929:
monumental gates (one gate was removed to
Castelo de Vide in the 18th century, yet sadly dynamited in 1890). The Alto Alentejo region, meanwhile, was criss-crossed with efficient Roman roads, providing wider links to the Empire. Fine wares found at Ammaia suggest that the local Ammaia nobility had access to luxury glassware and jewellery, while archaeology has revealed that marble for the forum was imported from across the Empire. The high quality, for example, of the 'Mosaico das Musas' - from a Roman villa in nearby Monforte (4th century BCE) - points to the abundant riches to be made as an Alentejo landowner in the Roman era. Sadly, many artifacts from Ammaia - in particular a series of marble sculptures - were removed during the 19th and 20th centuries, notably by the Anglo-Portuguese Robinson family. These items are now in collections such as those of the British Museum.
1330:- who contrasted greatly with the luxury-accustomed poet-emirs of the taifa era. They were not merely interested in defending the realm, but made frequent incursions into Christian territories. The period has been described as one of 'an illiterate military caste controlling, but apart from, the native society'. It is likely that, alongside the rest of al-Andalus, Marvão experienced a number of key features of Almoravid rule: the introduction of illiterate Berber fighters from the Maghreb; drafting of its youth for military campaigns against the Christians (notably against Coimbra and Leiria) and Zaragoza taifa; a rise in religious fundamentalism; increased suppression of, and intolerance towards, Christian and Jewish communities, including forced conversion to Islam; religious cleansing (many Andalusi Christians were removed to Morocco).
1289:
957:- albeit about Spain in general - gives an idea of the last days of Ammaia: 'As the barbarians ran wild through Spain with the evil of pestilence raging as well, the tyrannical tax collector seized the wealth and goods stored in the cities and the soldiers devoured them. A famine ran riot, so dire that driven by hunger humans devoured human flesh: mothers too feasted on the bodies of their own children whom they had killed and cooked themselves... And thus with the four plagues of sword, famine, pestilence and wild beasts raging everywhere, the annunciation foretold by the Lord through his prophets was fulfilled'.
925:. Local agricultural production (olives, wine, figs, cattle) was supplemented by horse-breeding, pottery, and mining activity - notably rock crystal and quartz from veins on the Marvão mountain, together with open cast gold mining on the Tagus to the north. Roman Ammaia saw the development of improved irrigation and terracing across the Marvão mountain. Chestnut cultivation - replacing the local dominance of oak - is likely to have been introduced at this time. Much of the terracing and ancient watercourses on the Marvão mountain date from this era.
1337:. Their tenuous hold on south west al-Andalus (the former Badajoz taifa and the Al-Garb) showed upon the death of the second Almoravid emir Al in Yusuf in 1143. An Algarve-centred rebellion by a Sufi sect, the al-Muridin - aided by Almohad arms - destabilised the region and set up a number of 'second taifa kingdoms' in Silves, Mértola and Tavira in the south. As well as being on the front line against the Christians, the São Mamede mountains are likely to have been on the northern edges of troop movements by the al-Muridin leader,
1187:), providing the dense network of mountain pathways seen today; irrigation technology and land-terracing improved, notably using gravity-flow water chutes (as-sāqiya); new crops (e.g. the doñegal fig, mulberry for silk production, citrus trees) and farming knowledge enabled more summer harvests and diversification away from the traditional vine, olive, cork oak and fig; Jewish and Christian communities were allowed considerable freedoms; some immigration occurred, with increases in the numbers of Berbers and Slavs (
1139:
961:
fortresses provided safe havens in times of conflict. It is likely that any Roman watchtower fortification on Marvão's rock would have been extended in this period. Ammaia's role as horse station and key link in the road network declined as east–west trade plummeted. The
Visigothic capital was in Toledo, on the river Tagus: this favoured river transport of goods to-and-from Santarem and Lisbon. Ammaia's decline in this period can be contrasted with the buoyant Visigothic development of
1443:
1527:). The medieval castle seen in Marvão today mostly post-dates the year 1299, and features numerous characteristic features of a crusader-era castle: a tall central keep with raised entrance on the first floor; a series of lower, outlying turrets (some semi-circular); high-placed arrow-slits; open spaces to aid the sheltering and assembly of villagers and troops; a well, and huge rain-collecting cistern to supply water to both keep and the wider castle in the event of siege;
1375:. While Marvão is not listed among Geraldo's many attacks on fortresses in this region, his and Alfonso I's encroachment on Leonese reconquest targets led Ferdinand II to campaign in the immediate vicinity of the São Mamede. Thus Ferdinand II conquered the vital Tagus crossing at Alcántara in 1165, and this campaign would ultimately define the western limits of Portuguese reconquest, establish the river Sever east of Marvão as a key section of the Portuguese-Spanish border.
1567:(akin to prime minister) of Portugal, and was nominated preferred heir, by King Denis. Sanches's castle in Alburquerque was clearly visible from Marvão, and his wife's family held nearby lands in La Codosera, making the 'raia' area a power base for Sanches. A civil war (1319-1326) where Denis's legitimate son, the future Afonso IV, rebelled against his father Kind Denis, meant that Marvão and other fortresses on the border would see action ahead of the
1204:
591:
562:(2nd-1st century BCE); migratory Suevi, Alans, Vandals and Visigoths (5th-7th century CE); conquering moors and Visigoths (8th century); muwallad rebels and the Cordoban emirate (9th-10th century); Portuguese nation-builders and Moors (12th-13th century); Templars and Hospitallers (12th-14th century); Portuguese and Castilians (12th century-present day); Liberals and Absolutists (19th century); the fascist regimes of
155:
629:
1103:
modern-day
Portugal and Extremadura, its autonomy within the Cordoban Emirate was precarious. It seems that the impenetrable fortification at Marvão acted as a deterrent to the Emirs in Córdoba. Sources quote a threat from Ibn Marwan, shortly after establishing his statelet in Badajoz 884, to 'destroy the new city' (i.e. Badajoz), and 'return to my Mountain' if Cordoban armies advance against him.
243:
1397:
506:"There is an atmosphere about the district (of Marvão) that is very ancient. At times you have the same peculiar feelings as those evoked by Stonehenge and that amazing druid monument at Callernish in the Isle of Lewis. Picking your way along the steep stony pathways, you would not be at all surprised to meet a Phoenician trader or Roman Soldier. It would be the most natural thing in the world."
1388:, in 1195, re-established Muslim control over many lands south of the Tagus (including Trujillo and Talavera). It is likely that Marvão at this point saw similar reinforcement of its fortifications, as seen at Cáceres and Trujillo. For the following thirty years, Marvão remained on the margins of a battlezone that would ultimately determine the location of today's Portuguese-Spanish border.
