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In
Edgefield and Laurens counties, the total votes for Hampton exceeded the total number of registered voters. The election returns from these two counties were challenged by the state board of returns. Their contribution was critical, as Hampton had a victory margin of only 1100 votes statewide.
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or the "Shotgun Policy. It was also known in South
Carolina as the "Edgefield Plan" due to Gary's leadership in its design and implementation. It called for the bribery or intimidation of African-American Republican voters by local Democratic "rifle clubs" or "Red Shirts," formed ostensibly to
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government which obeyed the constitutional amendments and allowed the
African-American majority in the South Carolina population to have a say in the government, he became an outspoken racist. On one occasion he said "that the negro shall not become a part of the body politic, or from any
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received the hitherto contested votes of South
Carolina electors and was finally declared the winner of the contested United States presidential race. In return, he ordered the withdrawal of Federal troops from South Carolina and Louisiana, ending the formal Reconstruction era.
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at the
University of South Carolina in 1852 resulted in his withdrawal from the state college. The protesters demanded leave from compulsory participation in campus dining which was said to include wormy biscuits. He later returned to his studies and graduated from
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seat in 1877 and 1879. In addition, Hampton and his allies prevented Gary's candidacy in the gubernatorial election of 1880. Upon leaving the South
Carolina Senate in 1881, Gary returned to his family home in Cokesbury. He died there on April 9, and was buried in
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Gary's tactics helped
Hampton to win, as black Republican voting was deeply suppressed in Aiken and Edgefield counties. In addition, Hampton had expressed himself as a moderate with paternalistic interest in blacks and won their trust and votes in several areas.
211:, serving two terms. He fell out with Hampton after failing to get appointments to the U.S. Senate in 1877 and 1879, and left politics in 1881 after finishing his second term. He returned to his home in Cokesbury and died in April of that year.
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389:, urging him to seek the governorship in the upcoming election. Butler omitted the details of the violent campaign planned by Gary and others, and Hampton accepted. Two years later Gary claimed credit for convincing Hampton to run.
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attend campaign events and to ensure order at polling places. The Red Shirts conducted parades and rode openly at political gatherings with the overt goal of overturning the
Republicans.
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378:, who organized in 1874 to suppress black voting in the state. A manuscript of his "Plan of the Campaign of 1876" shows the level of detail and attention he gave to this project.
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481:
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433:, and was reelected in 1878. During his time in the State Senate, he became a vocal opponent of Governor Hampton because Hampton blocked his appointment to a
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Hampton's victory resulted from a deal between South
Carolina Democratic leaders and the national Republican Party. In April 1877 Republican candidate
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of
Hamptons Legion that had been mounted on March 11, 1864 and transferred from Longstreets Corps. The Brigade was transferred to the Cavalry Corps,
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website, 2010-2012, Papers of Martin Witherspoon Gary, South Caroliniana Library, Columbia, South Carolina, accessed 26 October 2014
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184:(March 25, 1831 – April 9, 1881) was an attorney, soldier, and politician from South Carolina. He attained the rank of
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After the war, Gary resumed his law practice in Edgefield and pursued a number of other business ventures. Fed up with the
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as governor, planning a detailed campaign to disrupt the Republican Party and black voters by violence and intimidation.
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It soon became apparent that Hampton did not support Gary's campaign plan, known as a modified version of the
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qualification either as to education or property, be allowed to vote in this country." Gary worked with white
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Melinda Meeks Hennessy, “Racial Violence During Reconstruction: The 1876 Riots in Charleston and Cainhoy”
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in 1854. In 1855, Gary was admitted to the bar in South Carolina and began practicing as a lawyer in
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Ehren K. Foley, "Sites of Violence: Cainhoy Riot," Citations: "Plan of the Campaign of 1876"
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Gary was first elected to office as a state representative in 1860. He was elected to the
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196:. He played a major leadership role in the 1876 Democratic political campaign to elect
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Hurrah for Hampton!: Black Red Shirts in South Carolina during Reconstruction
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575:"Edgefield County Historical Society spring meeting scheduled for Sunday"
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Democratic Party members of the South Carolina House of Representatives
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South Carolina Encyclopedia Biography of Martin Witherspoon Gary
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Hampton and His Red Shirts; South Carolina's Deliverance in 1876
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Compendium of the Confederate Armies: South Carolina and Georgia
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South Carolina Legislature Biography of Martin Witherspoon Gary
662:, Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press (published 2001),
337:. Instead he led 200 men of his brigade to escort President
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in January 1865, but Gary refused to surrender with General
599:
Wade Hampton: Confederate Warrior and Southern Redeemer
349:, where he ended his service as a Confederate soldier.
