, 1 February, 2 February). 3650:

Capen, Charles F. (1966-01-01). "The Mars 1964–1965 Apparition." Technical Report 32-990. Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology.

2599:(1959) describes a Martian calendar divided into twenty-one months: "twelve with thirty days, and nine with thirty-one", for a total of only 639 sols. 3968:"Ares 3 launched on July 7, 2035. They landed on Mars (Sol 1) on November 7, 2035. The story begins on Sol 6, which is November 12, 2035." – Andy Weir 3331:

Withers, P.; Jakosky, B.M. (2017). "Implications of MAVEN's planetographic coordinate system for comparisons to other recent Mars orbital missions".

2745:, sols are counted and referenced frequently with onscreen title cards, in order to emphasize the amount of time the main character spends on Mars. 2622:(1988), set on a terraformed Mars (referred to by the book's characters as "Ares"), characters follow an implied 24-month calendar whose months are 462:(relative to other longitudes), which meant that AMT could not be realized as accurately as local time at points being studied. At the start of the 883: 3752:

Gangale, Thomas. (2006-07-01). "The Architecture of Time, Part 2: The Darian System for Mars." Society of Automotive Engineers. SAE 2006-01-2249.

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would likely be used because it gives the best match to the progression of the seasons. It is slightly shorter than the sidereal year due to the

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When a NASA spacecraft lander begins operations on Mars, the passing Martian days (sols) are tracked using a simple numerical count. The two

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keep time on both Earth and Mars. They could also be set to display the date on both planets according to Levitt's calendar and epoch (the

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Neither AMT or MTC has yet been employed in mission timekeeping. This is partially attributable to uncertainty regarding the position of

4703: 4290: 669: 448: 112:, or Martian day, is not that different from an Earth day: less than an hour longer. However, a Mars year is almost twice as long as an 4948: 4943: 3923: 3139:"A post-Pathfinder evaluation of areocentric solar coordinates with improved timing recipes for Mars seasonal/diurnal climate studies" 4572: 2512: 2429:

Remarkably, the 37-sol period also accidentally almost divides several time quantities of interest at the same time. In particular:

381: 170:

Earth days/sol: thus, Mars's solar day is only about 2.75% longer than Earth's; approximately 73 sols pass for every 75 Earth days.

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Clancy, R. T.; Sandor, B. J.; Wolff, M. J.; Christensen, P. R.; Smith, M. D.; Pearl, J. C.; Conrath, B. J.; Wilson, R. J. (2000).

2649:(1992–1996), clocks retain Earth-standard seconds, minutes, and hours, but freeze at midnight for 39.5 minutes. As the fictional 629: 522:

rover project has used a similar timekeeping system of recording the sol number and LMST (or offset) has not been disseminated.

4225: 431:) on Earth. It is defined as the mean solar time at Mars's prime meridian. The name "MTC" is intended to parallel the Terran 4265: 4102: 4059: 3711: 3660:

Leovy, C. B.; Briggs, G.A.; Smith, B.A. (1973). "Mars atmosphere during the Mariner 9 extended mission: Television results".

2494: 3093:"Accurate analytic representations of solar time and seasons on Mars with applications to the Pathfinder/Surveyor missions" 2613: 455:(GMT). In an astronomical context, "GMT" is a deprecated name for Universal Time, or sometimes more specifically for UT1. 4678: 601:

both started their sol counts with Sol 1 on the day of landing, corresponding to MSD 46216 and MSD 46236, respectively.

333:

that represents the difference between sundial time and uniform (clock) time. The equation of time is illustrated by an

301:

Local solar time has a significant impact on planning the daily activities of Mars landers. Daylight is needed for the

4908: 4663: 4658: 4567: 4175: 2750: 1810: 920:

270 (northern hemisphere autumn / southern-hemisphere spring) is the shortest season, lasting only 142 Martian sols.

4840: 4673: 4544: 4430: 4317: 2920: 2799: 2787: 959: 432: 412: 62: 2483: 912:

90 (northern-hemisphere spring / southern-hemisphere autumn) is the longest season lasting 194 Martian sols, and L

4960: 4775: 4467: 4285: 2146: 365: 240: 4878: 4870: 4447: 2737: 3839:

Burroughs, Edgar Rice. (1913-12-01). The Warlord of Mars. All-Story Magazine, December 1913 – March 1914.

3623:

Aitken, Robert G. (1936-12-01). "Time Measures on Mars." Astronomical Society of the Pacific Leaflets, No. 95.

3221: 3943: 4260: 4117: 3288:

Mars Geodesy/Cartography Working Group recommendations on Mars cartographic constants and coordinate systems

2115: 1129: 484: 401: 294: 3743:

Volume III. Ed. Robert M. Zubrin, Maggie Zubrin. San Diego, California. Univelt, Incorporated. 13-Aug-1998.

4650: 4625: 4462: 4365: 4307: 4280: 4239: 4127: 2712: 936: 574: 463: 286: 4845: 4825: 4698: 4509: 4457: 4452: 4435: 4312: 4297: 3703: 3585: 3309: 923:

As on Earth, the sidereal year is not the quantity that is needed for calendar purposes. Similarly, the

377: 5062: 4860: 4855: 4642: 3771: 3669: 3560: 3406: 3340: 3260: 3150: 3104: 3065: 2999: 2650: 2640: 2543: 1993: 1907: 1686: 853: 786: 675: 613: 498: 427:

Coordinated Mars Time (MTC) or Martian Coordinated Time is a proposed Mars analog to Universal Time (

408: 338: 290: 105: 2663:, the calendar year is divided into twenty-four months. The names of the months are the same as the 1125: 185:

project (1976) in order to avoid confusion with an Earth "day". By inference, Mars' "solar hour" is

5036: 4805: 4415: 4395: 4360: 4112: 2902: 2595: 2130: 1753: 761: 585: 452: 3849: 4733: 4442: 4355: 4345: 4094: 4052: 3356: 3292:

ISPRS Commission IV, Symposium 2002 – Geospatial Theory, Processing and Applications, Ottawa 2002

3176: 2742: 2664: 2559: 2554: 2216: 2176:

American aerospace engineer and political scientist Thomas Gangale first published regarding the

2089: 948: 236: 3632:

Levitt, I. M. (1954-05-01). "Mars Clock and Calendar." Sky and Telescope, May 1954, pp. 216–217.

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Pickering, William H. (1916-01-01). "Report on Mars, No. 17." Popular Astronomy, Vol. 24, p.639.

2436:

Two Earth-Mars synodic periods are approximately equal to 41 × (37 sols) + 1.176 sols

451:. That application has also denoted the standard time as "Airy Mean Time" (AMT), in analogy of 261:

day (22 s) due to uncertainty in the exact geographical position of the prime meridian at

4965: 4902: 4753: 4743: 4630: 4608: 4586: 4524: 4514: 4499: 4425: 4410: 4375: 4370: 4215: 4210: 4032: 3919: 3707: 3305: 2910: 2823: 2763: 2719: 2698: 2635: 2572: 2531: 2162:

et al. also expressed time in terms of Mars dates in a 1973 paper describing results from the

2155: 2100: 1767: 1124:(MY1). The system was first described in a paper focused on seasonal temperature variation by 1064: 900:

The length of time for Mars to complete one orbit around the Sun in respect to the stars, its

807: 635: 232: 178: 4012: 3194: 435:(UTC), but this is somewhat misleading: what distinguishes UTC from other forms of UT is its 4970: 4895: 4552: 4534: 4479: 4390: 4302: 4007: 3982: 3953: 3779: 3775: 3677: 3568: 3414: 3348: 3268: 3166: 3158: 3154: 3112: 3073: 3007: 2863: 2771: 2701:, the months are not named but numbered sequentially, running from 1st Month to 24th Month. 2602: 2567: 723: 553: 330: 3506: 5002: 4955: 4613: 4504: 4400: 4385: 4380: 4332: 4322: 4275: 4270: 4180: 4165: 4140: 4107: 4077: 4021: 3432: 2794:

which is a positive integer number of seconds occasionally updated by the introduction of

2724: 2618: 2457: 2337: 2177: 2159: 2126: 2107: 2096: 1877: 1680: 888: 713: 519: 512: 373: 282: 89: 935:

Tropical year length depends on the starting point of measurement, due to the effects of

3673: 3564: 3410: 3344: 3264: 3108: 3069: 3034: 3003: 4913: 4235: 4190: 4145: 3481: 2915: 2831: 2630: 2119: 2111: 1834: 737: 579: 476: 369: 353: 182: 3798: 3783: 3614:

Maggini, Mentore. (1939-01-01). Il pianeta Marte. Scuola Tip. Figli Della Provvidenza.

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Mars, the calendar year is also divided into twenty-four months. Following the modern

2654: 61:. The most commonly seen in the scientific literature denotes the time of year as the 38:

lengths and time as compared to seasons on Earth (in blue), with marks for the vernal

5057: 5051: 5023: 4791: 4620: 4603: 4595: 4529: 4484: 4405: 4340: 4255: 4170: 4160: 4150: 4045: 3821:

Greg, Percy. (1880-01-01). Across the Zodiac: The Story of a Wrecked Record. Trübner.

