225:(National Association for the Advancement of Colored People). In 1939, when the South Carolina NAACP was formed, Simkins was already a member of the executive board of the local Columbia NAACP branch and the chair of its program committee. Simkins became one of the founders of the state conference, elected to the first executive board, and the first chair of the state programs committee. In 1941, she was elected Secretary of the state conference, the only woman to serve as an officer.
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NAACP, she helped write the declaration for the school lawsuit that asked for the equalization of
Clarendon County black and white schools. The Clarendon County case was eventually reworked to become one of several individual cases set up to directly challenge the "separate but equal" doctrine in the
295:
In 1957, Simkins was not nominated as a candidate for secretary by the
Nominations Committee of the South Carolina NAACP. It was the first time in sixteen years that she did not get nominated. Some NAACP officials have suggested that her associations with communists and supposedly subversive groups
279:
Because her activism was at times controversial, her life and home became targets of violence. An unknown person shot at her house during the time she was active with the NAACP. In the late 1950s, many began to accuse
Simkins of being a communist. Some of her friends were members of the American
315:
Simkins was able to serve in leadership positions that were traditionally unavailable to women in the Civil Rights
Movement. In 1981, she was honored by a coalition of civil rights groups, who established an endowment in her name to provide income for activists working for the causes of the
320:
She probably will be remembered as a woman who challenged everyone. She challenged the white political leadership of the state to do what was fair and equitable among all people and she challenged black citizens to stand up and demand their rightful place in the state and the
197:, receiving a bachelor of arts degree in 1921. The same year, she began teaching at Booker T. Washington High School. Because public schools in Columbia did not allow married women to teach, she was asked to resign when she married Andrew Whitfield Simkins in December 1929.
200:
In 1931, Simkins entered the field of public health as the
Director of Negro Work for the South Carolina Tuberculosis Association, and became the state's only full-time, statewide African-American public health worker. For decades prior to the 1930s,
470:"A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION TO EXPRESS THE DEEP SORROW OF THE MEMBERS OF THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY TO THE FAMILY AND FRIENDS OF MODJESKA MONTEITH SIMKINS, THE MATRIARCH OF CIVIL RIGHTS ACTIVISTS IN THIS STATE FOR FOUR DECADES, WHO DIED SUNDAY, APRIL 5, 1992"
469:
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During her tenure as
Secretary (1941–57), her work helped the state move towards racial equality. From 1943 to 1945, she was instrumental in gaining teacher approval and support for teacher equalization lawsuits in
642:
Bruce, Catherine
Fleming. 'The Sustainers: Being, Building and Doing Good through Activism in the Sacred Spaces of Civil Rights, Human Rights, and Social Movements. Tnovsa LLC, 2016. Second Edition, 2019.
213:
and other illnesses. By creating alliances with influential white and
African-American groups and raising funds, Simkins made a substantial impact on the health of African Americans in South Carolina.
193:. Her father, Henry Clarence Montieth, worked as a brick mason, and her mother was Rachel Evelyn Hall. Modjeska lived on a farm near Columbia and attended elementary school, high school and
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Simkins died in
Columbia, South Carolina on April 5, 1992, an event recognized by the South Carolina legislature. Simkins was interred at the Palmetto Cemetery in Columbia. Her portrait by
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350:. The house was noted among the historic sites that made Richland County, South Carolina the municipality that has more preserved sites of Black women than any other in the nation.
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underprivileged. Hundreds of people attended a memorial service following her death on April 5, 1992, and Judge
Matthew J. Perry stated:
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In 1942, Simkins lost her position with the Tuberculosis Association, partly due to her increasing involvement with the
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Ed. Vicki L. Crawford, Jacqueline Anne Rouse, and Barbara Woods. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1993. 85-97.
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288:. Furthermore, accusations against civil rights activists for being communists intensified after the
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Woods, Barbara A. "Modjeska Simkins and the South Carolina Conference of the NAACP, 1939-1957."
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676:(fully digitized) at South Carolina Political Collections at the University of South Carolina
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racism and poverty had created an alarming increase in deaths among African Americans due to
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556:"Richland County has more monuments to Black women than anywhere else, researcher says"
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581:"Meet the Black Women Behind Richland County's historic sites that honor Black women"
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206:
665:
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373:. Columbia, South Carolina: University of South Carolina Press. pp. 866–867.
