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episode, the infant and his or her caregiver enter into a pleasant laboratory setting, with many toys. After one minute, a person unknown to the infant enters the room and slowly tries to make acquaintance. The caregiver leaves the child with the stranger for three minutes; and then returns. The caregiver departs for a second time, leaving the child alone for three minutes; it is then the stranger who enters, and offers to comfort the infant. Finally, the caregiver returns, and is instructed to pick up the child. As the episodes increase the stress of the infant by increments, the observer can watch the infant's movement between behavioural systems: the interplay of exploration and attachment behaviour, in the presence and in the absence of the parent.
424:. In 1990, Ainsworth put in print her blessing for the new 'D' classification, though she urged that the addition be regarded as 'open-ended, in the sense that subcategories may be distinguished', as she worried that the D classification might be too encompassing and might subsume too many different forms of behaviour In contrast to infants in other categories classified by Mary Ainsworth, which possess a standard path of reaction while dealing with the stress of separation and reunion, type D infants appeared to possess no symptom of coping mechanism. In fact, these infants had mixed features such as "strong proximity seeking followed by strong avoidance or appeared dazed and disoriented upon reunion with their caretakers (or both)."
330:. Blatz focused on studying what he referred to as "security theory." This theory outlined Blatz's idea that different levels of dependence on parents meant different qualities of relationships with those parents, as well as the quality of relationships with future partners. His tiers of dependence were labeled secure dependence, independent security, immature dependent security, and mature secure dependence. Blatz theorized that the more secure and mature the interaction was between individuals, the more likely the relationship was to be healthy and without insecurities.
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is empty. Infants classified as anxious-avoidant (A) represented a puzzle in the early 1970s. They did not exhibit distress on separation, and either ignored the caregiver on their return (A1 subtype) or showed some tendency to approach together with some tendency to ignore or turn away from the caregiver (A2 subtype). Ainsworth and Bell (1970) theorised that the apparently unruffled behaviour of the avoidant infants is in fact as a mask for distress, a hypothesis later evidenced through studies of the heart-rate of avoidant infants.
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Hopkins, Ainsworth's professional relationship with John Bowlby grew. While he had previously been a mentor, they started working together as equal partners, exchanging paper drafts for comments and finding the time to meet on rare occasions, since he was still primarily in London. Bowlby gave
Ainsworth a copy of his new paper "The Nature of the Child's Tie to His Mother" for her comments and Ainsworth was able to provide Bowlby information on her studies of infant-mother attachment in Uganda.
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Ainsworth conducted detailed interviews with families from 6 villages surrounding
Kampala, Uganda, but was originally met with a language barrier. She therefore made a great effort to learn the language to the extent that she could carry out simple conversation, thus developing an appreciation of the culture. She later said, "It is a pity that one cannot require field work in another society of every aspiring investigator of child development." Ainsworth's book from that field study,
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enthusiastic. The primary question that developmental psychologists brought up was her definition of "attachment." Ainsworth was motivated by this and other questions to create a catalogue of behaviors like "crying when the mother left the room, following her, greeting her on return with smiling, vocalization, excited bouncing, reaching or approaching behavior" that she could use to qualify attachment.
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she deserved considering her age, experience, and contribution to the job. She had to wait two years for an associate professor position even though her qualifications surpassed the job description. At the time, women had to eat in separate dining rooms than men, which ultimately meant women could not meet male head department members the "normal way".
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earned her master's degree in 1936 and her PhD was granted in 1939. Salter's dissertation was titled "An
Evaluation of Adjustment Based on the Concept of Security". Her dissertation stated that "where family security is lacking, the individual is handicapped by the lack of a secure base from which to work."
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In 1954, she left the
Tavistock Clinic to do research in Africa where she carried out her longitudinal field study of mother-infant interaction. She chose to examine a common weaning practice in the area, in which the child is sent away for several days to live with relatives and "forget the breast."