3572: 3180: 2590: 2580: 2445: 2186: 2182: 2170: 924: 901: 397: 151: 66: 3360: 2826:, by adding the Julian date of the epoch to the time stamp in days. For example, if 2158:, northern solstice, southward equinox, southern solstice, respectively. Similarly, 181:

to refer to the duration of a solar day on Mars. The term was adopted during NASA's

108:

is considerably larger, which causes its seasons to vary significantly in length. A

4982: 4977: 4918: 4850: 4830: 4494: 4250: 4195: 4135: 2959: 2685: 2659: 2645: 1763: 1759: 1729: 480: 361: 302: 131: 3883:

Piper, H. Beam. (1957-02-01). "Omnilingual." Astounding Science Fiction, February.

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For example, at the time this page was last generated (8 Sep 2024, 14:09:35 UTC):

2806:

This leads to the following formula giving MSD from the UTC-referred Julian date:

2433:

One Martian year is approximately equal to 18 × (37 sols) + 2.59897 sols

2110:'s 1939 book describes a calendar developed years earlier by American astronomers 584:

is AMT+11:00:04 whereas the LMST at its landing site is AMT+11:41:55. The HLST of

3418: 3291: 3272: 2439:

One Earth decade is approximately equal to 96 × (37 sols) + 2.7018 sols

4727: 4722: 4185: 3911: 3739:

Gangale, Thomas. (1998-08-01). "The Darian Calendar". Mars Society. MAR 98-095.

2795: 2767: 2694: 2690: 2623: 2584: 2472: 2191: 1121: 436: 310: 224: 70: 51: 3092: 411:

at Mars, the most widely used system for specifying locations on Mars has been

30: 4835: 4820: 4155: 4085: 3830:

Burroughs, Edgar Rice. (1913-01-01). The Gods of Mars. All-Story. January–May.

3454: 3138: 2892: 2704:

The Darian calendar is mentioned in a couple of works of fiction set on Mars:

2526: 2139: 2085: 940: 928: 306: 113: 81: 74: 43: 3901:

Compton. D. G. (1966-01-01). Farewell, Earth's Bliss. Hodder & Stoughton.

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missions all count the sol on which the lander touched down as "Sol 0". Mars

4987: 4923: 4557: 4420: 3939: 3681: 3171: 3077: 2732: 2163: 2150: 1372: 1348: 1344: 1301: 392: 143: 17: 2626:

of Gregorian months, such as "Julaugust", "Augtember", and "Novodecember".

317: 3874:

Clarke, Arthur C. (1951-01-01). The Sands of Mars. Sidgwick & Jackson.

3641:

Levitt, I. M. (1956-01-01). A Space Traveller's Guide to Mars. Henry Holt.

507:

and the two Mars Exploration Rovers instead defined touchdown as "Sol 1".

4997: 4709: 4690: 4562: 4027: 4002: 3948: 3374: 3352: 3012: 2987: 1580: 1461: 1455: 971: 944: 439:, but MTC does not use any such scheme. MTC is more closely analogous to 334: 322: 298:

time, rather than Earth time, were used by many of the MER team members.

239:). Numerically, the Mars Sol Date is defined as MSD = (Julian Date using 174: 125: 109: 4519: 4200: 3997: 3534:

NASA Technical Memorandum TM-105216, September 1991 (also published in

2497: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1950: 967: 832: 653: 493: 150:(88,775.244 seconds). The corresponding values for Earth are currently 39: 3117: 4245: 1431: 1427: 1384: 1378: 459: 385: 357: 262: 101: 97: 93: 55: 35: 2709:

Star Trek: Department of Temporal Investigations: Watching the Clock

1120:

0) that occurred on April 11, 1955, labeling that date the start of

2939:

Sol (borrowed from the Latin word for sun) is a solar day on Mars.

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MTC is the fractional part of MSD, in hours, minutes and seconds:

2790:(UTC). TT can be computed from UTC by first adding the difference 2680: 2676: 1901: 882: 416: 316: 85: 29: 3286:

Duxbury, T.C.; Kirk, R.L.; Archinal, B.A.; Neumann, G.A. (2002).

4068: 4017: 58: 27:

Proposed approaches to tracking date and time on the planet Mars

4041: 69:, and increasingly there is use of numbering the Martian years 2466: 440: 428: 360:. The prime meridian was first proposed by German astronomers 3892:

Vonnegut, Kurt. (1959-01-01). The Sirens of Titan. Delacorte.

2145:

Charles F. Capen included references to Mars dates in a 1966

3056:

Snyder, Conway W. (1979). "The extended mission of Viking".

3981:− 2451549.5) / 1.0274912517 + 44796.0 − 0.0009626 given in 3741:

Proceedings of the Founding Convention of the Mars Society.

3455:"Phoenix Mars Mission - Mission - Mission Phases - On Mars" 2426:

are equal to 38 Earth days plus 24 minutes and 44 seconds.

404:

happen to be approximately 12 hours and one minute apart.)

223:

When accounting solar days on Earth, astronomers often use

139: 3222:"After Finding Mars Was Habitable, Curiosity Keeps Roving" 3944:"FaceBook – Andy Weir's Page – Timeline Photos (comment)" 3482:"NASA GISS: Mars24 Sunclock – Frequently Asked Questions" 3377:. NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies. 5 August 2008 3306:"Mars Express – Where is zero degrees longitude on Mars?" 2786:

Terrestrial time, however, is not as easily available as

2458:

Darian calendar § Important dates in Martian history

3726:

Gangale, Thomas. (1986-06-01). "Martian Standard Time".

3596:

Lowell, Percival. (1895-01-01). Mars. Houghton, Mifflin.

50:

Though no standard exists, numerous calendars and other

4037: 3914:(February 2008). "Navigation 06: My First Customer". 3551:

Golytsin, G.S. (1973). "On the Martian dust storms".

2525:

The first known reference to time on Mars appears in

160:, respectively, which yields a conversion factor of 4936: 4887: 4869: 4813: 4804: 4784: 4768: 4689: 4641: 4594: 4585: 4543: 4331: 4224: 4126: 4093: 4084: 3977:

This is a trivial simplification of the formula (JD

205:of a solar hour (61.65 sec), and a "solar second" 3433:"New Coordinate Systems for Solar System Bodies" 2129:movement was at its height, American astronomer 3546: 3544: 195:of a sol (1 hr 1 min 39 sec), a "solar minute" 3728:Journal of the British Interplanetary Society. 3333:Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 3132: 3130: 3128: 2653:progresses, this "timeslip" becomes a sort of 690:Summary of Mars mission clocks and sol counts 356:, defined as passing through the small crater 4053: 8: 3762:Šurán, Josef (1997). "A Calendar for Mars". 3693: 3691: 2981: 2979: 3532:Solar Radiation on Mars – Update 1991, 3507:"NASA GISS: Mars24 Sunclock – Mars Landers" 3457:. Phoenix.lpl.arizona.edu. 29 February 2008 2727:, Tor Books; Reprint edition (May 10, 2011) 4810: 4591: 4090: 4060: 4046: 4038: 3037:. NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies 1134: 84:and a rotation period similar to those of 3170: 3116: 3011: 2715:, Pocket Books/Star Trek (April 26, 2011) 2513:Learn how and when to remove this message 2452:List of notable events in Martian history 3486:NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies 3137:Allison, Michael; McEwen, Megan (2000). 2200: 976: 958:Seasons begin at 90 degree intervals of 688: 3028: 3026: 3024: 2951: 2932: 2802:), then adding the constant difference 251:is a small correction of approximately 2850:It follows, by a simple substitution: 2202:Comparison of Mars calendar proposals 891:comparing the Martian and Earth years. 329:As on Earth, on Mars there is also an 54:approaches have been proposed for the 3476: 3474: 3472: 3246: 3244: 3242: 2854:MSD = / 88775.244147 + 34127.2954262 2149:technical report associated with the 1138:Dates of Mars Seasons for Mars Years 515:) used local true solar time (LTST). 368:in 1830 as marked by the fork in the 7: 3983:Mars24 Algorithm and Worked Examples 3035:"Technical Notes on Mars Solar Time" 2495:adding citations to reliable sources 2239:Douglass & Pickering (<1939) 533:The "local lander time" for the two 407:Since the late 1990s and arrival of 3850:"Heinlein Concordance "Red Planet"" 3511:Goddard Institute for Space Studies 3220:Redd, Nola Taylor (18 March 2013). 670:Template:Perseverance Mission Timer 449:Goddard Institute for Space Studies 4033:TED Talk - What Time Is It On Mars 3435:. International Astronomical Union 3033:Allison, Michael (5 August 2008). 518:Information as to whether China's 88:. Thus, it experiences seasons of 25: 4013:Earth Date to Mars Date Converter 2822:can in turn be computed from any 2782:− 2405522.0028779) / 1.0274912517 382:International Meridian Conference 5030: 5019: 5018: 4028:mclock - Command Line Mars Clock 3799:"In Search of the Martian Clock" 3730:Vol. 39, No. 6, p. 282–288. 3375:"Mars24 Sunclock – Time on Mars" 2895: 2471: 630:Template:Curiosity Mission Timer 215:of a solar minute (1.0275 sec). 130:The average length of a Martian 3662:Journal of Geophysical Research 3530:J. Appelbaum and G. A. Landis, 3058:Journal of Geophysical Research 2992:Journal of Geophysical Research 2766:(MSD) can be computed from the 2758:Formulas to compute MSD and MTC 2482:needs additional citations for 400:in the 19th century. (The two 3195:"Watchmaker With Time to Lose" 2800:current number of leap seconds 2360:1609; year 0 = Mars Year -183 896:Definition of year and seasons 247:)/1.02749125 + 44796.0, where 142:units), and the length of its 63:number of degrees on its orbit 1: 3784:10.1016/S0032-0633(97)00033-0 3163:10.1016/S0032-0633(99)00092-6 2420: 2088:, as astronomers do, but the 138:(88,642.663 seconds based on 73:at the equinox that occurred 4475:Recurring slope lineae (RSL) 3573:10.1016/0019-1035(73)90177-2 3419:10.1016/j.icarus.2013.11.015 3273:10.1016/j.icarus.2014.12.014 3097:Geophysical Research Letters 2743:2015 feature film adaptation 1464:Orbiter & Lander arrive 391:However, Mars does not have 4909:Inspiration Mars Foundation 3764:Planetary and Space Science 3199:JPL Mars Exploration Rovers 3143:Planetary and Space Science 1811:Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter 1458:Orbiter & Lander arrive 865: 862: 841: 838: 819: 816: 795: 792: 773: 770: 749: 746: 722: 719: 5079: 4944:Artificial objects on Mars 2921:Coordinated Universal Time 2788:Coordinated Universal Time 2455: 667: 627: 433:Coordinated Universal Time 413:planetocentric coordinates 231:... a sequential count of 123: 5013: 4961:List of films set on Mars 4776:C/2013 A1 (Siding Spring) 4573:Classical albedo features 4075: 3538:, Vol. 50, No. 1 (1993)). 3091:Allison, Michael (1997). 2147:Jet Propulsion Laboratory 2142:epoch of 4713 BCE). 1204:great dust storm of 1956 1137: 995: 992: 989: 986: 979: 241:International Atomic Time 4879:List of missions to Mars 2112:Andrew Ellicott Douglass 939:of planetary motion and 5037:Solar System portal 3918:. Tokyopop. p. 7. 3776:1997P&SS...45..705S 3698:Moore, Patrick (1977). 3682:10.1029/JB078i020p04252 3155:2000P&SS...48..215A 3078:10.1029/JB084iB14p07917 2607:Farewell, Earth's Bliss 2463:Martian time in fiction 1130:Space Science Institute 575:Mars Exploration Rovers 485:Mars Science Laboratory 402:Mars Exploration Rovers 295:Mars Science Laboratory 104:much like Earth. Mars' 4651:Solar eclipses on Mars 4510:"Swiss cheese" feature 4366:Concentric crater fill 2824:epoch-based time stamp 2713:Christopher L. Bennett 2448:, or Earth calendars. 892: 464:Mars Exploration Rover 376:by Italian astronomer 366:Johann Heinrich Mädler 326: 287:Mars Exploration Rover 47: 3310:European Space Agency 2964:The Planetary Society 2814:where the difference 2810:MSD = / 1.0274912517 2456:Further information: 2421:Moore's 37-sol period 886: 471:Lander mission clocks 423:Coordinated Mars Time 378:Giovanni Schiaparelli 320: 33: 4851:Permanent settlement 3353:10.1002/2016JA023470 3013:10.1029/1999JE001089 2804:TT − TAI = 32.184 s. 2651:colonization of Mars 2641:Kim Stanley Robinson 2605:states in his novel 2544:Edgar Rice Burroughs 2491:improve this article 2116:William H. Pickering 2095:American astronomer 1908:Mars Orbiter Mission 1687:Mars Global Surveyor 996:southern hemisphere 993:northern hemisphere 409:Mars Global Surveyor 388:in Terra Meridiani. 339:orbital eccentricity 179:planetary scientists 106:orbital eccentricity 4993:Timekeeping on Mars 4670:Planetary transits 4655:Satellite transits 4568:Observation history 4416:Lobate debris apron 3942:(January 5, 2015). 