2271:. MarxistâLeninist ethics is materialist: the ideals, standards and virtues prevailing in society are interpreted as a reflection of actually existing interpersonal (value) relations, an expression of interests and requirements of social groups and classes. Morality is not reduced to an ethical ideology that has isolated itself from the world and lays claim to absolute value. Marxist ethics describes morality as a property of one's behavior conditioned by social and historical existence as those moral values that bring together (or force apart) living individuals.
4377:
2120:
40:
2283:, the interaction of the various classes and social groups and the forms of distribution and exchange. It follows from this that morality has class content. If the nature of social bonds determines the essence of morality (and in a class society these bonds manifest themselves, first and foremost, in the relations between classes), then the morality reflecting them has a class stamp.
4365:
2144:
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A means can be justified only by its end. But the end in turn needs to be justified. From the
Marxist point of view, which expresses the historical interests of the proletariat, the end is justified if it leads to increasing the power of man over nature and to the abolition of the power of man over
2274:
MarxistâLeninist ethics is dialectical: it maintains that like morality as a whole, each of its manifestations, each standard, and virtue, is in perpetual motion, emerging, developing, disappearing, passing from one qualitative state to another. Torn out of the concrete historical process, morality
2374:
rather than âeternal moral truthsâ proclaimed by institutional religions. On the other hand, he regarded it as farcical to assert that an end could justify any criminal means and viewed this to be a distorted representation of the Jesuit maxim. Instead, Trotsky believed that the means and ends
2471:. For humanists, history is the process by which Man acquires more and more control of blind natural forces and produces a humanized natural environment, thus externalizing his inner essence for one another. In a classless society, therefore, ethics thus lose their
2455:(Gattungswesen), according to which Man's essential nature is that of a free producer, engaging in labor to reproduce his own conditions of life. In capitalist society, and in prior economic arrangements, the freedom of the individual is hindered by
3903:
3898:
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in general simply does not exist. Each type of morality is socially and historically conditionedâthis is the fundamental tenet of
Marxist ethics. The objective core of morality conveys the character of definite
2260:, is of a class character and is manifested in people's behavior in different ways throughout different historical conditions in accordance with the interests of what classes or social strata a person occupies.
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is sought by the working class as an instrument to actualize socialism. He also viewed revolution to be deducible from the laws of the development and primarily the
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2523:"What is What? A Concise Dictionary of Social and Political Terms." Translated from the Russian by Margaret Webley. Compiled by Sofia Kholod. Moscow:
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Lambelet, Doriane. "The
Contradiction Between Soviet and American Human Rights Doctrine: Reconciliation Through Perestroika and Pragmatism." 7
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2423:. Marxist humanists derive many of the philosophical foundations that they use to orient the human subject's relation to history from the
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in response to criticisms around his actions concerning the
Kronstadt rebellion and wider questions posed around the perceived, â
2309:, conditionally granted to the individual, whereas Western law claimed the opposite. Therefore, the Soviet legal system regarded
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1900:
565:
211:
2427:, which were not published until 1932, well after the canonization of Marx's works by Soviet authorities. These texts provide a
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2202:. Marx did not directly write about ethical issues and has often been portrayed by subsequent Marxists as a
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231:
96:
49:
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251:
171:
66:
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1998:
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1875:
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1262:
1232:
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146:
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2370:â. Trotsky argued that Marxism situated the foundation of morality as a product of society to
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2003:
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nature and broad interests become unified amongst all human beings, therefore producing an
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1968:
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1502:
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822:
518:
448:
186:
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1920:
1487:
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in the development of history, and viewing socialist revolution as the "realization of
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granted to the individual by the emergent ideology of the collective. As a result, the
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1812:
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system of ethics that contributes to maximize human thriving through the principle of
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1022:
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3522:
3437:
3342:
3268:
2901:
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2020:
1842:
1817:
1782:
1712:
1707:
1692:
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1627:
1617:
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1452:
1442:
1392:
1362:
1347:
1332:
1297:
1117:
1077:
1027:
977:
898:
842:
2696:. Ed. by A.I. Titarenko. Translated from the Russian by Natalia Belskaya. Moscow:
2362:â methods of the Bolsheviks. Critics believed these methods seemed to emulate the
2725:
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4049:
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1187:
1112:
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463:
151:
86:
2395:
consider
Marxism to be a normative philosophy grounded in a moral sentiment of
4237:
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1147:
987:
787:
762:
458:
81:
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3457:
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3177:
3172:
3057:
3006:
2376:
2359:
2087:
2030:
1978:
1958:
1787:
1412:
1007:
962:
772:
2341:âTrotsky's writings on "The Dialectical Interdependence of Ends and Means".
