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feet as far before the other as she could step, a cannon shot from the enemy passed directly between her legs without doing any other damage than carrying away all the lower part of her petticoat. Looking at it with apparent unconcern, she observed that it was lucky it did not pass a little higher, for in that case it might have carried away something else, and continued her occupation." However, there is no mention of the woman Martin describes serving the gun crews with water, nor of her husband becoming a casualty.
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reliable account of her life. Historian Emily Teipe notes that the deeds in the story of Molly
Pitcher are generally attributed to Mary Ludwig Hays. However, she has also pointed out 'The historical record presents other candidates too numerous to mention' and contends that 'the name Molly Pitcher is a collective generic term', serving as a common label for the 'hundreds, perhaps thousands, of women (who) served not only as ammunition wives, manning and firing the guns, but also in the army and colonial militia'.
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306:. It has often been reported that he was killed in the battle, but it is known that he survived. As he was carried off the battlefield, Mary took his place at the cannon and continued to "swab and load" the cannon using her husband's ramrod. At one point, a British musket ball or cannonball flew between her legs and tore off the bottom of her skirt. She supposedly said something to the effect of, "Well, that could have been worse," and went back to loading the cannon.
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262:. Hays trained as an artilleryman, and Mary and other camp followers served as water carriers, carrying water to troops who were drilling on the field. Also, artillerymen needed a supply of water to soak the sponge used to clean sparks and gunpowder out of the barrel after each shot. It was during this time that Mary probably received her nickname, as troops would shout, "Molly! Pitcher!" whenever they needed her to bring fresh water.
227:, British America. There is some dispute over her birth date, but a marker in the cemetery where she is buried lists her birth date as October 13, 1754. She had a moderately sized family which included her older brother Johann Martin; their parents were Maria Margaretha and Johann George Ludwig, who was a butcher. It is likely that she never attended school or learned to read, as education was uncommon among girls at this time.
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McCauley". A statue of "Molly
Pitcher," standing alongside a cannon, is also in the cemetery. But according to this same monument--unveiled July 4, 1876, long after Mary/"Molly"'s death--the year she died is marked "January 1833," not January 1832. And the monument also records she was only "Aged 70 years," which (probably erroneously) would place her birth year at 1763, instead of 1754 as noted here.
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In 1793, Mary Hays married John McCauley, another
Revolutionary War veteran and possibly a friend of William Hays. McCauley was a stone cutter for the local Carlisle prison. However, the marriage was reportedly not a happy one, as McCauley had a violent temper. It was McCauley who was the cause of
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recalls an incident in his memoirs, writing that at the Battle of
Monmouth, "A woman whose husband belonged to the artillery and who was then attached to a piece in the engagement, attended with her husband at the piece the whole time. While in the act of reaching a cartridge and having one of her
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Molly was a common nickname for women named Mary in the
Revolutionary time period. Biographical information about Mary Hays has been gathered by historians, including her cultural heritage, given name, probable year of birth, marriages, progeny, and census and tax records, providing a reasonably
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On
February 21, 1822, the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania awarded Mary McCauley an annual pension of $ 40 (equivalent to $ 916 in 2023) for her service. Mary died January 22, 1832, in Carlisle, at the approximate age of 87. She is buried in the Old Graveyard in Carlisle under the name "Molly
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Mary McCauley continued to live in
Carlisle. She earned her living as a general servant for hire, cleaning and painting houses, washing windows and caring for children and sick people. "Sergeant Molly," as she was known, was often seen in the streets of Carlisle wearing a striped skirt, wool
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In 1777, William Hays enlisted in
Proctor's 4th Pennsylvania Artillery, which became Proctor's 4th Artillery of the Continental Army. During the winter of 1777, Mary Hays joined her husband at the Continental Army's winter camp at
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Mary's financial downfall, causing Mary to sell 200 acres (81 ha) of bounty land left to her by
William Hays, for 30 dollars. Sometime between 1807 and 1810, McCauley disappeared, and it is not known what happened to him.
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in June 1778, Mary Hays attended to the soldiers by giving them water. Just before the battle started, she found a spring to serve as her supply, and two places on the battlefield are now marked as the
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A mural depicting Mary in battle was painted in the
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234:. Continental Army records show that he was an artilleryman at the Battle of Monmouth in 1778. Dr. William Irvine organized a boycott of British goods as a protest of the
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After the battle, General Washington asked about the woman whom he had seen loading a cannon on the battlefield. In commemoration of her courage, he issued Mary Hays a
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Mary Ludwig Hays is commemorated, and named as Molly Pitcher, on the Monmouth Battle Monument in Freehold, New Jersey, and on her grave in Carlisle, Pennsylvania.
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on July 12, 1774, in a meeting in the Presbyterian Church in Carlisle, and William Hays' name appears on a list of people who were charged with enforcing it.
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story is most often identified as Hays, but it is likely that the legend is an amalgam of more than one woman seen on the battlefield that day.
