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Activist E.D. Nixon, leading some of the bus boycott movement, shared information that Smith's father was an alcoholic, and she was not the right symbol to withstand the publicity. The family and neighbors dispute this characterization. Additionally, she was considered not the "right class" to be the
100:
At the age of 18, on
October 21, 1955, Smith was returning home on the Montgomery city bus, and was ordered to relinquish her seat to a white passenger who had boarded later. She refused to do so and was arrested. She was charged with failure to obey segregation orders, some 40 days before the arrest
191:
represented their suit, which called out the YMCA for not allowing her and her sister's children into their summer camp program. In 1972, the U.S. District court ruled in their favor and ended segregation at the YMCA as well as voided remaining segregation ordinances in the city.
158:. (Reese left the case that month because of intimidation.) The women, other than Reese, testified before a three-judge panel, and on June 13, 1956, the court ruled that the laws were unconstitutional, based on equal protection under the Fourteenth Amendment.
165:. On November 13, 1956, it affirmed the lower court's ruling. On December 17, it declined an appeal by the city and state to reconsider, and on December 20 ordered the state to desegregate its buses. This ended the
81:
on
November 13 in a landmark decision, and in December it declined to reconsider. On December 20, 1956, the Supreme Court ordered Alabama to desegregate its buses and the Montgomery bus boycott ended.
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When Rosa Parks died in
October 2005, Smith Ware, then 68, attended the memorial service in Montgomery. "I had to pay my tribute to her, he was our role model."
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family. She and all her siblings attended and graduated from St. Jude
Educational Institute. She was baptized at St. Jude's Church, where she was a parishioner.
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Smith is active with her 12 grandchildren and 3 great-grandchildren. She still lives in
Montgomery, Alabama, and her older sister lives across the street.
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644:"Alabama unveils statue of civil rights icon Rosa Parks | Richmond Free Press | Serving the African American Community in Richmond, VA"
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was unveiled in
Montgomery, Alabama, and four granite markers were also unveiled near the statue on the same day to honor four plaintiffs in
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In 1969, Smith and her sister allowed their sons to become plaintiffs in a racial discrimination lawsuit against the
Montgomery YMCA. Lawyer
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recruited Smith and her father to become plaintiffs in a federal civil rights class-action lawsuit to end segregated seating on city buses.
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for refusing to give up her seat on the segregated bus system. She is one of several women who were arrested for this offense prior to
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345:"Black Catholic civil rights activist Mary Louise Smith, predecessor of Rosa Parks, to receive historical marker in Montgomery"
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73:, challenging the constitutionality of the state and local bus segregation laws. On June 13, 1956, a three-judge panel of the
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Smith followed the civil rights movement, but were not actively part of the political organization. She did attend the 1963
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rallying point for the movement. Smith's father represented her in court, without aid from outside political organizations.
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Little information is available about her personal life. She married Mr. Ware and they had children together.
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Thornton, Jeannye (December 11, 1995). ""I'm not going to ride the bus."". U.S. News & World Report.
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620:"Browder v. Gayle, 352 U.S. 903 | The Martin Luther King, Jr., Research and Education Institute"
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460:"'I Was Not Going to Stand.' Rosa Parks Predecessors Recall Their History-Making Acts of Resistance"
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214:(1999). She also referred to the then-young activist in her magazine article "The Torchbearer
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In 2023, Smith received a historical marker in
Montgomery for her own actions.
233:, including Mary Louise Smith. Smith also took part in the unveiling ceremony.
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439:. Series: Civil Cases, 9/1938 - 11/26/1968. National Archives. September 1938
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387:"Plaintiff in Landmark Civil Rights Montgomery Bus Case Shares Her Story"
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ruled that the laws were unconstitutional. The ruling was upheld by the
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532:"Montgomery honors Smith family for their role in ending segregation"
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On
February 1, 1956, Gray and other attorneys filed a civil suit,
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Appealed by the city and state, the case made its way to the
551:
Dr. Gwen Patton Collection, Trenholm State College Archives
481:. Chicago: American Bar Association Publications. pp.
338:
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436:
Aurelia S. Browder et al. v. W. A. Gayle et al., No. 1147
2867:
Spring Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam
2645:"Woke Up This Morning (With My Mind Stayed On Freedom)"
52:. She was arrested in October 1955 at the age of 18 in
2891:
African American founding fathers of the United States
1244:
Chicago Freedom Movement/Chicago open housing movement
1109:
John F. Kennedy's speech to the nation on Civil Rights
105:
on similar charges. She was arrested and fined $ 12.