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After leaving the
Canadian Women's corps she returned to Toronto to continue teaching personality psychology and conducting research. She married Leonard Ainsworth in 1950 and moved to London with him to allow him to finish his graduate degree at University College. While in England, Ainsworth joined
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Salter was a precocious child who thirsted for knowledge. She began reading by the age of three, and the family would once a week visit the local library where her mother would select appropriate books for her level. She was close with her father, who assumed the duties of tucking her in at night and
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in 1975, where she remained for the rest of her academic career until 1984. From then she became a professor emeritus and stayed active until the year of 1992. While working at Johns
Hopkins, Ainsworth did not receive the proper treatment considering her skills and expertise, such as a proper salary
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at the age of 16, where she was one of only five students to be admitted into the honors course in psychology. She completed coursework for her bachelor's degree in 1935, and decided to continue her education at the
University of Toronto with the intention of earning her doctorate in psychology. She
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A child with the anxious-avoidant insecure attachment style will avoid or ignore the caregiver – showing little emotion when the caregiver departs or returns. The child will not explore very much regardless of who is there. There is not much emotional range regardless of who is in the room or if it
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On the basis of their behaviors, the 26 children in
Ainsworth's original Baltimore study were placed into one of three classifications. Each of these groups reflects a different kind of attachment relationship with the caregiver, and implies different forms of communication, emotion regulation, and
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Ainsworth's original sample, all six C infants showed so much distress in the course of the episodes of the
Strange Situation Procedure 'that observations had to be discontinued.' One percent of infants had responded with high degree of passivity and inactivity in a situation of helpless settings.
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In 1965, Ainsworth designed the
Strange Situation Procedure as a way of assessing individual differences in attachment behaviour by evoking individual's reaction when encountering stress. The Strange Situation Procedure is divided into eight episodes, lasting for three minutes each. In the first
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Mary Ainsworth followed her husband when a position as a forensic psychologist brought him to Baltimore. She spoke on clinical psychology at The Johns Hopkins University. In 1958, she was given a permanent position as an associate professor of developmental psychology. During this time at Johns
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A child who's securely attached to its mother will explore freely while the caregiver is present, using her as a 'safe base' from which to explore. The child will engage with the stranger when the caregiver is present, and will be visibly upset when the caregiver departs but happy to see the
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Ainsworth underwent a difficult divorce in 1960, but continued with her research. She had an opportunity to present the findings from her Uganda study at a Tavistock Mother-Infant Interaction Study Group in London. It was her first time publicly presenting results, and the reactions were not
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Children classified as Anxious-Ambivalent/Resistant (C) showed distress even before separation, and were clingy and difficult to comfort on the caregiver's return. They either showed signs of resentment in response to the absence (C1 subtype), or signs of helpless passivity (C2 subtype). In
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From Project STEEP, infants that were having Disorganized/Disoriented (Type D) tested of secreting higher cortisol concentrations in saliva than infants in the traditional (ABC) classifications. Results of this study demonstrate a model of stress reactivity that reflects how the various
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singing to her, but did not have a warm relationship with her mother; Salter later stated that their relationship was marked by her mother's jealousy and interference with the bond she had with her father. Salter excelled in school, and decided to become a psychologist after reading
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Despite the many findings from her Strange Situation experiment, there was also criticism. It was said to have too much emphasis on the mother and did not measure a general attachment style. It was said that Ainsworth's work was biased because the study was conducted with only
282:, conducted research, and worked with Klopfer on a revision of the Rorschach. She married Leonard Ainsworth, a graduate student in the Psychology department of University of Toronto, in 1950 and moved to London with him to allow him to finish his PhD at
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Ainsworth received many honors, including the G. Stanley Hall Award from APA for developmental psychology in 1984., the Award for Distinguished Contributions to Child Development in 1985 and the Distinguished Scientific Contribution Award from the
342:, investigating the effects of maternal separation on child development. Comparison of disrupted mother-child bonds to normal mother-child relationships showed that a child's lack of a mother figure led to "adverse development effects."
271:. Her duties included administering clinical evaluations and personnel assessment tests. Soon she was promoted as an Advisor to the Director of Personnel Selection of the Canadian Women's Army Corps, and reached the rank of
350:, remains an exceptional and classic ethological study in the development of attachment and demonstrates that the process reflects specific universal characteristics that cross linguistic, cultural and geographic lines.
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who placed "high value on a good liberal arts education" and expected their children to have excellent academic achievements. In 1918, her father's manufacturing firm transferred him and the family moved to
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Davidson, J. (Director), & Davidson, F. (Producer). (2005). Mary Ainsworth: Attachment and the Growth of Love . Davidson Films, Inc. Retrieved October 20, 2014, from Education in Video: Volume I.
