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The need for at least two undetected particles was shown by the inability to conserve energy and momentum with only one. However, no other muons, electrons, photons, or hadrons were detected. It was proposed that this event was the production and subsequent decay of a new particle pair:
520:. SPEAR was able to collide electrons and positrons at higher energies than had previously been possible, initially at up to 4.8 GeV and eventually at 8 GeV, energies high enough to lead to the production of a tau/antitau pair. The tau has a lifetime of only
528:
and so these particles decayed within a few millimetres of the collision. Hence Perl and his coworkers did not detect the tau directly, but rather discovered anomalous events where they detected either an electron and a muon, or a positron and an antimuon:
360:: why it should interact almost exactly like the electron but be 206.8 times heavier, and why it should decay through the route that it does. Perl chose to look for answers to these questions in experiments on high-energy charged
3724:
819:. The prize was awarded "for pioneering experimental contributions to lepton physics". Perl received half "for the discovery of the tau lepton" while Reines received his share "for the detection of the
3749:
245:
Perl was born in New York City, New York. His parents, Fay (née
Resenthal), a secretary and bookkeeper, and Oscar Perl, a stationery salesman who founded a printing and advertising company, were
275:, as a chemical engineer in a factory producing electron vacuum tubes. To learn about how the electron tubes worked, Perl signed up for courses in atomic physics and advanced calculus at
379:
in May 2008, urging him to "reverse the damage done to basic science research in the Fiscal Year 2008 Omnibus
Appropriations Bill" by requesting additional emergency funding for the
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1407:
Gary
Feldman, John Jaros, and Rafe H. Schindler, "Martin L. Perl", Biographical Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences (2016)
838:, an organization focused on promoting sound science in American government. In 1996, he received the Golden Plate Award of the
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1059:; Briggs, D.; Bulos, F.; Chinowsky, W.; Dakin, J.; et al. (1975). "Evidence for Anomalous Lepton Production in
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interactions. He had the opportunity to start planning experimental work in this area when he moved in 1963 to the
283:, which led to his growing interest in physics, and eventually to becoming a graduate student in physics in 1950.
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Perl is one of the 20 American recipients of the Nobel Prize in
Physics to sign a letter addressed to President
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The tau was first detected in a series of experiments between 1974 and 1977 by Perl with his colleagues at the
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He died after a heart attack at
Stanford University Hospital on September 30, 2014, at the age of 87. His son,
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1015:"Stanford's Martin L. Perl, winner of 1995 Nobel Prize for discovery of tau lepton, dead at 87"
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1266:. World Scientific Series in 20th Century Physics – Vol. 14. World Scientific. p. ix.
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2018:
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Two-dimensional fluid droplet arrays generated using a single nozzle (Martin Lewis Perl)
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1332:"Promovisani počasni doktori Beogradskog univerziteta - RADIO-TELEVIZIJA VOJVODINE"
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magnetic detector. They could detect and distinguish between leptons, hadrons and
807:, meaning "third" in English), since it was the third charged lepton discovered.
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294:. Perl's thesis described measurements of the nuclear quadrupole moment of
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Seeking a simpler interaction mechanism to study, Perl started to consider
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Nobel Prize press release, explaining the significance of Perl's work
997:"Martin Perl, 87, Dies; Nobel Laureate Discovered Subatomic Particle"
517:
454:
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246:
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lepton (τ, also called the tau particle, tauon or simply tau) is an
910:
Feldman, Gary; Jaros, John; Schindler, Rafe H. (12 October 2017).
793:
509:
364:. In addition, he considered the possibility of finding a third
789:
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This was difficult to verify, because the energy to produce the
469:
461:
446:
357:
345:
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2926:
1415:
1219:"Evidence for, and properties of, the new charged heavy lepton"
834:
as a visiting professor. He served on the board of advisors of
1310:"Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement"
792:-Hamburg, and with the Direct Electron Counter (DELCO) at
3725:
Members of the United States
National Academy of Sciences
267:
graduate of
Brooklyn Polytechnic Institute (now known as
842:. In 2009, Perl received an honorary doctorate from the
356:. He was particularly interested in understanding the
271:) in Brooklyn. After graduation, Perl worked for the
1288:"Professor Martin Perl joins University of Liverpool"
217:(June 24, 1927 – September 30, 2014) was an American
3750:
Polytechnic
Institute of New York University alumni
3581:
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1397:
Universal fluid droplet ejector (Martin Lewis Perl)
912:"Martin L. Perl (1927–2014): A Biographical Memoir"
189:
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158:
148:
130:
120:
110:
96:
88:
70:
48:
32:
1031:Materials, Matter & Particles: A Brief History
441:, but with 3477 times the mass. Together with the
1132:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1995 - Press Release"
976:"A Letter from America's Physics Nobel Laureates"
337:, who earned the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1976.