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759:. Raphael regards "Molly Pitcher" as a myth that serves to obscure the actual (though less dramatic) contributions of women to the war effort.
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Her father died in January 1769, and her mother married John Hays the following June. In early 1777, Mary married William Hays, a barber in
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and his commanders expected the battle to continue the following day, the British forces retreated during the night and continued on to
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stockings, and a ruffled cap. She was well-liked by the people of Carlisle, even though she "often cursed like a soldier."
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A rest stop or "service area" on the New Jersey Turnpike, in the town of Cranbury, NJ is named for Molly Pitcher.
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Glory, Passion, and Principle: The Story of Eight Remarkable Women at the Core of the American Revolution
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The weather was very hot, and William Hays collapsed during the battle, either wounded or suffering from
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The Real Pennsylvania Dutch American, "Molly Pitcher" – A Documented History
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The Monmouth battlefield also has a stone marking the Molly Pitcher Spring.
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Biography of Molly Pitcher, Heroine of the Battle of Monmouth
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Crossroads of the American Revolution National Heritage Area
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Monmouth Court House: The Battle That Made the American Army
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In early 1778, the Continental Army trained under Baron
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The Real Pennsylvania Dutch American, "Molly Pitcher"
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Founding Myths: Stories That Hide Our Patriotic Past
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Downey, Fairfax. 1956. "The Girls Behind the Guns".
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Pitcher Molly Pitcher Overprint on 2¢ Postage Stamp
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500:Molly Pitcher: Heroine of the War for Independence
407:, Monmouth Battle Monument, Freehold, New Jersey.
502:. Philadelphia: Chelsea House Publishers, 2006.
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601:. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2002.
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648:Hidden History of Monmouth County
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708:. Yardley, PA: Westholme, 2010.
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751:. New York: New Press, 2004.
599:They Called Her Molly Pitcher
260:Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben
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951:First Middlebrook encampment
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1570:Lost Dutchman's Gold Mine
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337:non commissioned officer
223:Mary Ludwig was born in
219:Life and military career
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297:Molly Pitcher Spring
626:. 13 February 2007.
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225:Trenton, New Jersey
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77:Trenton, New Jersey
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729:. 8, no. 1: 46-48.
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619:"Pitcher, Molly."
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318:George Washington
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1443:Jersey Devil
1325:Cooter Brown
1249:Br'er Rabbit
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189:William Hays
167:Battles/wars
92:(1832-01-22)
50:, lithograph
1761:1832 deaths
1756:1754 births
1730:Tony Beaver
1705:Kemp Morgan
1695:Joe Magarac
1639:Uncle Remus
1473:Splintercat
1448:Joint snake
1408:Goofus bird
1320:Average Joe
1289:Casey Jones
1259:Paul Bunyan
1254:Jim Bridger
1239:Elfego Baca
1227:Folk heroes
1112:Fort Mercer
1054:Springfield
1023:Paulus Hook
956:Short Hills
946:Bound Brook
162:Fire team 1
128: /
59:Mary Ludwig
1750:Categories
1720:Pecos Bill
1700:Johnny Kaw
1680:Evangeline
1529:White Lady
1519:La Llorona
1504:Bell Witch
1488:Wampus cat
1483:Teakettler
1468:Snow snake
1428:Hoop snake
1418:Hidebehind
1398:Gillygaloo
1378:Cactus cat
1358:Agropelter
1279:John Henry
1213:California
966:Gloucester
941:Forage War
579:2022-03-08
555:2022-03-08
531:2022-03-08
520:mollafer.
466:References
403:(1884) by
326:New Jersey
322:Sandy Hook
141:Allegiance
116:77°11′17″W
113:40°11′51″N
70:1754-10-13
56:Birth name
1524:Red Ghost
1438:Jackalope
1403:Glawackus
1340:Uncle Sam
1269:Mike Fink
1143:See also:
936:Millstone
931:Princeton
721:495778701
184:Spouse(s)
1715:Ole Pete
1614:Vaqueros
1605:Westerns
1580:Madstone
1413:Gumberoo
1335:Sam Hide
1274:Geronimo
1218:Salishan
987:Monmouth
961:Red Bank
890:Fort Lee
526:LT Molly
424:See also
1626:African
1610:Cowboys
1600:Tailypo
1590:Mothman
1538:Legends
830:. 1900.
333:warrant
290:At the
236:Tea Act
207:at the
1497:Ghosts
1478:Squonk
1208:Alaska
1201:Native
782:about
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104:Buried
99:, U.S.
1463:Snipe
1433:Hugag
1423:Hodag
1383:Champ
1100:Other
335:as a
1084:1783
1068:1781
1042:1780
1016:1779
975:1778
919:1777
873:1776
767:ISBN
753:ISBN
738:ISBN
717:OCLC
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159:Unit
87:Died
64:Born
1752::
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