455:
away from being her fault, the claim being that she was unaware she was carrying anything and instead germs that she had no control over were to blame. Despite this shift, she was still popularly understood to have believed that she was contagious. The newspapers also claimed that Mallon was prohibited from using the telephone to contact anybody except the surgeons treating her and her guard. Stories that once celebrated the public health department and legal system eventually became sympathetic to Mallon and the events she supposedly encountered. Public health officials claimed the opposite, that she was treated to their best ability but in return refused to comply with the requests of the health officials.
276:, an investigator hired by the Oyster Bay property owner after the outbreak there, had been trying to determine the cause of typhoid outbreaks in affluent families, when it was known that the disease typically occurred in unsanitary conditions. He discovered that a female Irish cook, who fitted the physical description he had been given, was involved in all of the outbreaks. He was unable to locate her because she generally left after an outbreak began, without giving a forwarding address. The Park Avenue outbreak helped to identify Mallon as the source of the infections. Soper learned of the case while it was still active and discovered Mallon was the cook.
280:
decided to compile a five-year history of her employment. He found that, of the eight families that had hired Mallon as a cook, members of seven claimed to have contracted typhoid fever. Then Soper learned where Mallon's boyfriend lived and arranged a new meeting there. He took Dr. Raymond
Hoobler in an attempt to persuade Mary to give them samples of urine and stool for analysis. Mallon again refused to cooperate, claiming that typhoid was everywhere and that the outbreaks had happened because of contaminated food and water. At that time, the concept of healthy carriers was unknown even to healthcare workers.
342:. While quarantined she gave stool and urine samples three times per week. Authorities suggested removing her gallbladder, but she refused because she claimed she did not believe she carried the disease. At the time, gallbladder removal was dangerous, and people had died from the procedure. Mallon was also unwilling to stop working as a cook, a job that earned more money for her than any other. Having no home of her own, she was always on the verge of poverty.
427:
again. She used fake surnames like
Breshof or Brown, and accepted jobs as a cook against the explicit instructions of health authorities. No agencies that hired servants for affluent families would offer her employment, so for the next five years, she worked in a number of kitchens in restaurants, hotels, and spa facilities. Almost everywhere she worked, there were outbreaks of typhoid. However, she changed jobs frequently, and Soper was unable to find her.
568:
304:
3779:
2317:
419:
3803:
3791:
265:
in Oyster Bay, according to three medical doctors who practiced there. The landlord, understanding that it would be difficult to rent a house with the reputation of having typhoid, hired several independent experts to find the source of infection. They took water samples from pipes, faucets, toilets, and the cesspool, all of which were negative for typhoid.
378:. In a letter to her lawyer she complained that she was treated like a "guinea pig". She was obliged to give samples for analysis three times a week, but for six months was not allowed to visit an eye doctor, even though her eyelid was paralyzed and she had to bandage it at night. Her medical treatment was hectic: she was given
406:, decided that disease carriers should no longer be quarantined and that Mallon could be freed if she agreed to stop working as a cook and take reasonable efforts to avoid transmitting typhoid to others. On February 19, 1910, Mallon said she was "prepared to change her occupation (that of a cook), and would give assurance by
558:
Others argue that Mallon did not know that she had the bacteria and therefore did not deserve to be arrested when she never committed a crime. At the time, asymptomatic carriers were not understood and Mallon was believed to have said that she did not feel sick, look sick, or have any sort of visible
454:
After Mallon was sent into her initial quarantine, the newspapers changed their opinion of her case. The articles at first mentioned how Dr. Josephine Baker claimed Mallon attacked her and the other doctors with forks, and came at them fighting and swearing. Later the press articles shifted the blame
264:
with the family of a wealthy New York banker, Charles Elliot Warren. Mallon went along with the
Warrens when they rented a house in Oyster Bay for the summer of 1906. From August 27 to September 3, six of the 11 people in the family came down with typhoid fever. The disease at that time was "unusual"
575:
Mallon was the first person found to be an asymptomatic carrier of the typhoid bacterium, and this caused the health officials to have little to no idea of how to deal with her. However, Mallon's case helped these officials identify other people who carried diseases that were dormant in their bodies
463:
Mallon spent the rest of her life in quarantine at
Riverside Hospital on North Brother Island. She was quite active until 1932, when she suffered a stroke; afterwards, she was confined to the hospital. She never completely recovered, and half of her body remained paralyzed. On November 11, 1938, she
373:
both argued that she just had to be taught to carefully treat her condition and ensure that she would not transmit the typhoid to others. Both considered isolation to be an unnecessary, overly strict punishment. Mallon suffered from a nervous breakdown after her arrest and forcible transportation to
279:
Soper first met Mallon in the kitchen of the Bownes' Park Avenue penthouse and accused her of spreading the disease. Though Soper himself recollected his behavior "as diplomatic as possible", he infuriated Mallon and she threatened him with a carving fork. When Mallon refused to give samples, Soper