356:
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3004:
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Emmett Till and Mamie Till-Mobley National Monument
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1475:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
60:that year. Parks was the figure around whom the
1465:Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
1398:Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights
1289:Green v. County School Board of New Kent County
2944:Medgar and Myrlie Evers Home National Monument
547:"Montgomery Bus Boycott â Biographic Sketches"
413:"Montgomery Bus Boycott â Biographic Sketches"
2852:List of lynching victims in the United States
1190:Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States
702:
8:
507:"Smith v. Young Men's Christian Association"
3133:Activists for African-American civil rights
1319:Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights
622:. Kinginstitute.stanford.edu. 24 April 2017
415:. Trenholm State Technical College Archives
304:Horace Randall Williams; Ben Beard (2009).
1368:Council for United Civil Rights Leadership
735:
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64:was organized, starting December 5, 1955.
2924:Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument
477:A Lawyer's Journey: The Morris Dees Story
18:Mary Louise Smith (civil rights activist)
2959:King Center for Nonviolent Social Change
999:University of Georgia desegregation riot
2873:Beyond Vietnam: A Time to Break Silence
2610:"If You Miss Me at the Back of the Bus"
2605:"Ain't Gonna Let Nobody Turn Me 'Round"
296:
2787:African-American women in the movement
1239:White House Conference on Civil Rights
1070:"Segregation now, segregation forever"
380:
378:
376:
343:Tinner-Williams, Nate (May 12, 2023).
1228:Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections
34:
7:
2996:St. Augustine Foot Soldiers Monument
1460:Regional Council of Negro Leadership
1408:Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party
1354:Committee on Appeal for Human Rights
831:Sarah Keys v. Carolina Coach Company
756:Murders of Harry and Harriette Moore
361:Hendrickson, Paul (April 12, 1998).
1403:Lowndes County Freedom Organization
1339:Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters
1009:Robert F. Kennedy's Law Day Address
385:Cleek, Ashley (December 10, 2015).
3148:Activists from Montgomery, Alabama
2847:African-American churches attacked
1413:Montgomery Improvement Association
1388:Georgia Council on Human Relations
1373:Council of Federated Organizations
1344:Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)
1102:16th Street Baptist Church bombing
1060:Meredith enrollment, Ole Miss riot
866:1957 Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom
770:McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents
25:
2919:Birmingham Civil Rights Institute
2792:Jews in the civil rights movement
3113:Civil rights movement portal
3106:
2954:Freedom Riders National Monument
2696:The Kingdom of God Is Within You
1208:1965 Selma to Montgomery marches
1167:1964 Monson Motor Lodge protests
1054:Second Emancipation Proclamation
458:Waxman, Olivia (March 2, 2020).
249:
2981:Mississippi Civil Rights Museum
2969:Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial
1445:National Council of Negro Women
1383:Deacons for Defense and Justice
310:. NewSouth Books. p. 319.
307:his Day in Civil Rights History
861:Mansfield school desegregation
530:Gladden, Alex (May 22, 2023).
89:Mary Louise Smith was born in
27:American civil rights activist
1:
2991:National Voting Rights Museum
2934:Civil Rights Movement Archive
2733:Lynching in the United States
2620:"Keep Your Eyes on the Prize"
1075:Stand in the Schoolhouse Door
1048:University of Chicago sit-ins
815:Davis v. Prince Edward County
572:"Other heroes of bus boycott"
2986:National Civil Rights Museum
2842:March on Washington Movement
2827:Dexter Avenue Baptist Church
1296:Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co.
140:United States District Court
75:United States District Court
2630:"This Little Light of Mine"
1378:Dallas County Voters League
1324:Atlanta Negro Voters League
1087:Letter from Birmingham Jail
794:Brown v. Board of Education
646:. Richmond Free Press. 2019
511:Southern Poverty Law Center
347:. Black Catholic Messenger.