3674:1973JGR....78.4252L 3565:1973Icar...18..113G 3411:2014Icar..229..340K 3345:2017JGRA..122..802W 3265:2015Icar..251..332P 3109:1997GeoRL..24.1967A 3070:1979JGR....84.7917S 3004:2000JGR...105.9553C 2903:Solar System portal 2846:/ 86400 + 2440587.5 2596:The Sirens of Titan 2396:14 (47 or 48 sols) 2370:24 (21 or 28 sols) 2342:24 (28 or 27 sols) 2316:18 (38 or 37 sols) 2291:12 (56 or 55 sols) 2266:16 (42 or 41 sols) 2242:12 (56 or 55 sols) 2203: 2169:British astronomer 2134:calendar for Mars. 2106:Italian astronomer 1156:NH autumnal equinox 937:Kepler's second law 691: 453:Greenwich Mean Time 4003:MARS24 Application 3064:(B14): 7917–7933. 2665:Gregorian calendar 2555:Robert A. Heinlein 2357:northward equinox 2254:northward equinox 2201: 2125:In 1936, when the 2090:Gregorian calendar 1161:NH winter solstice 1151:NH summer solstice 980:solar longitude (L 949:March equinox year 893: 872:Sol 0 = MSD 52304 848:Sol 0 = MSD 51511 826:Sol 0 = MSD 49269 802:Sol 0 = MSD 47776 780:Sol 1 = MSD 46236 756:Sol 1 = MSD 46216 732:Sol 1 = MSD 43905 689: 327: 237:Carl Otto Lampland 158:24 h 00 m 00.002 s 153:23 h 56 m 4.0916 s 148:24 h 39 m 35.244 s 136:24 h 37 m 22.663 s 48: 5045: 5044: 4998:Sol (day on Mars) 4966:Martian scientist 4949:Memorials on Mars 4932: 4931: 4903:The Case for Mars 4800: 4799: 4581: 4580: 4515:Terrain softening 4480:Ring mold craters 4448:North Polar Basin 4371:Dark slope streak 4216:Vastitas Borealis 4113:Dust devil tracks 3704:Lutterworth Press 3668:(20): 4252–4266. 3118:10.1029/97GL01950 3103:(16): 1967–1970. 2998:(E4): 9553–9571. 2911:Astronomy on Mars 2881:MSD = 53567.45162 2834:in seconds, then 2818:is in seconds. JD 2720:The Quantum Thief 2699:Japanese calendar 2636:Martian Time-Slip 2573:The Sands of Mars 2532:Across the Zodiac 2523: 2522: 2515: 2418: 2417: 2399:83 or 84 (8 sol) 2373:95 or 96 (7 sol) 2269:95 or 96 (7 sol) 2171:Sir Patrick Moore 2156:northward equinox 2101:southward equinox 2079:Martian calendars 2076: 2075: 1768:Opportunity Rover 1146:NH spring equinox 1108: 1107: 1089:southern solstice 1065:southward equinox 1041:northern solstice 1018:northward equinox 876: 875: 479:mission landers, 419:orbiter project. 67:northward equinox 34:(In red) Martian 16:(Redirected from 5070: 5035: 5034: 5033: 5022: 5021: 4896:The Mars Project 4811: 4759: 4749: 4739: 4717: 4715: 4714: 4592: 4453:Ocean hypothesis 4303:Outflow channels 4091: 4062: 4055: 4048: 4039: 3986: 3975: 3969: 3967: 3965: 3963: 3957: 3952:. Archived from 3936: 3930: 3929: 3908: 3902: 3899: 3893: 3890: 3884: 3881: 3875: 3872: 3866: 3865: 3863: 3861: 3854:Heinlein Society 3846: 3840: 3837: 3831: 3828: 3822: 3819: 3813: 3812: 3810: 3809: 3794: 3788: 3787: 3759: 3753: 3750: 3744: 3737: 3731: 3724: 3718: 3717: 3695: 3686: 3685: 3657: 3651: 3648: 3642: 3639: 3633: 3630: 3624: 3621: 3615: 3612: 3606: 3603: 3597: 3594: 3588: 3583: 3577: 3576: 3548: 3539: 3528: 3522: 3521: 3519: 3518: 3503: 3497: 3496: 3494: 3493: 3478: 3467: 3466: 3464: 3462: 3451: 3445: 3444: 3442: 3440: 3429: 3423: 3422: 3393: 3387: 3386: 3384: 3382: 3371: 3365: 3364: 3328: 3322: 3321: 3319: 3317: 3312:. 19 August 2004 3302: 3296: 3295: 3283: 3277: 3276: 3248: 3237: 3236: 3234: 3232: 3217: 3211: 3210: 3208: 3206: 3191: 3185: 3184: 3174: 3172:2060/20000097895 3149:(2–3): 215–235. 3134: 3123: 3122: 3120: 3088: 3082: 3081: 3053: 3047: 3046: 3044: 3042: 3030: 3019: 3017: 3015: 2983: 2974: 2973: 2971: 2970: 2960:"Mars' Calendar" 2956: 2940: 2937: 2905: 2900: 2899: 2898: 2817: 2805: 2793: 2772:Terrestrial Time 2689:(2001–2002), by 2583:'s short story " 2568:Arthur C. Clarke 2548:The Gods of Mars 2518: 2511: 2507: 2504: 2498: 2475: 2467: 2408:664 or 672 sols 2382:672 or 665 sols 2354:668 or 669 sols 2345:96 (7 or 6 sol) 2336:Gangale (1986): 2301:668 or 669 sols 2204: 2131:Robert G. Aitken 1135: 1072:autumnal equinox 1030:autumnal equinox 977: 692: 554:equation of time 497:, and Mars 2020 348: 344: 331:equation of time 260: 259: 255: 230: 214: 213: 209: 204: 203: 199: 194: 193: 189: 169: 168: 165: 159: 154: 149: 137: 21: 5078: 5077: 5073: 5072: 5071: 5069: 5068: 5067: 5048: 5047: 5046: 5041: 5031: 5029: 5009: 5003:Darian calendar 4928: 4883: 4865: 4796: 4780: 4764: 4757: 4752: 4747: 4742: 4737: 4732: 4712: 4711: 4708: 4685: 4637: 4631:Voltaire crater 4609:Stickney crater 4577: 4539: 4381:Fretted terrain 4327: 4227: 4220: 4181:Sinus Meridiani 4166:Planum Australe 4141:Cerberus (Mars) 4122: 4080: 4078:Outline of Mars 4071: 4066: 4022:Curiosity Rover 4018:NASA Mars Clock 4008:NASA Algorithms 3994: 3989: 3980: 3976: 3972: 3961: 3959: 3938: 3937: 3933: 3926: 3910: 3909: 3905: 3900: 3896: 3891: 3887: 3882: 3878: 3873: 3869: 3859: 3857: 3848: 3847: 3843: 3838: 3834: 3829: 3825: 3820: 3816: 3807: 3805: 3796: 3795: 3791: 3761: 3760: 3756: 3751: 3747: 3738: 3734: 3725: 3721: 3714: 3697: 3696: 3689: 3659: 3658: 3654: 3649: 3645: 3640: 3636: 3631: 3627: 3622: 3618: 3613: 3609: 3604: 3600: 3595: 3591: 3584: 3580: 3550: 3549: 3542: 3529: 3525: 3516: 3514: 3505: 3504: 3500: 3491: 3489: 3480: 3479: 3470: 3460: 3458: 3453: 3452: 3448: 3438: 3436: 3431: 3430: 3426: 3395: 3394: 3390: 3380: 3378: 3373: 3372: 3368: 3330: 3329: 3325: 3315: 3313: 3304: 3303: 3299: 3285: 3284: 3280: 3250: 3249: 3240: 3230: 3228: 3219: 3218: 3214: 3204: 3202: 3193: 3192: 3188: 3136: 3135: 3126: 3090: 3089: 3085: 3055: 3054: 3050: 3040: 3038: 3032: 3031: 3022: 2985: 2984: 2977: 2968: 2966: 2958: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2944: 2943: 2938: 2934: 2929: 2901: 2896: 2894: 2891: 2878:= 2460562.09079 2877: 2845: 2841: 2829: 2821: 2815: 2803: 2791: 2781: 2760: 2751:For All Mankind 2748:In Season 4 of 2741:(2011) and its 2725:Hannu Rajaniemi 2673: 2619:Desolation Road 2541: 2519: 2508: 2502: 2499: 2488: 2476: 2465: 2460: 2454: 2423: 2338:Darian Calendar 2225:Length of year 2178:Darian calendar 2160:Conway B. Leovy 2127:calendar reform 2108:Mentore Maggini 2097:Percival Lowell 2081: 1905: 1878:Curiosity Rover 1757: 1756:flies past Mars 1684: 1681:Mars Pathfinder 1459: 1382: 1376: 1167: 1162: 1157: 1152: 1147: 1119: 1113: 1101:summer solstice 1095:winter solstice 1053:winter solstice 1047:summer solstice 983: 965: 960:solar longitude 919: 915: 911: 907: 898: 889:Percival Lowell 881: 687: 672: 666: 649: 632: 626: 609: 571: 545: 531: 513:Mars Pathfinder 473: 425: 374:Sinus Meridiani 346: 342: 283:Mars Pathfinder 271: 257: 253: 252: 228: 221: 211: 207: 206: 201: 197: 196: 191: 187: 186: 166: 163: 161: 157: 152: 147: 135: 128: 122: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5076: 5074: 5066: 5065: 5060: 5050: 5049: 5043: 5042: 5040: 5039: 5026: 5014: 5011: 5010: 5008: 5007: 5006: 5005: 5000: 4990: 4985: 4980: 4975: 4974: 4973: 4968: 4963: 4953: 4952: 4951: 4940: 4938: 4934: 4933: 4930: 4929: 4927: 4926: 4921: 4916: 4914:Mars Institute 4911: 4906: 4899: 4891: 4889: 4885: 4884: 4882: 4881: 4875: 4873: 4867: 4866: 4864: 4863: 4858: 4853: 4848: 4843: 4838: 4833: 4828: 4823: 4817: 4815: 4808: 4802: 4801: 4798: 4797: 4795: 4794: 4788: 4786: 4782: 4781: 4779: 4778: 4772: 4770: 