Knowledge

Marvão

Source 📝

929:
monumental gates (one gate was removed to Castelo de Vide in the 18th century, yet sadly dynamited in 1890). The Alto Alentejo region, meanwhile, was criss-crossed with efficient Roman roads, providing wider links to the Empire. Fine wares found at Ammaia suggest that the local Ammaia nobility had access to luxury glassware and jewellery, while archaeology has revealed that marble for the forum was imported from across the Empire. The high quality, for example, of the 'Mosaico das Musas' - from a Roman villa in nearby Monforte (4th century BCE) - points to the abundant riches to be made as an Alentejo landowner in the Roman era. Sadly, many artifacts from Ammaia - in particular a series of marble sculptures - were removed during the 19th and 20th centuries, notably by the Anglo-Portuguese Robinson family. These items are now in collections such as those of the British Museum.
1330:- who contrasted greatly with the luxury-accustomed poet-emirs of the taifa era. They were not merely interested in defending the realm, but made frequent incursions into Christian territories. The period has been described as one of 'an illiterate military caste controlling, but apart from, the native society'. It is likely that, alongside the rest of al-Andalus, Marvão experienced a number of key features of Almoravid rule: the introduction of illiterate Berber fighters from the Maghreb; drafting of its youth for military campaigns against the Christians (notably against Coimbra and Leiria) and Zaragoza taifa; a rise in religious fundamentalism; increased suppression of, and intolerance towards, Christian and Jewish communities, including forced conversion to Islam; religious cleansing (many Andalusi Christians were removed to Morocco). 1289: 957:- albeit about Spain in general - gives an idea of the last days of Ammaia: 'As the barbarians ran wild through Spain with the evil of pestilence raging as well, the tyrannical tax collector seized the wealth and goods stored in the cities and the soldiers devoured them. A famine ran riot, so dire that driven by hunger humans devoured human flesh: mothers too feasted on the bodies of their own children whom they had killed and cooked themselves... And thus with the four plagues of sword, famine, pestilence and wild beasts raging everywhere, the annunciation foretold by the Lord through his prophets was fulfilled'. 925:. Local agricultural production (olives, wine, figs, cattle) was supplemented by horse-breeding, pottery, and mining activity - notably rock crystal and quartz from veins on the Marvão mountain, together with open cast gold mining on the Tagus to the north. Roman Ammaia saw the development of improved irrigation and terracing across the Marvão mountain. Chestnut cultivation - replacing the local dominance of oak - is likely to have been introduced at this time. Much of the terracing and ancient watercourses on the Marvão mountain date from this era. 1337:. Their tenuous hold on south west al-Andalus (the former Badajoz taifa and the Al-Garb) showed upon the death of the second Almoravid emir Al in Yusuf in 1143. An Algarve-centred rebellion by a Sufi sect, the al-Muridin - aided by Almohad arms - destabilised the region and set up a number of 'second taifa kingdoms' in Silves, Mértola and Tavira in the south. As well as being on the front line against the Christians, the São Mamede mountains are likely to have been on the northern edges of troop movements by the al-Muridin leader, 1187:), providing the dense network of mountain pathways seen today; irrigation technology and land-terracing improved, notably using gravity-flow water chutes (as-sāqiya); new crops (e.g. the doñegal fig, mulberry for silk production, citrus trees) and farming knowledge enabled more summer harvests and diversification away from the traditional vine, olive, cork oak and fig; Jewish and Christian communities were allowed considerable freedoms; some immigration occurred, with increases in the numbers of Berbers and Slavs ( 1139: 961:
fortresses provided safe havens in times of conflict. It is likely that any Roman watchtower fortification on Marvão's rock would have been extended in this period. Ammaia's role as horse station and key link in the road network declined as east–west trade plummeted. The Visigothic capital was in Toledo, on the river Tagus: this favoured river transport of goods to-and-from Santarem and Lisbon. Ammaia's decline in this period can be contrasted with the buoyant Visigothic development of
1443: 1527:). The medieval castle seen in Marvão today mostly post-dates the year 1299, and features numerous characteristic features of a crusader-era castle: a tall central keep with raised entrance on the first floor; a series of lower, outlying turrets (some semi-circular); high-placed arrow-slits; open spaces to aid the sheltering and assembly of villagers and troops; a well, and huge rain-collecting cistern to supply water to both keep and the wider castle in the event of siege; 1375:. While Marvão is not listed among Geraldo's many attacks on fortresses in this region, his and Alfonso I's encroachment on Leonese reconquest targets led Ferdinand II to campaign in the immediate vicinity of the São Mamede. Thus Ferdinand II conquered the vital Tagus crossing at Alcántara in 1165, and this campaign would ultimately define the western limits of Portuguese reconquest, establish the river Sever east of Marvão as a key section of the Portuguese-Spanish border. 1567:(akin to prime minister) of Portugal, and was nominated preferred heir, by King Denis. Sanches's castle in Alburquerque was clearly visible from Marvão, and his wife's family held nearby lands in La Codosera, making the 'raia' area a power base for Sanches. A civil war (1319-1326) where Denis's legitimate son, the future Afonso IV, rebelled against his father Kind Denis, meant that Marvão and other fortresses on the border would see action ahead of the 1204: 591: 562:(2nd-1st century BCE); migratory Suevi, Alans, Vandals and Visigoths (5th-7th century CE); conquering moors and Visigoths (8th century); muwallad rebels and the Cordoban emirate (9th-10th century); Portuguese nation-builders and Moors (12th-13th century); Templars and Hospitallers (12th-14th century); Portuguese and Castilians (12th century-present day); Liberals and Absolutists (19th century); the fascist regimes of 155: 629: 1103:
modern-day Portugal and Extremadura, its autonomy within the Cordoban Emirate was precarious. It seems that the impenetrable fortification at Marvão acted as a deterrent to the Emirs in Córdoba. Sources quote a threat from Ibn Marwan, shortly after establishing his statelet in Badajoz 884, to 'destroy the new city' (i.e. Badajoz), and 'return to my Mountain' if Cordoban armies advance against him.