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through mid-1863 before being transferred to help the
19:"Martin Gary" redirects here. Not to be confused with
746:, Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press,
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Generals in Gray: Lives of the Confederate Commanders
287:. Hampton's Legion came under the command of General
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840:People of South Carolina in the American Civil War
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482:List of American Civil War generals (Confederate)
259:When South Carolina seceded in 1861, he joined
825:Democratic Party South Carolina state senators
321:until January 1865. It included the infantry
8:
835:Confederate States Army brigadier generals
425:Gary was elected to the state senate from
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25:
776:Works by or about Martin Witherspoon Gary
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764:. Walker, Evans & Cogswell Company.
680:Southern Hero: Matthew Calbraith Butler
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250:South Carolina House of Representatives
639:. University of South Carolina Press.
601:. University of North Carolina Press.
560:Vol. 86, No. 2, (April 1985), 104-106
408:Gary (top row, second from left) with
302:Back east, Gary was commissioned as a
815:People from Cokesbury, South Carolina
532:"The Great Biscuit Rebellion of 1852"
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519:South Carolina during Reconstruction
558:South Carolina Historical Magazine,
279:in the Legion and was promoted to
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850:19th-century American legislators
721:Reconstruction in South Carolina
620:. University of Arkansas Press.
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299:in the latter part of the year.
256:. His time in office was short.
248:Gary was elected in 1860 to the
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412:and Confederate officers, 1869.
385:wrote to his former commander,
16:American politician (1831–1881)
361:Martin Gary as a State Senator
227:in 1850. His participation in
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855:19th-century American lawyers
127:Confederate States of America
760:Williams, Alfred B. (1935).
374:groups, rifle clubs and the
345:, to his mother's house in
205:South Carolina State Senate
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724:. Negro University Press.
718:Reynolds, John S. (1969).
676:Martin, Samuel J. (2001).
343:Greensboro, North Carolina
18:
845:Harvard University alumni
699:Sifakis, Stewart (1995).
637:South Carolina: A History
616:Drago, Edmund L. (1998).
597:Andrew, Rod Jr. (2008).
460:American Civil War portal
327:Army of Northern Virginia
221:Cokesbury, South Carolina
209:Edgefield, South Carolina
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78:
55:
44:
35:
383:Matthew Calbraith Butler
283:when given control of a
269:First Battle of Manassas
660:Civil War High Commands
562:(subscription required)
381:In the summer of 1876,
229:Great Biscuit Rebellion
190:Confederate States Army
182:Martin Witherspoon Gary
145:Confederate States Army
30:Martin Witherspoon Gary
820:South Carolina lawyers
635:Edgar, Walter (1998).
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319:Department of Richmond
291:and was active in the
225:South Carolina College
544:Sifakis Page. 106-107
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353:Postbellum activities
341:and his cabinet from
215:Early life and career
50:South Carolina Senate
267:of infantry. At the
684:. Stackpole Books.
534:. 27 December 2015.
440:Tabernacle Cemetery
429:in 1876, defeating
293:battles of Virginia
513:2014-11-05 at the
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367:Radical Republican
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273:lieutenant colonel
194:American Civil War
753:978-0-8071-0823-9
703:. Facts on File.
669:978-0-8047-3641-1
654:Eicher, John H.;
608:978-0-8078-3193-9
304:brigadier general
297:Army of Tennessee
186:brigadier general
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160:Brigadier general
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860:Neo-Confederates
780:Internet Archive
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582:. March 6, 2019.
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394:Mississippi Plan
387:Wade Hampton III
317:was part of the
275:of the infantry
198:Wade Hampton III
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166:Battles/wars
93:(1881-04-09)
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21:Martín Garay
810:1881 deaths
805:1831 births
435:U.S. Senate
192:during the
68:Preceded by
799:Categories
591:References
376:Red Shirts
335:Appomattox
289:Longstreet
115:Allegiance
104:Democratic
347:Cokesbury
323:battalion
277:battalion
244:Civil War
238:Edgefield
170:Civil War
62:1876–1881
58:In office
742:(1959),
511:Archived
446:See also
285:regiment
219:Born in
778:at the
315:Brigade
311:brigade
308:cavalry
281:colonel
265:captain
234:Harvard
188:in the
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313:. The
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488:Notes
419:Hayes
339:Davis
306:of a
263:as a
252:as a
748:ISBN
726:ISBN
705:ISBN
686:ISBN
664:ISBN
641:ISBN
622:ISBN
603:ISBN
151:Rank
88:Died
333:at
331:Lee
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240:.
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