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286:. Although they divorced in 1960, the 10 years of accompanying Leonard to different places for his career gave Mary the opportunity to meet and work with many influential psychologists including
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Ainsworth, M. (1990). 'Epilogue' in Attachment in the Preschool Years, ed. M.T. Greenberg, D. Ciccheti & E.M. Cummings. Chicago, IL: Chicago University Press, pp.463-488.
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on December 1, 1913, the eldest of three daughters born to Mary and Charles Salter. Her father, who possessed a master's degree in history, worked at a manufacturing firm in
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Ainsworth, M.D., Blehar, M, Waters, E, & Wall, S. (1978) Patterns of Attachment: A Psychological Study of the Strange Situation, Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, p. 167
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survey ranked Ainsworth as the 97th most cited psychologist of the 20th century. Many of Ainsworth's studies are "cornerstones" of modern-day attachment theory.
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Klopfer, B., Ainsworth, M. D., Klopfer, W. E., & Holt, R. R. (1954), Developments in the Rorschach technique (Vol. 1). Yonkers-on-Hudson, NY: World Book.
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BRETHERTON, I. (2004). AINSWORTH, Mary Dinsmore Salter, December 1, 1913-March 21, 1999. In Notable American women: Completing the twentieth century.
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A sensitive mother creates a secure attachment : Mary Ainsworth (1913-1999). (2012). In Big ideas simply explained: The psychology book.
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caregiver on his or her return. In the United States, about seventy percent of middle-class babies present secure attachment in this study.
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Bretherton, I. (2003). Mary Ainsworth: Insightful observer and courageous theoretician. Portraits of pioneers in psychology, 5, 317-331.
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Bretherton, I., & Ainsworth, M. D. S. (1974). "One-year-olds in the Strange Situation." In M. Lewis & L. Rosenblum (Eds.),
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Award for Distinguished Contributions to Child Development Research, Society for Research in Child Development (1985)
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Sroufe, L. A., & Waters, E. (1977). Attachment as an organizational construct. Child Development, 48, 1184-1199.
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Gold Medal Award for Life Achievement in the Science of Psychology, American Psychological Foundation (APF, 1998)
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classification of traditional (ABC) behaviors become a factor that is affecting physiological stress responses.
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Gold medal award for life achievement in the science of psychology, (1998). American Psychologist. 53, 869-871.
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Sroufe, A. & Waters, E. (1977) Attachment as an Organizational Construct. Child Development, 48: 1184-1199
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Hertsgaard, L., Gunnar, M., Erickson, Martha, F.; Nachmias, Melissa.(1995). Child Development,(4), p.1100(7)
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in 1942. While with the army, Salter began as an Army Examiner who interviewed and selected personnel in
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Distinguished Professional Contribution Award, Division 12 (Division of Clinical Psychology), APA (1994)
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986:"Procedures for Identifying Infants as Disorganized/Disoriented during the Ainsworth Strange Situation"
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Carlson, V., Cicchetti, D., Barnett, D., Braunwald, K. (1989) Developmental Psychology, 25, p. 525-531
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After graduation, Salter stayed on at the University of Toronto as a teacher before joining the
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International Society for the Study of Personal Relationships Distinguished Career Award (1996)
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families. Critics also believed the experiment was artificial and lacked ecological validity.
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APA Distinguished Scientific Award for an Early Career Contribution to Psychology recipients
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William T. Grant Lecturer in Behavioral Pediatrics, Society for Behavioral Pediatrics (1985)
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Distinguished Scientific Contribution Award, Division 12 (Division of Clinical Psychology),
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Finding Aid for The Mary Ainsworth Papers at The Cummings Center for History of Psychology
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A Study Guide for Psychologists and Their Theories for Students: MARY SALTER AINSWORTH
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Distinguished Scientific Contribution Award, Virginia Psychological Association (1983)
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G. Stanley Hall Award, Division 7 (Division of Developmental Psychology), APA (1984)
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Distinctive Achievement Award, Virginia Association for Infant Mental Health (1989)
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procedure to observe early emotional attachment between a child and their primary
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in 1992. She died on March 21, 1999, at the age of eighty-five due to a stroke.
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Mentor Award, Division 7 (Division of Developmental Psychology), APA (1998)
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Distinguished Contribution Award, Maryland Psychological Association (1973)
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Award for Distinguished Professional Contribution to Knowledge, APA (1987)
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After victory in the war, Salter returned to Toronto to continue teaching
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1342:" Journal of the Canadian Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 22.2
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Articles by Mary Ainsworth including summaries and links to full-text
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Attachment in the Preschool Years: Theory, Research, and Intervention
988:. In Greenberg, Mark T.; Cicchetti, Dante; Cummings, E. Mark (eds.).
