784:. Due to differing native tongues, it was difficult for French settlers to communicate with the enslaved Africans and vice versa, as well as for slaves of different ethnic origins to communicate between each other. As a result, they were forced to develop a new form of communication by relying on what they heard from their colonial enslavers and other slaves. According to Jesuit missionary Pierre Pelleprat, French settlers would change their way of speaking to a simpler form to be more accommodating to the enslaved people. For example, to say "I have not eaten" settlers would say "moi point manger" even though the proper French translation is "Je n'ai pas mangé". This simpler form of French, along with linguistic influences from other languages, eventually evolved into Antillean Creole.
321:
2392:
3808:
4290:
4304:
2699:
426:. Intercomprehension between these two groups is possible, but despite a large proportion of shared vocabulary and largely similar grammatical functioning, it is limited by varying key vocabulary and different words for basic grammar. Nevertheless, it is easy to begin to understand each other completely, as long as one of the two has a basic knowledge of the other's language.
36:
497:. Antillean Creole has approximately thirteen million speakers and is a means of communication for migrant populations traveling between neighboring English- and French-speaking territories. Since French is a Romance language, French Antillean Creole is considered to be one of Latin America’s languages by some linguists.
3644:. Its mutual intelligibility rate with other varieties of Antillean Creole is almost 100%. Its syntactic, grammatical and lexical features are virtually identical to that of Martinican Creole, but like its Saint Lucian counterpart, it has more English loanwords than the Martinican variety. People who speak
776:
Due to the influences from its origins, this creole has some distinctive linguistic features. Features of French included in Lesser
Antillean Creole include infinitive forms of verbs, the use of only the masculine noun forms, oblique pronouns, and its subject to verb word order. Features from African
772:
Antillean Creole began as the pidgin "baragouin" in 1635. It was spoken by French settlers, the
Africans they enslaved, and Aboriginal peoples that resided on the islands. It originated in the Guadeloupe and Martinique areas of the Lesser Antilles. It was not until 1700, when there was an increase in
2307:
There is some variation in orthography between the islands. In St. Lucia, Dominica and
Martinique 'dj' and 'tj' are used whereas in Guadeloupe 'gy' and 'ky' are used. These represent differences in pronunciations. Several words may be pronounced in various ways depending on the region:
773:
African influences, that this pidgin transitioned into the creole that it is today. The formation of this creole was influenced by many different dialects and languages. These include dialects of French, other
European languages, Carib (both Karina and Arawakan), and African languages.
777:
languages include their verbal marking system as well as providing a West-African substrate. Other features of this creole also include doubling to emphasize a sentence, the word "point" to inflect the negative, and the non-distinguished adverbs and adjectives.
588:, created to accomplish that with d'Esnambuc at its head. The company was not particularly successful, and Richelieu had it reorganised as the Compagnie des Îles de l'Amérique. In 1635, d'Esnambuc sailed to Martinique with 100 French settlers to clear land for
3717:
in
Grenada and was commonly heard as recently as 1930 when children in some rural areas could speak it. In the 21st century, it can be heard only among elderly speakers in a few small pockets of the country. They are becoming fewer and fewer because unlike
3677:
creoles, Saint Lucian French Creole combines a syntax of
African and Carib origin with a vocabulary primarily derived from French. The language can be considered to be mutually intelligible with French creoles of the Lesser Antilles and is related to
733:
In 1690, French woodcutters from
Martinique and Guadeloupe begin to set up timber camps to supply the French islands with wood and gradually become permanent settlers. France had a colony for several years and imported slaves from
2550:
Personal pronouns in
Antillean Creole are invariable so they do not inflect for case as in European languages such as French or English. This means that mwen, for example, can mean I, me or my; yo can mean they, them, their etc.
3790:
In 1797, Trinidad became a
British crown colony, with a French-speaking and Patois-speaking population. Today, Trinidadian French Creole can be found spoken in regional pockets among the elders, particularly in the villages of
667:
had little interest in colonial affairs, and the company languished. In 1651, it dissolved itself, selling its exploitation rights to various parties. The Du Paquet family bought
Martinique, Grenada and Saint Lucia for 60,000
3693:
Historically, French, or French Creole, was the language of the large majority of the inhabitants, enslaved Africans and estate owners. Though the new British administrators spoke English, French was still predominant.
756:
being their focus. Trinidad was perfect for its geographical location. Because Trinidad was considered underpopulated, Roume de St. Laurent, a Frenchman living in Grenada, was able to obtain a Cédula de Población from
606:, who inherited d'Esnambuc's authority over the French settlements in the Caribbean. Dyel du Parquet became governor of the island. He remained in Martinique and did not concern himself with the other islands.
3615:
Verbs in Creole are invariable and unlike French or English have no inflection to distinguish tenses. A series of particles placed before the verb indicate tense and aspect. There is no Subjunctive mood.
4902:
4324:
Ethnologue codes Guadeloupean Creole French (spoken in Guadeloupe and Martinique) and Saint Lucian Creole French (spoken in Dominica and Saint Lucia) distinctly, with the respective ISO 639-3 codes:
663:
received a 20-year extension of its charter. The king would name the governor general of the company, and the company would name the governors of the various islands. However, by the late 1640s,
745:
as an official language, but Antillean Creole is still spoken as a secondary language because of Dominica's location between the French-speaking departments of Guadeloupe and Martinique.
625:(now Fort-de-France) on Martinique was a major port for French battle ships in the region from which the French were able to explore the region. In 1638, Dyel du Parquet decided to have
3767:. French planters and the Africans they enslaved, free coloureds and mulattos, from the French Antilles of Martinique, Grenada, Guadeloupe and Dominica, migrated to Trinidad during the
764:
Trinidad's population jumped to over 15,000 by the end of 1789, from just under 1,400 in 1777. In 1797, Trinidad became a British crown colony, despite its French-speaking population.
82:
629:
built to protect the city against enemy attacks. From Fort Royal, Martinique, Du Parquet proceeded south in search for new territories, established the first settlement in
4895:
4426:
5597:
5523:
530:; though they are officially English-speaking, there are efforts to preserve the use of Antillean Creole, as there are in Trinidad and Tobago and its neighbour,
4888:
741:
France formally ceded possession of Dominica to Great Britain in 1763. The latter established a small colony on the island in 1805. As a result, Dominica uses
3624:
The vocabulary of Antillean Creole is based mostly on French, with many contributions from West African languages, Spanish, English and Amerindian languages.
534:. In recent decades, Creole has gone from being seen as a sign of lower socio-economic status, banned in school playgrounds, to a mark of national pride.
2662:'ou' and 'li' are used after nouns ending in a consonant and 'w' and 'y' after nouns ending in a vowel. All other possessive adjectives are invariable.
5592:
5577:
5552:
660:
5602:
4670:
2540:
m, ng, and n are contracted forms of mwen which occur before certain verb particles: Mwen pa → m'a, mwen ka → ng'a or n'a mwen kay → ng'ay or n'ay
730:, or Kalinago people. Over time, more settled there after they had been driven from surrounding islands, as European powers entered the region.
4474:
3685:
It is still widely spoken in Saint Lucia. In the mid-19th century, migrants took the language with them to Panama, where it is now moribund.
1926:
1123:
1081:
537:
Since the 1970s, there has been a literary revival of Creole in the French-speaking islands of the Lesser Antilles, with writers such as
1631:
1058:
320:
4772:
592:
3648:
can also understand Dominican Creole French. Even though there are a number of distinctive features, they are mutually intelligible.
5587:
5557:
4567:
4402:
726:), on 3 November 1493. In the 100 years after Columbus's landing, Dominica remained isolated. At the time, it was inhabited by the
2737:
the nouns they modify, in contrast to French. The final syllable of the preceding word determines which is used with which nouns.
2391:
1120:
only occurs on islands wherein French is an official language. Otherwise, where the uvular r would occur where other dialects use
5582:
5572:
2353:
1850:
1400:
996:
901:
673:
3655:
Creoles, Dominican French Creole combines a syntax of African and Carib origin with a vocabulary primarily derived from French.
2040:
1469:
1204:
982:
293:
5562:
2358:
2341:
2324:
2250:
2064:
1227:
4679:
1561:
1448:
1040:
946:
626:
585:
379:
184:
5439:
4805:
5567:
5347:
5300:
4789:
4663:
2288:
2116:
1871:
1802:
1213:
1026:
989:
701:
494:
486:
4332:. However, it notes that their rate of comprehension is 90%, which would qualify them as dialects of a single language.
2537:
Mon is used in Dominica and in Grenada #man is used in Martinique. An is used in Guadeloupe, but less so in the latter.
5099:
4704:
2370:
2140:
2090:
1778:
1537:
1234:
1181:
1066:
1012:
557:
5193:
5178:
3663:
2216:
2005:
1950:
1826:
1728:
1250:
1074:
894:
887:
239:
5341:
2336:
1895:
1611:
1033:
907:
758:
705:
415:
3787:, etc. Trinidad's population, which numbered less than 1,400 in 1777, soared to over 15,000 by the end of 1789.
