234:
420:
37:
321:
355:, seeing their product through from start to finish. The small, versatile brewery workforce worked very long hours to perform all the stages of production to create the pint of beer served at the public house. The men ploughed the land, sowed the seed, harvested it, malted the grain, brewed the beer and delivered the barrels to the outlets. They also made the hay to feed the horses. The brews included strong ale and mild; also nog, a local strong beer, and, from 1787,
775:
Jennings, Paul (2021). "Mary Hardy and her world, 1773-1809 by
Margaret Bird, Kingston upon Thames (Surrey), Burnham Press, 2020, volume 1, A working family, xxii + 796. pp., ÂŖ37.50 (hardback), ISBN 9781916206717; volume 2, Barley, beer and the working year, xxii + 874. pp., ÂŖ37.50 (hardback), ISBN
366:
Mary Hardy reveals the hazards faced by the men. Through covering such subjects as distribution, by road, river and sea, she brings us close to the lives of working people; innkeepers and labourers feature daily at times. The men suffered broken arms and legs under the wheels of the beer cart and
410:
The diary ranges exceptionally widely as the family were engaged in so many activities, from garden development and estate acquisition to politics and the defence of their home area during wartime invasion threats. Family matters were also to the fore, Mary Hardy and her husband being intimately
198:. She depicted commercial and working life in the countryside, being actively engaged in her husband's farming and brewing business. Her 500,000-word record, compiled daily from 1773 to 1809, reveals the exacting, time-pressured nature of pre-mechanised work for the middle and labouring classes.
269:, a few miles from Whissonsett, during his years as an excise officer 1757â69. His official duties brought him into contact with maltsters, brewers, tanners and other rural manufacturers; his wife seems to have been most at ease with this "middling-sort" class, and they had few gentry friends.
395:
The manuscript is remarkable not only for its length but in being written by a woman with very little education who recorded a man's world. It provides a counterpoise to the notion that life in the countryside was uneventful and unchanging; instead there was considerable mobility. The brewery
229:
may have trained the young Mary Raven in the time-awareness and methodical work patterns seen later in her diary. Her meticulous recording lifts her from the obscurity in which she and her extended circle lived and gives insight into the forces to which they were exposed.
464:
The diarist's nephew Henry Raven (1777â1825) became the brewery apprentice and lived with the Hardys for eight years. The teenager's daily diary, 73,000 words long and covering 1793â97, is the only known surviving diary by an 18th-century
English brewery apprentice.
411:
engaged in the upbringing and training of their children. The diarist is notable for the breadth of her coverage and her restrained, unemotional style akin to log-keeping. The result is "one of the most consistent, revealing and enduring sources of its period".
272:
Mary and
William Hardy married in Whissonsett Church in 1765 when they were aged 32 and 33, and set up home at East Dereham. Their first child, named Raven for his mother, was born there 9 November 1767. Their second son, William, was born on 1 April 1770 at
901:(January 2021). "Mary Hardy and her world, 1773â1809, III: Spiritual and social forces. By Margaret Bird. Pp. xxxi + 796 incl. 329 black-and-white ills, 38 colour plates and 32 tables. Kingston- upon-Thames: Burnham Press, 2020. ÂŖ38. 978 1 9162067 3 1".
378:
Water played a significant part in the business, providing liquor for the brews and serving as a highway for trade by sea and waterway; from 1784 water also powered the family's brewery. William Hardy expanded into producing wheat at
741:
Ditchfield, Grayson M. (October 2021). "Mary Hardy and her World, 1773â1809: I, A Working Family; II, Barley, Beer and the
Working Year; III, Spiritual and Social Forces; IV, Under Sail and Under Arms, by Margaret Bird".
451:
Mary Hardy died at
Letheringsett Hall on 23 March 1809, two days after making her last entry in her diary. She was buried in the family vault in Letheringsett churchyard, joining her elder son Raven who had died of
776:
9781916206724; volume 3, Spiritual and social forces, xxii + 796. pp., ÂŖ37.50 (hardback), ISBN 9781916206731; volume 4, Under sail and under arms, xxii + 778. pp., ÂŖ37.50 (hardback), ISBN 9781916206748".
285:, seven miles (11 km) north-east of Norwich, on 3 November 1773; by then William Hardy was tenant of a 60-acre (24 ha) farm and manager of a commercial maltings and brewery.