163:United States Supreme Court
79:United States Supreme Court
3179:
3153:African-American Catholics
2964:Martin Luther King Jr. Day
2832:Holt Street Baptist Church
2802:16th Street Baptist Church
1786:Annie Bell Robinson Devine
1430:Nashville Student Movement
1360:An Appeal for Human Rights
212:On the Bus with Rosa Parks
125:
3102:
2461:Ruby Doris Smith-Robinson
2431:Modjeska Monteith Simkins
1495:Women's Political Council
1490:Wednesdays in Mississippi
1485:United Auto Workers (UAW)
1470:Southern Regional Council
1440:Northern Student Movement
1349:Committee for Freedom Now
1256:Memphis sanitation strike
1222:Voting Rights Act of 1965
965:Savannah Protest Movement
746:Journey of Reconciliation
1329:Atlanta Student Movement
1278:Civil Rights Act of 1968
1203:1964â1965 Scripto strike
1184:Civil Rights Act of 1964
1082:1963 Birmingham campaign
975:Civil Rights Act of 1960
899:Civil Rights Act of 1957
534:. Montgomery Advertiser.
363:"The Ladies Before Rosa"
85:Early life and education
2881:Voter Education Project
2635:"We Shall Not Be Moved"
2296:Adam Clayton Powell Jr.
1731:Josephine Dobbs Clement
1157:Chester school protests
1152:Twenty-fourth Amendment
1114:Detroit Walk to Freedom
856:Tallahassee bus boycott
777:Baton Rouge bus boycott
3163:Catholics from Alabama
3094:Movement photographers
2336:Bernice Johnson Reagon
2056:Martin Luther King Sr.
2051:Martin Luther King Jr.
1621:William Holmes Borders
1393:Highlander Folk School
1283:Poor People's Campaign
1136:St. Augustine movement
986:Gomillion v. Lightfoot
909:Katz Drug Store sit-in
880:Royal Ice Cream sit-in
842:Montgomery bus boycott
167:Montgomery bus boycott
62:Montgomery bus boycott
2929:Civil Rights Memorial
2817:Bethel Baptist Church
2466:Charles Kenzie Steele
1911:Audrey Faye Hendricks
1816:Myrlie Evers-Williams
1796:Patricia Stephens Due
1766:Abraham Lincoln Davis
1701:Colia Lafayette Clark
1455:Operation Breadbasket
1450:National Urban League
1197:Katzenbach v. McClung
1065:Atlanta's Berlin Wall
718:Civil rights movement
667:. WJLA. December 2019
473:Dees, Morris (2001).
2974:other King memorials
2949:Freedom Rides Museum
2886:1960s counterculture
2837:Edmund Pettus Bridge
2516:Walter Francis White
2421:Alexander D. Shimkin
935:New Year's Day March
904:Ministers' Manifesto
751:Executive Order 9981
223:In 2019 a statue of
3158:Protests in Alabama
2712:Mary McLeod Bethune
2673:Sermon on the Mount
2640:"We Shall Overcome"
2221:William Lewis Moore
2001:Frank Minis Johnson
1976:Richie Jean Jackson
1931:Donald L. Hollowell
1736:Charles E. Cobb Jr.
1541:Gwendolyn Armstrong
1536:William G. Anderson
1516:Victoria Gray Adams
1480:The Freedom Singers
1334:Black Panther Party
1119:March on Washington
1032:Garner v. Louisiana
993:Boynton v. Virginia
389:. WBHM NPR Alabama.
182:March on Washington
91:Montgomery, Alabama
54:Montgomery, Alabama
42:; born 1937) is an
3029:Michael Eric Dyson
2914:In popular culture
2797:Fifth Circuit Four
2781:Loving v. Virginia
2774:Hernandez v. Texas
2753:Buchanan v. Warley
2745:Separate but equal
2739:Plessy v. Ferguson
2702:Frederick Douglass
2536:Robert F. Williams
2446:Kelly Miller Smith
2426:Fred Shuttlesworth
2351:Frederick D. Reese
2331:George Raymond Jr.