293:
It was found that the family changed cooks on August 4. This was about three weeks before the typhoid epidemic broke out. The new cook, Mallon, remained in the family only a short time and left about three weeks after the outbreak occurred. Mallon was described as an Irish woman about 40 years of
489:
Mallon's case became the first in which an asymptomatic carrier was discovered and isolated forcibly. The ethical and legal issues raised by her case are still discussed. Research has resulted in an estimate that Mallon had contaminated "at least one hundred and twenty two people, including five
195:
twice by authorities, the second time for the remainder of her life because she persisted in working as a cook and thereby exposed others to the disease. Mallon died after a total of nearly 30 years quarantined. Her popular nickname has since become a term for persons who spread disease or other
554:
The ethical question of her arrest and forced quarantine is still being debated. Historians frequently discuss the argument of Mallon knowing that she was infecting her clients with typhoid based on the frequency of the disease being present after her departure. They also cite the argument that
426:
Upon her release, Mallon was given a job as a laundry worker, which paid less than cooking—$ 20 per month instead of $ 50. After a time she wounded her arm and the wound became infected, meaning that she could not work at all for six months. After several unsuccessful years, she started cooking
244:
In June 1904, she was hired by a prosperous lawyer, Henry Gilsey. Soon four of the seven servants were ill. No members of Gilsey's family were infected because they resided separately, and the servants lived in their own house. Immediately after the outbreak began, Mallon left and relocated to
445:
Little is known about her life during the second quarantine. She remained on North
Brother for more than 23 years, and the authorities gave her a private one-story cottage. As of 1918, she was allowed to take day trips to the mainland. In 1925, Dr. Alexandra Plavska came to the island for an
397:
Mallon herself claimed never to believe that she was a carrier. With the help of a friend, she sent several samples to an independent New York laboratory. All came back negative for typhoid. On North
Brother Island, almost a quarter of her analyses from March 1907 through June 1909 were also
555:
antibiotics did not exist at this time and ten percent of those affected by Mallon carrying the infection died. By this argument Mallon could be considered a murderer of those ten percent of people if she knew she was a carrier of the disease, and would be a justification for her arrest.
221:. She may have been born with typhoid fever as her mother was infected during pregnancy. In 1884 at the age of 15, she emigrated from Ireland to the United States. She lived with her aunt and uncle for a time and worked as a maid but eventually became a cook for affluent families.
327:, where she was restrained and forced to give samples. For four days, she was not allowed to get up and use the bathroom on her own. The massive numbers of typhoid bacteria that were discovered in her stool samples indicated that the infection source was in her
475:
Some sources claim that a post-mortem autopsy found evidence of live typhoid bacteria in Mallon's gallbladder. Soper wrote, however, that there was no autopsy, a claim cited by other researchers to assert a conspiracy to calm public opinion after her death.
533:
of the era did not have a completely effective solution: there were not any antibiotics to fight the infection, and gallbladder removal was a dangerous, sometimes fatal operation. Some modern specialists claim that typhoid bacteria can become integrated in
434:
in New York City. Soon 25 people were infected, and two died. The chief obstetrician, Dr. Edward B. Cragin, called Soper and asked him to help in the investigation. Soper identified Mallon from the servants' verbal descriptions and also by her handwriting.
490:
dead". Other sources attribute at least three deaths to contact with Mallon, but because of health officials' inability to persuade her to cooperate, the exact number is not known. Some have estimated that contact with her may have caused 50 fatalities.
352:
Soper visited Mallon in quarantine, telling her he would write a book and give her part of the royalties. She angrily rejected his proposal and locked herself in the bathroom until he left. She hated the nickname and wrote in a letter to her lawyer:
576:
based on the information they learned from Mallon's case. Mallon's case created controversy concerning personal autonomy and social responsibility. It also was the first case that provided good evidence of the existence of asymptomatic carriers.
53:
3589:
253:, where her case of typhoid was the first in a long time. The investigator Dr. R. L. Wilson concluded that the laundry worker had caused the outbreak, but he failed to prove it. The laundry worker died soon afterward.
1684:
517:
This case highlighted the problematic nature of the subject and the need for an enhanced medical and legal-social treatment model aimed at improving the status of disease carriers and limiting their impact on
1861:
1710:
1785:
1106:
966:
410:
that she would upon her release take such hygienic precautions as would protect those with whom she came in contact, from infection." She was released from quarantine and returned to the mainland.
522:
Other healthy typhoid carriers identified in the first quarter of the 20th century include Tony
Labella, an Italian immigrant, presumed to have caused more than 100 cases (with five deaths); an
446:
internship. She organized a laboratory on the second floor of the chapel and offered Mallon a job as a technician. Mallon washed bottles, did recordings, and prepared glasses for pathologists.