2313:
as an arm of politics and courts as agencies of the government. Extensive
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2408:
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on the basis of its alienating properties from a static conception of
3112:
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2195:
777:
3577:
The
History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks)
2732:
3879:
3079:
2263:
The main methodological principles of
Marxist-Leninist ethics are
3929:
3914:
3889:
2834:
2736:
2310:
312:
Their Morals and Ours: The class foundations of moral practice
282:
16:
Doctrine of morality and ethics based on
Marxist philosophy
2687:
Ethics and
Progress: New Values in a Revolutionary World
2451:". For Marxist humanists, Marx articulates a concept of
102:
The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State
2483:, as is the immaterial purpose of material liberation.
2435:. Many humanists also emphasize Marx's doctrine of the
4272:
Crimes against humanity under MarxistâLeninist regimes
2254:
The official Soviet interpretation of Marx's writings
2563:, Vintage books, Random House Inc., New York, 1995,
2214:
have sought to develop often conflicting systems of
4245:
4221:
4092:
3833:
3609:
3560:
3281:
3040:
2959:
2915:
2770:
2301:treatment of human rights was very different from
2383:but this did not mean all means are permissible.
2638:The social and political thought of Leon Trotsky
2611:The social and political thought of Leon Trotsky
2584:The social and political thought of Leon Trotsky
2333:
2305:. The state was considered to be the source of
2641:. Oxford : Clarendon Press. pp. 556â560.
2614:. Oxford : Clarendon Press. pp. 556â560.
2463:that can only be overcome by participation in
4189:Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine
2783:Aggravation of class struggle under socialism
2748:
2168:
62:The Condition of the Working Class in England
8:
2425:Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844
57:Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844
2690:. New York: International Publishers. 1965.
2546:Boston University International Law Journal
3587:Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR
2755:
2741:
2733:
2403:interpretation of Marxism as an objective
2175:
2161:
749:
202:Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses
77:The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte
18:
4149:Communist Party of the Russian Federation
2587:. Oxford : Clarendon Press. p. 559.
2443:of Soviet Marxism, providing a space for
2290:, to the Marxist-Leninist, are viewed as
2256:holds that morality, like other forms of
4282:Criticism of MarxistâLeninist party rule
2992:General Secretary of the Communist Party
2321:and in practice, there was virtually no
4174:Kampuchean People's Revolutionary Party
2711:Galina Kirilenko and Lydia Korshunova.
2492:
2439:, and therefore reject the mechanistic
860:
812:
752:
30:
4252:All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
3572:Dialectical and Historical Materialism
3184:Socialism with Chinese characteristics
2375:frequently âexchanged placesâ as when
983:Socialism with Chinese characteristics
3651:Industrialization in the Soviet Union
1896:Critique: Journal of Socialist Theory
272:Change the World Without Taking Power
7:
4194:Sandinista National Liberation Front
3646:Collectivization in the Soviet Union
2729:. Moscow: Progress Publishers. 1990.
4203:Militarized Communist Party of Peru
4154:Communist Party of the Soviet Union
2952:Socialist state of the whole people
2415:in itself with a motivated goal of
2198:that is based on, or derived from,
227:Marxism and the Oppression of Women
157:Theses on the Philosophy of History
4342:State ideology of the Soviet Union
4144:Communist Party of the Philippines
4134:Communist Party of India (Marxist)
14:
3200:Scientific Outlook on Development
2815:Commanding heights of the economy
2561:Russia Under the Bolshevik Regime
2303:conceptions prevalent in the West
247:Time, Labor and Social Domination
4375:
4363:
4179:Lao People's Revolutionary Party
3597:Fundamentals of MarxismâLeninism
2972:Civilian control of the military
2927:People's democratic dictatorship
2142:
2130:
2118:
1954:21st-century communist theorists
297:Towards Socialism or Capitalism?