725:
663:
35:
1512:
1346:
1425:(near Jaén) in 1212 - leaving 100,000 Moors dead - that would effectively secure this area of south-western Iberia, and establish a lasting peace. The São Mamede mountains and Guadiana valleys now became a bridgehead from which the reconquista could make strong inroads into Almohad territory in the Southern Alentejo, Algarve, Southern Extremadura and north-west Andalusia.
514:, was launched in Marvão in July 2014. The village also hosts an international film festival, Periferías, in August each year. Other annual festivals in Marvão include 'Al-Mossassa'- a celebration of the town's Moorish past, held jointly with the Spanish city of Badajoz (also founded by Ibn Marwan) - in early October, plus a major Chestnut Festival in early November.
938:
195:
1548:. King Denis's border pact with Ferdinand IV of Castile (1297) was followed by considerable investment in a chain of Portuguese castles along the border, with Marvão castle being considerably extended from 1299 onwards using Hospitaller expertise. On the Castilian side of the border, castles were likewise reinforced at nearby Valencia de Alcántara and Mayorga, the
1171:. The Umayyad Caliphate heralded a century of economic boom, maturity in governmental structures, and cultural splendour in al-Andalus, which collapsed only in the year 1008 (finally dissolving in 1031). The São Mamede mountains around Marvão are likely to have benefited during the 10th-11th century alongside the rest of al-Andalus: population increased as hamlets (
1245:, from the taifas in the south from 1055 onwards. Further, summer raiding campaigns from both Christian and Moorish forces effectively meant that the regions between the Douro river and Tagus were under continual threat - the lands south of the Douro and to the north of the Tagus became a depopulated 'buffer zone' between Christian and Moor. In 1063, a major
170:
1076:
1114:), there was little to be gained for the Emirate from bringing this particular rebellious marcher-state into the fold. Fortresses such as those at Marvão would now deter any spring offensives against the Banu Marwan from the Emirate in Córdoba. These offensives by the Emirate were common against another rebellious Muwalladi, notably those against
180:
654:) and ceramics, deity sculptures - also suggest the development of local systems of craftsmanship, hierarchy, magic and celebration. Recent studies of idol plaques have speculated that they depict some kind of owl deity, with their engravings acting as a means to identify the individual buried by clan, marriage and lineage.
1067:- gained a reputation for the rebelliousness and reluctance of its inhabitants to comply with governance from Cordoba, with Mérida being a seething hive of discontent, revolution and tax-refuseniks. Feuds between clansmen covered a wide area across the former Lusitania province, reaching Christian lands in the north.
980:). Roman imperial law-and-order succumbed to the looser hierarchies - based on blood and tribal allegiances - of the invaders from the north. War, slave-raids, banditry, religious intolerance, apartheid - the Visigoths applied a 'no mixing' policy for much of their rule - all led to economic decline across Iberia.
1451:
with the intermediation of the
Templars and Hospitallers. The resettlement of barren areas depopulated by centuries of warfare and bloodshed - or simply abandoned by fleeing Berber refugees - was vital to sustain the new Portuguese kingdom. Many of these settlers were Galicians, and the name of the hamlet of
1341:
and
Almohad forces, against Almoravid centres of government (from 1146 to 1151). Indeed, collaboration and intrigue between Ibn Qasi, the Almohads, and a new Christian power - the fledgling Portugal, under Alfonso I of Portugal - is likely to have weakened the defensibility of the entire Tagus basin.
1322:
effectively annexed the taifas of al-Andalus: al-Andalus became a colony of the
Almoravid empire administered from Marrakesh. In 1094, Lisbon was recaptured from Leon and Castile, and the taifa of Badajoz was toppled. The protection money (paria) sent to the Christian kingdoms was stopped. The Tagus
1274:
saw a crushing defeat of
Castilian and Aragonese forces. However, for the forces of the Badajoz taifa - no doubt including fighters from Marvão - the battle of Sagrajas was a pyrrhic victory. The camp of their emir, al-Mutawakkil ibn al-Aftas, was sacked early on the morning of the battle, with many
1249:
by
Ferdinand sacked towns across the Seville and Badajoz taifas, and the São Mamede mountains lay en route. To make matters worse, the taifa of Badajoz was also fighting a war on its southern front: the taifa of Seville, under the poet-emirs Al-Mutamid and Al-Mutatid - was eating into territories in
1234:
Such in-fighting was matched by external wars. Given its location and long line-of-sight into the Tagus basin, Marvão represented an important strategic base in the continual Muslim-Christian warring along the Lower March. In 1055, a large stretch of
Moorish territory south of the Mondego river fell
928:
Limited excavations at Ammaia in the past two decades - albeit covering a mere 3,000 m (32,292 sq ft) of the town's area - have revealed a successful, expanding provincial town that included running water, a forum, baths, a bridge over the river Sever (near today's 'Ponte Velha'), and
640:
It is speculative to comment on the population of Marvão at this time. Many carved tombs and burial chambers dot the granite boulders of the landscape around Marvão, suggesting small-scale farming settlements, and some cultural emphasis on burial rites and the afterlife. Excavations of dolmens (e.g.
1502:
in 1340. Much of the architecture to be admired today in Marvão can be attributed to the guiding hand of the
Hospitallers in extending the castle and village in the 13th-15th centuries. Hospitaller (Maltese) crosses can be seen on houses throughout Marvão's walled village, including the door of the
1450:
Another aspect of 13th century statecraft that would bolster the area's 'Portugalidade' (Portuguese identity) would be the settlement of planted Christian colonists from the north (Galicia, the Minho), southern France and Flanders in territories around Marvão. This was done with royal approval, and
952:
Historic documentation for the invasion of towns around Mérida province is poor, yet these were clearly difficult times for Ammaia. It is likely that the years 409-411 were catastrophic. Following the invasion of Spain in September or October 409, invading tribes used extreme violence in conquering
605:
Together with the Sever-valley sites around the nearby towns of Castelo de Vide and Valencia de Alcântara (in Spain), these form one of the densest clusters of megalithic sites in Europe. Among the 200+ neolithic, Bronze and Iron Age monuments within a 25 km (16 mi) range of Marvão is the
601:
The earliest dolmens in southern Portugal date from c. 4800 BCE, and this culture lasted into the Bronze Age (2000 BCE) and beyond into the Iron Age. In and around Marvão, there exists a high concentration of dolmens, rock-hewn tombs, passage mounds and megaliths, dated to the 3rd millennium BCE.