4766: 4765: 4763: 4762: 4761: 4760: 4755: 4750: 4745: 4740: 4735: 4730: 4720: 4719: 4718: 4701: 4695: 4693: 4687: 4686: 4684: 4683: 4682: 4681: 4676: 4668: 4667: 4666: 4661: 4653: 4647: 4645: 4639: 4638: 4636: 4635: 4634: 4633: 4628: 4618: 4617: 4616: 4611: 4600: 4598: 4589: 4583: 4582: 4579: 4578: 4576: 4575: 4570: 4565: 4560: 4555: 4549: 4547: 4541: 4540: 4538: 4537: 4532: 4527: 4522: 4517: 4512: 4507: 4502: 4497: 4492: 4490:Seasonal flows 4487: 4485:Rootless cones 4482: 4477: 4472: 4471: 4470: 4460: 4455: 4450: 4445: 4440: 4439: 4438: 4433: 4423: 4418: 4413: 4408: 4403: 4398: 4393: 4388: 4383: 4378: 4373: 4368: 4363: 4358: 4353: 4348: 4343: 4337: 4335: 4329: 4328: 4326: 4325: 4320: 4315: 4313:Valley network 4310: 4305: 4300: 4298:Observed rocks 4295: 4294: 4293: 4283: 4278: 4273: 4268: 4263: 4258: 4253: 4248: 4243: 4232: 4230: 4222: 4221: 4219: 4218: 4213: 4211:Ultimi Scopuli 4208: 4203: 4198: 4193: 4191:Terra Cimmeria 4188: 4183: 4178: 4173: 4168: 4163: 4158: 4153: 4148: 4143: 4138: 4132: 4130: 4124: 4123: 4121: 4120: 4115: 4110: 4105: 4099: 4097: 4088: 4082: 4081: 4076: 4073: 4072: 4067: 4065: 4064: 4057: 4050: 4042: 4036: 4035: 4030: 4025: 4015: 4010: 4005: 4000: 3993: 3992:External links 3990: 3988: 3987: 3978: 3970: 3931: 3925:978-1427803139 3924: 3903: 3894: 3885: 3876: 3867: 3841: 3832: 3823: 3814: 3803:ops-alaska.com 3797:Fisher, Gary. 3789: 3770:(6): 705–708. 3754: 3745: 3732: 3719: 3712: 3687: 3652: 3643: 3634: 3625: 3616: 3607: 3598: 3589: 3586:Mars' Calendar 3578: 3559:(1): 113–119. 3540: 3523: 3498: 3468: 3446: 3424: 3388: 3366: 3339:(1): 802–807. 3323: 3297: 3278: 3238: 3212: 3186: 3124: 3083: 3048: 3020: 2975: 2950: 2948: 2945: 2942: 2941: 2931: 2930: 2928: 2925: 2924: 2923: 2918: 2916:Universal Time 2913: 2907: 2906: 2890: 2887: 2886: 2885: 2884:MTC = 10:50:20 2882: 2879: 2875: 2868: 2867: 2856: 2855: 2848: 2847: 2843: 2839: 2832:Unix timestamp 2827: 2819: 2812: 2811: 2784: 2783: 2779: 2759: 2756: 2729: 2728: 2716: 2672: 2669: 2631:Philip K. Dick 2546:described, in 2540: 2537: 2521: 2520: 2479: 2477: 2470: 2464: 2461: 2453: 2450: 2446:launch windows 2441: 2440: 2437: 2434: 2422: 2419: 2416: 2415: 2413: 2411: 2409: 2406: 2403: 2400: 2397: 2394: 2393:Ivanov (2022) 2390: 2389: 2387: 2385: 2383: 2380: 2377: 2374: 2371: 2368: 2364: 2363: 2361: 2358: 2355: 2352: 2349: 2346: 2343: 2340: 2333: 2332: 2330: 2328: 2326: 2323: 2321: 2319: 2317: 2314: 2310: 2309: 2307: 2306:4713 BCE 2304: 2302: 2299: 2296: 2294: 2292: 2289: 2288:Levitt (1954) 2285: 2284: 2282: 2280: 2278: 2275: 2273: 2270: 2267: 2264: 2263:Aitken (1936) 2260: 2259: 2257: 2255: 2252: 2249: 2247: 2245: 2243: 2240: 2236: 2235: 2232: 2229: 2228:Start of year 2226: 2223: 2220: 2214: 2211: 2208: 2166:Mars orbiter. 2120:Roman calendar 2080: 2077: 2074: 2073: 2071: 2068: 2065: 2062: 2059: 2055: 2054: 2052: 2049: 2046: 2043: 2040: 2036: 2035: 2033: 2030: 2027: 2024: 2021: 2017: 2016: 2014: 2011: 2008: 2005: 2002: 1998: 1997: 1990: 1987: 1984: 1981: 1978: 1974: 1973: 1971: 1968: 1965: 1962: 1959: 1955: 1954: 1947: 1944: 1941: 1938: 1935: 1931: 1930: 1928: 1925: 1922: 1919: 1916: 1912: 1911: 1898: 1895: 1892: 1889: 1886: 1882: 1881: 1874: 1871: 1868: 1865: 1862: 1858: 1857: 1855: 1852: 1849: 1846: 1843: 1839: 1838: 1835:Phoenix lander 1831: 1828: 1825: 1822: 1819: 1815: 1814: 1807: 1804: 1801: 1798: 1795: 1791: 1790: 1788: 1785: 1782: 1779: 1776: 1772: 1771: 1750: 1747: 1744: 1741: 1738: 1734: 1733: 1726: 1723: 1720: 1717: 1714: 1710: 1709: 1707: 1704: 1701: 1698: 1695: 1691: 1690: 1677: 1674: 1671: 1668: 1665: 1661: 1660: 1658: 1655: 1652: 1649: 1646: 1642: 1641: 1639: 1636: 1633: 1630: 1627: 1623: 1622: 1620: 1617: 1614: 1611: 1608: 1604: 1603: 1601: 1598: 1595: 1592: 1589: 1585: 1584: 1577: 1574: 1571: 1568: 1565: 1561: 1560: 1558: 1555: 1552: 1549: 1546: 1542: 1541: 1539: 1536: 1533: 1530: 1527: 1523: 1522: 1520: 1517: 1514: 1511: 1508: 1504: 1503: 1501: 1498: 1495: 1492: 1489: 1485: 1484: 1482: 1479: 1476: 1473: 1470: 1466: 1465: 1452: 1449: 1446: 1443: 1440: 1436: 1435: 1424: 1421: 1418: 1415: 1412: 1408: 1407: 1405: 1402: 1399: 1396: 1393: 1389: 1388: 1369: 1366: 1363: 1360: 1357: 1353: 1352: 1341: 1338: 1335: 1332: 1329: 1325: 1324: 1322: 1319: 1316: 1313: 1310: 1306: 1305: 1298: 1295: 1292: 1289: 1286: 1282: 1281: 1279: 1276: 1273: 1270: 1267: 1263: 1262: 1260: 1257: 1254: 1251: 1248: 1244: 1243: 1241: 1238: 1235: 1232: 1229: 1225: 1224: 1222: 1219: 1216: 1213: 1210: 1206: 1205: 1202: 1199: 1196: 1193: 1190: 1186: 1185: 1183: 1181: 1179: 1177: 1174: 1170: 1169: 1164: 1159: 1154: 1149: 1144: 1140: 1139: 1126:R. Todd Clancy 1117: 1112: 1111:Year numbering 1109: 1106: 1105: 1102: 1099: 1096: 1093: 1090: 1087: 1083: 1082: 1079: 1078:vernal equinox 1076: 1073: 1070: 1067: 1062: 1058: 1057: 1054: 1051: 1048: 1045: 1042: 1039: 1035: 1034: 1031: 1028: 1025: 1024:vernal equinox 1022: 1019: 1016: 1012: 1011: 1008: 1005: 1002: 998: 997: 994: 991: 988: 985: 981: 963: 917: 913: 909: 905: 897: 894: 880: 877: 874: 873: 870: 867: 864: 861: 850: 849: 846: 843: 840: 837: 828: 827: 824: 821: 818: 815: 804: 803: 800: 797: 794: 791: 782: 781: 778: 775: 772: 769: 758: 757: 754: 751: 748: 745: 734: 733: 730: 727: 721: 718: 709: 708: 705: 702: 699: 696: 686: 683: 665: 660: 648: 643: 625: 620: 608: 603: 570: 561: 544: 539: 530: 524: 472: 469: 424: 421: 370:albedo feature 354:prime meridian 270: 267: 243:− 2451549.5 + 220: 217: 124:Main article: 121: 118: 75:April 11, 1955 46:, and aphelion 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5075: 5064: 5061: 5059: 5056: 5055: 5053: 5038: 5027: 5025: 5016: 5015: 5012: 5004: 5001: 4999: 4996: 4995: 4994: 4991: 4989: 4986: 4984: 4981: 4979: 4976: 4972: 4969: 4967: 4964: 4962: 4959: 4958: 4957: 4954: 4950: 4947: 4946: 4945: 4942: 4941: 4939: 4935: 4925: 4922: 4920: 4917: 4915: 4912: 4910: 4907: 4905: 4904: 4900: 4898: 4897: 4893: 4892: 4890: 4886: 4880: 4877: 4876: 4874: 4872: 4868: 4862: 4859: 4857: 4854: 4852: 4849: 4847: 4846:Human mission 4844: 4842: 4841:Sample return 4839: 4837: 4834: 4832: 4829: 4827: 4824: 4822: 4819: 4818: 4816: 4812: 4809: 4807: 4803: 4793: 4790: 4789: 4787: 4783: 4777: 4774: 4773: 4771: 4767: 4758: 4751: 4748: 4741: 4738: 4731: 4729: 4726: 4725: 4724: 4721: 4716: 4707: 4706: 4705: 4704:Mars-crossers 4702: 4700: 4697: 4696: 4694: 4692: 4688: 4680: 4677: 4675: 4672: 4671: 4669: 4665: 4662: 4660: 4657: 4656: 4654: 4652: 4649: 4648: 4646: 4644: 4640: 4632: 4629: 4627: 4624: 4623: 4622: 4619: 4615: 4612: 4610: 4607: 4606: 4605: 4602: 4601: 4599: 4597: 4593: 4590: 4588: 4584: 4574: 4571: 4569: 4566: 4564: 4561: 4559: 4556: 4554: 4551: 4550: 4548: 4546: 4542: 4536: 4533: 4531: 4528: 4526: 4523: 4521: 4520:Tharsis bulge 4518: 4516: 4513: 4511: 4508: 4506: 4503: 4501: 4498: 4496: 4493: 4491: 