212:How Europe Underdeveloped Africa
132:Essays on Marx's Theory of Value
38:
2922:Dictatorship of the proletariat
2897:Theory of the productive forces
2279:ârelations of ownership of the
2218:based around the principles of
656:Theory of historical trajectory
534:Dictatorship of the proletariat
237:Hegemony and Socialist Strategy
137:History and Class Consciousness
92:Critique of the Gotha Programme
3874:People's Republic of Kampuchea
3592:A Critique of Soviet Economics
2947:State of socialist orientation
454:Socially necessary labour time
352:Philosophy in the Soviet Union
242:The Sublime Object of Ideology
167:A Critique of Soviet Economics
1:
2808:Soviet-type economic planning
2778:Administrative-command system
2346:In 1938, Trotsky had written
2319:Soviet secret police agencies
2232:capitalist mode of production
375:Critique of political economy
4139:Communist Party of Kampuchea
3761:Hungarian Revolution of 1956
3686:Chinese Communist Revolution
2997:Highest organ of state power
2860:Proletarian internationalism
2501:"ethics - Marx | Britannica"
2437:unity of theory and practice
412:Falling profit-rate tendency
192:The Society of the Spectacle
4169:Indochinese Communist Party
3806:Maoist insurgency in Turkey
3801:New People's Army rebellion
3582:Britain's Road to Socialism
2907:Wars of national liberation
1886:Capitalism Nature Socialism
402:Concrete and abstract labor
292:Capital in the Anthropocene
217:Social Justice and the City
112:The Accumulation of Capital
4418:
4287:Marxist schools of thought
4214:Portuguese Communist Party
4159:Communist Party of Vietnam
3152:Kaysone Phomvihane Thought
2391:In contrast, adherents of
2244:Marxist schools of thought
2241:
162:Dialectic of Enlightenment
4359:
4164:Communist Party of Malaya
4119:Communist Party of Brazil
3816:Internal conflict in Peru
3092:KimilsungismâKimjongilism
3002:Leading role of the party
2937:National-democratic state
2932:People's democratic state
2635:Knei-Paz, Baruch (1978).
2608:Knei-Paz, Baruch (1978).
2581:Knei-Paz, Baruch (1978).
2407:and instead see it as an
307:Literature and Revolution
267:Late Victorian Holocausts
197:Pedagogy of the Oppressed
182:The Wretched of the Earth
4129:Communist Party of India
4099:Albanian Party of Labour
3222:Bill of Rights socialism
2875:Socialism in one country
2845:MarxistâLeninist atheism
2676:International Publishers
2477:ideologically homogenous
2419:and reconciliation from
2368:ends justifies the means
257:The Origin of Capitalism
127:The State and Revolution
4337:State ideology of China
4209:Workers' Party of Korea
4124:Communist Party of Cuba
4114:Chinese Communist Party
3771:Portuguese Colonial War
3567:Foundations of Leninism
3119:MarxismâLeninismâMaoism
2830:Dialectical materialism
2461:relations of production
2224:dialectical materialism
2204:descriptive philosopher
958:MarxismâLeninismâMaoism
601:Relations of production
484:Base and superstructure
337:Dialectical materialism
302:The Revolution Betrayed
122:Terrorism and Communism
117:Philosophical Notebooks
72:The Communist Manifesto
4059:Bosnia and Herzegovina
3393:Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej
3303:Khorloogiin Choibalsan
2726:A Dictionary of Ethics
2429:critique of capitalism
2372:serve social interests
2338:
2315:extra-judiciary powers
1901:Historical Materialism
646:Proletarian revolution
641:Primitive accumulation
636:Historical determinism
4302:Post-MarxismâLeninism
4184:Nepal Communist Party
3781:Nicaraguan Revolution
3751:AlbanianâSoviet split
3448:Mengistu Haile Mariam
2987:Democratic centralism
2977:Collective leadership
2350:Their Morals and Ours
2212:Marxist theoreticians
2210:. Despite this, many
2137:Philosophy portal
1931:Science & Society
549:Democratic centralism
407:Factors of production
277:Caliban and the Witch
222:Women, Race and Class
4382:Communism portal
4370:Socialism portal
3869:Democratic Kampuchea
3776:Black Power movement
3741:Non-Aligned Movement
2880:Socialist patriotism
2714:What Is Personality?