243: 1397: 506:"There is an atmosphere about the district (of Marvão) that is very ancient. At times you have the same peculiar feelings as those evoked by Stonehenge and that amazing druid monument at Callernish in the Isle of Lewis. Picking your way along the steep stony pathways, you would not be at all surprised to meet a Phoenician trader or Roman Soldier. It would be the most natural thing in the world." 1388:, in 1195, re-established Muslim control over many lands south of the Tagus (including Trujillo and Talavera). It is likely that Marvão at this point saw similar reinforcement of its fortifications, as seen at Cáceres and Trujillo. For the following thirty years, Marvão remained on the margins of a battlezone that would ultimately determine the location of today's Portuguese-Spanish border. 725: 663: 35: 1512: 1346: 1425:(near Jaén) in 1212 - leaving 100,000 Moors dead - that would effectively secure this area of south-western Iberia, and establish a lasting peace. The São Mamede mountains and Guadiana valleys now became a bridgehead from which the reconquista could make strong inroads into Almohad territory in the Southern Alentejo, Algarve, Southern Extremadura and north-west Andalusia. 514:, was launched in Marvão in July 2014. The village also hosts an international film festival, Periferías, in August each year. Other annual festivals in Marvão include 'Al-Mossassa'- a celebration of the town's Moorish past, held jointly with the Spanish city of Badajoz (also founded by Ibn Marwan) - in early October, plus a major Chestnut Festival in early November. 938: 195: 1548:. King Denis's border pact with Ferdinand IV of Castile (1297) was followed by considerable investment in a chain of Portuguese castles along the border, with Marvão castle being considerably extended from 1299 onwards using Hospitaller expertise. On the Castilian side of the border, castles were likewise reinforced at nearby Valencia de Alcántara and Mayorga, the 1171:. The Umayyad Caliphate heralded a century of economic boom, maturity in governmental structures, and cultural splendour in al-Andalus, which collapsed only in the year 1008 (finally dissolving in 1031). The São Mamede mountains around Marvão are likely to have benefited during the 10th-11th century alongside the rest of al-Andalus: population increased as hamlets ( 1245:, from the taifas in the south from 1055 onwards. Further, summer raiding campaigns from both Christian and Moorish forces effectively meant that the regions between the Douro river and Tagus were under continual threat - the lands south of the Douro and to the north of the Tagus became a depopulated 'buffer zone' between Christian and Moor. In 1063, a major 170: 1076: 1114:), there was little to be gained for the Emirate from bringing this particular rebellious marcher-state into the fold. Fortresses such as those at Marvão would now deter any spring offensives against the Banu Marwan from the Emirate in Córdoba. These offensives by the Emirate were common against another rebellious Muwalladi, notably those against 180: 654:) and ceramics, deity sculptures - also suggest the development of local systems of craftsmanship, hierarchy, magic and celebration. Recent studies of idol plaques have speculated that they depict some kind of owl deity, with their engravings acting as a means to identify the individual buried by clan, marriage and lineage. 1067:- gained a reputation for the rebelliousness and reluctance of its inhabitants to comply with governance from Cordoba, with Mérida being a seething hive of discontent, revolution and tax-refuseniks. Feuds between clansmen covered a wide area across the former Lusitania province, reaching Christian lands in the north. 980:). Roman imperial law-and-order succumbed to the looser hierarchies - based on blood and tribal allegiances - of the invaders from the north. War, slave-raids, banditry, religious intolerance, apartheid - the Visigoths applied a 'no mixing' policy for much of their rule - all led to economic decline across Iberia. 1451:
with the intermediation of the Templars and Hospitallers. The resettlement of barren areas depopulated by centuries of warfare and bloodshed - or simply abandoned by fleeing Berber refugees - was vital to sustain the new Portuguese kingdom. Many of these settlers were Galicians, and the name of the hamlet of
1341:
and Almohad forces, against Almoravid centres of government (from 1146 to 1151). Indeed, collaboration and intrigue between Ibn Qasi, the Almohads, and a new Christian power - the fledgling Portugal, under Alfonso I of Portugal - is likely to have weakened the defensibility of the entire Tagus basin.
1322:
effectively annexed the taifas of al-Andalus: al-Andalus became a colony of the Almoravid empire administered from Marrakesh. In 1094, Lisbon was recaptured from Leon and Castile, and the taifa of Badajoz was toppled. The protection money (paria) sent to the Christian kingdoms was stopped. The Tagus
1274:
saw a crushing defeat of Castilian and Aragonese forces. However, for the forces of the Badajoz taifa - no doubt including fighters from Marvão - the battle of Sagrajas was a pyrrhic victory. The camp of their emir, al-Mutawakkil ibn al-Aftas, was sacked early on the morning of the battle, with many
1249:
by Ferdinand sacked towns across the Seville and Badajoz taifas, and the São Mamede mountains lay en route. To make matters worse, the taifa of Badajoz was also fighting a war on its southern front: the taifa of Seville, under the poet-emirs Al-Mutamid and Al-Mutatid - was eating into territories in
1234:
Such in-fighting was matched by external wars. Given its location and long line-of-sight into the Tagus basin, Marvão represented an important strategic base in the continual Muslim-Christian warring along the Lower March. In 1055, a large stretch of Moorish territory south of the Mondego river fell
928:
Limited excavations at Ammaia in the past two decades - albeit covering a mere 3,000 m (32,292 sq ft) of the town's area - have revealed a successful, expanding provincial town that included running water, a forum, baths, a bridge over the river Sever (near today's 'Ponte Velha'), and
640:
It is speculative to comment on the population of Marvão at this time. Many carved tombs and burial chambers dot the granite boulders of the landscape around Marvão, suggesting small-scale farming settlements, and some cultural emphasis on burial rites and the afterlife. Excavations of dolmens (e.g.
1502:
in 1340. Much of the architecture to be admired today in Marvão can be attributed to the guiding hand of the Hospitallers in extending the castle and village in the 13th-15th centuries. Hospitaller (Maltese) crosses can be seen on houses throughout Marvão's walled village, including the door of the
1450:
Another aspect of 13th century statecraft that would bolster the area's 'Portugalidade' (Portuguese identity) would be the settlement of planted Christian colonists from the north (Galicia, the Minho), southern France and Flanders in territories around Marvão. This was done with royal approval, and
952:
Historic documentation for the invasion of towns around Mérida province is poor, yet these were clearly difficult times for Ammaia. It is likely that the years 409-411 were catastrophic. Following the invasion of Spain in September or October 409, invading tribes used extreme violence in conquering
605:
Together with the Sever-valley sites around the nearby towns of Castelo de Vide and Valencia de Alcântara (in Spain), these form one of the densest clusters of megalithic sites in Europe. Among the 200+ neolithic, Bronze and Iron Age monuments within a 25 km (16 mi) range of Marvão is the
601:
The earliest dolmens in southern Portugal date from c. 4800 BCE, and this culture lasted into the Bronze Age (2000 BCE) and beyond into the Iron Age. In and around Marvão, there exists a high concentration of dolmens, rock-hewn tombs, passage mounds and megaliths, dated to the 3rd millennium BCE.
1428:
Marvão's role as fortress now became more important not as a Christian or Moorish outpost-against-the-infidel, but as a territorial marker for the young - and by no means militarily strong - state of Portugal against the competing Christian Kingdom of León. In 1226, Marvão was among the earliest
1354:
By the 1150s, Almohad rule was in the ascendancy over the Almoravids across al-Andalus. Yet Almohad rule in south-west Iberia would be short-lived: their embrace of holy war was matched by a new Christian fundamentalism in the north, which saw the reconquest as a crusade. The fledgling state of
960:
In Marvão, the once-thriving Roman town of Ammaia fell into ruin. Its 4th-century population of 6,000 people had represented about 0.1% of the Iberian population (6 million). Yet it would be described merely as 'ruins' in the 8th century CE. Why the decay? Fortified rural farmsteads and hilltop
821:
Some speculation has focused on whether 'choças', the traditional circular-floorplan barns with broom-thatched roofs – found throughout Marvão, most dating from the post-medieval period - are a vernacular survivor from these Celtic times. The 'choças' of Marvão follow the rudimentary pattern of
636:
Archaeological finds from this era include substantial grave goods, for example anthropomorphic idol plaques, arrowheads and axes, and jewellery. A database of idol plaques - the Engraved Stone Plaque Registry and Inquiry Tool - lists 16 plaques found in Marvão, 14 in Castelo de Vide, and 28 in
1102:
Historical sources do not explain the precise role of Marvão castle itself within the 50-year statelet, or wilāya - established from 884 to 930 - controlled by Ibn Marwán, his son, grandson and great-grandson from Badajoz. While the territory of the Banu Marwan was extensive, covering much of
573:
Marvão's natural assets have contributed to the 'uniqueness' of this remote village as perceived by visitors today: (i) as nigh-impregnable 'eagle's nest' fortress - perched high on a granite crag, and bordered on the south and west by the Sever river; (ii) as vital lookout-point towards the
645:
dolmen) reveal foetal-position buried skeletons, and grave goods including weaponry (axes, arrowheads), jewellery (necklaces), ceramics and stone idols. Cave art and engravings in the Tagus valley (40 km (25 mi) north of Marvão: 40,000 items) point to a developed culture based on
1378:
In the midst of complex conflicts and territorial grabs between Almohads, Alfonso I, Ferdinand II and Geraldo Sem Pavor, after nearly 500 years of Islamic rule, Marvão fell to Alfonso I during military campaigns in 1166. This conquest was by no means definitive. In 1190, a major Almohad
1226:
The 11th century was to prove far less stable than the 'golden age' of Umayyad al-Andalus in the 10th century. As powerbase-fortress, Marvão is likely to have played a role in civil wars among internal factions in the Badajoz taifa during the 1020-1040s. Notably, the short-lived
1543:
The 13th century saw considerable instability across western Iberia, intensifying the need for a clearly demarcated, strongly defended border. Under the King Denis (1261-1325), Marvão benefited from the king's focus on bolstering Portugal's border with the neighbouring
1727: 861:
After considerable resistance from Lusitanian tribes in the 2nd-1st century BCE, the Romans gained a tentative foothold over the areas south of the Tagus and north of the Sierra Morena during the 130s BCE. While early encampments had been made in Cáceres from 139 BCE
1349:
The Almohad empire in 1200: on the far north-west of the empire, frontier castles such as Marvão's were strung along a swath of disputed territory along the Tagus, Guadiana and Ebro basins. From 1200 to 1350, the reconquista pushed back Islamic territory to Southern
1231:(1022-1045) was to challenge Aftasid dominance in Badajoz along the traditional land trade routes linking the Tagus through the São Mamede sierra (Santarem-Caceres). The Lisbon taifa was eventually reincorporated into the taifa of Badajoz in 1045 under Al-Muzaffar. 801:
In the 2nd century BCE, Roman might asserted itself following the Punic Wars, yet progress was slow in these border regions. A series of bloody revolts and wars (195–135 BCE) pitted the Lusitanians and Vettones - most notably under the guerrilla fighter and hero
1031:), led to a division of territory: richer agricultural lands in the Guadalquivir basin fell under Arab control, and mountainous areas such as the Serra de São Mamede were generally held by Berber clansmen. Arab sources refer to the area north of the Guadiana as 874:'s campaigns in 61-60 BCE. Throughout this period, the terrain of the Serra de São Mamede is likely to have served as ideal base for guerrilla warfare, ambushes and smuggling. Lusitania only became a fully-fledged province under Augustus in 27 BCE, with the 1383:
retook Marvão, during a campaign against the Templar stronghold of Tomar which would recapture for the Moors much of the Algarve and the Alentejo as far as the castle at Alcácer do Sal. Further, a famous victory for the Almohads in the Guadiana valley at
1355:
Portugal curried favour with the military orders - the Templars and the Hospitallers in particular - and, through its blood connections with the house of Burgundy, gained support from fortune-seeking crusaders from across the Pyrenees. During the 1140s,
782:– which by 218 BCE reached across Southern Iberia up to the river Guadiana, the area is likely to have been crossed during the 230s and 220–218 BCE during Carthaginian slave-raiding and mercenary-recruitment campaigns focused on the Tagus valley (e.g. 692:, centred on Huelva in Spain, in decay throughout this period as Celticisation took place. Tartessians were the creators of the Southwestern script, one of the earliest written languages in Europe. A renowned gold hoard from the Tartessian period, the 649:
Further, ideograms - notably, repetitions of spirals - point to both abstract ideas, religious observance, and some astronomical knowledge of lunar and solar cycles. Decorative objects - rock crystal arrowheads, floral- and zig-zagged patterned stones
1367:(the latter with the help of English, Flemish and Rhinelander crusaders). Besides Alfonso I's actions in the Tagus valley, a particular destabilising factor in the Alto Alentejo and Extremadure were the exploits of the colourful 'Portuguese El Cid', 1371:(Gerald the Fearless). His private-army, 'commando-style' conquests of Almohad towns - such as Evora (1164), Cáceres (1164), Trujillo (1164), Juromenha (1165) - were so successful that they brought him into conflict with the King of León, 1498:, along with the duty to fortify the frontier and help in its repopulation. The Hospitallers would dominate the administration of the region for two centuries, moving their Portuguese headquarters from Leça in Northern Portugal to nearby 1279:
tribute, the lower Tagus cities of Lisbon and Santarem were ceded in 1093 to Alfonso VI, as the Badajoz taifa attempted to defend itself from Almoravid dynasty. This effort would fail: the emir would be killed by Almoravids a year later.
883:
In Marvão, gradual consolidation of Roman power led to the establishment of a substantial Roman town in the 1st century CE: Ammaia. Occupying up to 25 hectares, and with a population exceeding modern-day Marvão (5000-6000 inhabitants),
1121:
During its latter years, the Banu Marwan's statelet faced a major threat from reconquista-focused Christian kings from emergent states in the north. While Marvão is likely to have not been attacked in the raids of the king of León
1411:
Following its conquest by Alfonso I in the 1160s, and its brief recapture by Almohads in the 1190s, Marvão's situation remained fragile around the start of the 13th century: it was listed among Portuguese territories only in the
1118:, based in Bobastro near Ronda. However, the relative peace and endurance of the Banu Marwan's statelet - 46 years - testifies to the impregnability of its castles: any Emirate offensive in the São Mamede would be a bloodbath. 1731: 972:, with Suevi (strongholds in Galicia and Braga) fighting the Alans and Visigoths. Five centuries of incumbent Hispano-Roman urban culture gave way to interaction with the nomadic, pastoralist lifestyles of tribes such as the 949:- left an indelible mark on Marvão and Lusitania as a whole. Hispano-Roman urban centres across Iberia suffered two centuries of instability, violence and depopulation, and many towns fell into ruin. Ammaia was no exception. 1416:
of Castelo Branco in 1214. Marvão was a recently conquered outpost, that needed to be fully integrated into Portugal, and which stood on the edge of territories conquered by an expansionist Kingdom of León. The process of
696:
was discovered in nearby Aliseda (Cáceres province), while a gold bracelet discovered in nearby São Julião (Portalegre) - sold at auction in 2013 - suggests that local tribes were relatively wealthy. The migration of the
1261:
was moving southwards. Thus Marvão - as under Ibn Marwan - took up its deterrent role as a frontier fortress to project power beyond the court at Badajoz. Muslim domination in the region seemed on the back foot until the
1191:, from central Europe - a notable Slav, Sabur, would be the first ruler of the taifa of Badajoz), deemed caliphate 'loyalists'. Martial traditions were kept alive by recruitment of youths to fight in summer campaigns ( 1219:(1013-1094), the largest taifa of al-Andalus, which stretched across Extremadura and modern-day Portugal to Lisbon and the Atlantic coast. Initially ruled by a Slav, Sabur, from the 1020s the taifa was ruled by the 1152:, is likely to have contributed to the eventual surrender of the Marwan clan to the Cordoban Caliphate in 930. Under the Caliphate (929-1031 CE), Marvão again fell under the auspices of the territorial district, or 433: 1091:, a Muwallad chieftain - and reputed founder of the Spanish city of Badajoz - who rebelled against the Umayyad Emirate of Cordoba (756-929 CE). The village is mentioned as such in the 10th century by the historian 1531:(both on the village and castle gates) to slow down invaders in the event of breached gates; a series of narrow killing zones (notably, in the triple gate on the village-side of the castle); extensive crenellated 557:
Today, lying on the 'raia' that divides Portugal and Spain, Marvão has consistently stood on a frontier zone between peoples: Celtici, Vettones and Lusitani (4th-2nd century BCE); Lusitanians and the Romans of
2079:", Multudisciplinary Approaches to Classical Archaeology-Approcci Multidisciplinari per l'Archeologia Classica. Proceedings of the 17th International Congress of Classical Archaeology, Rome, Italy, pp. 22–26 670:
The Iberian peninsula saw migrations of Celtic tribes from central Europe during the 6th–4th century BCE. The site of modern-day Marvão would have stood on the northern periphery of the territory of the
1254:
protection money; the recruitment of its sons for battle; the billeting of any marching armies; occasional skirmishes during summer raiding campaigns; and the splitting of families during civil war.
1239:(1015-1065). Coimbra would follow in 1064, and, under Ferdinand's son Alfonso VI, the vital city of Toledo in 1085. Such military successes enabled the Christian kings to exact onerous tributes, or 578:(70 km (43 mi) away), a wide stretch of the Tagus basin and the Serra de Estrela; (iii) as a gateway to Portugal from Spain via the Porta da Espada ('Sword Gate') mountain pass of the 1587:
Marvão with a frontal attack. An Anglo Portuguese garrison under Captain Thomas Browne defeated the Spaniards who fled with heavy loss, contributing to Spain asking for a truce in November.