4488: 4486: 4483: 4481: 4478: 4476: 4473: 4469: 4466: 4465: 4464: 4461: 4459: 4458:Ore resources 4456: 4454: 4451: 4449: 4446: 4444: 4441: 4437: 4434: 4432: 4429: 4428: 4427: 4424: 4422: 4419: 4417: 4414: 4412: 4409: 4407: 4404: 4402: 4399: 4397: 4394: 4392: 4389: 4387: 4384: 4382: 4379: 4377: 4374: 4372: 4369: 4367: 4364: 4362: 4359: 4357: 4354: 4352: 4351:Chaos terrain 4349: 4347: 4344: 4342: 4341:Brain terrain 4339: 4338: 4336: 4334: 4330: 4324: 4321: 4319: 4316: 4314: 4311: 4309: 4306: 4304: 4301: 4299: 4296: 4292: 4289: 4288: 4287: 4284: 4282: 4279: 4277: 4274: 4272: 4269: 4267: 4264: 4262: 4259: 4257: 4256:Chaos terrain 4254: 4252: 4249: 4247: 4244: 4241: 4237: 4234: 4233: 4231: 4229: 4223: 4217: 4214: 4212: 4209: 4207: 4204: 4202: 4199: 4197: 4194: 4192: 4189: 4187: 4184: 4182: 4179: 4177: 4174: 4172: 4171:Planum Boreum 4169: 4167: 4164: 4162: 4161:Olympia Undae 4159: 4157: 4154: 4152: 4151:Eridania Lake 4149: 4147: 4144: 4142: 4139: 4137: 4134: 4133: 4131: 4129: 4125: 4119: 4116: 4114: 4111: 4109: 4106: 4104: 4101: 4100: 4098: 4096: 4092: 4089: 4087: 4083: 4079: 4074: 4070: 4063: 4058: 4056: 4051: 4049: 4044: 4043: 4040: 4034: 4031: 4029: 4026: 4023: 4019: 4016: 4014: 4011: 4009: 4006: 4004: 4001: 3999: 3996: 3995: 3991: 3984: 3974: 3971: 3958:on 2022-02-26 3956: 3951: 3950: 3945: 3941: 3935: 3932: 3927: 3921: 3917: 3916:Aqua volume 2 3913: 3907: 3904: 3898: 3895: 3889: 3886: 3880: 3877: 3871: 3868: 3855: 3851: 3845: 3842: 3836: 3833: 3827: 3824: 3818: 3815: 3804: 3800: 3793: 3790: 3785: 3781: 3777: 3773: 3769: 3765: 3758: 3755: 3749: 3746: 3742: 3736: 3733: 3729: 3723: 3720: 3715: 3709: 3705: 3701: 3700:Guide to Mars 3694: 3692: 3688: 3683: 3679: 3675: 3671: 3667: 3663: 3656: 3653: 3647: 3644: 3638: 3635: 3629: 3626: 3620: 3617: 3611: 3608: 3602: 3599: 3593: 3590: 3587: 3582: 3579: 3574: 3570: 3566: 3562: 3558: 3554: 3547: 3545: 3541: 3537: 3533: 3527: 3524: 3512: 3508: 3502: 3499: 3487: 3483: 3477: 3475: 3473: 3469: 3456: 3450: 3447: 3434: 3428: 3425: 3420: 3416: 3412: 3408: 3404: 3400: 3392: 3389: 3376: 3370: 3367: 3362: 3358: 3354: 3350: 3346: 3342: 3338: 3334: 3327: 3324: 3311: 3307: 3301: 3298: 3293: 3289: 3282: 3279: 3274: 3270: 3266: 3262: 3258: 3254: 3247: 3245: 3243: 3239: 3227: 3223: 3216: 3213: 3200: 3196: 3190: 3187: 3182: 3178: 3173: 3168: 3164: 3160: 3156: 3152: 3148: 3144: 3140: 3133: 3131: 3129: 3125: 3119: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3087: 3084: 3079: 3075: 3071: 3067: 3063: 3059: 3052: 3049: 3036: 3029: 3027: 3025: 3021: 3014: 3009: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2993: 2989: 2982: 2980: 2976: 2965: 2961: 2955: 2952: 2946: 2936: 2933: 2926: 2922: 2919: 2917: 2914: 2912: 2909: 2908: 2904: 2893: 2888: 2883: 2880: 2873: 2872: 2871: 2865: 2861: 2860: 2859: 2853: 2852: 2851: 2837: 2836: 2835: 2833: 2825: 2809: 2808: 2807: 2801: 2797: 2789: 2777: 2776: 2775: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2764:Mars Sol Date 2757: 2755: 2753: 2752: 2746: 2744: 2740: 2739: 2734: 2726: 2722: 2721: 2717: 2714: 2710: 2707: 2706: 2705: 2702: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2687: 2682: 2678: 2670: 2668: 2666: 2662: 2661: 2656: 2655:witching hour 2652: 2648: 2647: 2642: 2638: 2637: 2632: 2627: 2625: 2621: 2620: 2615: 2610: 2608: 2604: 2603:D. G. Compton 2600: 2598: 2597: 2592: 2591:Kurt Vonnegut 2588: 2586: 2582: 2581:H. Beam Piper 2577: 2575: 2574: 2569: 2564: 2562: 2561: 2556: 2551: 2549: 2545: 2538: 2536: 2534: 2533: 2528: 2517: 2514: 2506: 2496: 2492: 2486: 2485: 2480:This section 2478: 2474: 2469: 2468: 2462: 2459: 2451: 2449: 2447: 2438: 2435: 2432: 2431: 2430: 2427: 2414: 2412: 2410: 2407: 2404: 2401: 2398: 2395: 2392: 2391: 2388: 2386: 2384: 2381: 2378: 2375: 2372: 2369: 2367:Šurán (1997) 2366: 2365: 2362: 2359: 2356: 2353: 2350: 2347: 2344: 2341: 2339: 2335: 2334: 2331: 2329: 2327: 2324: 2322: 2320: 2318: 2315: 2313:Moore (1977) 2312: 2311: 2308: 2305: 2303: 2300: 2297: 2295: 2293: 2290: 2287: 2286: 2283: 2281: 2279: 2276: 2274: 2271: 2268: 2265: 2262: 2261: 2258: 2256: 2253: 2250: 2248: 2246: 2244: 2241: 2238: 2237: 2233: 2230: 2227: 2224: 2221: 2218: 2215: 2212: 2209: 2206: 2205: 2199: 2195: 2193: 2188: 2184: 2179: 2174: 2172: 2167: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2152: 2148: 2143: 2141: 2135: 2132: 2128: 2123: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2104: 2102: 2098: 2093: 2091: 2087: 2078: 2072: 2069: 2066: 2063: 2060: 2057: 2056: 2053: 2050: 2047: 2044: 2041: 2038: 2037: 2034: 2031: 2028: 2025: 2022: 2019: 2018: 2015: 2012: 2009: 2006: 2003: 2000: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1988: 1985: 1982: 1979: 1976: 1975: 1972: 1969: 1966: 1963: 1960: 1957: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1945: 1942: 1939: 1936: 1933: 1932: 1929: 1926: 1923: 1920: 1917: 1914: 1913: 1909: 1903: 1899: 1896: 1893: 1890: 1887: 1884: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1872: 1869: 1866: 1863: 1860: 1859: 1856: 1853: 1850: 1847: 1844: 1841: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1829: 1826: 1823: 1820: 1817: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1805: 1802: 1799: 1796: 1793: 1792: 1789: 1786: 1783: 1780: 1777: 1774: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1755: 1751: 1748: 1745: 1742: 1739: 1736: 1735: 1732:enters orbit 1731: 1727: 1724: 1721: 1718: 1715: 1712: 1711: 1708: 1705: 1702: 1699: 1696: 1693: 1692: 1689:enters orbit 1688: 1682: 1678: 1675: 1672: 1669: 1666: 1663: 1662: 1659: 1656: 1653: 1650: 1647: 1644: 1643: 1640: 1637: 1634: 1631: 1628: 1625: 1624: 1621: 1618: 1615: 1612: 1609: 1606: 1605: 1602: 1599: 1596: 1593: 1590: 1587: 1586: 1583:enters orbit 1582: 1578: 1575: 1572: 1569: 1566: 1563: 1562: 1559: 1556: 1553: 1550: 1547: 1544: 1543: 1540: 1537: 1534: 1531: 1528: 1525: 1524: 1521: 1518: 1515: 1512: 1509: 1506: 1505: 1502: 1499: 1496: 1493: 1490: 1487: 1486: 1483: 1480: 1477: 1474: 1471: 1468: 1467: 1463: 1457: 1453: 1450: 1447: 1444: 1441: 1438: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1422: 1419: 1416: 1413: 1410: 1409: 1406: 1403: 1400: 1397: 1394: 1391: 1390: 1387:enters orbit 1386: 1380: 1374: 1370: 1367: 1364: 1361: 1358: 1355: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1339: 1336: 1333: 1330: 1327: 1326: 1323: 1320: 1317: 1314: 1311: 1308: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1296: 1293: 1290: 1287: 1284: 1283: 1280: 1277: 1274: 1271: 1268: 1265: 1264: 1261: 1258: 1255: 1252: 1249: 1246: 1245: 1242: 1239: 1236: 1233: 1230: 1227: 1226: 1223: 1220: 1217: 1214: 1211: 1208: 1207: 1203: 1200: 1197: 1194: 1191: 1188: 1187: 1184: 1182: 1180: 1178: 1175: 1172: 1171: 1165: 1160: 1155: 1150: 1145: 1142: 1141: 1136: 1133: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1110: 