403:
In particular the diary reveals a completely different way of life from that described in vivid detail by Mary Hardy's famous contemporary and fellow
Norfolk diarist, the
167:
1051:
278:
175:
1011:
1001:
439:
as well. For a while she attended both church and meeting house. A few years before her death she ceased
Anglican worship and became a fervent follower of
1026:
815:
1006:
996:
903:
943:
614:
562:
518:
233:
1021:
1016:
419:
1036:
479:
443:â not in purpose-built chapels but in cottage meetings. In 1808 she opened a meeting house in her washerwoman's small cottage.
380:
36:
348:
with its sample market in grain. By this time, William Hardy was no longer a tenant but owned his farm, maltings and brewery.
288:
Three weeks after giving birth to Mary Ann, Mary embarked on her 36-year diary, written in their small rented home beside the
1041:
867:
744:
320:
329:
778:
407:, based in his parsonage less than 20 miles (32 km) away from the two villages where she wrote her own journal.
308:. This was a period when wholesale brewers were busy acquiring retail outlets, and she charts the gradual process of
912:
898:
691:
1046:
1031:
254:
367:
wagon in icy weather. In 1804 the diarist's son
William Hardy Jr. (1770â1842) lost his small trading ship, a
876:
820:
753:
660:
225:
and had to adhere strictly to procedures and timings set by legislation. Living beside her family's small
238:
222:
42:
17:
991:
986:
352:
277:, in central Norfolk, where his father had been posted. The last child, Mary Ann (the grandmother of
854:
787:
214:
and later a farmer. She came from a long line of village shopkeepers, manufacturers and farmers in
171:
341:
246:
179:
939:
610:
558:
539:
514:
432:
337:
333:
504:
332:, near the north Norfolk coast. There they had the advantage of access to the small ports of
916:
880:
824:
791:
757:
721:
309:
484:
474:
404:
360:
726:
709:
684:
301:
293:
980:
966:
961:
679:
356:
345:
250:
95:
91:
400:
covered more than 500 miles (800 km) a month on top of their many other tasks.
453:
384:
266:
72:
795:
456:
in 1787 at age 19. William Hardy joined them in the churchyard on 22 August 1811.
363:
style but, being capital intensive, an unusual choice then for a village brewery.
440:
207:
68:
828:
810:
423:
Mary Hardy in 1798 aged 64, by
Immanuel; by this time she had become an active
920:
305:
289:
282:
211:
832:
510:
436:
424:
258:
226:
761:
884:
297:
397:
274:
262:
215:
971:
292:
south of the church. This navigable river linked them to the sea at
418:
368:
319:
232:
210:, in central Norfolk, where her father Robert Raven was a grocer,
195:
324:
Letheringsett Hall, where Mary Hardy wrote her diary for 28 years
431:
Mary Hardy resembled
Woodforde in being a loyal adherent of the
194:; 12 November 1733 â 23 March 1809) was an 18th-century English
206:
Mary Hardy spent nearly half her life in the small village of
506:
Women, Work And Sexual Politics In Eighteenth-Century England
375:, in a storm off Blakeney; the captain and crew all drowned.
328:
After nine years at Coltishall the family moved in 1781 to
265:, Norfolk. He probably met his future wife while posted to
245:
Her husband William Hardy was born on 26 January 1732 at
257:; he died 18 August 1811 at his daughter's farmhouse at
131:
William Hardy (1732â1811), farmer and wholesale brewer
936:
The Diary of Mary Hardy 1773â1809, Diary 3, 1793â1797
536:
The History of Letheringsett in the County of Norfolk
115:
Brewer's wife (married Whissonsett 22 December 1765)
163:
151:
135:
127:
119:
111:
103:
80:
50:
27:
683:
168:Herbert Hardy Cozens-Hardy, 1st Baron Cozens-Hardy
383:within his maltings and brewery, powered by the
859:; The Remaining Diary of Mary Hardy 1773â1809,
650:
648:
646:
387:running past their home at Letheringsett Hall.
221:Maltsters, like brewers, were monitored by the
176:William H. Cozens-Hardy, 2nd Baron Cozens-Hardy
644:
642:
640:
638:
636:
634:
632:
630:
628:
626:
237:The brewer William Hardy in 1785 aged 53, by
8:
279:Herbert Cozens-Hardy, 1st Baron Cozens-Hardy
703:
701:
344:and were only a mile away from the town of
714:Parson Woodforde Society Quarterly Journal
686:The Brewing Industry in England, 1700â1830
555:Mary Hardy and her World 1773â1809, 4 vols
304:, sailed deep inland along the network of
24:
725:
674:
672:
670:
607:The Diary of Mary Hardy 1773â1809, 4 vols
218:, the county from which she never moved.
853:Ditchfield, Grayson M. (February 2015).
600:
598:
596:
594:
351:The Hardys ran what is known today as a
312:pubs in these comparatively early days.
