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256:, Sheldon encouraged helping students build problem-solving skills while learning historical inquiry. She encouraged her students to move beyond rote memorization. Rather than a textbook, she used a collection of primary source reproductions. With firsthand reading of powerful documents of history, students could generate a dialogue about history's biggest questions. However, faculty at Wellesley disapproved of her methods. In 1879 she resigned due to poor health and internal conflicts at the college, leaving behind teaching to travel abroad and rest. In 1882 she returned to Oswego Normal to write her work
325:, recommended "limited contact with a limited body of materials, an examination of which may show the child the nature of the historical process." Though largely ignored in print, her teaching philosophy, especially in relation to critical thinking for students, influenced the curricular structure of general education courses in the mid-twentieth century. However, modern critics of Sheldon's work note her limited sociocultural views and blinding patriotism.
155:(September 15, 1850 – August 27, 1898) was an American educator and historian. Her teaching style and publications were considered ahead of their time. She used a method that encouraged students to develop their own research skills utilizing primary sources and their own problem solving skills. Sheldon was teacher of and major influence on author and socialist
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principles. Her upbringing drastically deviated from traditional nineteenth-century norms, as both her parents encouraged scholarly education and fostered her inquisitive spirit. Sheldon attended Oswego public schools and a dual program at Oswego Normal, graduating in 1869 as a certified teacher with
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Her teaching method encouraged students to "study the primary sources in an 'independent and solitary' way using her questions as guides to problem solving...in order to develop the students abilities to observe, weigh evidence, to generalize and to exercise creative historical imagination." This
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which was published in 1891 for eighth-grade students. However, Sheldon owned the copyright to the text. She also conducted research in four
California school districts regarding the source method and educational philosophy, through which she designed a history curriculum that accounted for
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272:, where he implemented her method studies of educational history and child development. In March 1892 Sheldon joined the department of history at Stanford as the first female faculty member. As an assistant professor, she taught 19th-century European and
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On August 6, 1885, she married Earl Barnes, a former student, who was eleven years her junior. While Barnes taught at various universities, Sheldon concentrated on her writing and collaboration with historian
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Sheldon's health had always been of serious concern, and her chronic illness worsened while abroad. She underwent an unsuccessful new medical procedure to treat an organic
204:, a proponent of the German seminar method of teaching history However, she also took particular interest in the natural sciences. She graduated with an AB in
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in 1871. Sheldon was a founding member of the
Quadrantic Circle, a precursor to sororities. While at Michigan, she studied extensively under the direction of
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approach was described as progressive for the time, utilizing a case method that "hastened the improvement of more conventional history
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After graduation, she taught there for two years, before becoming enrolled in the first coeducational class at
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by Betty Barnes, the daughter-in-law of Earl Barnes, and his second wife, Anna
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issued a report in 1899, rejecting
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James, Edward T.; James, Janet Wilson; Boyer, Paul S.; College, Radcliffe (1971-01-01).
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and history departments for two and a half years. Her teaching style was considered
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Bending the Future to Their Will: Civic Women, Social
Education, and Democracy
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293:. In 1897, the couple resigned from Stanford to travel and write in Europe.
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University of
Michigan College of Literature, Science, and the Arts alumni
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Sheldon returned to Oswego State Normal after her graduation to teach
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Annals of the
American Academy of Political and Social Science
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620:"Our Miss Sheldon" - University of Michigan Heritage Project
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Notable
American Women, 1607–1950: A Biographical Dictionary
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incited debate among leading historians and educators. The
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Collections of
Sources in English for History Teachers
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developmental changes. Sheldon would go on to publish
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American
Historical Association's Committee of Seven
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570:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 36.
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699:Stanford University Department of History faculty
252:. Drawing from the teachings of Pestalozzi and
684:State University of New York at Oswego faculty
679:State University of New York at Oswego alumni
442:Barnes, Earl and Mary Sheldon (April 1898). "
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434:The Academy: Journal of Secondary Education
332:and Earl Barnes Papers were donated to the
189:specialized training in classical studies.
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289:historians interested in learning about
248:process introduced by her father in the
232:. In January 1877 she began teaching at
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182:Oswego State Normal and Training School
625:Mary Sheldon Barnes Papers, 1850-1898
611:Works by or about Mary Sheldon Barnes
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416:History: A Definition and a Forecast
276:history. The couple collaborated on
180:. Her father was the founder of the
709:19th-century American women writers
430:General History in the High School
375:Studies in Greek and Roman History
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172:Mary Downing Sheldon was born in
46:Mary Sheldon Barnes, date unknown
714:Historians from New York (state)
664:19th-century American historians
635:Mary Sheldon Barnes collections
361:Boston, Health & Co., 1885.
27:American educator and historian
370:Boston, Heath & Co., 1891.
146:1869-1871, 1874-1876, 1882-188
1:
639:Stanford University Libraries
354:Barnes, Mary Sheldon (1885).
674:People from Oswego, New York
582:"Mary Sheldon Barnes Papers"
566:Monteverde, Frances (1999).
545:. Harvard University Press.
509:"Mary Sheldon Barnes Papers"
397:Barnes, Mary Sheldon (1879).
384:Studies in Historical Method
283:Studies in Historical Method
366:Studies in American History
278:Studies in American History
153:Mary Downing Sheldon Barnes
18:Mary Downing Sheldon Barnes
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357:Studies in General History
330:Mary Sheldon Barnes Papers
315:Studies in General History
258:Studies in General History
704:American women historians
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669:American women academics
629:Sophia Smith Collection
586:Sophia Smith Collection
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334:Sophia Smith Collection
244:at the time, using the
328:In 1985 and 1986, the
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110:University of Michigan
588:. Smith College. 2001
515:. Smith College. 2001
473:"Revolutionary Lives"
471:James Boylan (1998).
202:Charles Kendall Adams
178:Edward Austin Sheldon
323:Andrew C. McLaughlin
266:Andrew Dickson White
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56:Mary Downing Sheldon
270:Stanford University
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168:Youth and education
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34:Mary Sheldon Barnes
448:Educational Review
66:September 15, 1850
406:Cornhill Magazine
291:historical method
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234:Wellesley College
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83:(1898-08-27)
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246:case method
130:Employer(s)
96:Nationality
648:Categories
458:References
453:: 331–338.
411:: 579–584.
242:unorthodox
141:1877-1879
136:1892-1897
62:1850-09-15
311:textbooks
208:in 1874.
163:Biography
125:Historian
123:Educator
100:American
613:at the
387:, 1896.
238:English
236:in the
218:history
592:13 Aug
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519:13 Aug
486:13 Aug
392:Essays
287:layman
230:botany
477:Books
379:1894.
349:Books
226:Greek
222:Latin
594:2011
547:ISBN
521:2011
488:2011
313:."
228:and
78:Died
52:Born
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