2165:
1190:
565:
303:
269:
61:
640:
Despite the long history of British rule, Grenada's French heritage is still evident by the number of French
5141:
4959:
4954:
4911:
4735:
4730:
4656:
3697:
3637:
2319:
1586:
1424:
1376:
1115:
939:
932:
916:
645:
603:
231:
3176:
Note that in Guadeloupean Creole there is no agreement of sounds between the noun and definite article and
5405:
5330:
5129:
4767:
4709:
2378:
2350:
2333:
2316:
1753:
1517:
1129:
1106:
1005:
952:
815:
810:
572:
in 1635. Belain sailed to the Caribbean in 1625, hoping to establish a French settlement on the island of
490:
482:
78:
4648:
602:, where he soon died prematurely in 1636, leaving the company and Martinique in the hands of his nephew,
5529:
5416:
5305:
5212:
4694:
3670:. Its syntactic, grammatical and lexical features are virtually identical to that of Martinican Creole.
1680:
1656:
850:
843:
610:
718:, about halfway between the French islands of Guadeloupe (to the north) and Martinique (to the south).
5496:
5426:
5399:
5295:
5036:
4777:
3760:
2376:
2368:
2286:
2248:
2214:
1493:
1121:
1113:
961:
719:
5485:
5315:
5173:
5135:
4964:
4750:
697:
693:
689:
546:
538:
515:
466:
454:
446:
221:
155:
4937:
4277:
Konpè Kochon said, "But, Konpè, you're too foolish! You mean to tell me you can grow yams there?"
4240:
Konpè Lapen di'y, "Dé ti twou yanm ng'a (mwen ka) fouyé bay ich mwen pou mwen bay ich mwen manjé."
5458:
5114:
5076:
5007:
4974:
4851:
4821:
4420:
4162:
3745:
1704:
861:
805:
738:, Martinique and Guadeloupe to work on its plantations. The Antillean Creole language developed.
653:
581:
3807:
3700:
is a variety of Antillean Creole French. In Grenada and among Grenadians, it is referred to as
5450:
5285:
5153:
5104:
4997:
4987:
4841:
4831:
4745:
4740:
4573:
4563:
4535:
4470:
4408:
4398:
3768:
1020:
926:
830:
820:
715:
399:
279:
235:
4466:
2659:
Possessive adjectives are placed after the noun; kay mwen 'my house', manman'w 'your mother'
1100:
This sound occurs on islands where the official language is English in certain loanwords e.g
5491:
5445:
5421:
5370:
5365:
5353:
5230:
5158:
5002:
4992:
4846:
4836:
4762:
4527:
4309:
4295:
2723:
742:
664:
649:
419:
395:
5479:
5411:
5381:
5280:
5203:
5183:
5163:
5109:
5017:
4926:
4213:
4199:
4185:
4171:
4155:
4134:
4118:
4097:
4083:
4074:
4059:
4046:
4030:
4014:
3993:
3978:
3962:
3950:
3935:
3917:
3908:
3899:
3884:
3866:
3848:
3830:
3753:
3706:
1288:
1198:
837:
825:
781:
614:
511:
423:
387:
383:
174:
127:
5071:
5516:
5335:
5325:
5240:
5168:
5119:
5066:
5054:
5049:
5043:
5026:
4982:
4880:
4826:
4757:
4611:
4146:
4037:
3969:
3679:
3645:
2909:
2825:
2741:
2727:
1221:
669:
391:
2543:
w and y occur after a vowel: Nonm-lan wè i → Nonm-lan wè'y, Koumonon ou? → Koumonon'w?
261:
5546:
5320:
5147:
5081:
5061:
4459:
4440:
3772:
3714:
3186:
Like the definite article this is placed after the noun. It varies widely by region.
1276:
1163:
976:
881:
752:, the Spanish possessed the island but contributed little towards advancements, with
727:
681:
501:
462:
332:
87:
51:
4638:
4272:
Konpè Lapen told him, "I am digging a few holes to plant yams to feed my children."
2710:("Entrance to the little shop at rue Brion"). Postposition of the definite article (
722:
named the island after the day of the week on which he spotted it, a Sunday (Latin:
500:
In a number of countries (including Dominica, Grenada, St. Lucia, Trinidad, Brazil (
5310:
5188:
5124:
2733:
In Creole, there are five definite articles (la, lan, a, an, nan) which are placed
609:
The French permanently settled on Martinique and Guadeloupe after being driven off
71:
2698:
584:
to establish French colonies in the region. Richelieu became a shareholder in the
17:
549:
has written theoretically and poetically about its significance and its history.
5433:
5245:
5235:
4869:
3667:
2987:
2829:
2267:
2233:
2199:
2185:
1319:
1303:
1294:
1271:
1175:
1158:
1050:
735:
685:
630:
527:
434:
147:
4623:
Konpè Lapen mandé on favè = Konpè Lapen asks a favor: a Saint Lucian folk tale.
4303:
3734:, Grenada does not have Kwéyòl-speaking neighbours to keep the language alive.
5393:
5264:
5258:
5251:
4374:
4369:
4360:
4355:
4346:
4341:
4285:
4125:
4109:
4021:
4005:
3784:
3731:
3727:
3067:
2905:
2745:
2703:
2375:
whereas in Guadeloupe and Martinique it represents the more French-like sound
1311:
1281:
1242:
1168:
677:
622:
573:
569:
542:
450:
442:
135:
131:
4591:
4577:
4539:
4515:
4412:
485:). It is also spoken in various Creole-speaking immigrant communities in the
5224:
4531:
3719:
3674:
3652:
1915:
1351:
971:
876:
753:
641:
599:
589:
561:
531:
470:
254:
207:
4249:
Konpè Kochon di, "Mé, Konpè, ou kouyon, wi! Ou vlé di mwen sa kay fè yanm?"
3752:) of Trinidad spoken by descendants of the French Creole migrants from the
478:
2676:
The indefinite article is placed before the noun and can be pronounced as
244:
226:
216:
3780:
3764:
3723:
3641:
749:
711:
633:
in 1643 and headed an expedition that established a French settlement in
523:
458:
411:
311:
299:
139:
5218:
3796:
3792:
3776:
871:
634:
519:
438:
307:
143:
115:
5387:
5375:
5358:
5092:
4784:
4699:
4557:
4392:
4231:
Pwenmyé ki pasé sé Konpè Kochon. I di, "Konpè Lapen, sa ou ka fè la?"
4225:
Below are samples of St. Lucian Creole French taken from a folktale.
3749:
3709:
577:
506:
474:
4642:
5290:
5087:
5031:
3806:
2697:
2390:
1977:
430:
319:
151:
4247:
4238:
4229:
2367:
The letter 'r' in St. Lucia and Dominica represents the English
1101:
356:
343:
326:
4884:
4652:
780:
The language emerged in a context of plantation slavery in the
29:
410:
There are two main geographical and linguistic groups in the
3763:
of 1783 laid the foundation and growth of the population of
1343:
1145:
429:
Antillean Creole is spoken natively, to varying degrees, in
2730:
whose article are more similar but have "nan" in addition.
3682:, which has nonetheless a number of distinctive features.
310:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
2546:
li occurs after consonants: Ou konnèt i? → Ou konnèt li?
648:
and the French-style buildings, cuisine and placenames (
4639:
Antillean Creole Swadesh list of basic vocabulary words
598:
After six months on Martinique, d'Esnambuc returned to
510:. It has historically been spoken in nearly all of the
3737:
Additionally, the language is not taught in schools.
1128:. Furthermore, this sound is usually pronounced as a
4559:
Lesser Antillean French Creole and universal grammar
4447:, SIL International, Fifteenth edition. Dallas, Tex.
4394:
Lesser Antillean french creole and universal grammar
5472:
5273:
5202:
5016:
4973:
4945:
4936:
4919:
4862:
4814:
4798:
4718:
4687:
3771:. The immigrants establishing local communities of
3074:, but this form is rare and is usually replaced by
564:who established the first permanent French colony,
278:
268:
252:
205:
200:
171:
161:
123:
109:
4562:. Department of Linguistics, Göteborg University.
4458:
522:. Conversely, it is widely used on the islands of
386:. Its grammar and vocabulary include elements of
77:for phonetic transcriptions, with an appropriate
504:) and Venezuela) the language is referred to as
4516:"The Origins of Lesser Antillean French Creole"
2665:Kaz ou - Your house, Kouto'w - Your knife
248: – San Miguel Creole French (Panama)
4896:
4664:
4255:An English translation from the same source:
3860:(shortened version of "Si ou plé / Si'w plé")
3811:Road sign in residential area in Guadeloupe.