3029:Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs
956:"Reflections on the Discovery of the Tau Lepton"
101:New York University Tandon School of Engineering
531:
301:Following his Ph.D., Perl spent 8 years at the
1380:Reflections on the Discovery of the Tau Lepton
1378:including the Nobel Lecture, December 8, 1995
949:
947:
815:Perl won the Nobel Prize in 1995 jointly with
612:for which we have no conventional explanation.
393:National Institute of Standards and Technology
3197:
2938:
1427:
916:Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science
8:
3735:United States Merchant Marine Academy alumni
3705:American people of Belarusian-Jewish descent
1226:Proceedings of the XII Rencontre de Moriond
3204:
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3182:
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2931:
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1434:
1420:
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1373:
877:
875:
873:
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29:
1177:
935:
905:
903:
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899:
533:We have discovered 64 events of the form
799:The symbol τ was derived from the Greek
1055:Perl, M. L.; Abrams, G.; Boyarski, A.;
867:
424:similar to the electron, with negative
290:in 1955, where his thesis advisor was
1390:Personal blog: Reflections on Physics
784:pair is similar to the threshold for
7:
990:
988:
836:Scientists and Engineers for America
468:group. Their equipment consisted of
305:, where he worked on the physics of
1263:Reflections on Experimental Science
825:Reflections on Experimental Science
608:+ at least two undetected particles
995:Overbye, Dennis (3 October 2014).
937:10.1146/annurev-nucl-061317-093426
402:, is an author and art critic for
350:Stanford Linear Accelerator Center
167:Stanford Linear Accelerator Center
25:
1355:
1152:Halyo, Valerie (December 2014).
200:
40:
3745:Wolf Prize in Physics laureates
1318:American Academy of Achievement
883:"Martin L. Perl - Biographical"
840:American Academy of Achievement
3740:University of Michigan faculty
1240:"Nobel Prize in Physics, 1995"
856:List of Jewish Nobel laureates
329:. While at Michigan, Perl and
1:
412:Discovery of the tau particle
3730:American particle physicists
1154:"Martin L. Perl (1927–2014)"
811:Nobel Prize and later career
352:(SLAC), then being built in
3700:American chemical engineers
3079:Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard
1118:10.1103/PhysRevLett.35.1489
389:National Science Foundation
368:of lepton through electron-
317:to study the scattering of
286:He received his Ph.D. from
3766:
3715:Jewish American physicists
3710:Columbia University alumni
3690:Nobel laureates in Physics
3632:
3109:
1224:. In T. Thanh Van (ed.).
788:production. Work done at
333:served as co-advisors to
208:
141:
39:
3695:American Nobel laureates
1260:Perl, Martin L. (1996).
1028:Woolfson, M. M. (2010).
823:". In 1996 he published
453:, it is classified as a
273:General Electric Company
3362:Pierre-Gilles de Gennes
3025:(United Kingdom/Poland)
1097:Physical Review Letters
954:Martin L. Perl (1995).
832:University of Liverpool
508:colliding ring, called
172:University of Liverpool
3115:Nobel Prize recipients
3065:Physiology or Medicine
1447:Nobel Prize in Physics
1290:. BBC. 3 December 2011
1134:. Nobel Media AB. 1995
885:. Nobel Media AB. 1995
844:University of Belgrade
614:
303:University of Michigan
227:Nobel Prize in Physics
163:University of Michigan
135:Nobel Prize in Physics
3593:Pablo Jarillo-Herrero
3214:Wolf Prize in Physics
281:Schenectady, New York
82:Palo Alto, California
3382:Joseph H. Taylor Jr.
1364:at Wikimedia Commons
1334:. Rtv.rs. 2009-10-20
1034:. World Scientific.
381:Department of Energy
265:chemical engineering
3321:Albert J. Libchaber
3317:Mitchell Feigenbaum
3238:Giuseppe Occhialini
2984:F. Sherwood Rowland
1401:U.S. Patent 5975682
1395:U.S. Patent 5943075
1314:www.achievement.org
1170:2014Natur.516..330H
1110:1975PhRvL..35.1489P
928:2017ARNPS..67....1F
422:elementary particle
307:strong interactions
288:Columbia University
252:to the US from the
105:Columbia University
3597:Allan H. MacDonald
3568:Charles H. Bennett
3546:Robert P. Kirshner
3536:Juan Ignacio Cirac
1372:on Nobelprize.org
1217:M.L. Perl (1977).
1001:The New York Times
74:September 30, 2014
27:American scientist
3672:
3671:
3512:Maximilian Haider
3447:Bertrand Halperin
3441:Masatoshi Koshiba
3437:Raymond Davis Jr.