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Salmon Lecturer, Salmon Committee on Psychiatry and Mental Hygiene,
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Women's Intellectual Contributions to the Study of Mind and Society
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Letters from Ainsworth: Contesting the 'Organization'of Attachment.
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Women's Intellectual Contributions to the Study of Mind and Society
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Models of achievement: Reflections of eminent women in psychology
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Models Of Achievement: Reflections Of Eminent Women In Psychology
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After many other academic positions, including a long tenure at
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1129:"Distinguished Scientific Contributions to Clinical Psychology"
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and her mother was a nurse. Both her parents were graduates of
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Ainsworth, M., Blehar, M., Waters, E., & Wall, S. (1978).
240:, Canada, where Salter would spend the rest of her childhood.
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During graduate school, Mary studied under the mentorship of
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Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences
738:"Mary Ainsworth, 85, Theorist On Mother-Infant Attachment"
992:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 121–60.
773:. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 200–219.
645:"The 100 most eminent psychologists of the 20th century"
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Dynamic-maturational model of attachment and adaptation
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Distinguished Scientific Contribution Award, APA (1989)
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Mary Ainsworth profile on Psychology's Feminist Voices
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where her first "mother-infant" observation was done.
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A fourth category was added by Ainsworth's colleague
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Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
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2384:Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology
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1175:(2). Taylor & Francis Online: 217–228. 1999.
535:C. Anderson Aldrich Award in Child Development,
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1030:Hertsgaard (1995) Child Development, p.1100-06
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626:Psychologists and Their Theories for Students
290:, as well as the occasion when they moved to
190:known for her work in the development of the
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183:; December 1, 1913 – March 21, 1999) was an
27:American-Canadian psychologist & scholar
4383:Academic staff of the University of Toronto
1345:O'Connell, A.N., & Rusoo, N.F. (1983).
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762:O'Connell, A.N.; Russo, N.F., eds. (1983).
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643:Haggbloom, Steven J.; et al. (2002).
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1389:Society for Research in Child Development
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377:ways of responding to perceived threats.
314:in 1989. She was elected a Fellow of the
1338:Landa, S. & Duschinsky, R. (2013) "
871:. American Academy of Arts and Sciences
866:"Book of Members, 1780-2010: Chapter A"
606:
4348:20th-century American women scientists
1349:. New York: Columbia University Press.
463:Ainsworth, M. and Bowlby, J. (1965).
4428:20th-century American women academics
2394:New England Complex Systems Institute
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556:American Academy of Arts and Sciences
407:Anxious-Resistant Insecure Attachment
316:American Academy of Arts and Sciences
174:
7:
4363:American developmental psychologists
2379:Human Behavior and Evolution Society
1394:Transcript of oral history interview
1381:Transcript of oral history interview
984:Main, Mary; Solomon, Judith (1990).
389:Anxious-Avoidant Insecure Attachment
4438:20th-century Canadian psychologists
4423:20th-century American psychologists
1644:Attachment-based therapy (children)
416:Disorganized/Disoriented Attachment
4373:Canadian female military personnel
3327:Parents Against Child Exploitation
2374:Center for Evolutionary Psychology
1654:Dyadic developmental psychotherapy
1398:Canadian Psychological Association
1169:Attachment & Human Development
1045:Attachment & Human Development
511:American Psychological Association
312:American Psychological Association
25:
3297:Mothers Apart from Their Children
1205:"Mary Ainsworth Curriculum Vitae"
1084:"Mary Ainsworth Curriculum Vitae"
466:Child Care and the Growth of Love
250:Character and the Conduct of Life
219:Mary Dinsmore Salter was born in
3569:
2485:
2472:
2460:
2459:
2439:Evolutionary Behavioral Sciences
2425:The Evolution of Human Sexuality
929:(pp. 134- 164), New York: Wiley.
438:
301:, she eventually settled at the
125:
4433:20th-century American academics
3155:Management of domestic violence
3001:Corporal punishment in the home
121:
4413:Naturalized citizens of Canada
4388:University of Virginia faculty
3312:National Fatherhood Initiative
1649:Attachment-based psychotherapy
1387:(both in PDF format) from the
1361:Mary Ainsworth on The Psi Cafe
1051:(2): 217–228. September 1999.