442:
in Portugal. The population in 2020 was 2,972 (and dropping at a rate of around one inhabitant per week), in an area of 154.90 km. The present Mayor is Luís Vitorino, elected by the
500:"From Marvão one can see the entire land ... It is understandable that from this place, high up in the keep at Marvão Castle, visitors may respectfully murmur, 'How great is the world'." 871: 1323:
valley now became the key dividing line between Christian and Moor: Marvão would become an outpost on the north-western frontier of an empire that stretched all the way to Mauritania.
1668:
Marvão's population is subject to a combination of ageing, declining birthrate and rural exodus. Since the 1990s, the municipality has been losing just under one inhabitant per week.
2326: 888:
occupied the site of the present-day parish of São Salvador da Aramenha. The town flourished between the 1st century BCE and the collapse of the Roman empire in the 5th century CE.
1250:
the Algarve . Thus throughout this period, Marvão and its neighbouring towns would have experienced the many tribulations of a martial state: the payment of taxes for wars and the
1020:
in 714 CE (when Coimbra and Santarém were also captured). The invasion would herald five centuries of Islamic rule, until Marvão was captured by the Portuguese nation-builder
1106:
Thus Marvão - 'my mountain' - became a piece of propaganda-in-stone for Ibn Marwán. With the Marwán dynasty possessing siege-ready castles such as this, and also engaged in
1559:
briefly break away from Castile - brought risk of contagion into Portugal's eastern frontier. Another major conflict occurred from 1319 to 1326: King Denis's bastard son,
610:(the largest on the Iberian peninsula), oriented to be visible from the northernmost promontory of Marvão's rock (possibly based on an alignment with the lunar calendar). 1709: 2438: 747:
tribes, and its dominant strategic position offered line-of-sight long into the territories of all three tribes. A locally found head of a pig-like sculpture from the
1455:
in Marvão is likely to refer to its 13th–14th century settlers. Other nearby settlements took names from southern France: in the nearby Templar-controlled village of
1027:
It is believed that during unstable decades from 711 to 756 in al-Andalus, power struggles between Arab and Berber factions, together with newly converted Visigoths (
921:(present-day Mérida) via Norba Caesarina (Cáceres). The mountain of Marvão would also have served as a watchtower providing line-of-sight to the vitally-important 2443: 2448: 1490:). These extended across the present-day districts of Castelo de Vide and Nisa and into territories near Valencia de Alcántara that now lie in Spain. In 1232, 2319: 1975: 1266:(near Badajoz, south of Marvão) in 1086. In the face of the Christian threat, the taifa emirs jointly called for assistance from Almoravid Africa under 2072: 1338: 272: 1167:
Prior to obtaining surrender from Ibn Marvan's great-grandson, in 929 CE, the Umayyad ruler Abd-al-Rahman III had proclaimed himself Caliph of the
205: 1288: 1164:, which comprised much of modern-day Portugal north of the Algarve, and comprised the Lower March (or buffer zone) bordering the Christian north. 1992: 1148:
The threat of conquest from León, together with a rapid-fire series of Cordoban successes against other Muwallad rebels in the 910s-920s under
267: 2312: 2147: 2123: 1523:
reflect the innovations brought back by crusading orders from the near east (notably the highly influential Hospitaller castle in Syria, the
1843:
de Oliveira, J., 'Antas e Menires do Concelho de Marvão', in Ibn Maruan, Revista Cultural do Concelho de Marvão no. 8, 1998, ISSN 0872-1017
1275:
soldiers lost. The military strength of the Badajoz taifa was now much-weakened, and the Christians took advantage of this: as part of the
866:) and in Almourol (in the Tagus valley) from 138 BCE, Roman progress was only made in fits and starts. Lusitanian rebellions - notably the 255: 1478:, strong allies of Alfonso I, had during the 12th century been given lands north of the Tagus, including their headquarters at Tomar, and 1161: 713:, displacing the proto-Celt Lusitanians who dominated the lands north of the Tagus, and skirting the Vettones lands that stretched from 983:
While little can be seen today in Marvão of this period, tradition states that the large herding dogs of Iberia were introduced by the
1236: 490: 443: 309: 554:
to the north, the fortified rock of Marvão has been a site of significant strategic importance since the earliest human settlements.
2189: 1832: 118: 2219: 488:
The village has generated significant tourist interest in recent years. It was included in the #1 New York Times bestselling book,
826:
found throughout Celtic settlements in Europe. Similarly, a number of corbelled circular drystone shelters, with a false cupola (
685:
rivers, and beyond to the Algarve and today's Huelva province in Andalucia. The area falls within the northernmost limits of the
2005: 810:. While nominally the area was under Roman control from the early 130s BCE, for a century an unstable war zone spread from the 977: 969: 946: 56: 1903: 1474:
Perhaps the most important development for Marvão at this time was the donation of borderlands to the military orders. The
563: 1422: 1407:
crosses on houses, and Municipal Museum in Marvão, Portugal, denoting the village's connections to the Knights Hospitaller
1380: 99: 1009: 701:
is considered part of a third or fourth wave of Celts in the 4th century BCE: this migration occurred across modern-day
383: 71: 1421:
began under the reigns of kings Sancho I and Alfonso II. Yet it was the famous Christian victory over the Almohads at
1039:. Following the chaotic decades of invasion, by the later 8th century CE Marvão would have formed part of the Western 391: 2268: 2201: 1689:
In 2014 an undescribed species of robberfly was collected from the area around Marvão, and named after this region:
1096: 2089: 154: 145: 78: 52: 465:- likely on the site of an earlier Roman watchtower - as a power base when establishing an independent statelet (" 1885: 718: 1799: 1479: 945:
During the 5th-7th century, the invasion of Roman Iberia by a succession of tribes from Central Europe - the
2184:
Hitchcock, R., 'Muslim Spain (711-1492)', in Spain: A Companion to Spanish Studies (ed. Russell, P.E., 1973)
1867: 85: 2069: 2044:". In SIPA (in Portuguese). Lisbon, Portugal: SIPA – Sistema de Informação para o Património Arquitectónico. 1372: 1360: 1333:
Almoravid rule was not to last. They faced revolts at home in Morocco from a rival fundamentalist sect, the
1168: 1142: 1127: 1123: 45: 735:
So in the three centuries prior to Roman conquest (3rd–1st century BCE), Marvão stood at a junction of the
756: 450: 2162:'VENCEDOR Y VENCIDO: HASIM B. ABD AL-AZIZ FRENTE A IBN MARWAN', Escuela de Estudios Árabes, CSIC, Granada 1270:. This crucial battle would re-establish Islamic dominance in the São Mamede for a further 70 years. The 1044: 2362: 1680:(born 1964 in Évora) a Portuguese sculptor; since 1999 has a studio in Marvão, where she lives and works 1491: 1430: 885: 823: 767: 478: 477:(884-931 CE). The castle and walled village were further fortified through the centuries, notably under 362: 279: 67: 1549: 1138: 1111: 891:
Ammaia's location on the river Sever was a waypoint on west–east trading routes, linking towns such as
1442: 2412: 2159: 1483: 1017: 524: 372: 1753: 2387: 2382: 2336: 1677: 1584: 1535:
and curtain walls that enhanced the natural defences provided by the escarpments of Marvão's rock.