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Women in the Civil Rights Movement: Trailblazers and Torchbearers 1941-1965.
2018:
210:
300:(SCEF), a southwide interracial civil rights organization, working with
2607:
448:
421:"Documenting the American South: Oral Histories of the American South"
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280:
Communist Party, and she was accused of subversive activities by the
273:
169:(December 5, 1899 – April 5, 1992) was an important leader of
1410:
296:
were the cause of this. She remained active for many years in the
222:
525:. Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press. p. 106.
668:
683:
399:
We Shall Overcome: Historic Places of the Civil Rights Movement
2860:
Spring Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam
2638:"Woke Up This Morning (With My Mind Stayed On Freedom)"
607:"Richland County Leads Charge to Celebrate Black Women"
334:, initiated by legislation sponsored by Representative
2884:
African American founding fathers of the United States
1237:
Chicago Freedom Movement/Chicago open housing movement
1102:
John F. Kennedy's speech to the nation on Civil Rights
523:
The Palmetto State the making of modern South Carolina
2997:
2932:
Emmett Till and Mamie Till-Mobley National Monument
2899:
2713:
2646:
2588:
2567:
1496:
1302:
1137:
920:
778:
731:
718:
653:"South Carolina's Modjeska Simkins, a driven woman"
189:Modjeska Monteith was born on December 5, 1899, in
154:
146:
130:
122:
114:
104:
96:
86:
70:
48:
32:
1468:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
1458:Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
1391:Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights
1282:Green v. County School Board of New Kent County
342:. Her residence was restored and placed on the
3151:People involved with the civil rights movement
2937:Medgar and Myrlie Evers Home National Monument
658:Oral History Interviews with Modjeska Simkins
246:politics until 1952, when she switched to the
2845:List of lynching victims in the United States
1183:Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States
695:
8:
173:public health reform, social reform and the
3141:Activists for African-American civil rights
1312:Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights
266:Supreme Court of the United States case of
1361:Council for United Civil Rights Leadership
728:
702:
688:
680:
40:
29:
2917:Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument
2952:King Center for Nonviolent Social Change
992:University of Georgia desegregation riot
2866:Beyond Vietnam: A Time to Break Silence
2603:"If You Miss Me at the Back of the Bus"
2598:"Ain't Gonna Let Nobody Turn Me 'Round"
359:
2780:African-American women in the movement
1232:White House Conference on Civil Rights
1063:"Segregation now, segregation forever"
286:House Un-American Activities Committee
3176:American women civil rights activists
1221:Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections
27:African-American activist (1899–1992)
7:
3171:20th-century African-American people
3161:Southern Conference Educational Fund
3156:People from Columbia, South Carolina
2989:St. Augustine Foot Soldiers Monument
1453:Regional Council of Negro Leadership
1401:Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party
1347:Committee on Appeal for Human Rights
824:Sarah Keys v. Carolina Coach Company
749:Murders of Harry and Harriette Moore
669:Oral Histories of the American South
344:National Register of Historic Places
298:Southern Conference Educational Fund
3166:20th-century African-American women
1396:Lowndes County Freedom Organization
1332:Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters
1002:Robert F. Kennedy's Law Day Address
554:Merchant, Bristow (March 3, 2021).
2840:African-American churches attacked
1406:Montgomery Improvement Association
1381:Georgia Council on Human Relations
1366:Council of Federated Organizations
1337:Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)
1095:16th Street Baptist Church bombing
1053:Meredith enrollment, Ole Miss riot
859:1957 Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom
763:McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents
655:, in The African American Registry
25:
2912:Birmingham Civil Rights Institute
2785:Jews in the civil rights movement
496:"H*3988 Resolution, By A.W. Byrd"
395:"Modjeska Monteith Simkins House"
3106:Civil rights movement portal
3099:
2947:Freedom Riders National Monument
2689:The Kingdom of God Is Within You
1201:1965 Selma to Montgomery marches
1160:1964 Monson Motor Lodge protests
1047:Second Emancipation Proclamation
674:Modjeska Monteith Simkins Papers
263:Clarendon County, South Carolina
2974:Mississippi Civil Rights Museum
2962:Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial
1438:National Council of Negro Women
1376:Deacons for Defense and Justice
348:Modjeska Monteith Simkins House
282:Federal Bureau of Investigation
854:Mansfield school desegregation
81:Columbia, South Carolina, U.S.