547:Royal College of Psychiatrists
537:American Academy of Pediatrics
1:
3665:Industrial and organizational
3317:National Parents Organization
3042:Adverse childhood experiences
2432:Evolution, Mind and Behaviour
1506:Fathers as attachment figures
4418:American emigrants to Canada
4378:University of Toronto alumni
4358:American women psychologists
4353:Canadian women psychologists
3906:Human factors and ergonomics
3082:Effects of domestic violence
2724:Social emotional development
2418:Evolution and Human Behavior
1670:History of attachment theory
1557:Patricia McKinsey Crittenden
1526:Reactive attachment disorder
1408:Episode about Mary Ainsworth
1257:Marvin, Bob (January 2000).
1240:"Mary Ainsworth (Biography)"
736:Ravo, Nick (April 7, 1999).
649:Review of General Psychology
591:Reactive attachment disorder
521:New York Academy of Medicine
208:Review of General Psychology
2898:Identification (psychology)
2493:Evolutionary biology portal
1165:"Mary Ainsworth, 1913–1999"
1108:"Ainsworth, Mary D. Salter"
1041:"Mary Ainsworth, 1913–1999"
622:"Ainsworth, Mary D. Salter"
478:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins.
265:Canadian Women's Army Corps
4459:
4393:People from Glendale, Ohio
3322:Parent–teacher association
3097:Parental abuse by children
2978:Positive Parenting Program
2928:Parent management training
2923:Normative social influence
1712:Evolutionary psychologists
1309:"Div. 7 awards and grants"
1147:"Developmental Psychology"
848:"Mary Ainsworth Biography"
764:"Mary D. Salter Ainsworth"
704:"Mary D. Salter Ainsworth"
365:
188:developmental psychologist
4292:
3595:Applied behavior analysis
3567:
3375:
3307:National Childbirth Trust
3102:Stress in early childhood
2822:Taking children seriously
2654:Applied behavior analysis
2455:
2320:Literary theorists /
1718:
1182:10.1080/14616739900134241
1058:10.1080/14616739900134241
671:10.1037/1089-2680.6.2.139
487:. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
284:University College London
255:She began classes at the
252:(1926) at the age of 15.
164:
135:
77:Charlottesville, Virginia
4368:Attachment psychologists
2963:The talk (sex education)
2674:Developmental psychology
469:. London: Penguin Books.
299:Johns Hopkins University
3871:Behavioral neuroscience
3435:Behavioral neuroscience
3170:Parental responsibility
3130:Cost of raising a child
2467:Evolutionary psychology
2446:Evolutionary Psychology
1824:Mary Jane West-Eberhard
1722:Evolutionary psychology
1521:Object relations theory
596:Princess Olufemi-Kayode
171:Mary Dinsmore Ainsworth
3921:Psychology of religion
3861:Behavioral engineering
3798:Human subject research
3454:Cognitive neuroscience
3420:Affective neuroscience
2063:Aurelio José Figueredo
1476:Attachment in children
1259:"Mary D. S. Ainsworth"
628:. 2005. Archived from
581:Attachment in children
484:Patterns of Attachment
472:Ainsworth, M. (1967).