2668:Madanm li - His wife, Sésé'y - Her sister
714:is a former French and British colony in the
514:, but its number of speakers has declined in
8:
4425:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
4356:Dominican Creole / Martinican / Saint Lucian
2399:, "Happy to see you" (from the French words
1132:and is much softer than the European French
362:
349:
336:
5524:varieties with more than 5 million speakers
3726:, which lie close to the French islands of
4942:
4903:
4889:
4881:
4671:
4657:
4649:
4625:1985. Vieux-Fort, Saint Lucia: SIL. 10 p.
560:was a French trader and adventurer in the
274:51-AAC-cc (varieties: 51-AAC-cca to -cck)
106:
3262:
3188:
3080:
2996:
2918:
2838:
2754:
2553:
2406:
1973:
1347:
1262:
1149:
796:
4612:Ethnologue report for language code:acf
4465:. University of Chicago Press. p.
4317:
2726:where article are always "la", and for
304:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
4520:Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages
4418:
4509:
4507:
4505:
4503:
4501:
4499:
4497:
4495:
4439:Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.), 2005.
4212:
4198:
4184:
4170:
4154:
4133:
4117:
4096:
4082:
4073:
4058:
4045:
4029:
4013:
3992:
3977:
3961:
3949:
3934:
3916:
3907:
3898:
3883:
3865:
3847:
3829:
3813:Slow down. Children are playing here.
1049:
1010:
1003:
970:
870:
836:
576:(St. Kitts). In 1626, he returned to
117:kreyòl, kréyòl, kréyol, kwéyòl, patwa
7:
4551:
4549:
4461:Zouk: world music in the West Indies
3640:is the generally-spoken language in
3581:The children have not already done
2395:Welcome sign in Martinican Creole:
27:French-based creole of the Antilles
5528:Languages between parentheses are
4445:Ethnologue: Languages of the World
3552:Albert had not just gone gone out
704:and then sold them in 1665 to the
67:for transliterated languages, and
47:of its non-English content, using
25:
4592:"The Creole Language of Dominica"
4370:San Miguel Creole French (Panama)
2708:Ti boutik-la ouvè kòté Lari Bryon
2357:
2352:
2340:
2335:
2323:
2318:
2266:
2232:
2198:
2164:
2139:
2115:
2089:
2063:
2039:
2004:
1949:
1925:
1894:
1870:
1849:
1825:
1801:
1777:
1752:
1727:
1703:
1679:
1655:
1630:
1610:
1585:
1560:
1536:
1516:
1492:
1468:
1447:
1423:
1399:
1375:
1318:
1302:
1293:
1249:
1233:
1226:
1212:
1203:
1189:
1180:
1080:
1073:
1065:
1057:
1039:
1032:
1025:
1011:
1004:
995:
988:
981:
960:
951:
945:
938:
931:
915:
906:
900:
893:
886:
860:
849:
842:
5593:Languages of Trinidad and Tobago
5553:French-based pidgins and creoles
4302:
4288:
4259:First to pass was Konpè Kochon (
706:Compagnie des Indes occidentales
661:Compagnie des Îles de l'Amérique
382:that is primarily spoken in the
34:
5603:French language in the Americas
4391:Erland., Gadelii, Karl (1997).
4178:Girlfriend (or female relative)
2722:This exemples doesn't work for
2262:(when not followed by a vowel)
2228:(when not followed by a vowel)
2194:(when not followed by a vowel)
5532:of the language on their left.
4556:Gadelii, Karl Erland. (1997).
4514:Wylie, Jonathan (1995-01-01).
4267:), what are you doing there?"
3606:Y'all had not already started
3603:Hò/zot potoko/pokote koumansé
3583:The children had not yet done
580:, where he won the support of
83:multilingual support templates
1:
5598:Subject–verb–object languages
5578:Languages of Îles des Saintes
4680:French-based creole languages
4397:. Department of linguistics.
1984:Antillean Creole orthography
1358:Antillean Creole orthography
586:Compagnie de Saint-Christophe
4457:Guilbault, Jocelyne (1993).
4192:Boyfriend (or male relative)
1095:
495:Collectivity of Saint Martin
487:United States Virgin Islands
167:(13 million cited 1998–2001)
3295:Preterite/ Present Perfect
708:, formed one year earlier.
116:
5619:
4263:). He said, "Konpè Lapen (
3664:Saint Lucian Creole French
3659:Saint Lucian Creole French
3608:Y'all had not started yet
3600:Y'all had already started
2401:content, voir, vous-autres
324:Sign in Martinican Creole:
5507:
3746:Trinidadian French Creole
3741:Trinidadian French Creole
3572:The children already did
3546:Albert had just gone out
3530:I have not just gone out
3159:
3154:
3133:
3128:
3107:
3102:
2687:On chapo, Yon wavèt
2184:
1976:
1914:
1748:
1350:
1209:
1019:
975:
925:
880:
829:
824:
819:
809:
804:
801:
799:
759:King Charles III of Spain
290:
114:
5588:Languages of Saint Lucia
5558:Creoles of the Caribbean
4682:and pidgins by continent
3575:Sé timanmay-la p'òkò fè
2904:If the last sound is an
2824:If the last sound is an
2740:If the last sound is an
2690:An moun, Yan tòti
558:Pierre Belain d'Esnambuc
545:employing the language.
5583:Languages of Martinique
5573:Languages of Guadeloupe
4912:Gallo-Romance languages
4532:10.1075/jpcl.10.1.04wyl
4380:(subscription required)
4366:(subscription required)
4352:(subscription required)
4248:
4239:
4230:
3698:Grenadian Creole French
3689:Grenadian Creole French
3638:Dominican Creole French
3633:Dominican Creole French
3577:Sé timanmay-la pò'ò fè
3066:If the last sound is a
2283:No English equivalent;
2245:No English equivalent;
2211:No English equivalent;
1102:
604:Jacques Dyel du Parquet
376:Lesser Antillean Creole
357:
344:
327:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4253:
4244:
4235:
4206:(To) engage in a fight
4098:[ajobɔdlɑ̃mɛa]
3979:[lapliaptɔ̃be]
3951:[laplikatɔ̃be]
3815:
3666:is commonly spoken in
3597:Hò/zot té ja koumansé
3453:Y'all were not eating
3183:Demonstrative article
3180:is used for all nouns
2908:and is preceded by an
2744:and is preceded by an
2719:
2555:Possessive Adjectives
2404:
1993:English approximation
1367:English approximation
723:
618:
491:British Virgin Islands
483:El Callao Municipality
406:Geographical situation
368:
363:
350:
337:
292:This article contains
5563:Languages of Dominica
5522:A star (*) indicates
5417:Poitevin-Saintongeais
5348:Labrador Inuit Pidgin
4643:Swadesh list appendix
4441:Languages of Dominica
4275:
4270:
4257:
4245:
4236:
4227:
3810:
3569:Sé timanmay-la ja fè
2986:If a word ends in a
2828:and is preceded by a
2701:
2394:
611:Saint Kitts and Nevis
323:
4214:[ɡumeepimun]
4172:[mɑ̃sɑ̃fute]
4119:[akazɑ̃mwɛ̃]
3963:[laplikabat]
3936:[ɛskizemwɛ̃]
3929:(from "excusez-moi")
3761:Cedula of Population
3748:is a French Creole (
3485:They would not like
3327:Present Progressive
761:on 4 November 1783.
720:Christopher Columbus
81:. Knowledge (XXG)'s
45:specify the language
43:This article should
5568:Languages of France
4975:Bourbonnais Creoles
4641:(from Wiktionary's
4342:Guadeloupean Creole
4135:[lakajmwɛ̃]
4092:– Ay (o)bòdlanmè-a
3986:Today is a nice day
3954:, or Lapli ka bat'
3918:[mɛsiɑ̃ʃaj]
3912:, or Mèsi an chay'
3900:[mɛsiɑ̃pil]
3892:Thank you very much
3450:Zòt pa té ka manjé
3411:Past/ Past Perfect
3265:
3190:
2556:
2409:
2000:(or à before an n)
1265:
1152:
568:, on the island of
516:Trinidad and Tobago
467:Trinidad and Tobago
380:French-based creole
222:Guadeloupean Creole
156:Trinidad and Tobago
4090:Going to the beach
4052:often shortened to
4047:[sakapfɛt]
4000:How are you ?
3994:[ʒɔdiabɛl]
3909:[mɛsiɑ̃lo]
3816:
3803:Example vocabulary
3713:. It was once the
3549:Albè té sòti sòti
3543:Albè té sòti sòti
3524:I've just arrived
3499:An té kay/ké pran
3479:Yo pa té ké enmen
3447:Y'all were eating
3348:I wasn't speaking
3263:
3189:
2720:
2672:Indefinite article
2554:
2408:Personal Pronouns
2407:
2405:
1263:
1150:
654:Martinique Channel
621:) by the British.