1524: 1520: 1495: 1021: 992: 988: 922: 827: 779: 762: 686: 575: 510:
An annual international classical music festival, under the artistic direction of German conductor
462: 439: 426: 284: 2120: 832:
chafurdão) in Marvão reflect similar Iron Age structures across Southern Europe (e.g. the Spanish
2397: 1545: 1271: 1263: 714: 474: 2041: 1583:, an attempted Spanish and French invasion of Portugal in late 1762, a Spanish force of 4–5,000 1556: 1439:(i.e. royal charter, allowing the town to regulate its administration, borders and privileges). 791: 1568: 1126:
in 913 (which ransacked Evora to the south), it is likely to have suffered during raids during
2185: 2143: 1943: 1853: 1828: 1385: 1368: 1334: 1319: 1267: 1246: 1149: 815: 807: 559: 179: 2347: 2299: 1933: 1772: 1519:
As with other 11th-13th-century castles, the early medieval improvements and development of
1356: 1179:(although, in Marvão, never reaching the levels of Roman Ammaia); new shepherding pathways ( 999:
The Islamic era: invasion, the Ibn Marwán rebellion, the Badajoz taifa, Christian reconquest
870:(80-72 BCE) - hampered progress, with effective Roman rule being achieved in the area under 811: 567: 551: 511: 495: 2280: 2257: 1223:, a Berber clan, with a notable emir being Muhammad ibn Abd Allah Al-Muzaffar (1045-1068). 693: 2372: 2367: 2127: 2076: 2009: 1499: 1475: 1364: 1228: 1220: 1203: 1115: 918: 607: 597:
or 'pedra de raia' type found among grave goods at a dolmen in Marvão (3rd millennium BCE)
260: 169: 1494:
donated further extensive domains south of the Tagus around Marvão and Portalegre to the
1404: 1216: 1083:
Perhaps the most important vestige of the Islamic era is the name of the village itself:
814:-Tagus basin (seen from Marvão) and the Extremaduran plains between Alburquerque and the 92: 2304: 590: 2402: 2357: 1456: 1305: 1051:
from the old Lusitanian capital of Mérida. One of three marches, this was known as the
962: 783: 1803: 1016:
in 711 is likely to have reached the area around Marvão during the Spring campaign of
2432: 2281:'A remarkable new species of Paraphamartania Engel from Portugal (Diptera, Asilidae)' 1580: 1560: 1528: 1400: 867: 1827:
de Oliveira, J., 'Monumentos megaliticos da bacia hidrografica do Rio Sever', 1997,
1482:, and given broad responsibility to secure the river passage on the river. In 1199, 1257:
Meanwhile, León and Castile were able to profit from the in-fighting. The Christian
628: 2407: 1754:"Marvão - Alentejo, Portugal - 1000 Places to See Before You Die on Waymarking.com" 775: 771: 17: 1922:"Approaching Specialisation: Craft Production in Late Neolithic/Copper Age Iberia" 1396: 913: 358: 2056: 1284:
The final generations of Islamic rule in Marvão: Almoravids, Almohads, reconquest
2023: 1961: 1052: 770:
on the southernmost tip - are likely to have played a role in conflicts between
740: 724: 706: 34: 1511: 766:– in particular the dominant escarpments of Marvão on the northernmost tip and 1532: 1392:
The Kingdom of Portugal, the plantation of settlers, Templars and Hospitallers
1345: 1293: 1092: 1088: 1013: 880:
heralding five centuries of strong urban development across southwest Iberia.
876: 795: 751:(Portuguese: berrão) culture of the Vettones is displayed in Marvão's museum. 662: 458: 379: 1947: 840:) associated with the terracing and clearance of rocky land for farming. The 220: 207: 2352: 893: 594: 353: 291: 2070:
Geoarchaeological Research in the Roman Town of Ammaia (Alentejo, Portugal)
1211:
From 1009 CE, the Cordoban Caliphate fragmented into smaller statelets, or
937: 632:
Necklace found among grave goods at a dolmen in Marvão (3rd millennium BCE)
2240: 1962:"Haitlinger, P., Comunicação, antes das letras: Placas de Xisto Gravadas" 1310: 954: 902: 803: 744: 710: 682: 454: 248: 2093: 1854:"Mnarqueologia Ipmuseus | Museu Nacional de Arqueologia Exposições" 1555:
A civil war in the Kingdom of Castile from 1296 to 1301 - which saw the
1099:, as the 'Jabal (rock) of Ammaia, known today as Ammaia of Ibn Maruán'. 991:
can be seen guarding livestock in fields around Marvão, while the bulky
194: 1297: 1075: 907: 845: 787: 748: 736: 728: 673: 466: 2130:, in Ibn Maruan, Revista Cultural do Concelho de Marvão, November 1991 2417: 1552:
being a Castilian counterpart to the Hospitaller's role in Portugal.
1241: 933:
The post-Roman era: decline of Ammaia, Alans, Suevi and the Visigoths
702: 522:
Administratively, the municipality is divided into 4 civil parishes (
2172: 1938: 1921: 1308:). The Almoravid gold dinar would set the standard of the Iberian 2377: 2220:"Muhammad al-Muzaffar, Rey de la taifa de Badajoz (ca. 1005-1068)" 2160:
http://digital.csic.es/bitstream/10261/12351/1/Molina_Vencedor.pdf
1510: 1441: 1435: 1395: 1344: 1301: 1287: 1202: 1137: 1074: 1071:
Ibn Marwán: Marvão's role as stronghold for the Banu Marwan wilāya
984: 973: 936: 731:
head (Portuguese: berrão) displayed in the Marvão Municipal Museum
723: 678: 661: 627: 589: 482: 470: 1991:
Da Silva, L., Map of 'Pre-Roman Peoples and Languages of Iberia,
1047:' i.e. buffer area or boundary zone) ruled by a marcher lord, or 2308: 2138: 2136: 2115: 2113: 2111: 1110:
with the Asturian kings in times of conflict (a key ally being
28: 1215:, each ruled by an emir. In 1013, Marvão fell within the new 1070: 646:
prehistoric norms of agriculture, hunting and transhumance.
617:
complex of dolmens near Castelo de Vide, the Vidais dolmen (
2294: 852:
rearing remains dominant in local agriculture and cuisine.
405: 1993:
Associação Campo Arqueológico de Tavira, Tavira, Portugal
1976:"A CELTIC SOLID GOLD BRACELET, IRON AGE, CIRCA 1000 B.C." 1507:
Marvão´s castle: an archetype of medieval castle-building
504:
In the 1950s, author Huldine V. Beamish wrote of Marvão,
2258:
http://www.csarmento.uminho.pt/docs/ndat/rg/RG106_11.pdf
2057:
Cillán, Adela, 'Ammaia, una ciudad romana por descubrir'
1063:). The Lower March - the territorial division known as 473:) - covering much of modern-day Portugal - during the 2173:'Islamic and Christian Spain in the Early Middle Ages' 1326:
The Almoravids are described as austere, battle-ready
1789:'The Hills of Alentejo', Geoffrey Bles, London, 1958. 2068:
Corsi, M.; Deprez, F.; Vermeulen (September 2008), "