1428:
Marvão's role as fortress now became more important not as a Christian or Moorish outpost-against-the-infidel, but as a territorial marker for the young - and by no means militarily strong - state of Portugal against the competing Christian Kingdom of León. In 1226, Marvão was among the earliest
1354:
By the 1150s, Almohad rule was in the ascendancy over the Almoravids across al-Andalus. Yet Almohad rule in south-west Iberia would be short-lived: their embrace of holy war was matched by a new Christian fundamentalism in the north, which saw the reconquest as a crusade. The fledgling state of
960:
In Marvão, the once-thriving Roman town of Ammaia fell into ruin. Its 4th-century population of 6,000 people had represented about 0.1% of the Iberian population (6 million). Yet it would be described merely as 'ruins' in the 8th century CE. Why the decay? Fortified rural farmsteads and hilltop
821:
Some speculation has focused on whether 'choças', the traditional circular-floorplan barns with broom-thatched roofs – found throughout Marvão, most dating from the post-medieval period - are a vernacular survivor from these Celtic times. The 'choças' of Marvão follow the rudimentary pattern of
636:
Archaeological finds from this era include substantial grave goods, for example anthropomorphic idol plaques, arrowheads and axes, and jewellery. A database of idol plaques - the Engraved Stone Plaque Registry and Inquiry Tool - lists 16 plaques found in Marvão, 14 in Castelo de Vide, and 28 in
1102:
Historical sources do not explain the precise role of Marvão castle itself within the 50-year statelet, or wilāya - established from 884 to 930 - controlled by Ibn Marwán, his son, grandson and great-grandson from Badajoz. While the territory of the Banu Marwan was extensive, covering much of
573:
Marvão's natural assets have contributed to the 'uniqueness' of this remote village as perceived by visitors today: (i) as nigh-impregnable 'eagle's nest' fortress - perched high on a granite crag, and bordered on the south and west by the Sever river; (ii) as vital lookout-point towards the
645:
dolmen) reveal foetal-position buried skeletons, and grave goods including weaponry (axes, arrowheads), jewellery (necklaces), ceramics and stone idols. Cave art and engravings in the Tagus valley (40 km (25 mi) north of Marvão: 40,000 items) point to a developed culture based on
1378:
In the midst of complex conflicts and territorial grabs between Almohads, Alfonso I, Ferdinand II and Geraldo Sem Pavor, after nearly 500 years of Islamic rule, Marvão fell to Alfonso I during military campaigns in 1166. This conquest was by no means definitive. In 1190, a major Almohad
1226:
The 11th century was to prove far less stable than the 'golden age' of Umayyad al-Andalus in the 10th century. As powerbase-fortress, Marvão is likely to have played a role in civil wars among internal factions in the Badajoz taifa during the 1020-1040s. Notably, the short-lived
1543:
The 13th century saw considerable instability across western Iberia, intensifying the need for a clearly demarcated, strongly defended border. Under the King Denis (1261-1325), Marvão benefited from the king's focus on bolstering Portugal's border with the neighbouring
1727:
861:
After considerable resistance from Lusitanian tribes in the 2nd-1st century BCE, the Romans gained a tentative foothold over the areas south of the Tagus and north of the Sierra Morena during the 130s BCE. While early encampments had been made in Cáceres from 139 BCE
1349:
The Almohad empire in 1200: on the far north-west of the empire, frontier castles such as Marvão's were strung along a swath of disputed territory along the Tagus, Guadiana and Ebro basins. From 1200 to 1350, the reconquista pushed back Islamic territory to Southern
1231:(1022-1045) was to challenge Aftasid dominance in Badajoz along the traditional land trade routes linking the Tagus through the São Mamede sierra (Santarem-Caceres). The Lisbon taifa was eventually reincorporated into the taifa of Badajoz in 1045 under Al-Muzaffar.
801:
In the 2nd century BCE, Roman might asserted itself following the Punic Wars, yet progress was slow in these border regions. A series of bloody revolts and wars (195–135 BCE) pitted the Lusitanians and Vettones - most notably under the guerrilla fighter and hero
1031:), led to a division of territory: richer agricultural lands in the Guadalquivir basin fell under Arab control, and mountainous areas such as the Serra de São Mamede were generally held by Berber clansmen. Arab sources refer to the area north of the Guadiana as
874:'s campaigns in 61-60 BCE. Throughout this period, the terrain of the Serra de São Mamede is likely to have served as ideal base for guerrilla warfare, ambushes and smuggling. Lusitania only became a fully-fledged province under Augustus in 27 BCE, with the
1383:
retook Marvão, during a campaign against the Templar stronghold of Tomar which would recapture for the Moors much of the Algarve and the Alentejo as far as the castle at Alcácer do Sal. Further, a famous victory for the Almohads in the Guadiana valley at
1355:
Portugal curried favour with the military orders - the Templars and the Hospitallers in particular - and, through its blood connections with the house of Burgundy, gained support from fortune-seeking crusaders from across the Pyrenees. During the 1140s,
782:– which by 218 BCE reached across Southern Iberia up to the river Guadiana, the area is likely to have been crossed during the 230s and 220–218 BCE during Carthaginian slave-raiding and mercenary-recruitment campaigns focused on the Tagus valley (e.g.
692:, centred on Huelva in Spain, in decay throughout this period as Celticisation took place. Tartessians were the creators of the Southwestern script, one of the earliest written languages in Europe. A renowned gold hoard from the Tartessian period, the
649:
Further, ideograms - notably, repetitions of spirals - point to both abstract ideas, religious observance, and some astronomical knowledge of lunar and solar cycles. Decorative objects - rock crystal arrowheads, floral- and zig-zagged patterned stones
1367:(the latter with the help of English, Flemish and Rhinelander crusaders). Besides Alfonso I's actions in the Tagus valley, a particular destabilising factor in the Alto Alentejo and Extremadure were the exploits of the colourful 'Portuguese El Cid',
1371:(Gerald the Fearless). His private-army, 'commando-style' conquests of Almohad towns - such as Evora (1164), Cáceres (1164), Trujillo (1164), Juromenha (1165) - were so successful that they brought him into conflict with the King of León,
1498:, along with the duty to fortify the frontier and help in its repopulation. The Hospitallers would dominate the administration of the region for two centuries, moving their Portuguese headquarters from Leça in Northern Portugal to nearby
1279:
tribute, the lower Tagus cities of Lisbon and Santarem were ceded in 1093 to Alfonso VI, as the Badajoz taifa attempted to defend itself from Almoravid dynasty. This effort would fail: the emir would be killed by Almoravids a year later.
883:
In Marvão, gradual consolidation of Roman power led to the establishment of a substantial Roman town in the 1st century CE: Ammaia. Occupying up to 25 hectares, and with a population exceeding modern-day Marvão (5000-6000 inhabitants),
1121:
During its latter years, the Banu Marwan's statelet faced a major threat from reconquista-focused Christian kings from emergent states in the north. While Marvão is likely to have not been attacked in the raids of the king of León
1411:
Following its conquest by Alfonso I in the 1160s, and its brief recapture by Almohads in the 1190s, Marvão's situation remained fragile around the start of the 13th century: it was listed among Portuguese territories only in the
1118:, based in Bobastro near Ronda. However, the relative peace and endurance of the Banu Marwan's statelet - 46 years - testifies to the impregnability of its castles: any Emirate offensive in the São Mamede would be a bloodbath.