582:Cardinal Richelieu
369:
18:Martiniquan Creole
5540:
5539:
5517:extinct languages
5473:Francoprovencalic
5468:
5467:
5451:Wisconsin Walloon
4878:
4877:
4476:978-0-226-31041-1
4378:(18th ed., 2015)
4364:(18th ed., 2015)
4350:(18th ed., 2015)
4208:- Goumé épi moun
4106:- Akaz (an) mwen
4060:[sakafɛt]
3966:, Lapli ap tonbé
3945:– Lapli ka tonbé
3775:, Champs Fleurs,
3769:French Revolution
3613:
3612:
3527:Man pa sòti rive
3481:Yo pa té'é enmen
3441:Progressive Past
3382:Immediate Future
3261:
3260:
3174:
3173:
3084:Antillean Creole
3064:
3063:
3000:Antillean Creole
2984:
2983:
2922:Antillean Creole
2902:
2901:
2842:Antillean Creole
2822:
2821:
2758:Antillean Creole
2724:Guadeloupe Creole
2657:
2656:
2569:Iles des Saintes
2534:
2533:
2304:
2303:
2297:
2296:
1970:
1969:
1335:
1334:
1328:
1327:
1259:
1258:
1134:⟨r⟩
1090:
1089:
716:Eastern Caribbean
416:Caribbean Islands
400:African languages
361:("the sea", from
318:
317:
300:rendering support
296:phonetic symbols.
105:
104:
85:may also be used.
16:(Redirected from
5610:
5486:Franco-Provençal
5482:/Faetar-Cigliàje
5371:Louisiana French
5366:Louisiana Creole
5179:Saint-Barthélemy
4947:Antillean Creole
4943:
4905:
4898:
4891:
4882:
4673:
4666:
4659:
4650:
4626:
4620:
4614:
4609:
4603:
4602:
4600:
4598:
4588:
4582:
4581:
4553:
4544:
4543:
4511:
4490:
4489:
4484:
4483:
4464:
4454:
4448:
4437:
4431:
4430:
4424:
4416:
4388:
4382:
4381:
4367:
4353:
4339:
4333:
4322:
4312:
4310:Languages portal
4307:
4306:
4298:
4296:Caribbean portal
4293:
4292:
4291:
4251:
4242:
4233:
4216:
4211:
4202:
4197:
4188:
4186:[mɑ̃zɛl]
4183:
4174:
4169:
4159:, Man san fouté
4158:
4156:[mpakjɛ]
4153:
4137:
4132:
4121:
4116:
4100:
4095:
4086:
4081:
4077:
4072:
4062:
4057:
4049:
4044:
4033:
4028:
4017:
4012:
3996:
3991:
3981:
3976:
3965:
3960:
3953:
3948:
3938:
3933:
3920:
3915:
3911:
3906:
3902:
3897:
3887:
3882:
3869:
3864:
3851:
3849:[saidia]
3846:
3833:
3828:
3824:(from "bonjour")
3505:An pa té kay/ké
3476:They would like
3444:Zòt té ka manjé
3394:Mwen pa kay alé
3391:I'm going to go
3368:Ou pé ké ay/alé
3339:Mwen pa ka palé
3266:
3257:that/this table
3191:
3081:
2997:
2919:
2839:
2755:
2694:Definite article
2678:on, an, yon, yan
2557:
2410:
2382:
2374:
2363:
2361:
2356:
2346:
2344:
2339:
2329:
2327:
2322:
2292:
2270:
2254:
2236:
2220:
2202:
2168:
2143:
2119:
2093:
2067:
2043:
2008:
1974:
1953:
1929:
1898:
1874:
1853:
1829:
1805:
1781:
1756:
1731:
1707:
1683:
1659:
1634:
1614:
1589:
1564:
1540:
1520:
1496:
1472:
1451:
1427:
1403:
1379:
1348:
1344:
1322:
1306:
1297:
1266:
1253:
1237:
1230:
1216:
1207:
1193:
1184:
1153:
1146:
1135:
1127:
1119:
1108:
1105:
1099:
1084:
1077:
1069:
1061:
1043:
1036:
1029:
1015:
1008:
999:
992:
985:
964:
955:
949:
942:
935:
919:
910:
904:
897:
890:
864:
853:
846:
797:
768:Origin of creole
698:Saint Barthélemy
694:Knights of Malta
665:Cardinal Mazarin
650:Petit Martinique
646:Grenadian Creole
627:Fort Saint Louis
619:Saint-Christophe
547:Édouard Glissant
539:Raphaël Confiant
455:Saint-Barthélemy
447:Îles des Saintes
420:Greater Antilles
372:Antillean Creole
366:
360:
353:
347:
340:
338:de l'eau de coco
330:
286:
264:
247:
232:Dominican Creole
229:
219:
210:
190:Antillean Creole
177:
119:
110:Antillean Creole
107:
100:
97:
91:
76:
70:
66:
60:
56:
50:
38:
37:
30:
21:
5618:
5617:
5613:
5612:
5611:
5609:
5608:
5607:
5543:
5542:
5541:
5536:
5535:
5503:
5464:
5382:Moselle Romance
5342:Karipúna Creole
5269:
5198:
5110:Franco-Ontarian
5012:
4969:
4932:
4927:Canadian French
4915:
4909:
4879:
4874:
4858:
4810:
4794:
4714:
4705:Petit Mauresque
4683:
4677:
4635:
4630:
4629:
4621:
4617:
4610:
4606:
4596:
4594:
4590:
4589:
4585:
4570:
4555:
4554:
4547:
4513:
4512:
4493:
4481:
4479:
4477:
4456:
4455:
4451:
4438:
4434:
4417:
4405:
4390:
4389:
4385:
4379:
4368:
4365:
4354:
4351:
4340:
4336:
4323:
4319:
4308:
4301:
4294:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4223:
4209:
4195:
4181:
4167:
4151:
4130:
4114:
4093:
4079:
4070:
4067:Brother, Sister
4055:
4042:
4031:[saufɛ]
4026:
4015:[kaufɛ]
4010:
3989:
3974:
3958:
3946:
3943:Rain is falling
3931:
3913:
3904:
3895:
3880:
3867:[suple]
3862:
3844:
3831:[bonʒu]
3826:
3805:
3754:French Antilles
3743:
3691:
3673:Like the other
3661:
3651:Like the other
3635:
3630:
3622:
3508:I would not go
3470:Yo té ké enmen
3429:We hadn't said
3424:
3400:I am not going
3341:Mwen pa'a palé
3312:He hasn't come
3310:He didn't come
3292:
3068:nasal consonant
2702:Creole sign in
2696:
2674:
2389:
2305:
1341:
1336:
1143:
1133:
1130:velar fricative
1093:
875:
814:
795:
790:
782:French Antilles
770:
600:St. Christopher
574:St. Christopher
555:
512:Lesser Antilles
424:Lesser Antilles
408:
384:Lesser Antilles
374:(also known as
355:
342:
335:", from French
325:
298:Without proper
284:
260:
243:
242:
225:
224:
215:
214:
206:
196:
178:
175:Language family
173:
164:
163:Native speakers
128:French Antilles
101:
95:
92:
86:
74:
68:
64:
62:transliteration
58:
54:
48:
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5616:
5614:
5606:
5605:
5600:
5595:
5590:
5585:
5580:
5575:
5570:
5565:
5560:
5555:
5545:
5544:
5538:
5537:
5534:
5533:
5526:
5520:
5509:
5508:
5505:
5504:
5502:
5501:
5500:
5499:
5494:
5483:
5476:
5474:
5470:
5469:
5466:
5465:
5463:
5462:
5455:
5454:
5453:
5443:
5436:
5431:
5430:
5429:
5424:
5414:
5409:
5402:
5397:
5390:
5385:
5378:
5373:
5368:
5363:
5362:
5361:
5351:
5344:
5339:
5336:Haitian Creole
5333:
5328:
5323:
5318:
5313:
5308:
5306:Burundi Pidgin
5303:
5298:
5293:
5288:
5283:
5277:
5275:
5271:
5270:
5268:
5267:
5262:
5255:
5248:
5243:
5238:
5233:
5228:
5221:
5216:
5208:
5206:
5200:
5199:
5197:
5196:
5191:
5186:
5181:
5176:
5171:
5166:
5161:
5156:
5151:
5144:
5139:
5132:
5127:
5122:
5117:
5112:
5107:
5102:
5097:
5096:
5095:
5090:
5079:
5074:
5069:
5064:
5059:
5058:
5057:
5052:
5041:
5040:
5039:
5034:
5023:
5021:
5014:
5013:
5011:
5010:
5005:
5000:
4995:
4990:
4985:
4979:
4977:
4971:
4970:
4968:
4967:
4962:
4957:
4951:
4949:
4940:
4934:
4933:
4931:
4930:
4923:
4921:
4917:
4916:
4910:
4908:
4907:
4900:
4893:
4885:
4876:
4875:
4873:
4872:
4866:
4864:
4860:
4859:
4857:
4856:
4855:
4854:
4849:
4844:
4839:
4834:
4829:
4818:
4816:
4812:
4811:
4809:
4808:
4802:
4800:
4796:
4795:
4793:
4792:
4787:
4782:
4781:
4780:
4770:
4765:
4760:
4755:
4754:
4753:
4748:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4722:
4720:
4716:
4715:
4713:
4712:
4707:
4702:
4697:
4695:Burundi Pidgin
4691:
4689:
4685:
4684:
4678:
4676:
4675:
4668:
4661:
4653:
4647:
4646:
4634:
4633:External links
4631:
4628:
4627:
4615:
4604:
4583:
4568:
4545:
4491:
4475:
4449:
4432:
4403:
4383:
4334:
4316:
4315:
4314:
4313:
4299:
4283:
4280:
4222:
4219:
4218:
4217:
4203:
4189:
4175:
4138:
4101:
4087:
4064:
4034:, Sa kap fèt?