1103: 1100: 1097: 1094: 1091: 1088: 1085: 1084: 1080: 1077: 1074: 1071: 1068: 1066: 1063: 1060: 1059: 1055: 1052: 1049: 1046: 1043: 1040: 1037: 1036: 1032: 1029: 1026: 1023: 1020: 1017: 1014: 1013: 1009: 1006: 1003: 1000: 999: 978: 975: 973: 969: 961: 956: 952: 950: 946: 942: 938: 933: 930: 926: 925:tropical year 921: 903: 902:sidereal year 895: 890: 885: 878: 871: 868: 866:AMT+05:09:43 860: 857: 856: 852: 851: 847: 844: 842:AMT+09:03:53 836: 834: 830: 829: 825: 822: 820:AMT+09:09:41 814: 811: 810: 806: 805: 801: 798: 796:AMT-08:26:36 790: 788: 784: 783: 779: 776: 774:AMT-01:01:06 768: 765: 764: 760: 759: 755: 752: 750:AMT+11:00:04 744: 741: 740: 736: 735: 731: 728: 725: 717: 715: 711: 710: 706: 703: 701:Clock offset 700: 697: 694: 693: 684: 682: 679: 678: 671: 664: 661: 659: 656: 655: 647: 644: 642: 639: 638: 631: 624: 621: 619: 616: 615: 607: 604: 602: 600: 596: 592: 589: 588: 583: 582: 576: 569: 565: 562: 560: 557: 555: 550: 543: 540: 538: 536: 528: 525: 523: 521: 516: 514: 508: 506: 502: 501: 496: 495: 490: 486: 482: 478: 470: 468: 465: 461: 456: 454: 450: 444: 442: 438: 434: 430: 422: 420: 418: 414: 410: 405: 403: 399: 398:standard time 394: 389: 387: 383: 379: 375: 371: 367: 363: 359: 355: 350: 340: 337:. Because of 336: 332: 324: 319: 315: 312: 308: 304: 299: 296: 292: 288: 284: 279: 275: 268: 266: 264: 250: 246: 242: 238: 234: 226: 219:Mars Sol Date 218: 216: 184: 180: 177:" is used by 176: 171: 155: 145: 141: 133: 127: 119: 117: 115: 111: 107: 103: 99: 95: 91: 87: 83: 78: 76: 72: 68: 64: 60: 57: 53: 45: 41: 37: 32: 19: 4992: 4983:Life on Mars 4978:Flag of Mars 4919:Mars Society 4901: 4894: 4861:Terraforming 4856:Colonization 4626:Swift crater 4468:polar wander 4196:Terra Sabaea 4136:Arabia Terra 3998:Martian Time 3973: 3962:November 16, 3960:. Retrieved 3955:the original 3947: 3934: 3915: 3912:Amano, Kozue 3906: 3897: 3888: 3879: 3870: 3858:. Retrieved 3853: 3844: 3835: 3826: 3817: 3806:. Retrieved 3802: 3792: 3767: 3763: 3757: 3748: 3740: 3735: 3727: 3722: 3699: 3665: 3661: 3655: 3646: 3637: 3628: 3619: 3610: 3601: 3592: 3581: 3556: 3552: 3536:Solar Energy 3535: 3531: 3526: 3515:. Retrieved 3513:. 2020-04-06 3510: 3501: 3490:. Retrieved 3488:. 2020-04-06 3485: 3459:. Retrieved 3449: 3439:18 September 3437:. Retrieved 3427: 3402: 3398: 3391: 3379:. Retrieved 3369: 3336: 3332: 3326: 3314:. Retrieved 3300: 3287: 3281: 3256: 3252: 3229:. Retrieved 3225: 3215: 3203:. Retrieved 3198: 3189: 3146: 3142: 3100: 3096: 3086: 3061: 3057: 3051: 3039:. Retrieved 2995: 2991: 2967:. Retrieved 2963: 2954: 2935: 2869: 2857: 2849: 2813: 2796:leap seconds 2785: 2770:referred to 2761: 2749: 2747: 2736: 2730: 2718: 2708: 2703: 2684: 2674: 2671:21st century 2660:Mars Trilogy 2658: 2646:Mars Trilogy 2644: 2634: 2628: 2624:portmanteaus 2617: 2614:Ian McDonald 2611: 2606: 2601: 2594: 2589: 2578: 2571: 2565: 2558: 2552: 2547: 2542: 2539:20th century 2530: 2524: 2509: 2500: 2489:Please help 2484:verification 2481: 2442: 2428: 2424: 2222:Leap system 2196: 2175: 2168: 2144: 2136: 2124: 2105: 2094: 2082: 1994:Perseverance 1992:2021-02-18 1949:2018-11-19 1906:2014-09-24 1900:2014-09-22 1876:2012-08-06 1833:2008-05-25 1809:2006-03-10 1764:Spirit Rover 1760:Mars Express 1752:2003-12-14 1730:Mars Odyssey 1728:2001-10-24 1679:1997-07-04 1579:1989-01-29 1434:enter orbit 1381:enters orbit 1375:enters orbit 1371:1971-11-14 1343:1969-07-31 1300:1964-07-14 1168:Earth Date 1114: 957: 953: 934: 922: 899: 858: 855:Perseverance 854: 831: 812: 808: 785: 766: 762: 742: 738: 712: 677:Perseverance 676: 673: 663:Perseverance 662: 652: 650: 645: 636: 633: 622: 612: 610: 605: 598: 594: 593: 586: 580: 572: 567: 563: 558: 548: 546: 541: 534: 532: 526: 517: 509: 504: 500:Perseverance 499: 492: 488: 481:Mars Phoenix 474: 457: 445: 437:leap seconds 426: 406: 390: 372:later named 362:Wilhelm Beer 351: 328: 303:solar panels 300: 280: 276: 272: 248: 244: 225:Julian dates 222: 172: 132:sidereal day 129: 80:Mars has an 79: 49: 18:Martian sols 5063:Timekeeping 4806:Exploration 4728:5261 Eureka 4396:Groundwater 4361:Composition 4186:Tempe Terra 4176:Quadrangles 4103:Circulation 3405:: 340–347. 3259:: 332–338. 2862:MTC = (MSD 2768:Julian date 2738:The Martian 2695:terraformed 2693:, set on a 2691:Kozue Amano 2639:(1964) and 2585:Omnilingual 2192:Lunar month 2086:Julian days 1383:1971-12-02 1377:1971-11-27 1163:(Ls = 270°) 1158:(Ls = 180°) 1122:Mars Year 1 887:Diagram by 763:Opportunity 707:Epoch (LT) 698:Ref. long. 599:Opportunity 587:Opportunity 568:Opportunity 352:Mars has a 345:slower and 311:temperature 269:Time of day 52:timekeeping 5052:Categories 4463:Polar caps 4443:Mud cracks 4426:Meteorites 4411:Lava tubes 4346:Carbonates 4281:Labyrinthi 4156:Iani Chaos 4095:Atmosphere 3940:Weir, Andy 3860:22 January 3808:2021-03-24 3713:0718823168 3517:2021-02-21 3492:2021-02-21 3231:22 January 3205:22 January 2969:2021-02-19 2947:References 2792:TAI − UTC, 2560:Red Planet 2527:Percy Greg 2140:Julian day 2070:2030-01-28 2067:2029-09-03 2064:2029-03-03 2061:2028-08-17 2051:2028-03-12 2048:2027-10-17 2045:2027-04-16 2042:2026-09-30 2032:2026-04-25 2029:2025-11-29 2026:2025-05-29 2023:2024-11-12 2013:2024-06-07 2010:2024-01-12 2007:2023-07-12 2004:2022-12-26 1989:2022-07-21 1986:2022-02-24 1983:2021-08-25 1980:2021-02-07 1970:2020-09-02 1967:2020-04-08 1964:2019-10-08 1961:2019-03-23 1946:2018-10-16 1943:2018-05-22 1940:2017-11-20 1937:2017-05-05 1927:2016-11-28 1924:2016-07-04 1921:2016-01-03 1918:2015-06-18 1897:2015-01-11 1894:2014-08-17 1891:2014-02-15 1888:2013-07-31 1873:2013-02-23 1870:2012-09-29 1867:2012-03-30 1864:2011-09-13 1854:2011-04-08 1851:2010-11-12 1848:2010-05-13 1845:2009-10-26 1830:2009-05-21 1827:2008-12-25 1824:2008-06-25 1821:2007-12-09 1806:2007-07-04 1803:2007-02-07 1800:2006-08-08 1797:2006-01-21 1787:2005-08-16 1784:2005-03-22 1781:2004-09-20 1778:2004-03-05 1749:2003-09-29 1746:2003-05-05 1743:2002-11-03 1740:2002-04-18 1725:2001-11-11 1722:2001-06-17 1719:2000-12-16 1716:2000-05-31 1706:1999-12-25 1703:1999-07-31 1700:1999-01-29 1697:1998-07-14 1676:1998-02-06 1673:1997-09-12 1670:1997-03-13 1667:1996-08-26 1657:1996-03-21 1654:1995-10-26 1651:1995-04-26 1648:1994-10-09 1638:1994-05-04 1635:1993-12-08 1632:1993-06-08 1629:1992-11-21 1619:1992-06-16 1616:1992-01-22 1613:1991-07-22 1610:1991-01-04 1600:1990-07-30 1597:1990-03-06 1594:1989-09-03 1591:1989-02-16 1576:1988-09-11 1573:1988-04-18 1570:1987-10-17 1567:1987-04-01 1557:1986-10-25 1554:1986-06-01 1551:1985-11-29 1548:1985-05-15 1538:1984-12-07 1535:1984-07-14 1532:1984-01-12 1529:1983-06-28 1519:1983-01-20 1516:1982-08-27 1513:1982-02-24 1510:1981-08-10 1500:1981-03-04 1497:1980-10-09 1494:1980-04-08 1491:1979-09-23 1481:1979-04-17 1478:1978-11-22 1475:1978-05-22 1472:1977-11-05 