2671:Socialism and Ethics
2323:separation of powers
2238:By school of thought
2149:Socialism portal
2125:Communism portal
1994:History of communism
1989:Economic determinism
1974:Criticism of Marxism
1964:Creative destruction
724:Marxism and religion
444:Scientific socialism
347:Philosophy of nature
232:Imagined Communities
97:Dialectics of Nature
4292:National Bolshevism
3826:Revolutions of 1989
3811:Sino-Albanian split
3796:Naxalite insurgency
3786:Cultural Revolution
3666:Great Patriotic War
3518:Nur Muhammad Taraki
3064:Ho Chi Minh Thought
2982:Cult of personality
2820:Developed socialism
2719:Progress Publishers
2698:Progress Publishers
2525:Progress Publishers
2354:which consisted of
2281:means of production
1881:Capital & Class
561:False consciousness
509:Commodity fetishism
499:Class consciousness
417:Means of production
252:The Age of Extremes
172:The Long Revolution
107:What Is to Be Done?
67:The German Ideology
3821:Nepalese Civil War
3766:Great Leap Forward
3528:Pushpa Kamal Dahal
3403:Kaysone Phomvihane
3205:Xi Jinping Thought
2840:Labour aristocracy
2548:. 1989. pp. 61â62.
2505:www.britannica.com
2417:human emancipation
2399:. They reject the
2317:were given to the
2286:Any conception of
2200:Marxist philosophy
2095:Worker cooperative
2073:Left-wing populism
1999:Left-wing politics
1936:Socialist Register
1926:Rethinking Marxism
719:Literary criticism
422:Mode of production
287:Capitalist Realism
147:The Black Jacobins
4389:
4388:
3756:Sino-Soviet split
3716:TitoâStalin split
3661:Spanish Civil War
3602:Guerrilla Warfare
3561:Theoretical works
3493:WĆadysĆaw GomuĆka
3468:Nicolae CeauÈescu
3428:Nikos Zachariadis
3348:Nikita Khrushchev
3323:Palmiro Togliatti
3022:Transmission belt
2967:Central committee
2825:Dialectical logic
2648:978-0-19-827233-5
2621:978-0-19-827233-5
2594:978-0-19-827233-5
2459:and emasculating
2190:is a doctrine of
2185:
2184:
2026:Political ecology
2004:Marxian economics
943:Council communism
911:
910:
838:Neue Marx-LektĂŒre
800:Regulation school
689:Cultural analysis
581:Lumpenproletariat
524:Cultural hegemony
514:Communist society
504:Classless society
439:Productive forces
177:Guerrilla Warfare
50:Theoretical works
4409:
4380:
4379:
4378:
4368:
4367:
4327:State capitalism
3731:De-Stalinization
3726:Cuban Revolution
3548:Gennady Zyuganov
3533:Rohana Wijeweera
3388:Klement Gottwald
3383:Valko Chervenkov
3368:Lazar Kaganovich
3328:Dolores IbĂĄrruri
3195:Three Represents
3140:Intercommunalism
2960:Political system
2803:Central planning
2798:Anti-revisionism
2788:Anti-imperialism
2764:MarxismâLeninism
2757:
2750:
2743:
2734:
2653:
2652:
2632:
2626:
2625:
2605:
2599:
2598:
2578:
2572:
2555:
2549:
2542:
2536:
2521:
2515:
2514:
2512:
2511:
2497:
2467:and eventually,
2397:secular humanism
2393:Marxist humanism
2387:Marxist humanism
2366:maxim that the â
2356:ethical polemics
2342:
2277:social relations
2249:Marxism-Leninism
2216:normative ethics
2177:
2170:
2163:
2147:
2146:
2135:
2134:
2133:
2123:
2122:
2121:
2100:Workers' council
1921:Race & Class
828:Frankfurt School
795:Neo-Gramscianism
768:MarxismâLeninism
750:
694:Cultural Studies
651:World revolution
596:Private property
142:Prison Notebooks
42:
19:
4417:
4416:
4412:
4411:
4410:
4408:
4407:
4406:
4392:
4391:
4390:
4385:
4376:
4374:
4362:
4355:
4352:Totalitarianism
4332:State socialism
4241:
4217:
4088:
3829:
3671:Greek Civil War
3605:
3556:
3508:Mathieu Kérékou
3413:Leonid Brezhnev
3378:BolesĆaw Bierut
3373:Georgi Dimitrov
3358:Josip Broz Tito
3353:Walter Ulbricht
3277:
3124:Gonzalo Thought
3036:
2955:
2942:Socialist state
2911:
2766:
2761:
2662:
2657:
2656:
2649:
2634:
2633:
2629:
2622:
2607:
2606:
2602:
2595:
2580:
2579:
2575:
2571:, pages 402â403
2556:
2552:
2543:
2539:
2522:
2518:
2509:
2507:
2499:
2498:
2494:
2489:
2389:
2344:
2340:
2331:
2251:
2246:
2240:
2228:Marx's analysis
2181:
2141:
2131:
2129:
2119:
2117:
2105:
2104:
2078:Universal class
1969:Conflict theory
1949:
1941:
1940:
1916:New Left Review
1871:
1863:
1862:
1003:
993:
992:
923:
913:
912:
823:Budapest School
747:
746:Common variants
739:
738:
669:
661:
660:
626:
616:
615:
519:Critical theory
479:
469:
468:
449:Surplus product
377:
367:
366:
327:
317:
316:
187:Reading Capital
52:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4415:
4413:
4405:
4404:
4394:
4393:
4387:
4386:
4384:
4372:
4360:
4357:
4356:
4354:
4349:
4347:Third-Worldism
4344:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4319:
4309:
4304:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4269:
4264:
4257:Anti-communism
4254:
4249:
4247:
4243:
4242:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4223:
4222:Related topics
4219:
4218:
4216:
4211:
4206:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4094:
4090:
4089:
4087:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3901:
3895:Czechoslovakia
3892:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3871:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3835:
3831:
3830:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3613:
3611:
3607:
3606:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3562:
3558:
3557:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3538:Abimael GuzmĂĄn
3535:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3503:Thomas Sankara
3500:
3495:
3490:
3488:Erich Honecker
3485:
3483:Maurice Bishop
3480:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3443:Agostinho Neto
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3408:Khalid Bakdash
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3338:VĂ” NguyĂȘn GiĂĄp
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3318:Maurice Thorez
3315:
3310:
3308:Ehmetjan Qasim
3305:
3300:
3298:Ernst ThÀlmann
3295:
3290:
3285:
3283:
3279:
3278:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3253:
3245:
3240:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3186:
3181:
3175:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3143:
3136:
3131:
3129:Prachanda Path
3126:
3121:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3094:
3089:
3083:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3055:
3049:
3044:
3042:
3038:
3037:
3035:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2963:
2961:
2957:
2956:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2917:
2913:
2912:
2910:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2893:
2892:
2887:
2877:
2872:
2870:Social fascism
2867:
2865:Self-criticism
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2811:
2810:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2774:
2772:
2768:
2767:
2762:
2760:
2759:
2752:
2745:
2737:
2731:
2730:
2722:
2709:
2691:
2679:
2661:
2658:
2655:
2654:
2647:
2627:
2620:
2600:
2593:
2573:
2550:
2537:
2516:
2491:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2473:class-relative
2465:class struggle
2413:class interest
2405:social science
2388:
2385:
2381:class struggle
2332:
2330:
2327:
2299:Soviet state's
2250:
2247:
2242:Main article:
2239:
2236:
2206:rather than a
2188:Marxist ethics
2183:
2182:
2180:
2179:
2172:
2165:
2157:
2154:
2153:
2152:
2151:
2139:
2127:
2115:
2107:
2106:
2103:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2091:
2090:
2083:Vulgar Marxism
2080:
2075:
2070:
2069:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2017:
2016:
2011:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1950:
1948:Related topics
1947:
1946:
1943:
1942:
1939:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1911:Monthly Review
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1891:Constellations
1888:
1883:
1878:
1872:
1869:
1868:
1865:
1864:
1861:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1040:
1035:
1030:
1025:
1020:
1015:
1010:
1004:
999:
998:
995:
994:
991:
990:
985:
980:
975:
970:
965:
960:
955:
950:
945:
940:
935:
930:
924:
921:Other variants
919:
918:
915:
914:
909:
908:
907:
906:
901:
896:
891:
886:
881:
876:
871:
863:
862:
858:
857:
856:
855:
850:
845:
840:
835:
830:
825:
817:
816:
810:
809:
808:
807:
805:Third-worldist
802:
797:
792:
791:
790:
785:
780:
775:
765:
757:
756:
748:
745:
744:
741:
740:
737:
736:
731:
726:
721:
716:
714:Historiography
711:
706:
701:
696:
691:
686:
681:
676:
670:
667:
666:
663:
662:
659:
658:
653:
648:
643:
638:
633:
631:Class struggle
627:
622:
621:
618:
617:
614:
613:
608:
603:
598:
593:
588:
586:Metabolic rift
583:
578:
573:
568:
563:
558:
553:
552:
551:
546:
541:
536:
526:
521:
516:
511:
506:
501:
496:
491:
486:
480:
475:
474:
471:
470:
467:
466:
461:
456:
451:
446:
441:
436:
435:
434:
429:
419:
414:
409:
404:
399:
394:
389:
378:
373:
372:
369:
368:
365:
364:
362:Marxist ethics
359:
354:
349:
344:
339:
334:
328:
323:
322:
319:
318:
315:
314:
309:
304:
299:
294:
289:
284:
279:
274:
269:
264:
259:
254:
249:
244:
239:
234:
229:
224:
219:
214:
209:
207:Ways of Seeing
204:
199:
194:
189:
184:
179:
174:
169:
164:
159:
154:
149:
144:
139:
134:
129:
124:
119:
114:
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