3997:
3983:
3940:
3927:– Eskizé mwen
3922:
3894:– Mèsi an pil
3889:
3885:[mɛsi]
3878:(from "merci")
3871:
3853:
3835:
3804:
3801:
3742:
3739:
3690:
3687:
3680:Haitian Creole
3660:
3657:
3646:Haitian Creole
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3621:
3618:
3611:
3610:
3604:
3601:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3592:potoko/pokote
3590:
3586:
3585:
3579:
3573:
3570:
3567:
3564:
3558:
3554:
3553:
3550:
3547:
3544:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3532:
3531:
3528:
3525:
3522:
3521:Man sòti rivé
3519:
3516:
3514:
3510:
3509:
3506:
3503:
3500:
3497:
3494:
3491:
3487:
3486:
3483:
3477:
3474:
3472:Yo té'é enmen
3468:
3465:
3462:
3455:
3454:
3451:
3448:
3445:
3442:
3439:
3436:
3432:
3431:
3427:We didn't say
3425:
3421:
3415:
3412:
3409:
3406:
3402:
3401:
3398:
3392:
3389:
3383:
3380:
3377:
3373:
3372:
3369:
3366:
3363:
3360:
3357:
3354:
3350:
3349:
3346:
3337:
3336:I am speaking
3334:
3328:
3325:
3319:
3315:
3314:
3308:
3305:
3299:
3296:
3293:
3289:
3285:
3284:
3282:
3280:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3270:
3259:
3258:
3255:
3249:
3246:
3242:
3241:
3240:that/this guy
3238:
3232:
3229:
3225:
3224:
3223:that/this car
3221:
3215:
3209:
3205:
3204:
3201:
3198:
3197:Demonstrative
3195:
3172:
3171:
3162:
3161:
3158:
3153:
3144:
3143:
3136:
3135:
3132:
3127:
3120:
3119:
3110:
3109:
3106:
3101:
3092:
3091:
3088:
3085:
3062:
3061:
3058:
3053:
3044:
3043:
3040:
3035:
3026:
3025:
3022:
3017:
3008:
3007:
3004:
3001:
2982:
2981:
2978:
2973:
2966:
2965:
2962:
2957:
2948:
2947:
2944:
2939:
2930:
2929:
2926:
2923:
2910:oral consonant
2900:
2899:
2896:
2891:
2884:
2883:
2880:
2875:
2868:
2867:
2864:
2859:
2850:
2849:
2846:
2843:
2826:oral consonant
2820:
2819:
2816:
2811:
2802:
2801:
2798:
2793:
2784:
2783:
2780:
2775:
2766:
2765:
2762:
2759:
2742:oral consonant
2728:haitian creole
2695:
2692:
2673:
2670:
2655:
2654:
2651:
2648:
2645:
2641:
2640:
2637:
2634:
2631:
2627:
2626:
2623:
2620:
2617:
2613:
2612:
2609:
2606:
2603:
2602:his, her, its
2599:
2598:
2595:
2592:
2589:
2585:
2584:
2581:
2578:
2575:
2571:
2570:
2567:
2564:
2561:
2548:
2547:
2544:
2541:
2538:
2532:
2531:
2528:
2525:
2522:
2519:
2515:
2514:
2511:
2508:
2505:
2502:
2498:
2497:
2494:
2491:
2488:
2485:
2481:
2480:
2477:
2474:
2471:
2468:
2464:
2463:
2460:
2457:
2454:
2451:
2447:
2446:
2443:
2440:
2437:
2434:
2430:
2429:
2426:
2420:
2417:
2414:
2388:
2385:
2365:
2364:
2347:
2330:
2313:
2302:
2301:
2295:
2294:
2281:
2271:
2264:
2257:
2256:
2243:
2237:
2230:
2223:
2222:
2209:
2203:
2196:
2189:
2188:
2182:
2181:
2175:
2169:
2162:
2158:
2157:
2150:
2144:
2137:
2133:
2132:
2128:roughly like l
2126:
2120:
2113:
2109:
2108:
2101:
2094:
2087:
2083:
2082:
2075:
2068:
2061:
2057:
2056:
2050:
2044:
2037:
2033:
2032:
2026:
2009:
2002:
1995:
1994:
1991:
1988:
1985:
1981:
1980:
1971:
1968:
1967:
1961:
1954:
1947:
1943:
1942:
1936:
1930:
1923:
1919:
1918:
1912:
1911:
1905:
1899:
1892:
1888:
1887:
1881:
1875:
1868:
1864:
1863:
1860:
1854:
1847:
1843:
1842:
1836:
1830:
1823:
1819:
1818:
1812:
1806:
1799:
1795:
1794:
1788:
1782:
1774:
1773:
1763:
1757:
1750:
1746:
1745:
1738:
1732:
1725:
1721:
1720:
1714:
1708:
1701:
1697:
1696:
1690:
1684:
1677:
1673:
1672:
1666:
1660:
1653:
1649:
1648:
1641:
1635:
1628:
1624:
1623:
1621:
1615:
1608:
1604:
1603:
1596:
1590:
1583:
1579:
1578:
1571:
1565:
1558:
1554:
1553:
1547:
1541:
1534:
1530:
1529:
1527:
1521:
1514:
1510:
1509:
1503:
1497:
1490:
1486:
1485:
1479:
1473:
1466:
1462:
1461:
1458:
1452:
1445:
1441:
1440:
1434:
1428:
1421:
1417:
1416:
1410:
1404:
1397:
1393:
1392:
1386:
1380:
1373:
1369:
1368:
1365:
1362:
1359:
1355:
1354:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1333:
1332:
1326:
1325:
1323:
1316:
1314:
1308:
1307:
1300:
1298:
1291:
1285:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1260:
1257:
1256:
1254:
1247:
1245:
1239:
1238:
1231:
1224:
1218:
1217:
1210:
1208:
1201:
1195:
1194:
1187:
1185:
1178:
1172:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1138:
1137:
1110:
1088:
1087:
1085:
1078:
1071:
1062:
1055:
1053:
1047:
1046:
1044:
1037:
1030:
1023:
1017:
1016:
1009:
1002:
1000:
993:
986:
979:
974:
968:
967:
965:
958:
956:
943:
936:
929:
923:
922:
920:
913:
911:
898:
891:
884:
879:
868:
867:
865:
858:
856:
854:
847:
840:
834:
833:
828:
823:
818:
808:
803:
800:
794:
791:
789:
786:
769:
766:
672:. The sieur d'
554:
551:
407:
404:
316:
315:
302:, you may see
288:
287:
282:
276:
275:
272:
266:
265:
258:
250:
249:
211:
203:
202:
201:Language codes
198:
197:
195:
194:
193:
192:
181:
179:
172:
169:
168:
165:
162:
159:
158:
125:
124:Native to
121:
120:
112:
111:
103:
102:
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5615:
5604:
5601:
5599:
5596:
5594:
5591:
5589:
5586:
5584:
5581:
5579:
5576:
5574:
5571:
5569:
5566:
5564:
5561:
5559:
5556:
5554:
5551:
5550:
5548:
5531:
5527:
5525:
5521:
5518:
5514:
5511:
5510:
5506:
5498:
5495:
5493:
5490:
5489:
5487:
5484:
5481:
5478:
5477:
5475:
5471:
5461:
5460:
5456:
5452:
5449:
5448:
5447:
5444:
5442:
5441:
5437:
5435:
5432:
5428:
5425:
5423:
5420:
5419:
5418:
5415:
5413:
5410:
5408:
5407:
5403:
5401:
5398:
5396:
5395:
5391:
5389:
5386:
5384:
5383:
5379:
5377:
5374:
5372:
5369:
5367:
5364:
5360:
5357:
5356:
5355:
5352:
5350:
5349:
5345:
5343:
5340:
5337:
5334:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5321:Frainc-Comtou
5319:
5317:
5314:
5312:
5309:
5307:
5304:
5302:
5299:
5297:
5294:
5292:
5289:
5287:
5284:
5282:
5279:
5278:
5276:
5272:
5266:
5263:
5261:
5260:
5256:
5254:
5253:
5249:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5234:
5232:
5229:
5227:
5226:
5222:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5214:
5210:
5209:
5207:
5205:
5201:
5195:
5192:
5190:
5187:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5177:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5167:
5165:
5162:
5160:
5157:
5155:
5152:
5150:
5149:
5148:Middle French
5145:
5143:
5140:
5138:
5137:
5133:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5094:
5091:
5089:
5086:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5048:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5038:
5037:St. Marys Bay
5035:
5033:
5030:
5029:
5028:
5025:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5015:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5001:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4981:
4980:
4978:
4976:
4972:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4952:
4950:
4948:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4938:Langues d'oïl
4935:
4928:
4925:
4924:
4922:
4918:
4913:
4906:
4901:
4899:
4894:
4892:
4887:
4886:
4883:
4871:
4868:
4867:
4865:
4861:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4824:
4823:
4820:
4819:
4817:
4813:
4807:
4804:
4803:
4801:
4797:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4779:
4776:
4775:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4728:
4727:
4724:
4723:
4721:
4717:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4692:
4690:
4686:
4681:
4674:
4669:
4667:
4662:
4660:
4655:
4654:
4651:
4644:
4640:
4637:
4636:
4632:
4624:
4619:
4616:
4613:
4608:
4605:
4593:
4587:
4584:
4579:
4575:
4571:
4569:91-628-2793-6
4565:
4561:
4560:
4552:
4550:
4546:
4541:
4537:
4533:
4529:
4526:(1): 77–126.