2321:A. Philip Randolph
2301:Fay Bellamy Powell
2216:Queen Mother Moore
2101:Z. Alexander Looby
2046:Coretta Scott King
1991:Barbara Rose Johns
1971:Jimmie Lee Jackson
1896:William E. Harbour
1676:Stokely Carmichael
1591:Randolph Blackwell
1261:King assassination
1250:Loving v. Virginia
1234:March Against Fear
1214:How Long, Not Long
1092:Children's Crusade
1043:Cambridge movement
980:Ax Handle Saturday
945:Greensboro sit-ins
872:Give Us the Ballot
576:chicagotribune.com
3120:
3119:
2897:Eyes on the Prize
2812:A.G. Gaston Motel
2807:Kelly Ingram Park
2767:Sweatt v. Painter
2451:Mary Louise Smith
2411:Cleveland Sellers
2396:Michael Schwerner
2361:Gloria Richardson
2141:Thurgood Marshall
2061:Bernard Lafayette
1791:John Wesley Dobbs
1305:
1304:
1024:Birmingham attack
1004:Rock Hill sit-ins
955:Sibley Commission
950:Nashville sit-ins
822:Gebhart v. Belton
808:Briggs v. Elliott
801:Bolling v. Sharpe
762:Sweatt v. Painter
598:"The Torchbearer"
411:Dr. Gwen Patton.
317:978-1-58835-241-5
16:(Redirected from
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3074:Charles M. Payne
3059:Steven F. Lawson
3049:David Halberstam
3019:Clayborne Carson
2760:Hocutt v. Wilson
2707:W. E. B. Du Bois
2556:Sammy Younge Jr.
2541:Q. V. Williamson
2506:Wyatt Tee Walker
2371:Bernice Robinson
2316:Lincoln Ragsdale
2306:Rodney N. Powell
2201:Douglas E. Moore
2076:Sanford R. Leigh
2011:J. Charles Jones
1886:Fannie Lou Hamer
1801:Joseph Ellwanger
1761:Jonathan Daniels
1751:Claudette Colvin
1741:Annie Lee Cooper
1726:Kathleen Cleaver
1721:Eldridge Cleaver
1696:Shirley Chisholm
1586:Gloria Blackwell
1177:workers' murders
1124:"I Have a Dream"
1019:Anniston bombing
970:Greenville Eight
885:Little Rock Nine
848:Browder v. Gayle
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148:Claudette Colvin
135:Browder v. Gayle
128:Browder v. Gayle
121:Browder v. Gayle
70:Browder v. Gayle
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2476:Dorothy Tillman
2436:Glenn E. Smiley
2416:Charles Sherrod
2376:Jo Ann Robinson
2251:Charles Neblett
2241:Elijah Muhammad
2206:Harriette Moore
2166:Floyd McKissick
2151:Franklin McCain
2086:Stanley Levison
1951:T. R. M. Howard
1901:Vincent Harding
1831:Walter Fauntroy
1716:Xernona Clayton
1666:John H. Calhoun
1651:Aurelia Browder
1641:Stanley Branche
1636:Raylawni Branch
1616:Joseph E. Boone
1601:Ezell Blair Jr.
1596:Unita Blackwell
1571:Harry Belafonte
1511:Ralph Abernathy
1499:
1435:Nation of Islam
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1097:Birmingham riot
1038:Albany Movement
960:Atlanta sit-ins
940:Sit-in movement
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891:Cooper v. Aaron
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245:
204:
175:
144:Aurelia Browder
130:
124:
87:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3176:
3174:
3166:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3125:
3124:
3118:
3117:
3103:
3100:
3099:
3097:
3096:
3091:
3089:Akinyele Umoja
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3010:
3008:
3002:
3001:
2999:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2977:
2976:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2910:
2908:
2904:
2903:
2901:
2900:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2877:
2876:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2777:
2770:
2763:
2756:
2749:
2748:
2747:
2735:
2730:
2724:
2722:
2718:
2717:
2715:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2692:
2691:
2690:
2685:
2678:Mahatma Gandhi
2675:
2670:
2669:
2668:
2657:
2655:
2651:
2650:
2648:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2601:
2599:
2593:
2592:
2590:
2589:
2587:South Carolina
2584:
2578:
2576:
2572:
2571:
2569:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2526:Hosea Williams
2523:
2518:
2513:
2511:Hollis Watkins
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2441:A. Maceo Smith
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2391:Bernie Sanders
2388:
2383:
2381:Angela Russell
2378:
2373:
2368:
2366:David Richmond
2363:
2358:
2356:Walter Reuther
2353:
2348:
2343:
2341:Cordell Reagon
2338:
2333:
2328:
2326:George Raymond
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2286:Charles Person
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2256:Huey P. Newton
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2211:Harry T. Moore
2208:
2203:
2198:
2196:Cecil B. Moore
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2176:James Meredith
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2006:Clarence Jones
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1946:Zilphia Horton
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1916:Lola Hendricks
1913:
1908:
1906:Dorothy Height
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1876:Lawrence Guyot
1873:
1868:
1866:Jack Greenberg
1863:
1858:
1853:
1851:Andrew Goodman
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1776:Joseph DeLaine
1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1746:Dorothy Cotton