53:
48:
47:
44:
43:
35:
34:
28:
27:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4414:
4403:
4400:
4399:
4397:
4383:
4373:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4358:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4317:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4277:
4276:Mass killings
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4262:
4261:Mass killings
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4244:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4220:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4204:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4093:Organizations
4091:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3832:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3791:Prague Spring
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3608:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3559:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3498:Samora Machel
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3418:Deng Xiaoping
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3363:MĂĄtyĂĄs RĂĄkosi
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3288:Joseph Stalin
3286:
3284:
3280:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3259:
3258:
3254:
3252:
3251:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
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3147:
3146:New Communism
3144:
3141:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3108:Khrushchevism
3106:
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3098:
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3027:Unified power
3025:
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2855:Popular front
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2710:
2707:
2706:5-01-001098-4
2703:
2699:
2695:
2692:
2689:
2688:
2683:
2682:Howard Selsam
2680:
2677:
2673:
2672:
2667:
2666:Howard Selsam
2664:
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2644:
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2623:
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2601:
2596:
2590:
2586:
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2577:
2574:
2570:
2569:0-394-50242-6
2566:
2562:
2559:
2558:Richard Pipes
2554:
2551:
2547:
2541:
2538:
2534:
2533:5-01-000448-8
2530:
2526:
2520:
2517:
2506:
2502:
2496:
2493:
2486:
2484:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2453:species-being
2450:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2433:human essence
2430:
2426:
2422:
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2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
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2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2056:Revolutionary
2054:
2052:
2049:
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2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2036:Authoritarian
2034:
2033:
2032:
2029:
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2024:
2022:
2019:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
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1838:Moufawad-Paul
1836:
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1016:
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989:
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979:
976:
974:
971:
969:
966:
964:
961:
959:
956:
954:
951:
949:
948:Eurocommunism
946:
944:
941:
939:
936:
934:
933:Austromarxism
931:
929:
926:
925:
922:
917:
916:
905:
902:
900:
897:
895:
892:
890:
887:
885:
882:
880:
879:Communization
877:
875:
872:
870:
867:
866:
865:
864:
859:
854:
853:Praxis School
851:
849:
846:
844:
841:
839:
836:
834:
831:
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826:
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820:
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652:
649:
647:
644:
642:
639:
637:
634:
632:
629:
628:
625:
620:
619:
612:
611:Working class
609:
607:
604:
602:
599:
597:
594:
592:
589:
587:
584:
582:
579:
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574:
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428:
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424:
423:
420:
418:
415:
413:
410:
408:
405:
403:
400:
398:
395:
393:
392:Crisis theory
390:
387:
383:
380:
379:
376:
371:
370:
363:
360:
358:
355:
353:
350:
348:
345:
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158:
155:
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148:
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138:
135:
133:
130:
128:
125:
123:
120:
118:
115:
113:
110:
108:
105:
103:
100:
98:
95:
93:
90:
88:
85:
83:
80:
78:
75:
73:
70:
68:
65:
63:
60:
58:
55:
54:
51:
46:
45:
41:
37:
36:
33:
29:
25:
21:
20:
4322:Second World
4199:Shining Path
4029:Turkmenistan
3965:Soviet Union
3910:East Germany
3710:2002âpresent
3681:Eastern Bloc
3616:Soviet Union
3523:Alfonso Cano
3473:GustĂĄv HusĂĄk
3463:SanzĆ Nosaka
3438:Fidel Castro
3343:Earl Browder
3269:Zachariadism
3255:
3248:
3232:Lovestoneism
3097:Kimjongunism
3078:
2916:Class system
2902:Third Period
2793:Anti-fascism
2724:
2712:
2693:
2685:
2674:. New York:
2669:
2660:Bibliography
2637:
2630:
2610:
2603:
2583:
2576:
2560:
2553:
2545:
2540:
2519:
2508:. Retrieved
2504:
2495:
2445:human agency
2401:positivistic
2390:
2347:
2345:
2339:
2334:
2307:human rights
2288:human rights
2285:
2273:
2262:
2252:
2187:
2186:
2021:Municipalism
1833:Bhattacharya
978:Situationist
953:Instrumental
698:
606:State theory
571:Immiseration
566:Human nature
556:Exploitation
386:accumulation
361:
4307:Red fascism
3945:North Korea
3840:Afghanistan
3746:Vietnam War
3736:Warsaw Pact
3656:Great Purge
3641:Great Break
3478:JĂĄnos KĂĄdĂĄr
3453:Kim Il Sung
3433:Che Guevara
3398:Enver Hoxha
3333:Ho Chi Minh
3274:Brezhnevism
3257:RankoviÄism
3032:Vanguardism
3012:Secretariat
2850:Partiinost'
2481:reciprocity
2441:determinism
2411:product of
2409:ideological
2265:materialism
1984:Communalism
1383:Wallerstein
973:Revisionist
704:Film theory
684:Criminology
679:Archaeology
591:Proletariat
576:Imperialism
489:Bourgeoisie
464:Wage labour
357:Reification
152:On Practice
4238:Trotskyism
4228:Bolshevism
4074:Montenegro
4055:Yugoslavia
4039:Uzbekistan
4024:Tajikistan
3999:Kyrgyzstan
3994:Kazakhstan
3974:Azerbaijan
3940:Mozambique
3834:By country
3721:Korean War
3553:Xi Jinping
3513:Siad Barre
3293:Mao Zedong
3227:Browderism
3162:Pol Potism
3134:Pantherism
2510:2022-06-02
2487:References
2469:revolution
2457:wage-labor
2449:philosophy
2421:alienation
2329:Trotskyism
2295:constructs
2292:conceptual
2269:dialectics
2220:historical
2041:Democratic
1906:Mediations
1518:Przeworski
1458:Poulantzas
1308:Sivanandan
1263:Bettelheim
1163:Horkheimer
1158:MariĂĄtegui
1133:Pashukanis
1058:Liebknecht
988:Wertkritik
928:Analytical
788:Trotskyism
763:Autonomist
754:Structural
734:Philosophy
674:Aesthetics
459:Value-form
427:Capitalist
332:Alienation
325:Philosophy
82:Grundrisse
4312:Red Scare
4297:New class
4109:Comintern
4069:Macedonia
4009:Lithuania
3705:1989â2002
3700:1976â1989
3695:1949â1976
3635:1982â1991
3630:1964â1982
3625:1953â1964
3620:1927â1953
3458:Chin Peng
3313:JosĂ© DĂaz
3264:DubÄekism
3211:Stalinism
3178:Nkrumaism
3173:Sankarism
3058:Guevarism
3053:Castroism
3007:Politburo
2377:democracy
2088:Economism
2051:Reformist
2031:Socialism
1979:Communism
1959:Anarchism
1813:Coulthard
1738:McDonnell
1698:Screpanti
1608:Rowbotham
1473:Harnecker
1283:Althusser
1223:Deutscher
1063:Kollontai
1053:Luxemburg
1033:Plekhanov
963:Nkrumaism
874:Classical
848:Political
773:Guevarism
729:Sociology
709:Geography
529:Democracy
477:Sociology
432:Socialist
397:Commodity
4396:Category
4267:Cold War
4246:See also
4233:Leninism
4084:Slovenia
3979:Byelarus
3935:Mongolia
3915:Ethiopia
3904:Slovakia
3865:Cambodia
3860:Bulgaria
3676:Cold War
3543:Gus Hall
3250:Äilasism
3237:Marcyism
3216:American
3157:National
3103:Kadarism
3074:Husakism
3069:Hoxhaism
3041:Variants
2890:Yugoslav
2771:Concepts
2717:Moscow:
2700:, 1989,
2527:, 1988,
2258:ideology
2208:moralist
2192:morality
2014:Old Left
2009:New Left
1876:Antipode
1870:Journals
1773:Heinrich
1748:Roediger
1743:Douzinas
1733:Hennessy
1688:Holloway
1603:Hartsock
1593:Eagleton
1578:Federici
1553:Bannerji
1528:Therborn
1508:RanciĂšre
1503:Easthope
1483:Anderson
1478:Altvater
1378:O'Connor
1373:MĂ©szĂĄros
1368:Guattari
1323:Thompson
1313:Miliband
1293:Williams
1278:Hobsbawm
1253:Emmanuel
1233:Beauvoir
1198:Lefebvre
1143:Benjamin
1108:Bukharin
1088:Zinoviev
1083:Grossman
1068:Bogdanov
1043:Connolly
1023:Lafargue
968:Orthodox
938:Centrist
889:Leninism
884:Feminist
833:Humanist
814:Hegelian
342:Ideology
24:a series
22:Part of
4402:Marxism
4104:Comecon
4064:Croatia
4045:Vietnam
4034:Ukraine
4014:Moldova
3989:Georgia
3984:Estonia
3969:Armenia
3960:Somalia
3955:Romania
3925:Hungary
3920:Grenada
3899:Czechia
3845:Albania
3610:History
3423:Pol Pot
3243:Titoism
3190:Dengism
3167:African
2721:. 1989.