2052: 2050: 1728:"Áreas das freguesias, concelhos, distritos e país" 400: 390: 369: 352: 344: 336: 331: 323: 318: 307: 302: 290: 278: 266: 254: 236: 136: 59:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2202:"Sabur, Rey de la taifa de Badajoz (ca. 960-1022)" 2059:, Sevilla Press, 2012-05-16, retrieved 2012-07-24 1773:"Seeing for Miles From a Village High in the Sky" 1471:(Arles) to denote the origins of their settlers. 2142:Fletcher, Richard (1992), Moorish Spain, p. 44, 1235:to the kingdom of León and Castile, led by king 1004:Invasion: Land of the Berbers and Western Thugūr 976:(dominant in much of former Lusitania after the 844:culture was renowned for its cattle-rearing and 778:. While Marvão lies north of the territories of 1199:Marvão under the Badajoz taifa and the Aftasids 806:– against the expansionist Roman colonisers of 453:, Marvão's name is derived from an 8th-century 1598:Population of Marvão Municipality (1801–2019) 1379:counter-offensive launched from Morocco under 917:(Santiago de Cacém) to the provincial capital 2320: 2235: 2233: 2040:Gordalina, Domingos; Estadão, Luísa (2007). " 794:: Iberian manpower was to play a role in the 8: 2175:, in THE LIBRARY OF IBERIAN RESOURCES ONLINE 1429:towns on the eastern border to receive from 953:the cities of Roman Spain. A quotation from 550:Commanding views across the Tagus basin and 2327: 2313: 2305: 1486:awarded lands to the north of Marvão (the 848:(Portuguese: berrão) pig-like sculptures: 625:dolmen complex of Valencia de Alcântara. 133: 2279:Mortelmans, Tomasovic & Nagy, 2014., 2241:":: Município de Nisa - História ::" 1937: 119:Learn how and when to remove this message 1995:. Map of 2010-03-13, Accessed 2012-07-24 1926:Papers from the Institute of Archaeology 1693:Mortelmans, Tomasovic & Nagy, 2014. 1594: 446:. The municipal holiday is September 8. 425: 2439:Populated places in Portalegre District 1701: 1563:, lord of nearby Alburquerque was made 1446:The convent of Nossa Senhora da Estrela 1079:Statue of Ibn Marwan in Badajoz, Spain. 399: 351: 330: 317: 301: 289: 235: 200: 191: 163: 151: 2042:Ruínas Romanas/Cidade romana de Ammaia 621:) of Santo Antonio das Areias and the 327:154.90 km (59.81 sq mi) 2444:Municipalities of Portalegre District 1503:church that is the Municipal Museum. 389: 368: 343: 335: 322: 306: 277: 265: 253: 7: 1539:Dom Dinis (King Denis) and Afonso IV 1095:, quoting a lost original source by 754:Given their strategic location, the 57:adding citations to reliable sources 1134:Marvão under the Cordoban Caliphate 1130:´s campaign to sack Mérida in 913. 968:The borders between tribes were in 947:Vandals, Suevi, Alans and Visigoths 658:Pre-Roman era: Lusitani and Celtici 449:Perched on a quartzite crag of the 1771:Greenfield, Beth (29 April 2007). 690:paleohispanic language and culture 461:. Ibn Marwan, who constructed the 423:European Portuguese pronunciation: 131:Municipality in Alentejo, Portugal 25: 1175:) of smallholdings expanded from 995:was used in Spanish bullfights). 491:1000 Places to see Before you Die 1804:"Law nr. 11-A/2013, page 552 68" 677:tribe, which stretched from the 666:Pre-Roman tribal areas in Iberia 241: 193: 178: 168: 153: 33: 2449:Portugal–Spain border crossings 2008:(in Portuguese). Archived from 1601: 1207:The taifa kingdoms around 1080. 1195:) against the Christian north. 44:needs additional citations for 2121:'Ammaia de Ibn Maruán: Marvão' 1459:(Nice), we find hamlets named 941:Marvão as seen from its castle 790:) and along what later became 159:Marvão as seen from its castle 1: 1183:) criss-crossed Roman roads ( 494:. Nobel Prize-winning author 296: 1904:"Iberian Artifacts - Search" 1868:"Iberian Artifacts - Search" 1661: 1658: 1655: 1652: 1649: 1646: 1643: 1640: 1637: 1634: 1629: 1626: 1623: 1620: 1617: 1614: 1611: 1608: 1605: 1602: 1357:Alfonso I (Afonso Henriques) 1087:is derived from the name of 613:Other notable sites are the 2269:Castelo de Marvão - detalhe 1691:Paraphamartania marvaoensis 965:on the north of the Tagus. 2465: 2295:Town Hall official website 1381:Abu Yusuf Ya'qub al-Mansur 2343: 1597: 923:Roman bridge at Alcántara 201: 192: 164: 152: 143: 2090:"RADIO-PAST Photographs" 541:São Salvador da Aramenha 538:Santo António das Areias 1908:research2.its.uiowa.edu 1890:research2.its.uiowa.edu 1872:research2.its.uiowa.edu 1112:Alfonso III of Asturias 786:'s Tagus encampment at 637:Valencia de Alcântara. 444:Social Democratic Party 438:) is a municipality in 1516: 1447: 1408: 1351: 1315: 1208: 1145: 1080: 942: 732: 667: 633: 598: 498:wrote of the village, 1710:"Statistics Portugal" 1514: 1492:Sancho II of Portugal 1445: 1431:Sancho II of Portugal 1399: 1348: 1291: 1206: 1141: 1097:Isa ibn Ahmad ar-Razi 1078: 940: 857:The Roman era: Ammaia 727: 665: 631: 593: 535:Santa Maria de Marvão 479:Sancho II of Portugal 371: • Summer ( 348:19/km (50/sq mi) 2028:www.stoneshelter.org 1484:Sancho I of Portugal 1373:Ferdinand II of León 1359:was able to capture 1169:Caliphate of Córdoba 1143:Caliphate of Córdoba 1059:) or Distant March ( 1037:Lands of the Berbers 1022:Afonso I of Portugal 705:and into modern-day 345: • Density 221:39.39417°N 7.37667°W 53:improve this article 2337:Portalegre District 1932:. 13 October 2009. 1800:Diário da República 1678:Maria Leal da Costa 1525:Krak des Chevaliers 1496:Knights Hospitaller 1237:Ferdinand the Great 989:Portuguese mastiffs 780:Carthaginian Iberia 763:Sierra de San Pedro 757:Serra de São Mamede 580:Serra de São Mamede 481:(13th century) and 451:Serra de São Mamede 440:Portalegre District 217: /  18:Marvão Municipality 2335:Municipalities of 2171:Glick, Thomas F., 2126:2010-06-04 at the 2096:on 20 October 2012 2075:2012-03-31 at the 1777:The New York Times 1758:www.waymarking.com 1734:on 5 November 2018 1569:Battle of Alvalade 1550:Order of Alcántara 1546:Kingdom of Castile 1517: 1448: 1419:Portuguesification 1409: 1352: 1316: 1272:Battle of Sagrajas 1264:Battle of Sagrajas 1209: 1146: 1081: 943: 733: 668: 634: 599: 475:Emirate of Cordoba 427:[mɐɾˈvɐ̃w] 337: • Total 324: • Total 226:39.39417; -7.37667 2426: 2425: 2224:MCNBiografias.com 2206:MCNBiografias.com 2148:978-1-8421-2605-9 1979:www.christies.com 1666: 1665: 1585:attempted to take 1369:Geraldo Sem Pavor 1318:In the 1090s the 1268:Yusuf ibn Tashfin 1150:Abd ar-Rahman III 816:Sierra de Aracena 808:Hispania Ulterior 694:Tesoro de Aliseda 560:Hispania Ulterior 483:Denis of Portugal 416: 415: 268:Intermunic. comm. 129: 128: 121: 103: 16:(Redirected from 2456: 2329: 2322: 2315: 2306: 2283: 2277: 2271: 2266: 2260: 2255: 2249: 2248: 2237: 2228: 2227: 2216: 2210: 2209: 2198: 2192: 2182: 2176: 2169: 2163: 2156: 2150: 2140: 2131: 2117: 2106: 2105: 2103: 2101: 2092:. Archived from 2086: 2080: 2066: 2060: 2054: 2045: 2038: 2032: 2031: 2020: 2014: 2013: 2012:on 23 June 2009. 