4525:
4521:
4517:
4510:
4508:
4506:
4504:
4502:
4500:
4498:
4496:
4492:
4488:
4487:Henri Guedon.
4478:
4472:
4468:
4463:
4462:
4453:
4450:
4446:
4442:
4436:
4433:
4428:
4422:
4414:
4410:
4406:
4404:91-628-2793-6
4400:
4396:
4395:
4387:
4384:
4377:
4376:
4371:
4363:
4362:
4357:
4349:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4335:
4331:
4327:
4321:
4318:
4311:
4305:
4300:
4297:
4286:
4281:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4266:
4265:Mister Rabbit
4262:
4256:
4252:
4250:
4243:
4241:
4234:
4232:
4226:
4220:
4215:
4207:
4204:
4201:
4200:[buɡ]
4193:
4190:
4187:
4179:
4176:
4173:
4166:
4164:
4157:
4150:
4148:
4142:
4139:
4136:
4129:
4127:
4122:, Lakay mwen
4120:
4113:
4111:
4105:
4102:
4099:
4091:
4088:
4085:
4076:
4075:[fwɛ]
4068:
4065:
4061:
4053:
4048:
4041:
4039:
4032:
4025:
4023:
4016:
4009:
4007:
4001:
3998:
3995:
3988:– Jòdi-a bèl
3987:
3984:
3980:
3973:
3971:
3964:
3957:
3952:
3944:
3941:
3937:
3930:
3926:
3923:
3919:
3910:
3903:, Mèsi an lo
3901:
3893:
3890:
3886:
3879:
3875:
3872:
3868:
3861:
3857:
3854:
3850:
3843:
3842:(more casual)
3839:
3836:
3832:
3825:
3821:
3818:
3817:
3814:
3809:
3802:
3800:
3798:
3794:
3788:
3786:
3782:
3778:
3774:
3773:Blanchisseuse
3770:
3766:
3762:
3757:
3755:
3751:
3747:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3729:
3725:
3721:
3716:
3715:lingua franca
3712:
3711:
3708:
3703:
3699:
3695:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3669:
3665:
3658:
3656:
3654:
3649:
3647:
3643:
3639:
3632:
3627:
3625:
3619:
3617:
3609:
3605:
3602:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3588:
3587:
3584:
3580:
3578:
3574:
3571:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3559:
3556:
3555:
3551:
3548:
3545:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3533:
3529:
3526:
3523:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3511:
3507:
3504:
3502:I would take
3501:
3498:
3495:
3493:pa té kay/ké
3492:
3489:
3488:
3484:
3482:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3469:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3457:
3456:
3452:
3449:
3446:
3443:
3440:
3437:
3434:
3433:
3430:
3426:
3422:
3420:
3416:
3413:
3410:
3407:
3404:
3403:
3399:
3397:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:Mwen kay alé
3384:
3381:
3378:
3375:
3374:
3370:
3367:
3364:
3362:Ou ké ay/alé
3361:
3358:
3355:
3352:
3351:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:Mwen ka palé
3329:
3326:
3324:
3320:
3317:
3316:
3313:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3300:
3297:
3294:
3290:
3287:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3271:
3268:
3267:
3256:
3254:
3250:
3247:
3244:
3243:
3239:
3237:
3233:
3230:
3227:
3226:
3222:
3220:
3216:
3214:
3210:
3207:
3206:
3202:
3199:
3196:
3193:
3192:
3187:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3170:
3169:
3164:
3163:
3157:
3152:
3151:
3146:
3145:
3142:
3138:
3137:
3131:
3126:
3122:
3121:
3118:
3117:
3112:
3111:
3105:
3100:
3099:
3094:
3093:
3089:
3086:
3083:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3073:
3070:, it becomes
3069:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3051:
3046:
3045:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3033:
3028:
3027:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3015:
3010:
3009:
3005:
3002:
2999:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:, it becomes
2989:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2968:
2967:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2955:
2950:
2949:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2937:
2932:
2931:
2927:
2924:
2921:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:, it becomes
2911:
2907:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2886:
2885:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2870:
2869:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2857:
2852:
2851:
2847:
2844:
2841:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:, it becomes
2831:
2827:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2809:
2804:
2803:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2791:
2786:
2785:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2773:
2768:
2767:
2763:
2760:
2757:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:, it becomes
2747:
2743:
2738:
2736:
2731:
2729:
2725:
2718:) is evident.
2717:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2700:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2685:
2684:means "one".
2683:
2679:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2663:
2660:
2652:
2649:
2646:
2643:
2642:
2638:
2635:
2632:
2629:
2628:
2624:
2621:
2618:
2615:
2614:
2610:
2607:
2604:
2601:
2600:
2596:
2593:
2590:
2587:
2586:
2582:
2579:
2576:
2573:
2572:
2568:
2565:
2562:
2559:
2558:
2552:
2545:
2542:
2539:
2536:
2535:
2529:
2526:
2523:
2520:
2517:
2516:
2512:
2509:
2506:
2503:
2500:
2499:
2495:
2492:
2489:
2486:
2483:
2482:
2478:
2475:
2472:
2469:
2466:
2465:
2461:
2458:
2455:
2452:
2449:
2448:
2444:
2441:
2439:an, man, mon
2438:
2435:
2432:
2431:
2427:
2425:
2421:
2418:
2415:
2412:
2411:
2402:
2398:
2397:Kontan wè zot
2393:
2386:
2384:
2380:
2372:
2360:
2355:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2314:
2311:
2310:
2309:
2300:
2293:
2290:
2282:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2269:
2265:
2263:
2259:
2258:
2255:
2252:
2244:
2242:
2238:
2235:
2231:
2229:
2225:
2224:
2221:
2218:
2210:
2207:
2204:
2201:
2197:
2195:
2191:
2190:
2187:
2183:
2180:
2176:
2174:
2170:
2167:
2163:
2160:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2149:
2145:
2142:
2138:
2135:
2134:
2131:
2127:
2125:
2121:
2118:
2114:
2111:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2099:
2095:
2092:
2088:
2085:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2073:
2069:
2066:
2062:
2059:
2058:
2055:
2051:
2049:
2045:
2042:
2038:
2035:
2034:
2031:
2027:
2025:
2023:
2017:
2013:
2010:
2007:
2003:
2001:
1997:
1996:
1992:
1989:
1986:
1983:
1982:
1979:
1975:
1972:
1965:
1962:
1959:
1955:
1952:
1948:
1945:
1944:
1940:
1937:
1934:
1931:
1928:
1924:
1921:
1920:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1906:
1903:
1900:
1897:
1893:
1890:
1889:
1885:
1882:
1879:
1876:
1873:
1869:
1866:
1865:
1861:
1858:
1855:
1852:
1848:
1845:
1844:
1840:
1837:
1834:
1831:
1828:
1824:
1821:
1820:
1816:
1813:
1810:
1807:
1804:
1800:
1797:
1796:
1792:
1789:
1786:
1783:
1780:
1776:
1775:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1761:
1758:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1736:
1733:
1730:
1726:
1723:
1722:
1719:
1715:
1713:
1709:
1706:
1702:
1699:
1698:
1694:
1691:
1688:
1685:
1682:
1678:
1675:
1674:
1670:
1667:
1664:
1661:
1658:
1654:
1651:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1639:
1636:
1633:
1629:
1626:
1625:
1622:
1619:
1616:
1613:
1609:
1606:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1594:
1591:
1588:
1584:
1581:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1569:
1566:
1563:
1559:
1556:
1555:
1551:
1548:
1545:
1542:
1539:
1535:
1532:
1531:
1528:
1525:
1522:
1519:
1515:
1512:
1511:
1507:
1504:
1501:
1498:
1495:
1491:
1488:
1487:
1483:
1480:
1477:
1474:
1471:
1467:
1464:
1463:
1459:
1456:
1453:
1450:
1446:
1443:
1442:
1438:
1435:
1432:
1429:
1426:
1422:
1419:
1418:
1414:
1411:
1408:
1405:
1402:
1398:
1395:
1394:
1390:
1387:
1384:
1381:
1378:
1374:
1371:
1370:
1366:
1363:
1360:
1357:
1356:
1353:
1349:
1346:
1345:
1338:
1331:
1324:
1321:
1317:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1286:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1267:
1261:
1255:
1252:
1248:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1229:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1206:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1173:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1154:
1148:
1147:
1140:
1131:
1125:
1117:
1112:The uvular r
1111:
1104:
1098:
1097:
1092:
1091:
1086:
1083:
1079:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1063:
1060:
1056:
1054:
1052:
1048:
1045:
1042:
1038:
1035:
1031:
1028:
1024:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1007:
1001:
998:
994:
991:
987:
984:
980:
978:
973:
969:
966:
963:
959:
957:
954:
948:
944:
941:
937:
934:
930:
928:
924:
921:
918:
914:
912:
909:
903:
899:
896:
892:
889:
885:
883:
878:
873:
869:
866:
863:
859:
857:
855:
852:
848:
845:
841:
839:
835:
832:
827:
822:
817:
812:
807:
798:
792:
787:
785:
783:
778:
774:
767:
765:
762:
760:
755:
751:
746:
744:
739:
737:
731:
729:
728:Island Caribs
725:
724:dies Dominica
721:
717:
713:
709:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
682:Marie-Galante
679:
675:
671:
666:
662:
659:In 1642, the
657:
655:
651:
647:
643:
638:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
607:
605:
601:
596:
594:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
552:
550:
548:
544:
540:
535:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
508:
503:
498:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
463:French Guiana
460:
457:(St. Barts),
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
427:
425:
421:
417:
413:
405:
403:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
365:
359:
352:
348:("Sun", from
346:
339:
334:
333:coconut water
329:
322:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
295:
289:
283:
281:
277:
273:
271:
267:
263:
259:
257:
256:
251:
246:
241:
237:
233:
230: –
228:
223:
220: –
218:
212:
209:
204:
199:
191:
188:
187:
186:
185:French Creole
183:
182:
180:
176:
170:
166:
160:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
126:
122:
118:
113:
108:
99:
89:
84:
80:
73:
63:
53:
46:
41:
32:
31:
19:
5512:
5457:
5438:
5427:Saintongeais
5404:
5392:
5380:
5346:
5311:Camfranglais
5257:
5250:
5223:
5213:Anglo-Norman
5211:
5174:Newfoundland
5159:Metropolitan
5146:
5136:Jersey Legal
5134:
5125:Houma French
4965:Saint Lucian
4946:
4920:Areal groups
4914:and dialects
4815:Indian Ocean
4751:Saint Lucian
4725:
4622:
4618:
4607:
4595:. Retrieved
4586:
4558:
4523:
4519:
4486:
4480:. Retrieved
4460:
4452:
4444:
4435:
4393:
4386:
4373:
4359:
4345:
4337:
4329:
4325:
4320:
4276:
4271:
4264:
4260:
4258:
4254:
4246:
4237:
4228:
4224:
4221:Sample texts
4205:
4191:
4177:
4160:
4144:
4141:I don't care
4140:
4123:
4107:
4103:
4089:
4084:[sɛ]
4066:
4054:"Sakafèt'?"
4051:
4035:
4019:
4003:
3999:
3985:
3967:
3955:
3942:
3928:
3924:
3891:
3877:
3873:
3859:
3855:
3841:
3840:– Sa i di-a
3837:
3823:
3819:
3812:
3789:
3758:
3744:
3736:
3705:
3701:
3696:
3692:
3684:
3672:
3662:
3650:
3636:
3623:
3614:
3607:
3582:
3576:
3561:
3518:'have just'
3496:Conditional
3480:
3471:
3467:Conditional
3459:
3428:
3423:Nou pa té di
3419:We had said
3418:
3396:M'a kay alé
3395:
3386:
3365:You will go
3344:M'a ka palé
3343:
3340:
3331:
3322:
3311:
3303:He has come
3302:
3264:Verb Tenses
3252:
3235:
3218:
3212:
3185:
3182:
3177:
3175:
3167:
3165:
3155:
3149:
3147:
3140:
3129:
3124:
3115:
3113:
3103:
3097:
3095:
3075:
3071:
3065:
3055:
3049:
3047:
3037:
3031:
3029:
3019:
3013:
3011:
2991:
2985:
2975:
2970:
2964:the country
2959:
2953:
2951:
2941:
2935:
2933:
2913:
2903:
2898:the silence
2893:
2888:
2877:
2872:
2861:
2855:
2853:
2833:
2823:
2813:
2807:
2805:
2795:
2789:
2787:
2777:
2771:
2769:
2749:
2739:
2734:
2732:
2721:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2689:
2686:
2681:
2677:
2675:
2667:
2664:
2661:
2658:
2549:
2507:zò, hòt, hò
2479:he, she, it
2423:
2400:
2396:
2366:
2306:
2298:
2284:
2278:
2274:
2261:
2246:
2240:
2227:
2212:
2205:
2193:
2186:Nasal vowels
2178:
2172:
2153:
2147:
2129:
2123:
2104:
2097:
2078:
2071:
2053:
2047:
2029:
2021:
2019:
2015:
2011:
1999:
1963:
1957:
1938:
1932:
1907:
1901:
1883:
1877:
1856:
1838:
1832:
1814:
1808:
1790:
1784:
1770:
1766:
1759:
1741:
1734:
1717:
1711:
1692:
1686:
1668:
1662:
1644:
1637:
1617:
1599:
1592:
1574:
1567:
1549:
1543:
1523:
1505:
1499:
1481:
1475:
1454:
1436:
1430:
1412:
1406:
1388:
1382:
1329:
1094:
779:
775:
771:
763:
747:
740:
732:
710:
702:Saint Martin
658:
639:
608:
597:
566:Saint-Pierre
556:
536:
505:
499:
428:
409:
375:
371:
370:
291:
270:Linguasphere
253:
240:Saint Lucian
189:
93:
79:ISO 639 code
75:}}
69:{{
65:}}
59:{{
55:}}
49:{{
44:
5519:or dialects
5406:Petit nègre
5296:Bourbonnais
5241:Guernésiais
5236:Cotentinais
5115:Frenchville
5077:New England
5008:Seychellois
4852:Seychellois
4822:Bourbonnais
4710:Petit nègre
4018:, Sa'w fè?
4002:– Ka'w fè?
3779:, Cascade,
3668:Saint Lucia
3540:'had just'
3371:I won't go
3245:Martinique
3228:Guadeloupe
3134:the people
3060:the bridge
2988:nasal vowel
2830:nasal vowel
2716:la boutique
2714:instead of
2680:. The word
2566:Guadeloupe
2530:they, them
1339:Orthography
1051:Approximant
736:West Africa
686:La Desirade
631:Saint Lucia
593:plantations
528:Saint Lucia
473:(mainly in
435:Saint Lucia
306:instead of
148:Saint Lucia
96:August 2020
5547:Categories
5394:Old French
5316:Champenois
5301:Burgundian
5265:Sercquiais
5259:Old Norman
5252:Law French
5194:Vietnamese
5154:Meridional
4988:Chagossian
4832:Chagossian
4790:Belle Isle
4778:Lanc-Patuá
4746:Martinican
4741:Guadeloupe
4482:2010-05-22
4375:Ethnologue
4361:Ethnologue
4347:Ethnologue
4282:References
4261:Mister Pig
4210:pronounced
4196:pronounced
4182:pronounced
4168:pronounced
4152:pronounced
4143:- Mpa kyè
4131:pronounced
4126:Martinique
4115:pronounced
4110:Guadeloupe
4094:pronounced
4080:pronounced
4071:pronounced
4056:pronounced
4043:pronounced
4027:pronounced
4022:Martinique
4011:pronounced
4006:Guadeloupe
3990:pronounced
3975:pronounced
3959:pronounced
3956:(stronger)
3947:pronounced
3932:pronounced
3914:pronounced
3905:pronounced
3896:pronounced
3881:pronounced
3863:pronounced
3845:pronounced
3827:pronounced
3785:Laventille
3732:Guadeloupe
3728:Martinique
3620:Vocabulary
3566:'already'
3490:té kay/ké
3414:Nou té di
3387:Ng'ay alé
3332:Ng'a palé
3307:I pa vini
3160:the woman
3104:la voiture
2946:the knife
2942:le couteau
2906:oral vowel
2894:le silence
2818:the house
2778:la cravate
2746:oral vowel
2704:Guadeloupe
2419:Alternate
2285:nasalized
2247:nasalized
2213:nasalized
1916:Semivowels
1352:Consonants
793:Consonants
678:Guadeloupe
623:Fort Royal
570:Martinique
543:Monchoachi
502:Lanc-Patuá
493:, and the
451:Martinique
443:Guadeloupe
236:Martinican
213:Variously:
136:Martinique
132:Guadeloupe
5530:varieties
5515:indicate
5497:Valdôtain
5488:/Arpitan
5459:Zarphatic
5400:Orléanais
5286:Berrichon
5225:Auregnais
5100:Cambodian
5082:Québécois
5003:Rodriguan
4993:Mauritian
4960:Grenadian
4955:Dominican
4847:Rodriguan
4837:Mauritian
4763:Louisiana
4736:Grenadian
4731:Dominican
4726:Antillean
4578:758345312
4540:0920-9034
4421:cite book
4413:470438107
4180:- Manzèl
3925:Excuse me
3874:Thank you
3858:– Souplé
3822:– Bonjou
3720:St. Lucia
3675:Caribbean
3653:Caribbean
3628:Varieties
3464:pa té ké
3438:pa té ka
3272:Negative
3248:tala/taa
3208:St.Lucia
3024:the wind
2980:the corn
2866:the lamp
2814:la maison
2800:the book
2712:boutik-la
2442:m, ng, n
1990:Examples
1364:Examples
1289:Close-mid
1199:Close-mid
977:voiceless
972:Fricative
882:voiceless
877:affricate
788:Phonology
754:El Dorado
642:loanwords
637:in 1649.