938:. Kingston upon Thames: Burnham Press.
816:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
609:. Kingston upon Thames: Burnham Press.
592:
590:
588:
586:
584:
582:
580:
578:
576:
574:
557:. Kingston upon Thames: Burnham Press.
495:
1052:Converts to Methodism from Anglicanism
904:The Journal of Ecclesiastical History
435:, until in the mid-1790s she adopted
7:
855:"The Diary of Mary Hardy 1773â1809,
1012:19th-century English women writers
1002:18th-century English women writers
14:
655:Cozens-Hardy, Basil, ed. (1968).
809:Ashburner, F. (September 2015).
35:
480:British Agricultural Revolution
381:Letheringsett Brewery Watermill
1027:People from Breckland District
353:vertically integrated business
1:
1007:19th-century English diarists
997:18th-century English diarists
868:The English Historical Review
796:10.1080/14780038.2021.1889675
745:The English Historical Review
708:Wilson, R. G. (Winter 2013).
934:Bird, Margaret, ed. (2013).
861:transcribed by Margaret Bird
605:Bird, Margaret, ed. (2013).
534:Cozens-Hardy, Basil (1957).
779:Cultural and Social History
1068:
913:Cambridge University Press
692:Cambridge University Press
485:Beer in England, 1700â1899
41:Hardy in 1785 aged 51, by
15:
921:10.1017/S0022046920001608
811:"Hardy, Mary (1733â1809)"
659:. Vol. 37. Norwich:
427:(Cozens-Hardy Collection)
241:(Cozens-Hardy Collection)
141:William Hardy (1770â1842)
45:(Cozens-Hardy Collection)
34:
972:Parson Woodforde Society
255:West Riding of Yorkshire
16:Not to be confused with
1022:19th-century Methodists
1017:18th-century Methodists
877:Oxford University Press
821:Oxford University Press
754:Oxford University Press
553:Bird, Margaret (2020).
415:Conversion to Methodism
180:Hon. Beryl Cozens-Hardy
155:Robert Raven and Mary,
139:Raven Hardy (1767â1787)
1037:British women diarists
829:10.1093/ref:odnb/48935
661:Norfolk Record Society
503:Hill, Bridget (1993).
428:
325:
242:
422:
323:
296:: cargo vessels, the
236:
18:Mary Hardy (comedian)
1042:Writers from Norfolk
788:Taylor & Francis
405:Revd James Woodforde
762:10.1093/ehr/ceab179
172:Master of the Rolls
967:Mary Hardy's World
962:Mary Hardy's Diary
885:10.1093/ehr/ceu405
657:Mary Hardy's Diary
540:Jarrold & Sons
513:. pp. 28â33.
460:Nephew Henry Raven
429:
342:Wells-next-the-Sea
326:
243:
98:, Norfolk, England
75:, Norfolk, England
857:ed. Margaret Bird
433:Church of England
185:
184:
147:Hardy (1773â1864)
143:Mary Ann Cozens,
1059:
1047:Women in brewing
950:
949:
931:
925:
924:
895:
889:
888:
850:
844:
843:
841:
839:
806:
800:
799:
772:
766:
765:
738:
732:
731:
729:
705:
696:
695:
689:
676:
665:
664:
652:
621:
620:
602:
569:
568:
550:
544:
543:
531:
525:
524:
500:
87:
65:12 November 1733
64:
62:
39:
25:
1067:
1066:
1062:
1061:
1060:
1058:
1057:
1056:
1032:English brewers
977:
976:
958:
953:
946:
933:
932:
928:
899:Gibson, William
897:
896:
892:
852:
851:
847:
837:
835:
808:
807:
803:
774:
773:
769:
740:
739:
735:
707:
706:
699:
678:
677:
668:
654:
653:
624:
617:
604:
603:
572:
565:
552:
551:
547:
533:
532:
528:
521:
502:
501:
497:
493:
475:James Woodforde
471:
462:
449:
417:
393:
318:
316:Family business
281:), was born at
204:
178:
174:
142:
140:
99:
89:
85:
76:
66:
60:
58:
57:
56:
46:
30:
21:
12:
11:
5:
1065:
1063:
1055:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1004:
999:
994:
989:
979:
978:
975:
974:
969:
964:
957:
956:External links
954:
952:
951:
945:978-0957336025
944:
926:
890:
845:
833:ref:odnb/48935
801:
767:
733:
697:
680:Mathias, Peter
666:
622:
616:978-0957336049
615:
570:
564:978-1916206755
563:
545:
526:
520:978-1857282139
519:
494:
492:
489:
488:
487:
482:
477:
470:
467:
461:
458:
448:
445:
416:
413:
392:
389:
317:
314:
294:Great Yarmouth
203:
200:
183:
182:
165:
161:
160:
153:
149:
148:
137:
133:
132:
129:
125:
124:
121:
120:Known for
117:
116:
113:
109:
108:
105:
101:
100:
90:
88:(aged 75)
82:
78:
77:
67:
54:
52:
48:
47:
40:
32:
31:
28:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1064:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
998:
995:
993:
990:
988:
985:
984:
982:
973:
970:
968:
965:
963:
960:
959:
955:
947:
941:
937:
930:
927:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
905:
900:
894:
891:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
869:
864:
862:
858:
849:
846:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
817:
812:
805:
802:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
780:
771:
768:
763:
759:
756:: 1337â1340.