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1691:J. L. Chestnut
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1626:Amelia Boynton
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1546:Arnold Aronson
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1507:
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1500:
1498:
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1477:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1426:
1425:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1365:
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1351:
1346:
1341:
1336:
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1315:
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1307:
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1300:
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1292:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1274:
1273:
1268:
1258:
1253:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1224:
1219:
1218:
1217:
1205:
1200:
1193:
1186:
1181:
1180:
1179:
1172:Freedom Summer
1169:
1164:
1162:Bloody Tuesday
1159:
1154:
1148:
1146:
1142:
1141:
1139:
1138:
1133:
1132:
1131:
1126:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1105:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1079:
1078:
1077:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1050:
1045:
1040:
1035:
1028:
1027:
1026:
1021:
1011:
1006:
1001:
996:
989:
982:
977:
972:
967:
962:
957:
952:
947:
942:
937:
931:
929:
925:
924:
922:
921:
916:
911:
906:
901:
896:
895:
894:
882:
877:
876:
875:
863:
858:
853:
852:
851:
839:
834:
827:
826:
825:
818:
811:
804:
789:
787:
783:
782:
780:
779:
774:
766:
758:
753:
748:
742:
740:
733:
723:
722:
716:
714:
713:
706:
699:
691:
684:
683:External links
681:
678:
677:
656:
632:
611:
608:on 2008-03-06.
588:
563:
545:Patton, Gwen.
537:
522:
498:
491:
465:
450:
426:
403:
392:
372:
350:
330:
316:
295:
294:
292:
289:
288:
287:
282:
277:
275:Susie McDonald
272:
267:
261:
260:
244:
241:
240:
239:
235:
234:
220:
219:
203:
200:
174:
171:
169:with success.
156:Jeanetta Reese
152:Susie McDonald
126:Main article:
123:
118:
86:
83:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3175:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3143:Living people
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3130:
3128:
3115:
3114:
3109:
3101:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3084:Timothy Tyson
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3014:Taylor Branch
3012:
3011:
3009:
3003:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2975:
2972:
2971:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2911:
2909:
2905:
2899:
2898:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2874:
2870:
2869:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2862:Freedom songs
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2782:
2778:
2776:
2775:
2771:
2769:
2768:
2764:
2762:
2761:
2757:
2755:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2743:
2742:
2741:
2740:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2728:Jim Crow laws
2726:
2725:
2723:
2719:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2680:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2667:
2664:
2663:
2662:
2659:
2658:
2656:
2652:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2625:"Oh, Freedom"
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2602:
2600:
2594:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2579:
2577:
2573:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2551:Whitney Young
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2531:Kale Williams
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2491:Albert Turner
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2481:A. P. Tureaud
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2386:Bayard Rustin
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2236:William Moyer
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2171:Joseph McNeil
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2156:Charles McDew
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2146:Benjamin Mays
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2131:Vivian Malone
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2106:Joseph Lowery
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2031:Clyde Kennard
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2021:Vernon Jordan
2019:
2017:
2016:Matthew Jones
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1981:T. J. Jemison
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1966:Jesse Jackson
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
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1899:
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1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1856:Robert Graetz
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1846:Golden Frinks
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1806:Charles Evers