1731:
972:, with Suevi (strongholds in Galicia and Braga) fighting the Alans and Visigoths. Five centuries of incumbent Hispano-Roman urban culture gave way to interaction with the nomadic, pastoralist lifestyles of tribes such as the
949:- left an indelible mark on Marvão and Lusitania as a whole. Hispano-Roman urban centres across Iberia suffered two centuries of instability, violence and depopulation, and many towns fell into ruin. Ammaia was no exception.
1416:
of Castelo Branco in 1214. Marvão was a recently conquered outpost, that needed to be fully integrated into Portugal, and which stood on the edge of territories conquered by an expansionist Kingdom of León. The process of
696:
was discovered in nearby Aliseda (Cáceres province), while a gold bracelet discovered in nearby São Julião (Portalegre) - sold at auction in 2013 - suggests that local tribes were relatively wealthy. The migration of the
1261:
was moving southwards. Thus Marvão - as under Ibn Marwan - took up its deterrent role as a frontier fortress to project power beyond the court at Badajoz. Muslim domination in the region seemed on the back foot until the
1191:, from central Europe - a notable Slav, Sabur, would be the first ruler of the taifa of Badajoz), deemed caliphate 'loyalists'. Martial traditions were kept alive by recruitment of youths to fight in summer campaigns (
1219:(1013-1094), the largest taifa of al-Andalus, which stretched across Extremadura and modern-day Portugal to Lisbon and the Atlantic coast. Initially ruled by a Slav, Sabur, from the 1020s the taifa was ruled by the
1152:, is likely to have contributed to the eventual surrender of the Marwan clan to the Cordoban Caliphate in 930. Under the Caliphate (929-1031 CE), Marvão again fell under the auspices of the territorial district, or
433:
1091:, a Muwallad chieftain - and reputed founder of the Spanish city of Badajoz - who rebelled against the Umayyad Emirate of Cordoba (756-929 CE). The village is mentioned as such in the 10th century by the historian
1531:(both on the village and castle gates) to slow down invaders in the event of breached gates; a series of narrow killing zones (notably, in the triple gate on the village-side of the castle); extensive crenellated
557:
Today, lying on the 'raia' that divides Portugal and Spain, Marvão has consistently stood on a frontier zone between peoples: Celtici, Vettones and Lusitani (4th-2nd century BCE); Lusitanians and the Romans of
2079:", Multudisciplinary Approaches to Classical Archaeology-Approcci Multidisciplinari per l'Archeologia Classica. Proceedings of the 17th International Congress of Classical Archaeology, Rome, Italy, pp. 22–26
670:
The Iberian peninsula saw migrations of Celtic tribes from central Europe during the 6th–4th century BCE. The site of modern-day Marvão would have stood on the northern periphery of the territory of the
1254:
protection money; the recruitment of its sons for battle; the billeting of any marching armies; occasional skirmishes during summer raiding campaigns; and the splitting of families during civil war.
1239:(1015-1065). Coimbra would follow in 1064, and, under Ferdinand's son Alfonso VI, the vital city of Toledo in 1085. Such military successes enabled the Christian kings to exact onerous tributes, or
578:(70 km (43 mi) away), a wide stretch of the Tagus basin and the Serra de Estrela; (iii) as a gateway to Portugal from Spain via the Porta da Espada ('Sword Gate') mountain pass of the
1587:
Marvão with a frontal attack. An Anglo Portuguese garrison under Captain Thomas Browne defeated the Spaniards who fled with heavy loss, contributing to Spain asking for a truce in November.
442:
in Portugal. The population in 2020 was 2,972 (and dropping at a rate of around one inhabitant per week), in an area of 154.90 km. The present Mayor is Luís Vitorino, elected by the
500:"From Marvão one can see the entire land ... It is understandable that from this place, high up in the keep at Marvão Castle, visitors may respectfully murmur, 'How great is the world'."
871:
1323:
valley now became the key dividing line between Christian and Moor: Marvão would become an outpost on the north-western frontier of an empire that stretched all the way to Mauritania.
1668:
Marvão's population is subject to a combination of ageing, declining birthrate and rural exodus. Since the 1990s, the municipality has been losing just under one inhabitant per week.
2326:
888:
occupied the site of the present-day parish of São Salvador da Aramenha. The town flourished between the 1st century BCE and the collapse of the Roman empire in the 5th century CE.
1250:
the Algarve . Thus throughout this period, Marvão and its neighbouring towns would have experienced the many tribulations of a martial state: the payment of taxes for wars and the
1020:
in 714 CE (when Coimbra and Santarém were also captured). The invasion would herald five centuries of Islamic rule, until Marvão was captured by the Portuguese nation-builder
1106:
Thus Marvão - 'my mountain' - became a piece of propaganda-in-stone for Ibn Marwán. With the Marwán dynasty possessing siege-ready castles such as this, and also engaged in
1559:
briefly break away from Castile - brought risk of contagion into Portugal's eastern frontier. Another major conflict occurred from 1319 to 1326: King Denis's bastard son,
610:(the largest on the Iberian peninsula), oriented to be visible from the northernmost promontory of Marvão's rock (possibly based on an alignment with the lunar calendar).
1709:
2438:
747:
tribes, and its dominant strategic position offered line-of-sight long into the territories of all three tribes. A locally found head of a pig-like sculpture from the
1455:
in Marvão is likely to refer to its 13th–14th century settlers. Other nearby settlements took names from southern France: in the nearby Templar-controlled village of
1027:
It is believed that during unstable decades from 711 to 756 in al-Andalus, power struggles between Arab and Berber factions, together with newly converted Visigoths (
921:(present-day Mérida) via Norba Caesarina (Cáceres). The mountain of Marvão would also have served as a watchtower providing line-of-sight to the vitally-important
2443:
2448:
1490:). These extended across the present-day districts of Castelo de Vide and Nisa and into territories near Valencia de Alcántara that now lie in Spain. In 1232,
2319:
1975:
1266:(near Badajoz, south of Marvão) in 1086. In the face of the Christian threat, the taifa emirs jointly called for assistance from Almoravid Africa under
2072:
1338:
272:
1167:
Prior to obtaining surrender from Ibn Marvan's great-grandson, in 929 CE, the Umayyad ruler Abd-al-Rahman III had proclaimed himself Caliph of the
205:
1288:
1164:, which comprised much of modern-day Portugal north of the Algarve, and comprised the Lower March (or buffer zone) bordering the Christian north.