18:Mary Modjeska Monteith Simkins
1:
2984:National Voting Rights Museum
2927:Civil Rights Movement Archive
2726:Lynching in the United States
2613:"Keep Your Eyes on the Prize"
1068:Stand in the Schoolhouse Door
1041:University of Chicago sit-ins
808:Davis v. Prince Edward County
2979:National Civil Rights Museum
2835:March on Washington Movement
2820:Dexter Avenue Baptist Church
1289:Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co.
2623:"This Little Light of Mine"
1371:Dallas County Voters League
1317:Atlanta Negro Voters League
1080:Letter from Birmingham Jail
787:Brown v. Board of Education
370:South Carolina Encyclopedia
269:Brown v. Board of Education
3202:
3181:South Carolina Republicans
3136:African-American activists
2957:Martin Luther King Jr. Day
2825:Holt Street Baptist Church
2795:16th Street Baptist Church
1779:Annie Bell Robinson Devine
1423:Nashville Student Movement
1353:An Appeal for Human Rights
500:South Carolina Legislature
474:South Carolina Legislature
340:South Carolina State House
292:decision was passed down.
257:Working with the Reverend
3095:
2454:Ruby Doris Smith-Robinson
2424:Modjeska Monteith Simkins
1488:Women's Political Council
1483:Wednesdays in Mississippi
1478:United Auto Workers (UAW)
1463:Southern Regional Council
1433:Northern Student Movement
1342:Committee for Freedom Now
1249:Memphis sanitation strike
1215:Voting Rights Act of 1965
958:Savannah Protest Movement
739:Journey of Reconciliation
167:Modjeska Monteith Simkins
39:
34:Modjeska Monteith Simkins
3186:South Carolina Democrats
1322:Atlanta Student Movement
1271:Civil Rights Act of 1968
1196:1964–1965 Scripto strike
1177:Civil Rights Act of 1964
1075:1963 Birmingham campaign
968:Civil Rights Act of 1960
892:Civil Rights Act of 1957
242:Simkins was involved in
191:Columbia, South Carolina
150:Andrew Whitfield Simkins
92:Columbia, South Carolina
63:Columbia, South Carolina
3146:Benedict College alumni
2874:Voter Education Project
2628:"We Shall Not Be Moved"
2289:Adam Clayton Powell Jr.
1724:Josephine Dobbs Clement
1150:Chester school protests
1145:Twenty-fourth Amendment
1107:Detroit Walk to Freedom
849:Tallahassee bus boycott
770:Baton Rouge bus boycott
401:. National Park Service
158:Henry Clarence Montieth
3087:Movement photographers
2329:Bernice Johnson Reagon
2049:Martin Luther King Sr.
2044:Martin Luther King Jr.
1614:William Holmes Borders
1386:Highlander Folk School
1276:Poor People's Campaign
1129:St. Augustine movement
979:Gomillion v. Lightfoot
902:Katz Drug Store sit-in
873:Royal Ice Cream sit-in
835:Montgomery bus boycott
367:Edgar, Walter (2006).
323:
2922:Civil Rights Memorial
2810:Bethel Baptist Church
2459:Charles Kenzie Steele
1904:Audrey Faye Hendricks
1809:Myrlie Evers-Williams
1789:Patricia Stephens Due
1759:Abraham Lincoln Davis
1694:Colia Lafayette Clark
1448:Operation Breadbasket
1443:National Urban League
1190:Katzenbach v. McClung
1058:Atlanta's Berlin Wall
711:Civil rights movement
318:
217:Civil rights advocate
175:Civil Rights Movement
2967:other King memorials
2942:Freedom Rides Museum
2879:1960s counterculture
2830:Edmund Pettus Bridge
2509:Walter Francis White
2414:Alexander D. Shimkin
928:New Year's Day March
897:Ministers' Manifesto
744:Executive Order 9981
2705:Mary McLeod Bethune
2666:Sermon on the Mount
2633:"We Shall Overcome"
2214:William Lewis Moore
1994:Frank Minis Johnson
1969:Richie Jean Jackson
1924:Donald L. Hollowell
1729:Charles E. Cobb Jr.