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1756:Vernon Dahmer
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1711:Septima Clark
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1631:Bruce Boynton
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
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1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1556:James Baldwin
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1526:Mathew Ahmann
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1508:
1506:
1502:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1424:
1423:Youth Council
1421:
1420:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
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1379:
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1371:
1369:
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1337:
1335:
1332:
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1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1316:
1314:
1308:
1298:
1297:
1293:
1291:
1290:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1263:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1251:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1229:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1215:
1211:
1210:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1198:
1194:
1192:
1191:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1178:
1175:
1174:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1149:
1147:
1143:
1137:
1134:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1121:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1084:
1083:
1080:
1076:
1073:
1072:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1055:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1016:
1015:
1014:Freedom Rides
1012:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
995:
994:
990:
988:
987:
983:
981:
978:
976:
973:
971:
968:
966:
963:
961:
958:
956:
953:
951:
948:
946:
943:
941:
938:
936:
933:
932:
930:
926:
920:
917:
915:
912:
910:
907:
905:
902:
900:
897:
893:
892:
888:
887:
886:
883:
881:
878:
873:
869:
868:
867:
864:
862:
859:
857:
854:
850:
849:
845:
844:
843:
840:
838:
835:
833:
832:
828:
824:
823:
819:
817:
816:
812:
810:
809:
805:
803:
802:
798:
797:
796:
795:
791:
790:
788:
784:
778:
775:
772:
771:
767:
764:
763:
759:
757:
754:
752:
749:
747:
744:
743:
741:
739:Prior to 1954
737:
734:
731:
724:
719:
712:
707:
705:
700:
698:
693:
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3044:David Garrow
3024:John Dittmer
2895:
2822:Brown Chapel
2779:
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2758:
2751:
2737:
2694:
2546:Andrew Young
2501:A. T. Walden
2496:C. T. Vivian
2456:Maxine Smith
2450:
2291:Homer Plessy
2271:James Orange
2226:Irene Morgan
2181:William Ming
2161:Ralph McGill
2096:Viola Liuzzo
2081:Jim Letherer
2066:James Lawson
1996:Vernon Johns
1986:Esau Jenkins
1941:Myles Horton
1891:Fred Hampton
1881:Prathia Hall
1871:Dick Gregory
1841:Marie Foster
1836:James Forman
1826:James Farmer
1811:Medgar Evers
1771:Angela Davis
1706:Ramsey Clark
1686:James Chaney
1681:Johnnie Carr
1661:Ralph Bunche
1656:H. Rap Brown
1646:Ruby Bridges
1606:Joanne Bland
1581:Claude Black
1561:Marion Barry
1531:Muhammad Ali
1358:
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3138:1937 births
3064:Doug McAdam
3034:Chuck Fager
2661:Nonviolence
2566:James Zwerg
2561:Bob Zellner
2521:Roy Wilkins
2471:Hank Thomas
2406:Pete Seeger
2401:Bobby Seale
2266:Jack O'Dell
2261:Edgar Nixon
2191:Amzie Moore
2186:Jack Minnis
2126:Mae Mallory
2111:Clara Luper
2071:Bernard Lee
1961:Cecil Ivory
1956:Ruby Hurley
1926:Oliver Hill
1921:Aaron Henry
1821:Chuck Fager
1781:Dave Dennis
1671:Guy Carawan
1611:Julian Bond
1576:James Bevel
1566:Daisy Bates
837:Emmett Till
720:(1954â1968)
443:October 22,
419:February 4,
189:Morris Dees
173:Later years
3127:Categories
3007:historians
2688:Satyagraha
2654:Influences
2346:James Reeb
2281:James Peck
2276:Rosa Parks
2246:Diane Nash
2116:Danny Lyon
2091:John Lewis
2036:A. D. King
1936:James Hood
1551:Ella Baker
1521:Zev Aelony
671:2019-12-09
650:2019-12-09
626:2019-12-09
516:2016-10-22
492:1570739943
323:11 January
291:References
285:Rosa Parks
225:Rosa Parks
216:Rosa Parks
103:Rosa Parks
58:Rosa Parks
2666:Padayatra
2615:"Kumbaya"
2575:By region
2231:Bob Moses
2136:Bob Mants
2121:Malcolm X
2041:C.B. King
1861:Fred Gray
1504:Activists
1145:1964â1968
928:1960â1963
786:1954â1959
208:Rita Dove
114:Fred Gray
112:Attorney
2596:Movement
2026:Tom Kahn
1310:Activist
730:timeline
581:12 March
243:See also
202:Tributes
95:Catholic
50:activist
2721:Related
2311:Al Raby
1266:funeral
1129:Big Six
556:21 June
462:. Time.
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93:into a
2907:Legacy
2683:Ahimsa
1312:groups
773:(1950)
765:(1950)
726:Events
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3005:Noted
2598:songs
1418:NAACP
1271:riots
40:Smith
583:2015
558:2023
487:ISBN
445:2016
421:2013
325:2011
312:ISBN
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