1451:1977-05-30 1448:1977-01-04 1445:1976-07-04 1442:1975-12-19 1423:1975-07-13 1420:1975-02-17 1417:1974-08-17 1414:1974-01-31 1404:1973-08-25 1401:1973-04-01 1398:1972-09-29 1395:1972-03-15 1368:1971-10-08 1365:1971-05-15 1362:1970-11-12 1359:1970-04-28 1340:1969-11-20 1337:1969-06-27 1334:1968-12-25 1331:1968-06-10 1321:1968-01-03 1318:1967-08-10 1315:1967-02-07 1312:1966-07-24 1297:1966-02-15 1294:1965-09-22 1291:1965-03-22 1288:1964-09-05 1278:1964-03-31 1275:1963-11-05 1272:1963-05-05 1269:1962-10-19 1259:1962-05-14 1256:1961-12-18 1253:1961-06-18 1250:1960-12-01 1240:1960-06-26 1237:1960-01-31 1234:1959-08-01 1231:1959-01-14 1221:1958-08-09 1218:1958-03-15 1215:1957-09-13 1212:1957-02-26 1201:1956-09-21 1198:1956-04-27 1195:1955-10-27 1192:1955-04-11 1176:1953-05-24 1153:(Ls = 90°) 1092:10, 11, 12 941:precession 929:precession 726:-02:13:01 714:Pathfinder 668:See also: 628:See also: 549:Pathfinder 542:Pathfinder 505:Pathfinder 393:time zones 307:spacecraft 305:of landed 173:The term " 114:Earth year 82:axial tilt 44:perihelion 4988:Sub-Earth 4971:Mythology 4924:Mars race 4691:Asteroids 4587:Astronomy 4558:Hesperian 4553:Amazonian 4525:Volcanism 4500:Spherules 4421:Marsquake 4376:Dichotomy 4291:by height 4286:Mountains 4086:Geography 3226:space.com 3181:123014765 2866:1) × 24 h 2816:TAI − UTC 2778:MSD = (JD 2774:(TT), as 2735:'s novel 2733:Andy Weir 2633:'s novel 2593:'s novel 2529:'s novel 2503:July 2018 2325:669 sols 2277:668 sols 2251:669 sols 2217:Perennial 2207:Proposal 2164:Mariner 9 2151:Mariner 4 1758:2004-01 1685:1997-09 1460:1976-09 1454:1976-07 1426:1974-02 1373:Mariner 9 1349:Mariner 7 1345:Mariner 6 1302:Mariner 4 1148:(Ls = 0°) 972:solstices 968:equinoxes 839:135.97°E 817:137.42°E 809:Curiosity 793:126.65°W 747:165.01°E 637:Curiosity 623:Curiosity 489:Curiosity 349:faster). 144:solar day 71:beginning 65:from the 5024:Category 4888:Advocacy 4871:Missions 4814:Concepts 4643:Transits 4614:Monolith 4563:Noachian 4535:Yardangs 4431:on Earth 4391:Glaciers 4236:"Canals" 4228:features 4226:Physical 3949:Facebook 3361:11197504 2889:See also 2629:In both 1910:arrives 1880:arrives 1837:arrives 1813:arrives 1581:Phobos 2 1462:Viking 2 1456:Viking 1 1010:seasons 945:mean sun 916:180 to L 863:77.43°E 771:15.28°W 720:33.25°W 695:Mission 573:The two 335:analemma 325:for Mars 323:analemma 281:For the 265:crater. 126:Mars sol 4956:Fiction 4937:Related 4831:Landing 4826:Orbiter 4785:General 4754:2007 NS 4744:1999 UJ 4734:1998 VF 4723:Trojans 4710:2007 WD 4699:Impacts 4679:Mercury 4545:History 4505:Surface 4436:on Mars 4401:Gullies 4386:Geysers 4333:Geology 4323:Gravity 4318:Valleys 4271:Gullies 4261:Craters 4251:Catenae 4246:Canyons 4201:Tharsis 4146:Cydonia 4128:Regions 4118:Methane 4108:Climate 3772:Bibcode 3670:Bibcode 3561:Bibcode 3461:13 July 3407:Bibcode 3381:13 July 3341:Bibcode 3316:13 July 3261:Bibcode 3151:Bibcode 3105:Bibcode 3066:Bibcode 3041:13 July 3000:Bibcode 2683:series 2675:In the 2553:In the 2272:2-year 2210:Months 1951:InSight 1904:arrives 1770:arrive 1683:arrives 1351:flybys 1128:of the 1104:summer 1081:spring 1069:7, 8, 9 1056:winter 1044:4, 5, 6 1033:autumn 1021:1, 2, 3 990:months 947:. (See 833:InSight 787:Phoenix 685:Summary 654:InSight 646:InSight 614:Phoenix 606:Phoenix 529:Landers 520:Zhurong 494:InSight 347:16m 23s 343:14m 22s 291:Phoenix 289:(MER), 256:⁄ 210:⁄ 200:⁄ 190:⁄ 40:equinox 5028: 5017: 4769:Comets 4664:Deimos 4659:Phobos 4621:Deimos 4604:Phobos 4308:Plains 4276:Mensae 4266:Fossae 3922: 3856:. 2013 3710: 3553:Icarus 3399:Icarus 3359: 3253:Icarus 3201:. 2014 3179: 2570:novel 2557:novel 2231:Epoch 2213:Weeks 2187:Deimos 2183:Phobos 2181:since 1996:lands 1953:lands 1766:, and 1754:Nozomi 1432:Mars 5 1428:Mars 4 1385:Mars 3 1379:Mars 2 1304:flyby 1166:Events 1098:winter 1075:autumn 1050:summer 1027:spring 1004:season 987:event 908:0 to L 879:Years 859:(2021) 835:(2018) 813:(2012) 789:(2008) 767:(2004) 743:(2004) 739:Spirit 716:(1997) 595:Spirit 581:Spirit 564:Spirit 535:Viking 527:Viking 487:rover 483:, the 477:Viking 460:Airy-0 386:Airy-0 358:Airy-0 309:. Its 293:, and 263:Airy-0 229: 183:Viking 102:winter 98:autumn 94:summer 90:spring 56:planet 36:season 4836:Rover 4821:Flyby 4792:Orbit 4674:Earth 4596:Moons 4530:Water 4406:Lakes 4356:Color 4206:Undae 3357:S2CID 3177:S2CID 2927:Notes 2830:is a 2798:(see 2681:anime 2677:manga 2405:week 2379:week 1902:MAVEN 1007:event 1001:event 966:) at 869:LMST 845:LMST 823:LMST 799:LMST 777:HLST 753:HLST 729:LTST 704:Type 547:Mars 417:MAVEN 162:1.027 120:Sols 86:Earth 5058:Mars 4495:Soil 4240:list 4069:Mars 3964:2015 3920:ISBN 3862:2015 3708:ISBN 3463:2012 3441:2018 3383:2012 3318:2012 3233:2015 3207:2015 3043:2012 2762:The 2686:Aria 2679:and 2566:The 2402:yes 2376:yes 2351:sol 2348:yes 2298:sol 2234:Ref 2185:and 2114:and 1430:and 1347:and 1086:270 1061:180 970:and 674:The 651:The 634:The 611:The 597:and 566:and 364:and 321:The 258:4000 167:2517 156:and 100:and 59:Mars 3780:doi 3678:doi 3569:doi 3415:doi 3403:229 3349:doi 3337:122 3269:doi 3257:251 3167:hdl 3159:doi 3113:doi 3074:doi 3008:doi 2996:105 2864:mod 2840:UTC 2820:UTC 2731:In 2723:by 2711:by 2643:'s 2616:'s 2612:In 2579:In 2493:by 1038:90 951:.) 724:AAT 441:UT1 429:UT1 233:sol 175:sol 164:491 146:is 134:is 110:sol 5054:: 4736:31 3979:TT 3946:. 3852:. 3801:. 3778:. 3768:45 3766:. 3706:. 3702:. 3690:^ 3676:. 3666:78 3664:. 3567:. 3557:18 3555:. 3543:^ 3509:. 3484:. 3471:^ 3413:. 3401:. 3355:. 3347:. 3335:. 3308:. 3290:. 3267:. 3255:. 3241:^ 3224:. 3197:. 3175:. 3165:. 3157:. 3147:48 3145:. 3141:. 3127:^ 3111:. 3101:24 3099:. 3095:. 3072:. 3062:84 3060:. 3023:^ 3018:). 3006:. 2994:. 2990:. 2978:^ 2962:. 2876:TT 2874:JD 2842:= 2838:JD 2780:TT 2219:? 2194:. 2058:40 2039:39 2020:38 2001:37 1977:36 1958:35 1934:34 1915:33 1885:32 1861:31 1842:30 1818:29 1794:28 1775:27 1762:, 1737:26 1713:25 1694:24 1664:23 1645:22 1626:21 1607:20 1588:19 1564:18 1545:17 1526:16 1507:15 1488:14 1469:13 1439:12 1411:11 1392:10 1143:MY 1116:(L 1015:0 984:) 974:. 962:(L 556:. 491:, 443:. 285:, 212:60 202:60 192:24 140:SI 116:. 96:, 92:, 77:. 42:, 4756:2 4746:7 4713:5 4242:) 4238:( 4061:e 4054:t 4047:v 4024:) 4020:( 3985:. 3966:. 3928:. 3864:. 3811:. 3786:. 3782:: 3774:: 3716:. 3684:. 3680:: 3672:: 3575:. 3571:: 3563:: 3520:. 3495:. 3465:. 3443:. 3421:. 3417:: 3409:: 3385:. 3363:. 3351:: 3343:: 3320:. 3294:. 3275:. 3271:: 3263:: 3235:. 3209:. 3183:. 3169:: 3161:: 3153:: 3121:. 3115:: 3107:: 3080:. 3076:: 3068:: 3045:. 3016:. 3010:: 3002:: 2972:. 2844:t 2828:t 2516:) 2510:( 2505:) 2501:( 2487:. 1356:9 1328:8 1309:7 1285:6 1266:5 1247:4 1228:3 1209:2 1189:1 1173:0 1118:s 982:s 964:s 918:s 914:s 910:s 906:s 511:( 254:1 249:k 245:k 208:1 198:1 188:1 20:)

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