1534:Gwendolyn Armstrong
1529:William G. Anderson
1509:Victoria Gray Adams
1473:The Freedom Singers
1327:Black Panther Party
1112:March on Washington
1025:Garner v. Louisiana
986:Boynton v. Virginia
611:Richland County, SC
585:The State Newspaper
560:The State Newspaper
521:Bass, Jack (2012).
332:Larry Francis Lebby
261:, president of the
3022:Michael Eric Dyson
2907:In popular culture
2790:Fifth Circuit Four
2774:Loving v. Virginia
2767:Hernandez v. Texas
2746:Buchanan v. Warley
2738:Separate but equal
2732:Plessy v. Ferguson
2695:Frederick Douglass
2529:Robert F. Williams
2439:Kelly Miller Smith
2419:Fred Shuttlesworth
2344:Frederick D. Reese
2324:George Raymond Jr.
2314:A. Philip Randolph
2294:Fay Bellamy Powell
2209:Queen Mother Moore
2094:Z. Alexander Looby
2039:Coretta Scott King
1984:Barbara Rose Johns
1964:Jimmie Lee Jackson
1889:William E. Harbour
1669:Stokely Carmichael
1584:Randolph Blackwell
1254:King assassination
1243:Loving v. Virginia
1227:March Against Fear
1207:How Long, Not Long
1085:Children's Crusade
1036:Cambridge movement
973:Ax Handle Saturday
938:Greensboro sit-ins
865:Give Us the Ballot
613:. January 19, 2021
160:Rachel Evelyn Hull
90:Palmetto Cemetery
3113:
3112:
2890:Eyes on the Prize
2805:A.G. Gaston Motel
2800:Kelly Ingram Park
2760:Sweatt v. Painter
2444:Mary Louise Smith
2404:Cleveland Sellers
2389:Michael Schwerner
2354:Gloria Richardson
2134:Thurgood Marshall
2054:Bernard Lafayette
1784:John Wesley Dobbs
1298:
1297:
1017:Birmingham attack
997:Rock Hill sit-ins
948:Sibley Commission
943:Nashville sit-ins
815:Gebhart v. Belton
801:Briggs v. Elliott
794:Bolling v. Sharpe
755:Sweatt v. Painter
236:Briggs v. Elliott
164:
163:
16:(Redirected from
3193:
3104:
3103:
3067:Charles M. Payne
3052:Steven F. Lawson
3042:David Halberstam
3012:Clayborne Carson
2753:Hocutt v. Wilson
2700:W. E. B. Du Bois
2549:Sammy Younge Jr.
2534:Q. V. Williamson
2499:Wyatt Tee Walker
2364:Bernice Robinson
2309:Lincoln Ragsdale
2299:Rodney N. Powell
2194:Douglas E. Moore
2069:Sanford R. Leigh
2004:J. Charles Jones
1879:Fannie Lou Hamer
1794:Joseph Ellwanger
1754:Jonathan Daniels
1744:Claudette Colvin
1734:Annie Lee Cooper
1719:Kathleen Cleaver
1714:Eldridge Cleaver
1689:Shirley Chisholm
1579:Gloria Blackwell
1170:workers' murders
1117:"I Have a Dream"
1012:Anniston bombing
963:Greenville Eight
878:Little Rock Nine
841:Browder v. Gayle
729:
704:
697:
690:
681:
623:
622:
620:
618:
603:
597:
596:
594:
592:
587:. March 14, 2021
577:
571:
570:
568:
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545:
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518:
512:
511:
509:
507:
502:. April 12, 1995
492:
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481:
466:
460:
459:
457:
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447:. Archived from
441:
435:
434:
432:
431:
425:docsouth.unc.edu
417:
411:
410:
408:
406:
391:
385:
384:
364:
338:, hangs in the
326:Death and legacy
302:James Dombrowski
248:Democratic Party
244:Republican Party
195:Benedict College
171:African-American
109:Benedict College
77:
59:December 5, 1899
58:
56:
44:
30:
21:
3201:
3200:
3196:
3195:
3194:
3192:
3191:
3190:
3116:
3115:
3114:
3109:
3098:
3091:
3072:Thomas E. Ricks
3062:Diane McWhorter
3047:Vincent Harding
3032:Adam Fairclough
2999:
2993:
2895:
2850:Freedom Schools
2709:
2642:
2590:
2584:
2575:Omaha, Nebraska
2563:
2479:Hartman Turnbow
2469:Dorothy Tillman
2429:Glenn E. Smiley
2409:Charles Sherrod
2369:Jo Ann Robinson
2244:Charles Neblett
2234:Elijah Muhammad
2199:Harriette Moore
2159:Floyd McKissick
2144:Franklin McCain
2079:Stanley Levison
1944:T. R. M. Howard
1894:Vincent Harding
1824:Walter Fauntroy
1709:Xernona Clayton
1659:John H. Calhoun
1644:Aurelia Browder
1634:Stanley Branche
1629:Raylawni Branch
1609:Joseph E. Boone
1594:Ezell Blair Jr.