2002: 1996: 1989: 1983: 1982: 1972: 1966: 1965: 1958: 1952: 1951: 1941: 1918: 1912: 1911: 1900: 1894: 1893: 1882: 1876: 1875: 1864: 1858: 1857: 1850: 1844: 1841: 1835: 1825: 1819: 1818: 1816: 1814: 1808: 1796: 1790: 1787: 1781: 1780: 1768: 1762: 1761: 1750: 1744: 1743: 1741: 1739: 1730:. Archived from 1724: 1718: 1717: 1706: 1595: 1488:Herdade da Açafa 1467:(Montauban) and 1217:taifa of Badajoz 1033:Bi:lad al-Barbar 978:Battle of Mérida 812:Serra de Estrela 792:Ruta de la Plata 576:Alcántara Bridge 570:(20th century). 552:Serra de Estrela 512:Christoph Poppen 463:Castle of Marvão 437: 436: 435: 429: 424: 412: 409: 407: 376: 247: 245: 244: 232: 231: 229: 228: 227: 222: 218: 215: 214: 213: 210: 197: 182: 172: 157: 134: 124: 117: 113: 110: 104: 102: 61: 37: 29: 21: 2464: 2463: 2459: 2458: 2457: 2455: 2454: 2453: 2429: 2428: 2427: 2422: 2368:Castelo de Vide 2339: 2333: 2291: 2286: 2278: 2274: 2267: 2263: 2256: 2252: 2239: 2238: 2231: 2218: 2217: 2213: 2200: 2199: 2195: 2183: 2179: 2170: 2166: 2157: 2153: 2141: 2134: 2128:Wayback Machine 2119:Sidarus, Adel, 2118: 2109: 2099: 2097: 2088: 2087: 2083: 2077:Wayback Machine 2067: 2063: 2055: 2048: 2039: 2035: 2022: 2021: 2017: 2004: 2003: 1999: 1990: 1986: 1974: 1973: 1969: 1960: 1959: 1955: 1939:10.5334/pia.325 1920: 1919: 1915: 1902: 1901: 1897: 1884: 1883: 1879: 1866: 1865: 1861: 1852: 1851: 1847: 1842: 1838: 1826: 1822: 1812: 1810: 1809:(in Portuguese) 1806: 1798: 1797: 1793: 1788: 1784: 1770: 1769: 1765: 1752: 1751: 1747: 1737: 1735: 1726: 1725: 1721: 1708: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1687: 1674: 1593: 1577: 1557:Kingdom of León 1541: 1515:Marvão's castle 1509: 1423:Navas de Tolosa 1394: 1286: 1229:Taifa of Lisbon 1221:Aftasid dynasty 1201: 1136: 1116:Umar Ibn Hafsun 1073: 1061:al-Tagr al-Aqsa 1057:al-Tagr al-Adna 1010:Muslim invasion 1006: 1001: 970:continuous flux 935: 919:Emerita Augusta 864:Castra Servilia 859: 660: 608:Menhir of Meada 588: 548: 520: 432: 431: 430: 422: 404: 370: 242: 240: 225: 223: 219: 216: 211: 208: 206: 204: 203: 188: 187: 186: 185: 176: 175: 160: 148: 139: 132: 125: 114: 108: 105: 62: 60: 50: 38: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 2462: 2460: 2452: 2451: 2446: 2441: 2431: 2430: 2424: 2423: 2421: 2420: 2415: 2410: 2405: 2400: 2395: 2390: 2385: 2380: 2375: 2370: 2365: 2360: 2355: 2350: 2344: 2341: 2340: 2334: 2332: 2331: 2324: 2317: 2309: 2303: 2302: 2297: 2290: 2289:External links 2287: 2285: 2284: 2272: 2261: 2250: 2245:www.cm-nisa.pt 2229: 2211: 2193: 2177: 2164: 2158:Molina, Luis, 2151: 2132: 2107: 2081: 2061: 2046: 2033: 2015: 1997: 1984: 1967: 1953: 1913: 1895: 1877: 1859: 1845: 1836: 1820: 1791: 1782: 1763: 1745: 1719: 1700: 1698: 1695: 1686: 1683: 1682: 1681: 1673: 1672:Notable people 1670: 1664: 1663: 1660: 1657: 1654: 1651: 1648: 1645: 1642: 1639: 1636: 1632: 1631: 1628: 1625: 1622: 1619: 1616: 1613: 1610: 1607: 1604: 1600: 1599: 1592: 1589: 1576: 1573: 1561:Afonso Sanches 1540: 1537: 1529:bent entrances 1508: 1505: 1480:Castelo Branco 1393: 1390: 1306:British Museum 1285: 1282: 1200: 1197: 1135: 1132: 1072: 1069: 1024:in the 1160s. 1005: 1002: 1000: 997: 963:Idanha-a-Velha 934: 931: 858: 855: 784:Hamilcar Barca 719:Castelo Branco 659: 656: 652:pedras de raio 587: 584: 547: 544: 543: 542: 539: 536: 533: 519: 516: 414: 413: 402: 398: 397: 394: 388: 387: 377: 367: 366: 356: 350: 349: 346: 342: 341: 338: 334: 333: 329: 328: 325: 321: 320: 316: 315: 312: 305: 304: 300: 299: 294: 288: 287: 282: 276: 275: 270: 264: 263: 258: 252: 251: 238: 234: 233: 199: 198: 190: 189: 183: 177: 173: 167: 166: 165: 162: 161: 158: 150: 149: 144: 141: 140: 137: 130: 127: 126: 41: 39: 32: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 2461: 2450: 2447: 2445: 2442: 2440: 2437: 2436: 2434: 2419: 2416: 2414: 2411: 2409: 2406: 2404: 2401: 2399: 2396: 2394: 2391: 2389: 2386: 2384: 2381: 2379: 2376: 2374: 2371: 2369: 2366: 2364: 2361: 2359: 2356: 2354: 2351: 2349: 2348:Alter do Chão 2346: 2345: 2342: 2338: 2330: 2325: 2323: 2318: 2316: 2311: 2310: 2307: 2301: 2298: 2296: 2293: 2292: 2288: 2282: 2276: 2273: 2270: 2265: 2262: 2259: 2254: 2251: 2246: 2242: 2236: 2234: 2230: 2225: 2221: 2215: 2212: 2207: 2203: 2197: 2194: 2191: 2190:0-416-84110-4 2187: 2181: 2178: 2174: 2168: 2165: 2161: 2155: 2152: 2149: 2145: 2139: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2122: 2116: 2114: 2112: 2108: 2095: 2091: 2085: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2071: 2065: 2062: 2058: 2053: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2037: 2034: 2029: 2025: 2019: 2016: 2011: 2007: 2001: 1998: 1994: 1988: 1985: 1980: 1977: 1971: 1968: 1963: 1957: 1954: 1949: 1945: 1940: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1917: 1914: 1909: 1905: 1899: 1896: 1891: 1887: 1886:"Plaque List" 1881: 1878: 1873: 1869: 1863: 1860: 1855: 1849: 1846: 1840: 1837: 1834: 1833:972-97626-0-0 1830: 1824: 1821: 1805: 1801: 1795: 1792: 1786: 1783: 1778: 1774: 1767: 1764: 1759: 1755: 1749: 1746: 1733: 1729: 1723: 1720: 1715: 1711: 1705: 1702: 1696: 1694: 1692: 1684: 1679: 1676: 1675: 1671: 1669: 1633: 1596: 1590: 1588: 1586: 1582: 1581:Fantastic War 1574: 1572: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1553: 1551: 1547: 1538: 1536: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1521:Marvão castle 1513: 1506: 1504: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1472: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1444: 1440: 1438: 1437: 1432: 1426: 1424: 1420: 1415: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1391: 1389: 1387: 1382: 1376: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1347: 1343: 1340: 1336: 1331: 1329: 1324: 1321: 1313: 1312: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1290: 1283: 1281: 1278: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1260: 1255: 1253: 1248: 1244: 1243: 1238: 1232: 1230: 1224: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1205: 1198: 1196: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1165: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1144: 1140: 1133: 1131: 1129: 1125: 1119: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1104: 1100: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1077: 