3388:Benoît Mandelbrot
3376:Valentine Telegdi
3372:Maurice Goldhaber
3366:David J. Thouless
3335:Riccardo Giacconi
3311:Philippe Nozières
3287:Martin Lewis Perl
3273:Gerardus 't Hooft
3263:Kenneth G. Wilson
3212:Laureates of the
3179:
3178:
3096:Economic Sciences
3085:Eric F. Wieschaus
3048:Martin Lewis Perl
2920:
2919:
1362:Martin Lewis Perl
1360:Media related to
1041:978-1-84816-461-1
385:Office of Science
335:Samuel C. C. Ting
331:Lawrence W. Jones
219:chemical engineer
215:Martin Lewis Perl
212:
211:
198:Samuel C. C. Ting
190:Doctoral students
143:Scientific career
34:Martin Lewis Perl
16:(Redirected from
3757:
3542:James D. Bjorken
3526:Jacob Bekenstein
3461:François Englert
3327:Herbert Friedman
3283:Leon M. Lederman
3277:Victor Weisskopf
3234:George Uhlenbeck
3206:
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3102:Robert Lucas Jr.
3054:Frederick Reines
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1228:. SLAC-PUB-1923.
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405:The New Republic
263:Perl was a 1948
229:in 1995 for his
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194:Melissa Franklin
179:Doctoral advisor
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3609:Anne L'Huillier
3589:Rafi Bistritzer
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3572:Gilles Brassard
3506:Anton Zeilinger
3498:John F. Clauser
3486:
3471:Daniel Kleppner
3451:Anthony Leggett
3425:
3394:Vitaly Ginzburg
3350:
3345:Stephen Hawking
3307:Conyers Herring
3301:Theodore Maiman
3243:
3228:Chien-Shiung Wu
3216:
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3180:
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3104:(United States)
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3087:(United States)
3075:(United States)
3073:Edward B. Lewis
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3056:(United States)
3050:(United States)
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2986:(United States)
2978:Mario J. Molina
2972:Paul J. Crutzen
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1094:Annihilation".
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426:electric charge
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311:bubble chambers
243:
241:Life and career
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97:Alma mater
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3603:Giorgio Parisi
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2242:P. W. Anderson
2237:
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2214:
2198:
2186:
2170:
2154:
2146:
2134:
2126:
2118:
2110:
2102:
2086:
2070:
2063:Goeppert Mayer
2054:
2046:
2034:
2026:
2014:
1998:
1986:
1970:
1958:
1946:
1938:
1926:
1913:
1911:
1907:
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1787:C. D. Anderson
1778:
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1404:
1398:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1370:Martin L. Perl
1366:
1365:
1351:
1350:External links
1348:
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3006:Seamus Heaney
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2974:(Netherlands)
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2027:
2024:
2020:
2015:
2012:
2008:
2004:
1999:
1996:
1992:
1987:
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1971:
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1947:
1944:
1939:
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1932:
1927:
1924:
1920:
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1912:
1908:
1901:
1896:
1893:
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1877:
1872:
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1861:
1856:
1853:
1848:
1845:
1840:
1833:
1826:
1819:
1816:
1811:
1808:
1803:
1800:
1799:G. P. Thomson
1796:
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1788:
1784:
1779:
1776:
1771:
1764:
1761:
1757:
1752:
1749:
1744:
1737:
1734:
1729:
1726:
1721:
1718:
1717:O. Richardson
1713:
1710:
1706:
1701:
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1692:
1690:
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1679:
1675:
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1551:Van der Waals
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1164:(7531): 330.
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797:
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620:
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536:
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519:
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69:
64:
63:New York City
59:June 24, 1927
51:
47:
43:
38:
31:
19:
3661:
3558:Michel Mayor
3532:Peter Zoller
3502:Alain Aspect
3457:Robert Brout
3404:John Wheeler
3297:Peter Hirsch
3286:
3259:Leo Kadanoff
3145:
3047:
2473:
2350:von Klitzing
2342:Van der Meer
1379:
1336:. Retrieved
1326:
1313:
1304:
1292:. Retrieved
1282:
1262:
1255:
1244:. Retrieved
1234:
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225:who won the
214:
213:
159:Institutions
142:
76:(2014-09-30)
3720:2014 deaths
3685:1927 births
3652:Mathematics
3637:Agriculture
3623:Martin Rees
3613:Paul Corkum
3552:Yoseph Imry
3516:Harald Rose
3477:Albert Fert
3465:Peter Higgs
3331:Bruno Rossi
2955:Nobel Prize
2394:Steinberger
2310:K. Siegbahn
2302:Bloembergen
2023:Chamberlain
1756:Schrödinger
1666:M. Siegbahn
1595:W. H. Bragg
1591:W. L. Bragg
922:(1): 1–18.