1589:Unita Blackwell
1564:Harry Belafonte
1504:Ralph Abernathy
1492:
1428:Nation of Islam
1304:
1294:
1133:
1090:Birmingham riot
1031:Albany Movement
953:Atlanta sit-ins
933:Sit-in movement
916:
912:Biloxi wade-ins
884:Cooper v. Aaron
774:
720:
714:
708:
649:
632:
627:
626:
616:
614:
605:
604:
600:
590:
588:
579:
578:
574:
564:
562:
553:
552:
548:
533:
520:
519:
515:
505:
503:
494:
493:
489:
479:
477:
476:. April 8, 1992
468:
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443:
442:
438:
429:
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393:
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388:
381:
366:
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328:
252:Adlai Stevenson
219:
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159:
138:
131:Political party
105:Alma mater
91:
82:
79:
75:
66:
60:
54:
52:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3199:
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3110:
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3082:Akinyele Umoja
3079:
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3024:
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2711:
2710:
2708:
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2702:
2697:
2692:
2685:
2684:
2683:
2678:
2671:Mahatma Gandhi
2668:
2663:
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2650:
2648:
2644:
2643:
2641:
2640:
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2630:
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2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2594:
2592:
2586:
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2583:
2582:
2580:South Carolina
2577:
2571:
2569:
2565:
2564:
2562:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
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2519:Hosea Williams
2516:
2511:
2506:
2504:Hollis Watkins
2501:
2496:
2491:
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2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
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2456:
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2446:
2441:
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2434:A. Maceo Smith
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2384:Bernie Sanders
2381:
2376:
2374:Angela Russell
2371:
2366:
2361:
2359:David Richmond
2356:
2351:
2349:Walter Reuther
2346:
2341:
2336:
2334:Cordell Reagon
2331:
2326:
2321:
2319:George Raymond
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2279:Charles Person
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2249:Huey P. Newton
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2204:Harry T. Moore
2201:
2196:
2191:
2189:Cecil B. Moore
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2169:James Meredith
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
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2086:
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2066:
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2056:
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2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1999:Clarence Jones
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1939:Zilphia Horton
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1909:Lola Hendricks
1906:
1901:
1899:Dorothy Height
1896:
1891:
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1876:
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1869:Lawrence Guyot
1866:
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1859:Jack Greenberg
1856:
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1844:Andrew Goodman
1841:
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1826:
1821:
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1769:Joseph DeLaine
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1739:Dorothy Cotton
1736:
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1165:Freedom Summer
1162:
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1155:Bloody Tuesday
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647:External links
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250:and voted for
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78:(aged 92)
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2721:Jim Crow laws
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2649:
2645:
2639:
2636:
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2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2618:"Oh, Freedom"
2616:
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2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2595:
2593:
2587:
2581:
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2573:
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2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2544:Whitney Young
2542:
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2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2524:Kale Williams
2522:
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2495:
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2484:Albert Turner
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2474:A. P. Tureaud
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2229:William Moyer
2227:
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2200:
2197:
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2190:
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2185:
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2172:
2170:
2167:
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2164:Joseph McNeil
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
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2149:Charles McDew
2147:
2145:
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2139:Benjamin Mays
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2124:Vivian Malone
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2099:Joseph Lowery
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2025:
2024:Clyde Kennard
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2014:Vernon Jordan
2012:
2010:
2009:Matthew Jones
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
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1704:Septima Clark
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1519:Mathew Ahmann
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1007:Freedom Rides
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87:Resting place
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3037:David Garrow
3017:John Dittmer
2888:
2815:Brown Chapel
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2744:
2730:
2687:
2539:Andrew Young
2494:A. T. Walden
2489:C. T. Vivian
2449:Maxine Smith
2423:
2284:Homer Plessy
2264:James Orange
2219:Irene Morgan
2174:William Ming
2154:Ralph McGill
2089:Viola Liuzzo
2074:Jim Letherer
2059:James Lawson
1989:Vernon Johns
1979:Esau Jenkins
1934:Myles Horton
1884:Fred Hampton
1874:Prathia Hall
1864:Dick Gregory
1834:Marie Foster
1829:James Forman
1819:James Farmer
1804:Medgar Evers
1764:Angela Davis
1699:Ramsey Clark
1679:James Chaney
1674:Johnnie Carr
1654:Ralph Bunche
1649:H. Rap Brown
1639:Ruby Bridges
1599:Joanne Bland
1574:Claude Black
1554:Marion Barry
1524:Muhammad Ali
1351:
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1023:
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907:Kissing Case
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630:Bibliography
617:February 28,
615:. Retrieved
610:
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591:February 28,
589:. Retrieved
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565:February 28,
563:. Retrieved
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504:. Retrieved
499:
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478:. Retrieved
473:
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449:the original
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403:. Retrieved
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336:Alma W. Byrd
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207:tuberculosis
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126:Civil rights
76:(1992-04-05)
3131:1992 deaths
3126:1899 births
3057:Doug McAdam
3027:Chuck Fager
2654:Nonviolence
2559:James Zwerg
2554:Bob Zellner
2514:Roy Wilkins
2464:Hank Thomas
2399:Pete Seeger
2394:Bobby Seale
2259:Jack O'Dell
2254:Edgar Nixon
2184:Amzie Moore
2179:Jack Minnis
2119:Mae Mallory
2104:Clara Luper
2064:Bernard Lee
1954:Cecil Ivory
1949:Ruby Hurley
1919:Oliver Hill
1914:Aaron Henry
1814:Chuck Fager
1774:Dave Dennis
1664:Guy Carawan
1604:Julian Bond
1569:James Bevel
1559:Daisy Bates
830:Emmett Till
713:(1954–1968)
310:Anne Braden
142:(1952–1992)
97:Nationality
3120:Categories
3000:historians
2681:Satyagraha
2647:Influences
2339:James Reeb
2274:James Peck
2269:Rosa Parks
2239:Diane Nash
2109:Danny Lyon
2084:John Lewis
2029:A. D. King
1929:James Hood
1544:Ella Baker
1514:Zev Aelony
455:2015-05-05
430:2023-11-14
354:References
185:Early life
140:Democratic
135:Republican
115:Occupation
55:1899-12-05
2659:Padayatra
2608:"Kumbaya"
2568:By region
2224:Bob Moses
2129:Bob Mants
2114:Malcolm X
2034:C.B. King
1854:Fred Gray
1497:Activists
1138:1964–1968
921:1960–1963
779:1954–1959
541:955640347
445:"Simkins"
276:in 1954.
155:Parent(s)
2589:Movement
2019:Tom Kahn
1303:Activist
723:timeline
405:April 5,
284:and the
211:pellagra
203:southern
100:American
2714:Related
2304:Al Raby
1259:funeral
1122:Big Six
346:as the
321:nation.
2900:Legacy
2676:Ahimsa
1305:groups
766:(1950)
758:(1950)
719:Events
539:
529:
377:
274:Topeka
231:Sumter
147:Spouse
65:, U.S.
2998:Noted
2591:songs
1411:NAACP
1264:riots
667:from
290:Brown
223:NAACP
619:2024
593:2024
567:2024
537:OCLC
527:ISBN
508:2024
482:2024
407:2009
375:ISBN
308:and
306:Carl
304:and
71:Died
49:Born
272:in
177:in
3122::
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