1992:
1148:
The threat of conquest from León, together with a rapid-fire series of Cordoban successes against other Muwallad rebels in the 910s-920s under
267:
2312:
2147:
2123:
1523:
reflect the innovations brought back by crusading orders from the near east (notably the highly influential Hospitaller castle in Syria, the
1843:
de Oliveira, J., 'Antas e Menires do Concelho de Marvão', in Ibn Maruan, Revista Cultural do Concelho de Marvão no. 8, 1998, ISSN 0872-1017
1275:
soldiers lost. The military strength of the Badajoz taifa was now much-weakened, and the Christians took advantage of this: as part of the
866:) and in Almourol (in the Tagus valley) from 138 BCE, Roman progress was only made in fits and starts. Lusitanian rebellions - notably the
255:
1478:, strong allies of Alfonso I, had during the 12th century been given lands north of the Tagus, including their headquarters at Tomar, and
1161:
713:, displacing the proto-Celt Lusitanians who dominated the lands north of the Tagus, and skirting the Vettones lands that stretched from
983:
While little can be seen today in Marvão of this period, tradition states that the large herding dogs of Iberia were introduced by the
1236:
490:
443:
309:
554:
to the north, the fortified rock of Marvão has been a site of significant strategic importance since the earliest human settlements.
2189:
1832:
118:
2219:
488:
The village has generated significant tourist interest in recent years. It was included in the #1 New York Times bestselling book,
826:
found throughout Celtic settlements in Europe. Similarly, a number of corbelled circular drystone shelters, with a false cupola (
685:
rivers, and beyond to the Algarve and today's Huelva province in Andalucia. The area falls within the northernmost limits of the
2005:
810:. While nominally the area was under Roman control from the early 130s BCE, for a century an unstable war zone spread from the
977:
969:
946:
56:
1903:
1474:
Perhaps the most important development for Marvão at this time was the donation of borderlands to the military orders. The
563:
1422:
1407:
crosses on houses, and Municipal Museum in Marvão, Portugal, denoting the village's connections to the Knights Hospitaller
1380:
99:
1009:
701:
is considered part of a third or fourth wave of Celts in the 4th century BCE: this migration occurred across modern-day
383:
71:
1421:
began under the reigns of kings Sancho I and Alfonso II. Yet it was the famous Christian victory over the Almohads at
1039:. Following the chaotic decades of invasion, by the later 8th century CE Marvão would have formed part of the Western
391:
2268:
2201:
1689:
In 2014 an undescribed species of robberfly was collected from the area around Marvão, and named after this region:
1096:
2089:
154:
145:
78:
52:
465:- likely on the site of an earlier Roman watchtower - as a power base when establishing an independent statelet ("
1885:
718:
1799:
1479:
945:
During the 5th-7th century, the invasion of Roman Iberia by a succession of tribes from Central Europe - the
2184:
Hitchcock, R., 'Muslim Spain (711-1492)', in Spain: A Companion to Spanish Studies (ed. Russell, P.E., 1973)
1867:
85:
2069:
2044:". In SIPA (in Portuguese). Lisbon, Portugal: SIPA – Sistema de Informação para o Património Arquitectónico.
1372:
1360:
1333:
Almoravid rule was not to last. They faced revolts at home in Morocco from a rival fundamentalist sect, the
1168:
1142:
1127:
1123:
45:
735:
So in the three centuries prior to Roman conquest (3rd–1st century BCE), Marvão stood at a junction of the
756:
450:
2162:'VENCEDOR Y VENCIDO: HASIM B. ABD AL-AZIZ FRENTE A IBN MARWAN', Escuela de Estudios Árabes, CSIC, Granada
1270:. This crucial battle would re-establish Islamic dominance in the São Mamede for a further 70 years. The
1044:
2362:
1680:(born 1964 in Évora) a Portuguese sculptor; since 1999 has a studio in Marvão, where she lives and works
1491:
1430:
885:
823:
767:
478:
477:(884-931 CE). The castle and walled village were further fortified through the centuries, notably under
362:
279:
67:
1549:
1138:
1111:
891:
Ammaia's location on the river Sever was a waypoint on west–east trading routes, linking towns such as
1442:
2412:
2159:
1483:
1017:
524:
372:
1753:
2387:
2382:
2336:
1677:
1584:
1535:
and curtain walls that enhanced the natural defences provided by the escarpments of Marvão's rock.
1524:
1520:
1495:
1021:
992:
988:
922:
827:
779:
762:
686:
575:
510:
An annual international classical music festival, under the artistic direction of German conductor
462:
439:
426:
284:
2120:
832:
chafurdão) in Marvão reflect similar Iron Age structures across Southern Europe (e.g. the Spanish
2397:
1545:
1271:
1263:
714:
474:
2041:
1583:, an attempted Spanish and French invasion of Portugal in late 1762, a Spanish force of 4–5,000
1556:
1439:(i.e. royal charter, allowing the town to regulate its administration, borders and privileges).
791:
1568:
1126:
in 913 (which ransacked Evora to the south), it is likely to have suffered during raids during
2185:
2143:
1943:
1853:
1828:
1385:
1368:
1334:
1319:
1267:
1246:
1149:
815:
807:
559:
179:
2347:
2299:
1933:
1772:
1519:
As with other 11th-13th-century castles, the early medieval improvements and development of
1356:
1179:(although, in Marvão, never reaching the levels of Roman Ammaia); new shepherding pathways (
999:
The Islamic era: invasion, the Ibn Marwán rebellion, the Badajoz taifa, Christian reconquest
870:(80-72 BCE) - hampered progress, with effective Roman rule being achieved in the area under
811:
567:
551:
511:
495:
2280:
2257:
1223:, a Berber clan, with a notable emir being Muhammad ibn Abd Allah Al-Muzaffar (1045-1068).
693:
2372:
2367:
2127:
2076:
2009:
1499:
1475:
1364:
1228:
1220:
1203:
1115:
918:
607:
597:
or 'pedra de raia' type found among grave goods at a dolmen in Marvão (3rd millennium BCE)
260:
169:
1494:
donated further extensive domains south of the Tagus around Marvão and Portalegre to the
1404:
1216:
1083:
Perhaps the most important vestige of the Islamic era is the name of the village itself:
814:-Tagus basin (seen from Marvão) and the Extremaduran plains between Alburquerque and the
92:
2304:
590:
2402:
2357:
1456:
1305:
1051:
from the old Lusitanian capital of Mérida. One of three marches, this was known as the
962:
783:
1803:
1016:
in 711 is likely to have reached the area around Marvão during the Spring campaign of
2432:
2281:'A remarkable new species of Paraphamartania Engel from Portugal (Diptera, Asilidae)'
1580:
1560:
1528:
1400:
867:
1827:
de Oliveira, J., 'Monumentos megaliticos da bacia hidrografica do Rio Sever', 1997,
1482:, and given broad responsibility to secure the river passage on the river. In 1199,
1257:
Meanwhile, León and Castile were able to profit from the in-fighting. The Christian
628:
2407:
1754:"Marvão - Alentejo, Portugal - 1000 Places to See Before You Die on Waymarking.com"
775:
771:
17:
1922:"Approaching Specialisation: Craft Production in Late Neolithic/Copper Age Iberia"
1396:
913:
358:
2056:
1284:
The final generations of Islamic rule in Marvão: Almoravids, Almohads, reconquest
2023:
1961:
1052:
770:
on the southernmost tip - are likely to have played a role in conflicts between
740:
724:
706:
34:
1511:
766:– in particular the dominant escarpments of Marvão on the northernmost tip and
1532:
1392:
The Kingdom of Portugal, the plantation of settlers, Templars and Hospitallers
1345:
1293:
1092:
1088:
1013:
880:
heralding five centuries of strong urban development across southwest Iberia.