755:
751:
747:
746:
737:
734:
728:
723:
719:
715:
711:
710:"Book review"
704:
702:
698:
693:
688:
687:
681:
675:
673:
671:
667:
662:
658:
651:
649:
647:
645:
643:
641:
639:
637:
635:
633:
631:
629:
627:
623:
618:
612:
608:
601:
599:
597:
595:
593:
591:
589:
587:
585:
583:
581:
579:
577:
575:
571:
566:
560:
556:
549:
546:
541:
537:
530:
527:
522:
516:
512:
508:
507:
499:
496:
490:
486:
483:
481:
478:
476:
473:
472:
468:
466:
459:
457:
455:
446:
444:
442:
438:
434:
426:
421:
414:
412:
408:
406:
401:
399:
390:
388:
386:
382:
376:
374:
370:
364:
362:
358:
354:
349:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
330:Letheringsett
322:
315:
313:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
286:
284:
280:
276:
270:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
251:Knaresborough
248:
240:
235:
231:
228:
224:
219:
217:
213:
209:
201:
199:
197:
193:
189:
181:
177:
173:
169:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
97:
93:
92:Letheringsett
84:23 March 1809
83:
79:
74:
70:
53:
49:
44:
38:
33:
26:
23:
19:
935:
929:
908:
902:
893:
872:
866:
860:
856:
848:
836:. Retrieved
814:
804:
783:
777:
770:
749:
743:
736:
717:
713:
685:
656:
606:
554:
548:
535:
529:
505:
498:
463:
454:tuberculosis
450:
430:
409:
402:
394:
385:River Glaven
377:
372:
365:
361:English beer
350:
327:
287:
271:
267:East Dereham
244:
220:
205:
191:
187:
186:
156:
144:
86:(1809-03-23)
73:East Dereham
22:
992:1809 deaths
987:1733 births
915:: 206â207.
879:: 219â221.
838:19 February
790:: 270â272.
720:(4): 21â6.
538:. Norwich:
441:John Wesley
359:âa classic
208:Whissonsett
104:Nationality
69:Whissonsett
981:Categories
491:References
306:the Broads
290:River Bure
283:Coltishall
202:Early life
188:Mary Hardy
112:Occupation
61:1733-11-12
55:Mary Raven
29:Mary Hardy
511:Routledge
437:Methodism
425:Methodist
259:Sprowston
253:, in the
227:malthouse
164:Relatives
152:Parent(s)
128:Spouse(s)
682:(1959).
469:See also
334:Blakeney
302:wherries
212:maltster
136:Children
875:(542).
752:(582).
727:1726990
398:draymen
275:Litcham
263:Norwich
261:, near
249:, near
247:Scotton
239:Huquier
216:Norfolk
196:diarist
123:Diarist
107:English
43:Huquier
942:
724:
613:
561:
517:
371:named
357:porter
223:Excise
911:(1).
786:(2).
447:Death
391:Diary
373:Nelly
369:sloop
310:tying
298:keels
192:Raven
190:(nÊe
940:ISBN
873:CXXX
840:2017
611:ISBN
559:ISBN
515:ISBN
346:Holt
340:and
338:Cley
300:and
96:Holt
81:Died
51:Born
917:doi
881:doi
825:doi
792:doi
758:doi
750:136
722:PMC
159:Fox
157:nÊe
145:nÊe
983::
909:72
907:.
871:.
865:.
831:.
823:.
819:.
813:.
784:18
782:.
748:.
718:46
716:.
712:.
700:^
690:.
669:^
625:^
573:^
509:.
336:,
170:,
94:,
71:,
948:.
923:.
919::
887:.
883::
863:"
842:.
827::
798:.
794::
764:.
760::
730:.
694:.
663:.
619:.
567:.
542:.
523:.
63:)
59:(
20:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