1068: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1025: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1003: 998: 996: 994: 993:Alano Espãnol 990: 986: 981: 979: 975: 971: 966: 964: 958: 956: 950: 948: 939: 932: 930: 926: 924: 920: 916: 915: 911:(Lisbon) and 910: 909: 904: 900: 896: 895: 889: 887: 881: 879: 878: 873: 872:Julius Caesar 869: 868:Sertorian War 865: 856: 854: 853: 849: 847: 841: 837: 836:and Croatian 833: 829: 825: 819: 817: 813: 809: 805: 799: 797: 793: 789: 785: 781: 777: 773: 769: 765: 764: 759: 758: 752: 750: 746: 742: 738: 730: 726: 722: 720: 716: 712: 708: 704: 700: 695: 691: 689: 684: 680: 676: 675: 664: 657: 655: 653: 647: 644: 638: 630: 626: 624: 620: 619:Castelo Velho 616: 611: 609: 603: 596: 592: 585: 583: 581: 577: 571: 569: 565: 561: 555: 553: 545: 540: 537: 534: 531: 530: 529: 527: 526: 517: 515: 513: 508: 507: 502: 501: 497: 496:José Saramago 493: 492: 486: 484: 480: 476: 472: 468: 464: 460: 457:rebel, named 456: 452: 447: 445: 441: 434: 428: 420: 411: 403: 395: 393: 392:Local holiday 385: 381: 378: 374: 364: 360: 357: 355: 347: 339: 326: 314:Luís Vitorino 313: 311: 308: •  298: 295: 293: 286: 283: 281: 274: 273:Alto Alentejo 271: 269: 262: 259: 257: 250: 239: 230: 202:Coordinates: 196: 181: 171: 156: 147: 142: 135: 123: 120: 112: 101: 98: 94: 91: 87: 84: 80: 77: 73: 70: –  69: 65: 64:Find sources: 58: 54: 48: 47: 42:This article 40: 36: 31: 30: 27: 19: 2408:Ponte de Sor 2392: 2275: 2264: 2253: 2244: 2223: 2214: 2205: 2196: 2180: 2167: 2154: 2098:. Retrieved 2094:the original 2084: 2064: 2036: 2027: 2018: 2010:the original 2006:"Chafurdões" 2000: 1987: 1978: 1970: 1956: 1929: 1925: 1916: 1907: 1898: 1889: 1880: 1871: 1862: 1848: 1839: 1823: 1811:. Retrieved 1794: 1785: 1776: 1766: 1757: 1748: 1736:. Retrieved 1732:the original 1722: 1713: 1704: 1690: 1688: 1667: 1591:Demographics 1578: 1575:18th Century 1564: 1554: 1542: 1518: 1487: 1473: 1468: 1464: 1463:(Toulouse), 1460: 1452: 1449: 1434: 1427: 1418: 1413: 1410: 1377: 1353: 1332: 1327: 1325: 1317: 1309: 1276: 1258: 1256: 1251: 1240: 1233: 1225: 1212: 1210: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1166: 1157: 1153: 1147: 1120: 1107: 1105: 1101: 1084: 1082: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1048: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1026: 1007: 982: 967: 959: 951: 944: 927: 912: 906: 898: 897:(Santarém), 892: 890: 882: 875: 863: 860: 851: 843: 839: 835: 831: 820: 800: 772:Celtiberians 768:Alburquerque 761: 760:and Spain's 755: 753: 734: 698: 687: 672: 669: 651: 648: 642: 639: 635: 622: 618: 614: 612: 604: 600: 579: 572: 556: 549: 523: 521: 509: 505: 503: 499: 489: 487: 448: 418: 417: 184:Coat of arms 146:Municipality 115: 109:October 2021 106: 96: 89: 82: 75: 63: 51:Please help 46:verification 43: 26: 2363:Campo Maior 2024:"The Stone" 1579:During the 1533:battlements 1363:(1147) and 1259:reconquista 1108:realpolitik 1053:Lower March 1018:Abd al-Aziz 850:porco preto 824:roundhouses 707:Extremadura 623:Las Lanchas 615:Coureleiros 606:7.15m high 595:Idol plaque 396:September 8 224: / 2433:Categories 2413:Portalegre 1738:5 November 1714:www.ine.pt 1697:References 1350:Andalusia. 1320:Almoravids 1296:coin from 1294:gold dinar 1292:Almoravid 1156:(Spanish: 1093:Ibn Hayyan 1089:Ibn Marwán 1014:al-Andalus 877:pax Romana 828:Portuguese 796:Punic Wars 688:Tartessian 643:Cavalinhas 586:Prehistory 525:freguesias 459:Ibn Marwan 408:.cm-marvao 332:Population 303:Government 285:Portalegre 209:39°23′39″N 79:newspapers 2383:Fronteira 2353:Arronches 2300:13 Photos 1948:2041-9015 1565:mayordomo 1465:Montalvão 1328:jihadists 1304:, 1116. ( 1128:Ordoño II 1124:Ordoño II 1029:muwalladi 914:Miróbriga 894:Scallabis 380:UTC+01:00 359:UTC±00:00 354:Time zone 310:President 212:7°22′36″W 2398:Monforte 2124:Archived 2073:Archived 1476:Templars 1361:Santarem 1339:Ibn Qasi 1335:Almohads 1311:maravedi 1189:saqaliba 1185:calçadas 1181:karrales 955:Hydatius 899:Eboracum 842:Vettones 804:Viriatus 745:Vettones 741:Lusitani 711:Alentejo 683:Guadiana 518:Parishes 455:Muwallad 292:Parishes 280:District 261:Alentejo 249:Portugal 68:"Marvão" 2100:24 July 1813:28 July 1453:Galegos 1401:Maltese 1386:Alarcos 1298:Seville 1193:aceifas 1173:aldeias 1041:thughūr 908:Olisipo 846:Verraco 788:Cartaxo 749:Verraco 737:Celtici 729:Verraco 699:Celtici 674:Celtici 564:Salazar 546:History 467:emirate 401:Website 237:Country 93:scholar 2418:Sousel 2393:Marvão 2388:Gavião 2188:  2146:  1946:  1831:  1461:Tolosa 1405:Alisee 1365:Lisbon 1247:razzia 1242:parias 1213:taifas 1177:villas 1162:Mérida 1085:Marvão 1065:Xenxir 886:Ammaia 776:Romans 743:, and 715:Zamora 703:Aragon 568:Franco 419:Marvão 256:Region 246:  138:Marvão 95:  88:  81:  74:  66:  2378:Elvas 2373:Crato 1807:(PDF) 1685:Misc. 1662:3030 1659:3512 1656:4029 1653:4419 1650:5418 1647:7478 1644:7116 1641:5994 1638:3780 1635:4048 1630:2019 1627:2011 1624:2001 1621:1991 1618:1981 1615:1960 1612:1930 1609:1900 1606:1849 1603:1801 1500:Crato 1436:foral 1414:termo 1302:Spain 1277:paria 1252:paria 1160:) of 1154:kūrah 1049:ka'id 1045:march 985:Alans 974:Alans 903:Évora 834:bombo 679:Tagus 532:Beirã 471:duchy 340:2,970 100:JSTOR 86:books 2403:Nisa 2358:Avis 2186:ISBN 2144:ISBN 2102:2012 1944:ISSN 1829:ISBN 1815:2014 1740:2018 1469:Arez 1457:Nisa 1433:its 1403:and 1158:Cora 1008:The 987:: ( 838:trim 774:and 709:and 641:the 566:and 384:WEST 319:Area 174:Flag 72:news 1934:doi 1035:or 1012:of 905:), 717:to 681:to 582:. 528:): 469:", 410:.pt 406:www 373:DST 363:WET 55:by 2435:: 2243:. 2232:^ 2222:. 2204:. 2135:^ 2110:^ 2049:^ 2026:. 1942:. 1930:19 1928:. 1924:. 1906:. 1888:. 1870:. 1802:. 1775:. 1756:. 1712:. 1571:. 1300:, 1043:(' 830:: 818:. 798:. 739:, 721:. 485:. 2328:e 2321:t 2314:v 2247:. 2226:. 2208:. 2104:. 2030:. 1981:. 1964:. 1950:. 1936:: 1910:. 1892:. 1874:. 1856:. 1817:. 1779:. 1760:. 1742:. 1716:. 1314:. 1055:( 901:( 862:( 650:( 421:( 386:) 382:( 375:) 365:) 361:( 297:4 122:) 116:( 111:) 107:( 97:· 90:· 83:· 76:· 49:. 20:)

Index

Marvão Municipality

verification
improve this article
adding citations to reliable sources
"Marvão"
news
newspapers
books
scholar
JSTOR
Learn how and when to remove this message
Municipality
Marvão as seen from its castle
Flag of Marvão
Coat of arms of Marvão

39°23′39″N 7°22′36″W / 39.39417°N 7.37667°W / 39.39417; -7.37667
Portugal
Region
Alentejo
Intermunic. comm.
Alto Alentejo
District
Portalegre
Parishes
4
President
Time zone
UTC±00:00

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.