876:
795:
751:(Portuguese: berrão) culture of the Vettones is displayed in Marvão's museum.
662:
458:
379:
1947:
840:) associated with the terracing and clearance of rocky land for farming. The
220:
207:
2352:
893:
594:
353:
291:
2070:
Geoarchaeological Research in the Roman Town of Ammaia (Alentejo, Portugal)
1211:
From 1009 CE, the Cordoban Caliphate fragmented into smaller statelets, or
937:
632:
Necklace found among grave goods at a dolmen in Marvão (3rd millennium BCE)
2240:
1962:"Haitlinger, P., Comunicação, antes das letras: Placas de Xisto Gravadas"
1310:
954:
902:
803:
744:
710:
682:
454:
248:
2093:
1854:"Mnarqueologia Ipmuseus | Museu Nacional de Arqueologia Exposições"
1555:
A civil war in the Kingdom of Castile from 1296 to 1301 - which saw the
1099:, as the 'Jabal (rock) of Ammaia, known today as Ammaia of Ibn Maruán'.
991:
can be seen guarding livestock in fields around Marvão, while the bulky
194:
1297:
1075:
907:
845:
787:
748:
736:
728:
673:
466:
2130:, in Ibn Maruan, Revista Cultural do Concelho de Marvão, November 1991
2417:
1552:
being a Castilian counterpart to the Hospitaller's role in Portugal.
1241:
933:
The post-Roman era: decline of Ammaia, Alans, Suevi and the Visigoths
702:
522:
Administratively, the municipality is divided into 4 civil parishes (
2172:
1938:
1921:
1308:). The Almoravid gold dinar would set the standard of the Iberian
2377:
2220:"Muhammad al-Muzaffar, Rey de la taifa de Badajoz (ca. 1005-1068)"
2160:
http://digital.csic.es/bitstream/10261/12351/1/Molina_Vencedor.pdf
1510:
1441:
1435:
1395:
1344:
1301:
1287:
1202:
1137:
1074:
1071:
Ibn Marwán: Marvão's role as stronghold for the Banu Marwan wilāya
984:
973:
936:
731:
head (Portuguese: berrão) displayed in the Marvão Municipal Museum
723:
678:
661:
627:
589:
482:
470:
1991:
Da Silva, L., Map of 'Pre-Roman Peoples and Languages of Iberia,
1047:' i.e. buffer area or boundary zone) ruled by a marcher lord, or
2308:
2138:
2136:
2115:
2113:
2111:
1110:
with the Asturian kings in times of conflict (a key ally being
28:
1215:, each ruled by an emir. In 1013, Marvão fell within the new
1070:
646:
prehistoric norms of agriculture, hunting and transhumance.
617:
complex of dolmens near Castelo de Vide, the Vidais dolmen (
2294:
852:
rearing remains dominant in local agriculture and cuisine.
405:
1993:
Associação Campo Arqueológico de Tavira, Tavira, Portugal
1976:"A CELTIC SOLID GOLD BRACELET, IRON AGE, CIRCA 1000 B.C."
1507:
Marvão´s castle: an archetype of medieval castle-building
504:
In the 1950s, author Huldine V. Beamish wrote of Marvão,
2258:
http://www.csarmento.uminho.pt/docs/ndat/rg/RG106_11.pdf
2057:
Cillán, Adela, 'Ammaia, una ciudad romana por descubrir'
1063:). The Lower March - the territorial division known as
473:) - covering much of modern-day Portugal - during the
2173:'Islamic and Christian Spain in the Early Middle Ages'
1326:
The Almoravids are described as austere, battle-ready
1789:'The Hills of Alentejo', Geoffrey Bles, London, 1958.
2068:
Corsi, M.; Deprez, F.; Vermeulen (September 2008), "
2052:
2050:
1728:"Áreas das freguesias, concelhos, distritos e país"
400:
390:
369:
352:
344:
336:
331:
323:
318:
307:
302:
290:
278:
266:
254:
236:
136:
59:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2202:"Sabur, Rey de la taifa de Badajoz (ca. 960-1022)"
2059:, Sevilla Press, 2012-05-16, retrieved 2012-07-24
1773:"Seeing for Miles From a Village High in the Sky"
1471:(Arles) to denote the origins of their settlers.
2142:Fletcher, Richard (1992), Moorish Spain, p. 44,
1235:to the kingdom of León and Castile, led by king
1004:Invasion: Land of the Berbers and Western Thugūr
976:(dominant in much of former Lusitania after the
844:culture was renowned for its cattle-rearing and
778:. While Marvão lies north of the territories of
1199:Marvão under the Badajoz taifa and the Aftasids
806:– against the expansionist Roman colonisers of
453:, Marvão's name is derived from an 8th-century
1598:Population of Marvão Municipality (1801–2019)
1379:counter-offensive launched from Morocco under
917:(Santiago de Cacém) to the provincial capital
2320:
2235:
2233:
2040:Gordalina, Domingos; Estadão, Luísa (2007). "
794:: Iberian manpower was to play a role in the
8:
2175:, in THE LIBRARY OF IBERIAN RESOURCES ONLINE
1429:towns on the eastern border to receive from
953:the cities of Roman Spain. A quotation from
550:Commanding views across the Tagus basin and
2327:
2313:
2305:
1486:awarded lands to the north of Marvão (the
848:(Portuguese: berrão) pig-like sculptures:
625:dolmen complex of Valencia de Alcântara.
133:
2279:Mortelmans, Tomasovic & Nagy, 2014.,
2241:":: Município de Nisa - História ::"
1937:
119:Learn how and when to remove this message
1995:. Map of 2010-03-13, Accessed 2012-07-24
1926:Papers from the Institute of Archaeology
1693:Mortelmans, Tomasovic & Nagy, 2014.
1594:
446:. The municipal holiday is September 8.
425:
2439:Populated places in Portalegre District
1701:
1563:, lord of nearby Alburquerque was made
1446:The convent of Nossa Senhora da Estrela
1079:Statue of Ibn Marwan in Badajoz, Spain.
399:
351:
330:
317:
301:
289:
235:
200:
191:
163:
151:
2042:Ruínas Romanas/Cidade romana de Ammaia
621:) of Santo Antonio das Areias and the
327:154.90 km (59.81 sq mi)
2444:Municipalities of Portalegre District
1503:church that is the Municipal Museum.