303:University of Virginia
280:personality psychology
4297:Wiktionary definition
3833:Self-report inventory
3828:Quantitative research
3292:Families Need Fathers
2853:After-school activity
2777:Concerted cultivation
2772:Buddha-like parenting
2704:Nature versus nurture
2669:Cognitive development
2306:Dominic D. P. Johnson
1940:Pierre van den Berghe
1637:Clinical applications
1486:Attachment and health
545:Honorary Fellowship,
499:University of Toronto
383:middle class American
366:Further information:
334:the research team of
257:University of Toronto
89:University of Toronto
3823:Qualitative research
3778:Behavior epigenetics
3150:Right to family life
3077:Dysfunctional family
2787:Free-range parenting
2762:Attachment parenting
2752:Achievement ideology
1951:cognitive scientists
1949:Psychologists /
1618:Attachment parenting
1516:Maternal deprivation
1471:Attachment in adults
1263:Psychiatric Bulletin
1244:Practical Psychology
1112:www.encyclopedia.com
124: 1950;
44:Mary Dinsmore Salter
18:Mary D. S. Ainsworth
4302:Wiktionary category
3866:Behavioral genetics
3838:Statistical surveys
3695:Occupational health
3430:Behavioral genetics
3165:Parental alienation
3092:Narcissistic parent
3016:Positive discipline
2837:Work at home parent
2817:Strict father model
2802:Nurturant parenting
2709:Parental investment
2544:Kinship terminology
2286:Christopher Badcock
2208:Todd K. Shackelford
1491:Attachment measures
1481:Attachment disorder
927:The Origins of Fear
852:About.com Education
830:Psychology Standard
586:Attachment measures
194:. She designed the
4274:Schools of thought
4177:Richard E. Nisbett
4057:Donald T. Campbell
3735:Sport and exercise
3211:T. Berry Brazelton
2948:Social integration
2684:Identity formation
2143:Michael T. McGuire
2123:Douglas T. Kenrick
2108:Judith Rich Harris
2023:Donald T. Campbell
1983:David F. Bjorklund
1839:David Sloan Wilson
1834:George C. Williams
1799:Giacomo Rizzolatti
1623:Attachment therapy
1602:Nikolaas Tinbergen
1276:10.1192/pb.24.1.36
806:Salter, 1940, p.45
742:The New York Times
448:has a profile for
269:Kitchener, Ontario
34:Dr. Mary Ainsworth
4335:
4334:
4312:Wikimedia Commons
4239:Counseling topics
4202:Ronald C. Kessler
4192:Shelley E. Taylor
4117:Lawrence Kohlberg
4092:Stanley Schachter
3891:Consumer behavior
3773:Archival research
3541:Psycholinguistics
3425:Affective science
3335:
3334:
3145:Family disruption
3067:Cinderella effect
3047:Child abandonment
3021:Tactical ignoring
2918:Moral development
2797:Helicopter parent
2792:Gatekeeper parent
2757:Atlas personality
2734:Social psychology
2679:Human development
2664:Child development
2649:Attachment theory
2502:
2501:
2480:Psychology portal
2364:Research centers/
2279:social scientists
2243:Michael Tomasello
2163:Randolph M. Nesse
1968:Justin L. Barrett
1963:Simon Baron-Cohen
1870:Christopher Boehm
1678:
1677:
1535:Notable theorists
1496:Attachment theory
1452:Attachment theory
999:978-0-226-30630-8
475:Infancy in Uganda
454:
398:Secure Attachment
368:Strange situation
362:Strange Situation
348:Infancy in Uganda
246:William McDougall
233:Dickinson College
196:strange situation
192:attachment theory
185:American-Canadian
168:
167:
137:Scientific career
110:Leonard Ainsworth
99:Strange situation
16:(Redirected from
4450:
4269:Research methods
4212:Richard Davidson
4207:Joseph E. LeDoux
4082:George A. Miller
4072:David McClelland
4067:Herbert A. Simon
3967:Edward Thorndike
3788:Content analysis
3573:
3546:Psychophysiology
3362:
3355:
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3185:Shared parenting
2996:Blanket training
2988:Child discipline
2628:In loco parentis
2607:Shared parenting
2529:
2522:
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2489:
2476:
2463:
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2411:The Adapted Mind
2198:David P. Schmitt
2158:Katherine Nelson
2138:Brian MacWhinney
2078:Gordon G. Gallup
2068:Diana Fleischman
2028:Peter Carruthers
1885:Napoleon Chagnon
1865:Jerome H. Barkow
1849:Richard Wrangham
1829:Wolfgang Wickler
1814:Carel van Schaik
1705:
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1628:Candace Newmaker
1547:William E. Blatz
1466:Affectional bond
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340:Tavistock Clinic
328:William E. Blatz
238:Toronto, Ontario
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154:Doctoral advisor
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4037:Raymond Cattell
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3216:Rudolf Dreikurs
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3175:Parents' rights
3135:Deadbeat parent
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2958:The talk (race)
2841:
2832:Tiger parenting
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2218:Irwin Silverman
2148:Geoffrey Miller
2113:Martie Haselton
2088:Gerd Gigerenzer
2003:Joseph Bulbulia
1950:
1944:
1925:Stephen Shennan
1880:Donald E. Brown
1858:Anthropologists
1853:
1804:Randy Thornhill
1794:Peter Richerson
1774:Peter Kropotkin
1754:Richard Dawkins
1732:neuroscientists
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1295:psycnet.apa.org
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292:Kampala, Uganda
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3997:Gordon Allport
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1781:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1764:W. D. Hamilton
1761:
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1749:Charles Darwin
1746:
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1739:Bernard Crespi
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1355:External links
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95:Known for
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73:(aged 85)
69:March 21, 1999
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58:Glendale, Ohio
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4127:Ulric Neisser
4125:
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4112:Endel Tulving
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4097:Robert Zajonc
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4017:B. F. Skinner
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4008:
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3993:
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3982:Clark L. Hull
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3962:Sigmund Freud
3960:
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3955:
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3952:William James
3950:
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3947:Wilhelm Wundt
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3886:Consciousness
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3481:Developmental
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3300:
3298:
3295:
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3289:
3287:
3285:Organizations
3283:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3271:B. F. Skinner
3269:
3267:
3266:William Sears
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3236:Thomas Gordon
3234:
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3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3125:Child support
3123:
3121:
3120:Child custody
3118:
3117:
3115:
3109:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
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3088:
3085:
3083:
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3075:
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3070:
3068:
3065:
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3062:Child neglect
3060:
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2729:Socialization
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2717:
2715:
2714:Paternal bond
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2700:
2699:Maternal bond
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2623:
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2612:Single parent
2610:
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2598:
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2575:
2573:
2572:Alloparenting
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2371:
2369:
2367:
2366:organizations
2361:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2349:Thomas Hobbes
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
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2324:
2318:
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2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2291:Samuel Bowles
2289:
2287:
2284:
2283:
2281:
2275:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2258:Andrew Whiten
2256:
2254:
2253:Mark van Vugt
2251:
2249:
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2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
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2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2213:Roger Shepard
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2193:Mark Schaller
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2183:Steven Pinker
2181:
2179:
2178:Henry Plotkin
2176:
2174:
2173:David Perrett
2171:
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2038:Leda Cosmides
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2018:Anne Campbell
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
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1930:Donald Symons
1928:
1926:
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1920:Daniel Nettle
1918:
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1911:
1908:
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1905:John D. Hawks
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1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1789:Margie Profet
1787:
1785:
1784:Jaak Panksepp
1782:
1780:
1779:Gordon Orians
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1769:Alfred Kinsey
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1759:Jared Diamond
1757:
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1619:
1616:
1615:
1613:
1609:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1587:Konrad Lorenz
1585:
1583:
1582:Melanie Klein
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1567:Sigmund Freud
1565:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1539:
1537:
1533:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1511:Human bonding
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1463:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1446:
1441:
1439:
1434:
1432:
1427:
1426:
1423:
1417:
1416:Mind Changers
1413:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1379:
1377:
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1341:
1337:
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1331:
1322:
1319:
1314:
1310:
1304:
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1296:
1292:
1291:"APA PsycNet"
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1268:
1264:
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1222:"APA PsycNet"
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831:
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812:
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803:
800:
795:
791:
788:. p. 7.
787:
784:Gale (2015).
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4172:Larry Squire
4167:Bruce McEwen
4162:Amos Tversky
4132:Jerome Kagan
4122:Noam Chomsky
4062:Hans Eysenck
4032:Harry Harlow
4012:Erik Erikson
3911:Intelligence
3808:Neuroimaging
3551:Quantitative
3516:Mathematical
3511:Intelligence
3501:Experimental
3496:Evolutionary
3486:Differential
3395:Psychologist
3221:David Elkind
3200:
3072:Codependency
3057:Child labour
2913:Latchkey kid
2903:Introjection
2689:Introjection
2639:
2626:
2592:Noncustodial
2491:
2478:
2465:
2444:
2437:
2430:
2423:
2416:
2409:
2403:Publications
2344:Denis Dutton
2329:Edmund Burke
2322:philosophers
2268:Margo Wilson
2263:Glenn Wilson
2248:Joshua Tybur
2103:Harry Harlow
2058:Anne Fernald
2033:Noam Chomsky
1998:Pascal Boyer
1978:Jesse Bering
1957:
1890:Robin Dunbar
1844:E. O. Wilson
1730:Biologists /
1720:
1577:Jerome Kagan
1572:Harry Harlow
1562:Erik Erikson
1541:
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71:(1999-03-21)
4408:1999 deaths
4403:1913 births
4244:Disciplines
4217:Susan Fiske
4107:Roger Brown
4007:Carl Rogers
3992:Jean Piaget
3957:Ivan Pavlov
3813:Observation
3793:Experiments
3740:Suicidology
3635:Educational
3590:Anomalistic
3561:Theoretical
3536:Personality
3466:Comparative
3449:Cognitivism
3440:Behaviorism
3231:Haim Ginott
3206:John Bowlby
3052:Child abuse
2972:educational
2888:Habituation
2873:Co-sleeping
2659:Behaviorism
2587:Foster care
2577:Coparenting
2228:Dan Sperber
2203:Nancy Segal
2043:Martin Daly
1993:John Bowlby
1875:Robert Boyd
1611:Controversy
1552:John Bowlby
1412:BBC Radio 4
1151:www.apa.org
1133:www.apa.org
1089:. srcd.org.