2678:. 1943.
2230:of the
2113:Outline
2066:Utopian
1843:Srnicek
1828:Toscano
1823:Seymour
1778:Prashad
1728:Sankara
1723:Berardi
1708:Hampton
1683:Burawoy
1653:Panitch
1648:Haraway
1638:Cleaver
1623:Brenner
1588:Balibar
1543:Postone
1533:Losurdo
1463:Vattimo
1433:Gonzalo
1428:Jameson
1418:Parenti
1358:Liebman
1353:Guevara
1243:Nkrumah
1238:Sombart
1213:Padmore
1183:Kalecki
1178:Marcuse
1138:Bordiga
1123:Gramsci
1078:Trotsky
1038:Du Bois
1028:Kautsky
904:Western
783:Titoism
668:Aspects
624:History
544:Radical
382:Capital
87:Capital
32:Marxism
4316:Second
4079:Serbia
4019:Russia
4004:Latvia
3950:Poland
3850:Angola
3282:People
3113:Maoism
3087:Songun
2885:Soviet
2704:
2694:Ethics
2645:
2618:
2591:
2567:
2531:
2364:Jesuit
2360:amoral
2226:, and
2196:ethics
2061:Social
2046:Market
1848:Horvat
1803:Fisher
1798:Linera
1793:Lordon
1783:Kelley
1768:Marcos
1763:Ghandy
1753:Foster
1678:Fraser
1673:Wright
1663:Jessop
1658:Clarke
1643:Bishop
1633:Massey
1613:Mouffe
1563:Newton
1558:Spivak
1548:Rodney
1513:Berman
1468:Badiou
1448:Laclau
1443:Harvey
1438:Dussel
1398:Debord
1393:Tronti
1363:Heller
1348:Castro
1343:Berger
1328:Bauman
1318:Cabral
1303:Mandel
1298:Freire
1288:Hinton
1268:Draper
1248:Sweezy
1218:Sartre
1208:Adorno
1173:Brecht
1128:Galiev
1103:Korsch
1098:LukĂĄcs
1073:Stalin
1018:Morris
1013:Engels
1001:People
778:Maoism
699:Ethics
539:Soviet
262:Empire
4050:Yemen
3885:Congo
3880:China
3855:Benin
3691:China
3080:Juche
3047:Cuban
3017:State
2336:man.
1858:Saito
1853:Hamza
1718:ĆœiĆŸek
1703:TamĂĄs
1668:Davis
1628:Davis
1618:Geras
1583:Wolff
1568:Sakai
1523:Cohen
1498:Sison
1493:Vogel
1453:Bahro
1423:Negri
1413:Nairn
1338:Kosik
1333:Fanon
1273:Jones
1228:Hoxha
1203:James
1188:Fromm
1118:Serge
1093:Bloch
1048:Lenin
869:Black
494:Class
3930:Laos
3890:Cuba
2835:Foco
2702:ISBN
2643:ISBN
2616:ISBN
2589:ISBN
2565:ISBN
2529:ISBN
2267:and
2222:and
2194:and
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1788:Dean
1758:West
1713:Cano
1693:Rose
1598:Kurz
1573:Wood
1538:Ture
1488:Löwy
1408:Hall
1403:Amin
1388:Mies
1258:Hill
1168:Dutt
1153:Basu
1008:Marx
899:Post
861:Both
843:Open
2311:law
1193:Cox
1148:Mao
894:Neo
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