389:
368:
343:
335:
322:
306:
277:
265:
253:
7:
1539:Dom Dinis (King Denis) and Afonso IV
1095:, quoting a lost original source by
754:Given their strategic location, the
57:adding citations to reliable sources
1134:Marvão under the Cordoban Caliphate
1130:´s campaign to sack Mérida in 913.
968:The borders between tribes were in
947:Vandals, Suevi, Alans and Visigoths
658:Pre-Roman era: Lusitani and Celtici
449:Perched on a quartzite crag of the
1771:Greenfield, Beth (29 April 2007).
690:paleohispanic language and culture
461:. Ibn Marwan, who constructed the
423:European Portuguese pronunciation:
131:Municipality in Alentejo, Portugal
25:
1175:) of smallholdings expanded from
995:was used in Spanish bullfights).
491:1000 Places to see Before you Die
1804:"Law nr. 11-A/2013, page 552 68"
677:tribe, which stretched from the
666:Pre-Roman tribal areas in Iberia
241:
193:
178:
168:
153:
33:
2449:Portugal–Spain border crossings
2008:(in Portuguese). Archived from
1601:
1207:The taifa kingdoms around 1080.
1195:) against the Christian north.
44:needs additional citations for
2121:'Ammaia de Ibn Maruán: Marvão'
1459:(Nice), we find hamlets named
941:Marvão as seen from its castle
790:) and along what later became
159:Marvão as seen from its castle
1:
1183:) criss-crossed Roman roads (
494:. Nobel Prize-winning author
296:
1904:"Iberian Artifacts - Search"
1868:"Iberian Artifacts - Search"
1661:
1658:
1655:
1652:
1649:
1646:
1643:
1640:
1637:
1634:
1629:
1626:
1623:
1620:
1617:
1614:
1611:
1608:
1605:
1602:
1357:Alfonso I (Afonso Henriques)
1087:is derived from the name of
613:Other notable sites are the
2269:Castelo de Marvão - detalhe
1691:Paraphamartania marvaoensis
965:on the north of the Tagus.
2465:
2295:Town Hall official website
1381:Abu Yusuf Ya'qub al-Mansur
2343:
1597:
923:Roman bridge at Alcántara
201:
192:
164:
152:
143:
2090:"RADIO-PAST Photographs"
541:São Salvador da Aramenha
538:Santo António das Areias
1908:research2.its.uiowa.edu
1890:research2.its.uiowa.edu
1872:research2.its.uiowa.edu
1112:Alfonso III of Asturias
786:'s Tagus encampment at
637:Valencia de Alcântara.
444:Social Democratic Party
438:) is a municipality in
1516:
1447:
1408:
1351:
1315:
1208:
1145:
1080:
942:
732:
667:
633:
598:
498:wrote of the village,
1710:"Statistics Portugal"
1514:
1492:Sancho II of Portugal
1445:
1431:Sancho II of Portugal
1399:
1348:
1291:
1206:
1141:
1097:Isa ibn Ahmad ar-Razi
1078:
940:
857:The Roman era: Ammaia
727:
665:
631:
593:
535:Santa Maria de Marvão
479:Sancho II of Portugal
371: • Summer (
348:19/km (50/sq mi)
2028:www.stoneshelter.org
1484:Sancho I of Portugal
1373:Ferdinand II of León
1359:was able to capture
1169:Caliphate of Córdoba
1143:Caliphate of Córdoba
1059:) or Distant March (
1037:Lands of the Berbers
1022:Afonso I of Portugal
705:and into modern-day
345: • Density
221:39.39417°N 7.37667°W
53:improve this article
2337:Portalegre District
1932:. 13 October 2009.
1800:Diário da República
1678:Maria Leal da Costa
1525:Krak des Chevaliers
1496:Knights Hospitaller
1237:Ferdinand the Great
989:Portuguese mastiffs
780:Carthaginian Iberia
763:Sierra de San Pedro
757:Serra de São Mamede
580:Serra de São Mamede
481:(13th century) and
451:Serra de São Mamede
440:Portalegre District
217: /
18:Marvão Municipality
2335:Municipalities of
2171:Glick, Thomas F.,
2126:2010-06-04 at the
2096:on 20 October 2012
2075:2012-03-31 at the
1777:The New York Times
1758:www.waymarking.com
1734:on 5 November 2018
1569:Battle of Alvalade
1550:Order of Alcántara
1546:Kingdom of Castile
1517:
1448:
1419:Portuguesification
1409:
1352:
1316:
1272:Battle of Sagrajas
1264:Battle of Sagrajas
1209:
1146:
1081:
943:
733:
668:
634:
599:
475:Emirate of Cordoba
427:[mɐɾˈvɐ̃w]
337: • Total
324: • Total
226:39.39417; -7.37667
2426:
2425:
2224:MCNBiografias.com
2206:MCNBiografias.com
2148:978-1-8421-2605-9
1979:www.christies.com
1666:
1665:
1585:attempted to take
1369:Geraldo Sem Pavor
1318:In the 1090s the
1268:Yusuf ibn Tashfin
1150:Abd ar-Rahman III
816:Sierra de Aracena
808:Hispania Ulterior
694:Tesoro de Aliseda
560:Hispania Ulterior
483:Denis of Portugal
416:
415:
268:Intermunic. comm.
129:
128:
121:
103:
16:(Redirected from
2456:
2329:
2322:
2315:
2306:
2283:
2277:
2271:
2266:
2260:
2255:
2249:
2248:
2237:
2228:
2227:
2216:
2210:
2209:
2198:
2192:
2182:
2176:
2169:
2163:
2156:
2150:
2140:
2131:
2117:
2106:
2105:
2103:
2101:
2092:. Archived from
2086:
2080:
2066:
2060:
2054:
2045:
2038:
2032:
2031:
2020:
2014:
2013:
2012:on 23 June 2009.
2002:
1996:
1989:
1983:
1982:
1972:
1966:
1965:
1958:
1952:
1951:
1941:
1918:
1912:
1911:
1900:
1894:
1893:
1882:
1876:
1875:
1864:
1858:
1857:
1850:
1844:
1841:
1835:
1825:
1819:
1818:
1816:
1814:
1808:
1796:
1790:
1787:
1781:
1780:
1768:
1762:
1761:
1750:
1744:
1743:
1741:
1739:
1730:. Archived from
1724:
1718:
1717:
1706:
1595:
1488:Herdade da Açafa
1467:(Montauban) and
1217:taifa of Badajoz
1033:Bi:lad al-Barbar
978:Battle of Mérida
812:Serra de Estrela
792:Ruta de la Plata
576:Alcántara Bridge
570:(20th century).