513:(APA; 1984)
432:Major works
336:John Bowlby
288:John Bowlby
4342:Categories
4307:Wikisource
4152:Paul Ekman
3987:Kurt Lewin
3881:Competence
3803:Interviews
3783:Case study
3660:Humanistic
3640:Ergonomics
3625:Counseling
3600:Assessment
3582:psychology
3531:Perception
3491:Ecological
3407:psychology
3385:Philosophy
3369:Psychology
3246:Truby King
3140:Disownment
2953:Television
2943:Role model
2868:Child care
2846:Techniques
2812:Soccer mom
2782:Enmeshment
2719:Pediatrics
2354:David Hume
2296:Ernst Fehr
2188:Paul Rozin
2093:Peter Gray
2048:Paul Ekman
2013:Josep Call
2008:David Buss
1988:Paul Bloom
1973:Jay Belsky
1935:John Tooby
1900:Mark Flinn
1744:John Crook
1597:René Spitz
794:B013EU4PSK
602:References
322:Early work
229:Cincinnati
50:1913-12-01
4327:Wikibooks
4317:Wikiquote
4187:Ed Diener
3972:Carl Jung
3876:Cognition
3705:Political
3615:Community
3445:Cognitive
3180:Paternity
3111:Legal and
3011:Grounding
2908:Kommune 1
2883:Education
2858:Allowance
2767:Baby talk
2622:Surrogacy
2536:Parenting
2073:Uta Frith
1915:Ruth Mace
1592:Mary Main
1410:from the
679:145668721
657:CiteSeerX
453:(Q242625)
422:Mary Main
275:in 1945.
200:caregiver
4322:Wikinews
4279:Timeline
3901:Feelings
3896:Emotions
3856:Behavior
3847:Concepts
3725:Religion
3710:Positive
3700:Pastoral
3685:Military
3650:Forensic
3645:Feminist
3630:Critical
3620:Consumer
3610:Coaching
3605:Clinical
3580:Applied
3476:Cultural
3415:Abnormal
3226:Jo Frost
3160:Marriage
3026:Time-out
2602:Orphaned
2567:Adoptive
2311:Gad Saad
1414:program
1191:11707889
1067:11707889
575:See also
248:'s book
221:Glendale
4254:Outline
3750:Traffic
3745:Systems
3680:Medical
3506:Gestalt
3380:History
3194:Experts
2970: (
2935: (
2863:Bedtime
2827:Theybie
875:6 April
832:. 2013.
446:Scholia
338:at the
205:A 2002
130:
118:
114:
4284:Topics
3730:School
3655:Health
3556:Social
3459:Social
3405:Basic
3390:Portal
3087:Incest
3006:Curfew
2744:Styles
2562:Father
2557:Mother
2552:Parent
2490:
2477:
2464:
1663:Others
1459:Theory
1269:: 36.
1189:
1065:
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677:
659:
558:(1992)
549:(1989)
539:(1987)
523:(1984)
180:Salter
178:
143:Fields
105:Spouse
79:, U.S.
60:, U.S.
4231:Lists
3690:Music
3675:Media
3670:Legal
3521:Moral
3035:Abuse
2642:Areas
2277:Other
1208:(PDF)
1087:(PDF)
869:(PDF)
767:(PDF)
675:S2CID
273:major
120:(
116:
3916:Mind
2937:date
2933:Play
2694:Love
1383:and
1187:PMID
1063:PMID
994:ISBN
877:2011
790:ASIN
225:Ohio
215:Life
126:div.
66:Died
40:Born
2968:Toy
1271:doi
1177:doi
1053:doi
667:doi
176:née
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1385:CV
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