590:sugarcane
562:Caribbean
532:Venezuela
471:Venezuela
255:Glottolog
208:ISO 639-3
5492:Savoyard
5422:Poitevin
5331:Guianese
5246:Jèrriais
5231:Cauchois
5184:Standard
5164:Missouri
5105:Francien
5055:Kinshasa
4773:Karipúna
4768:Guianese
4719:Americas
4597:31 March
4104:My place
3781:Carenage
3765:Trinidad
3724:Dominica
3642:Dominica
3535:té soti
3417:We said
3301:He came
3253:tala/taa
3203:English
3200:Example
3156:la femme
3130:les gens
3108:the car
3090:English
3042:the dog
3038:le chien
3006:English
2928:English
2882:the man
2862:la lampe
2848:English
2796:le livre
2782:the tie
2764:English
2706:reading
2583:an-mwen
2580:an-mwen
2563:General
2560:English
2428:English
2416:Pronoun
2315:kè
1769:o and lo
1765:between
1484:estival
1222:Open-mid
816:alveolar
806:Alveolar
750:Trinidad
712:Dominica
688:and the
656:, etc.)
524:Dominica
459:Dominica
422:and the
412:Antilles
328:Dlo Koko
312:Help:IPA
262:less1242
140:Dominica
5513:Italics
5446:Walloon
5440:Tây Bồi
5354:Lorrain
5281:Angevin
5219:Augeron
5169:Muskrat
5142:Laotian
5120:Haitian
5067:Belgian
5050:Abidjan
5044:African
5027:Acadian
4998:Réunion
4983:Agalega
4863:Oceania
4842:Réunion
4827:Agalega
4806:Tây Bồi
4758:Haitian
4194:- Boug
4147:Haitian
4038:Haitian
3970:Haitian
3876:– Mèsi
3797:Lopinot
3793:Paramin
3777:Paramin
3379:pa kay
3359:Future
3298:I vini
3269:Creole
3217:motoka
3194:Region
3114:machin-
3096:machin-
3087:French
3056:le pont
3020:le vent
3003:French
2976:le maïs
2960:le pays
2925:French
2887:silans-
2878:l'homme
2845:French
2770:kravat-
2761:French
2625:an-nou
2622:an-nou
2496:we, us
2413:Person
2387:Grammar
2349:tjè
2312:'heart'
2081:stival
1862:church
1277:Central
1164:Central
1107:/ɹadjo/
872:Plosive
831:Glottal
821:Palatal
802:Labial
743:English
696:bought
690:Saintes
676:bought
635:Grenada
553:History
520:Grenada
439:Grenada
396:English
378:) is a
308:Unicode
285:cpf-029
144:Grenada
88:See why
5480:Faetar
5412:Picard
5388:Nouchi
5376:Michif
5359:Welche
5274:Others
5204:Norman
5130:Indian
5093:Magoua
5062:Aostan
5018:French
4785:Michif
4700:Nouchi
4688:Africa
4576:
4566:
4538:
4473:
4411:
4401:
4069:- Frè
3856:Please
3750:Patois
3710:Patois
3707:French
3702:Patois
3589:té ja
3560:p'oko
3458:té ké
3435:té ka
3408:pa té
3356:pé ké
3321:pa ka
3275:Tense
3139:moun-l
3030:chyen-
2934:kouto-
2644:their
2639:a-zòt
2636:a-zòt
2605:li/ y
2591:ou/ w
2445:I, me
2332:kyè
2299:
1978:Vowels
1671:other
1665:achin
1330:
1264:Nasal
1141:Vowels
1021:voiced
927:voiced
692:. The
670:livres
615:French
578:France
507:patois
479:Güiria
475:Macuro
469:, and
418:: the
398:, and
388:French
364:la mer
351:soleil
130:(esp.
5326:Gallo
5291:Bolze
5189:Swiss
5088:Joual
5072:Métis
5032:Chiac
4078:, Sè
3838:Hello
3820:Hello
3562:po'o
3513:soti
3460:té'é
3323:pa'a
3234:boug
3231:lasa
3213:sa'a
3211:sala
3166:fanm-
3148:fanm-
3123:moun-
2952:péyi-
2871:nonm-
2854:lamp-
2735:after
2653:a-yo
2650:a-yo
2630:your
2588:your
2577:mwen
2436:mwen
2424:Form
2422:Weak
2291:]
2287:[
2253:]
2249:[
2219:]
2215:[
1880:yann
1793:adio
1787:adyo
1762:ezon
1716:feeli
1710:bildi
1552:otel
1385:agay
1272:Front
1176:Close
1159:Front
1151:Oral
1103:radio
838:Nasal
826:Velar
674:Houël
431:Haïti
392:Carib
358:Lanmè
345:Soley
152:Haiti
5434:Tayo
4870:Tayo
4799:Asia
4599:2014
4574:OCLC
4564:ISBN
4536:ISSN
4471:ISBN
4427:link
4409:OCLC
4399:ISBN
4328:and
3795:and
3759:The
3730:and
3722:and
3376:kay
3251:tab
3236:lasa
3219:sala
3048:pon-
3012:van-
2806:kay-
2788:liv-
2682:yonn
2633:zot
2619:nou
2616:our
2608:a-y
2594:a-w
2518:3pl
2513:you
2510:z,h
2504:zòt
2501:2pl
2487:nou
2484:1pl
2467:3sg
2462:you
2450:2sg
2433:1sg
2208:pil
2122:zwaz
2103:mach
1987:IPA
1910:ero
1904:ero
1886:ent
1846:tj*
1835:out
1737:ase
1695:ote
1647:ean
1607:ky*
1577:ure
1570:edi
1513:gy*
1508:ain
1502:òch
1460:job
1444:dj*
1433:ous
1361:IPA
1312:Open
1282:Back
1243:Open
1169:Back
811:Post
700:and
541:and
526:and
518:and
481:and
280:IETF
52:lang
4528:doi
4372:at
4358:at
4344:at
4330:acf
4326:gcf
4163:FWI
3704:or
3557:ja
3405:té
3353:ké
3318:ka
3168:lan
3150:nan
3125:nan
3116:lan
3098:nan
3076:lan
3072:nan
2969:mi-
2889:lan
2873:lan
2856:lan
2834:lan
2647:yo
2611:èy
2597:òw
2574:my
2524:yé
2521:yo
2473:li
2453:ou
2260:on
2226:en
2192:an
2161:ou
2156:rt
2146:dey
2107:ne
2100:de
2018:ko
1966:es
1817:ix
1811:is
1749:r*
1700:ng
1689:òt
1640:iv
1595:le
1573:mea
1546:èn
1478:ig
1415:oe
1396:ch
1391:ow
947:d͡ʒ
902:t͡ʃ
748:In
644:in
461:,
414:or
294:IPA
245:scf
227:acf
217:gcf
142:,
138:),
72:IPA
5549::
5084:*
5046:*
4572:.
4548:^
4534:.
4524:10
4522:.
4518:.
4494:^
4485:.
4469:.
4467:12
4443:.
4423:}}
4419:{{
4407:.
4050:-
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