552:Serra de Estrela
512:Christoph Poppen
463:Castle of Marvão
437:
436:
435:
429:
424:
412:
409:
407:
376:
247:
245:
244:
232:
231:
229:
228:
227:
222:
218:
215:
214:
213:
210:
197:
182:
172:
157:
134:
124:
117:
113:
110:
104:
102:
61:
37:
29:
21:
2464:
2463:
2459:
2458:
2457:
2455:
2454:
2453:
2429:
2428:
2427:
2422:
2368:Castelo de Vide
2339:
2333:
2291:
2286:
2278:
2274:
2267:
2263:
2256:
2252:
2239:
2238:
2231:
2218:
2217:
2213:
2200:
2199:
2195:
2183:
2179:
2170:
2166:
2157:
2153:
2141:
2134:
2128:Wayback Machine
2119:Sidarus, Adel,
2118:
2109:
2099:
2097:
2088:
2087:
2083:
2077:Wayback Machine
2067:
2063:
2055:
2048:
2039:
2035:
2022:
2021:
2017:
2004:
2003:
1999:
1990:
1986:
1974:
1973:
1969:
1960:
1959:
1955:
1939:10.5334/pia.325
1920:
1919:
1915:
1902:
1901:
1897:
1884:
1883:
1879:
1866:
1865:
1861:
1852:
1851:
1847:
1842:
1838:
1826:
1822:
1812:
1810:
1809:(in Portuguese)
1806:
1798:
1797:
1793:
1788:
1784:
1770:
1769:
1765:
1752:
1751:
1747:
1737:
1735:
1726:
1725:
1721:
1708:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1687:
1674:
1593:
1577:
1557:Kingdom of León
1541:
1515:Marvão's castle
1509:
1423:Navas de Tolosa
1394:
1286:
1229:Taifa of Lisbon
1221:Aftasid dynasty
1201:
1136:
1116:Umar Ibn Hafsun
1073:
1061:al-Tagr al-Aqsa
1057:al-Tagr al-Adna
1010:Muslim invasion
1006:
1001:
970:continuous flux
935:
919:Emerita Augusta
864:Castra Servilia
859:
660:
608:Menhir of Meada
588:
548:
520:
432:
431:
430:
422:
404:
370:
242:
240:
225:
223:
219:
216:
211:
208:
206:
204:
203:
188:
187:
186:
185:
176:
175:
160:
148:
139:
132:
125:
114:
108:
105:
62:
60:
50:
38:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2462:
2460:
2452:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2431:
2430:
2424:
2423:
2421:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
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2408:Ponte de Sor
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2098:. Retrieved
2094:the original
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2010:the original
2006:"Chafurdões"
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1811:. Retrieved
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1736:. Retrieved
1732:the original
1722:
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1591:Demographics
1578:
1575:18th Century
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1463:(Toulouse),
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772:Celtiberians
768:Alburquerque
761:
760:and Spain's
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184:Coat of arms
146:Municipality
115:
109:October 2021
106:
96:
89:
82:
75:
63:
51:Please help
46:verification
43:
26:
2363:Campo Maior
2024:"The Stone"
1579:During the
1533:battlements
1363:(1147) and
1259:reconquista
1108:realpolitik
1053:Lower March
1018:Abd al-Aziz
850:porco preto
824:roundhouses
707:Extremadura
623:Las Lanchas
615:Coureleiros
606:7.15m high
595:Idol plaque
396:September 8
224: /
2433:Categories
2413:Portalegre
1738:5 November
1714:www.ine.pt
1697:References
1350:Andalusia.
1320:Almoravids
1296:coin from
1294:gold dinar
1292:Almoravid
1156:(Spanish:
1093:Ibn Hayyan
1089:Ibn Marwán
1014:al-Andalus
877:pax Romana
828:Portuguese
796:Punic Wars
688:Tartessian
643:Cavalinhas
586:Prehistory
525:freguesias
459:Ibn Marwan
408:.cm-marvao
332:Population
303:Government
285:Portalegre
209:39°23′39″N
79:newspapers
2383:Fronteira
2353:Arronches
2300:13 Photos
1948:2041-9015
1565:mayordomo
1465:Montalvão
1328:jihadists
1304:, 1116. (
1128:Ordoño II
1124:Ordoño II
1029:muwalladi
914:Miróbriga
894:Scallabis
380:UTC+01:00
359:UTC±00:00
354:Time zone
310:President
212:7°22′36″W
2398:Monforte
2124:Archived
2073:Archived
1476:Templars
1361:Santarem
1339:Ibn Qasi
1335:Almohads
1311:maravedi
1189:saqaliba
1185:calçadas
1181:karrales
955:Hydatius
899:Eboracum
842:Vettones
804:Viriatus
745:Vettones
741:Lusitani
711:Alentejo
683:Guadiana
518:Parishes
455:Muwallad
292:Parishes
280:District
261:Alentejo
249:Portugal
68:"Marvão"
2100:24 July
1813:28 July
1453:Galegos
1401:Maltese
1386:Alarcos
1298:Seville
1193:aceifas
1173:aldeias
1041:thughūr
908:Olisipo
846:Verraco
788:Cartaxo
749:Verraco
737:Celtici
729:Verraco
699:Celtici
674:Celtici
564:Salazar
546:History
467:emirate
401:Website
237:Country
93:scholar
2418:Sousel
2393:Marvão
2388:Gavião
2188:
2146:
1946:
1831:
1461:Tolosa
1405:Alisee
1365:Lisbon
1247:razzia
1242:parias
1213:taifas
1177:villas
1162:Mérida
1085:Marvão
1065:Xenxir
886:Ammaia
776:Romans
743:, and
715:Zamora
703:Aragon
568:Franco
419:Marvão
256:Region
246:
138:Marvão
95:
88:
81:
74:
66:
2378:Elvas
2373:Crato
1807:(PDF)
1685:Misc.
1662:3030
1659:3512
1656:4029
1653:4419
1650:5418
1647:7478
1644:7116
1641:5994
1638:3780
1635:4048
1630:2019
1627:2011
1624:2001
1621:1991
1618:1981
1615:1960
1612:1930
1609:1900
1606:1849
1603:1801
1500:Crato
1436:foral
1414:termo
1302:Spain
1277:paria
1252:paria
1160:) of
1154:kūrah
1049:ka'id
1045:march
985:Alans
974:Alans
903:Évora
834:bombo
679:Tagus
532:Beirã
471:duchy
340:2,970
100:JSTOR
86:books
2403:Nisa
2358:Avis
2186:ISBN
2144:ISBN
2102:2012
1944:ISSN
1829:ISBN
1815:2014
1740:2018
1469:Arez
1457:Nisa
1433:its
1403:and
1158:Cora
1008:The
987:: (
838:trim
774:and
709:and
641:the
566:and
384:WEST
319:Area
174:Flag
72:news
1934:doi
1035:or
1012:of
905:),
717:to
681:to
582:.
528:):
469:",
410:.pt
406:www
373:DST
363:WET
55:by
2435::
2243:.
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97:·
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20:)
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