89:Nationality
18:Martin Perl
3679:Categories
3520:Knut Urban
3293:Erwin Hahn
2995:Literature
2911:L'Huillier
2875:Hasselmann
2831:Strickland
2799:Kosterlitz
2723:Perlmutter
2462:Brockhouse
2167:Schrieffer
2039:Hofstadter
1991:C. N. Yang
1748:Heisenberg
1725:De Broglie
1338:2011-02-17
1294:3 December
1273:9810225741
1246:2013-12-28
1138:2014-01-01
961:2013-12-28
889:2013-12-28
862:References
830:He joined
512:, and the
391:, and the
366:generation
354:California
321:and later
269:NYU-Tandon
250:immigrants
235:tau lepton
184:I. I. Rabi
115:Tau lepton
65:, New York
55:1927-06-24
3647:Chemistry
3483:(2006–07)
3453:(2002–03)
3406:(1996–97)
3400:(1994–95)
3313:(1984–85)
3303:(1983–84)
3081:(Germany)
3008:(Ireland)
2964:Chemistry
2957:laureates
2895:Zeilinger
2715:Novoselov
2683:Kobayashi
2607:Abrikosov
2454:J. Taylor
2434:de Gennes
2426:R. Taylor
2318:K. Wilson
2266:R. Wilson
2250:Van Vleck
2221:1976–2000
2211:Rainwater
2207:Mottelson
2183:Josephson
2131:Gell-Mann
2095:Schwinger
2083:Prokhorov
2043:Mössbauer
2003:Cherenkov
1995:T. D. Lee
1919:Cockcroft
1910:1951–1975
1709:C. Wilson
1688:1926–1950
1634:Guillaume
1523:Michelson
1483:Becquerel
1454:1901–1925
1443:Laureates
1188:1476-4687
526:10 s
451:neutrinos
292:I.I. Rabi
231:discovery
223:physicist
3657:Medicine
3031:(Canada)
2980:(Mexico)
2903:Agostini
2791:Thouless
2783:McDonald
2771:Nakamura
2739:Wineland
2671:Grünberg
2627:Politzer
2611:Ginzburg
2599:Giacconi
2579:Ketterle
2534:'t Hooft
2518:Laughlin
2510:Phillips
2490:Osheroff
2418:Friedman
2390:Schwartz
2386:Lederman
2306:Schawlow
2282:Weinberg
2091:Tomonaga
1983:Brattain
1975:Shockley
1884:Blackett
1876:Appleton
1868:Bridgman
1815:Lawrence
1795:Davisson
1775:Chadwick
1658:Millikan
1642:Einstein
1531:Lippmann
1499:Rayleigh
1491:M. Curie
1487:P. Curie
1196:25519123
850:See also
821:neutrino
443:electron
430:spin of
400:Jed Perl
370:positron
342:electron
323:neutrons
309:, using
256:area of
125:Jed Perl
121:Children
92:American
3663:Physics
3040:Physics
2891:Clauser
2855:Penrose
2839:Peebles
2795:Haldane
2763:Akasaki
2751:Englert
2743:Haroche
2727:Schmidt
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2639:Glauber
2631:Wilczek
2615:Leggett
2595:Koshiba
2575:Cornell
2566:present
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2522:Störmer
2442:Charpak
2422:Kendall
2406:Dehmelt
2374:Bednorz
2274:Glashow
2262:Penzias
2258:Kapitsa
2230:Richter
2203:A. Bohr
2179:Giaever
2159:Bardeen
2123:Alvarez
2107:Kastler
2099:Feynman
1979:Bardeen
1943:Zernike
1935:Purcell
1705:Compton
1650:N. Bohr
1539:Marconi
1471:Lorentz
1463:Röntgen
1445:of the
1204:4405993
1166:Bibcode
1106:Bibcode
924:Bibcode
786:D meson
518:photons
435:⁄
362:leptons
327:protons
233:of the
153:Physics
137:in 1995
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2887:Aspect
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2871:Parisi
2869:2021:
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2847:Queloz
2837:2019:
2827:Mourou
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2789:2016:
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2402:Ramsey
2400:1989:
2384:1988:
2378:Müller
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2366:Rohrer
2362:Binnig
2356:1986:
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1270:
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805:triton
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737:ν
719:μ
683:τ
665:τ
599:μ
455:lepton
445:, the
428:and a
387:, the
296:sodium
258:Russia
254:Polish
247:Jewish
169:(SLAC)
149:Fields
131:Awards
3582:2020s
3491:2010s
3430:2000s
3355:1990s
3248:1980s
3221:1970s
3146:1995
3015:Peace
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2466:Shull
2450:Hulse
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2175:Esaki
2151:Gabor
2115:Bethe
2079:Basov
2019:Segrè
2007:Frank
1967:Kusch
1955:Bothe
1931:Bloch
1860:Pauli
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1807:Fermi
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1733:Raman
1678:Hertz
1626:Stark
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1543:Braun
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979:(PDF)
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510:SPEAR
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2011:Tamm
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1951:Born
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