1986:
3889:
349:, Mallon attracted extensive media attention and received the nickname "Typhoid Mary". Later, in a textbook that defined typhoid fever, she again was termed "Typhoid Mary".
3849:
3584:
3574:
3874:
694:
439:
339:
99:
3899:
1857:
1706:
631:. Associated with Mallon's legacy with disease, the fictional artifact had the ability to transfer illness between individuals holding the knife simultaneously.
3864:
2479:
Finkbeiner, Ann K (1996). "Quite contrary: was 'Typhoid Mary' Mallon a symbol of the threats to individual liberty or a necessary sacrifice to public health?".
1677:"'TYPHOID MARY' DIES OF A STROKE AT 68; Carrier of Disease, Blamed for 51 Cases and 3 Deaths, but She Was Held Immune Services This Morning Epidemic Is Traced"
501:
The history of Mary Mallon, declared "unclean" like a leper, may give us some moral lessons on how to protect the ill and how we can be protected from illness
178:. The infections caused three confirmed deaths, with unconfirmed estimates of as many as 50. She was the first person in the United States identified as an
218:
1117:
977:
3624:
438:
Mallon fled again, but the police were able to find and arrest her when she took food to a friend on Long Island. Mallon was returned to quarantine on
3904:
1834:
1978:
1676:
704:
1466:
3657:
3629:
2669:
896:
229:
From 1900 to 1907, Mallon worked as a cook in the New York City area for eight families, seven of whom contracted typhoid. In 1900, she worked in
250:
3634:
2950:
3692:
3599:
2251:
2177:
2103:
1660:
403:
3894:
3682:
1573:
526:
guide dubbed "Typhoid John", presumed to have infected 36 people (with two deaths); and
Alphonse Cotils, a restaurateur and bakery owner.
394:
in increasing doses. She was first told that she had typhoid in her intestinal tract, then in her bowel muscles, then in her gallbladder.
3639:
3203:
2791:
2082:
111:
3854:
3844:
3839:
2707:
2530:
2135:
2049:
3697:
3223:
2806:
2560:
2416:
2394:
2272:
2232:
2158:
1795:
24:
559:
sickness. Although Mallon did not feel ill or look sick, the disease was living dormant in what was assumed to be her gallbladder.
2262:
2222:
374:
the hospital. In 1909 she tried to sue the New York Health
Department, but her complaint was denied and the case dismissed by the
2093:
3807:
3340:
2968:
2945:
312:
1811:
1229:
3869:
3614:
3564:
3376:
3273:
3034:
2935:
2848:
2061:
1337:
752:
733:
3447:
3218:
257:
3312:
3039:
1296:
249:, where she was hired by George Kessler. Two weeks later, the laundry worker in his household was infected and taken to
3459:
3352:
3263:
3076:
3064:
2973:
2662:
1408:
2170:
Oxford
Textbook of Infectious Disease Control: A Geographical Analysis from Medieval Quarantine to Global Eradication
469:
331:. During questioning, Mallon admitted that she almost never washed her hands. This was not unusual at the time; the
3529:
3454:
3359:
2895:
3514:
2072:
3651:
3646:
3213:
2920:
2878:
2842:
2749:
1286:
431:
3884:
3795:
3489:
3188:
2900:
2796:
1025:
591:
241:. Mallon then went to work for a lawyer and left after seven of the eight people in that household became ill.
20:
1908:
3760:
3687:
3519:
324:
319:, Mallon was arrested as a public health threat. She was forced into an ambulance by five policemen and Dr.
3258:
1830:
3879:
3783:
3755:
3534:
2744:
2655:
2009:
391:
375:
332:
695:"'Typhoid Mary' Dies Of A Stroke At 68. Carrier of Disease, Blamed for 51 Cases and 3 Deaths, but Immune"
233:, where within two weeks of her employment, residents developed typhoid fever. In 1901, she relocated to
3740:
3524:
3059:
2960:
2853:
2702:
2540:
1462:
316:
246:
3103:
505:
By the time she died New York health officials had identified more than 400 other healthy carriers of
3859:
3834:
3829:
3715:
3499:
3364:
3330:
3278:
3098:
3044:
3000:
2890:
2828:
2717:
2712:
2378:
888:
523:
358:
320:
230:
179:
151:
3725:
3720:
3494:
3293:
3283:
3118:
2727:
599:
315:, whose investigators realized that Mallon was a typhoid carrier. By sections 1169 and 1170 of the
3347:
2930:
2779:
1890:
1621:
1554:
1546:
699:
2460:
1955:
622:, in a somewhat fictionalised account of her initial infection of countless wealthy households.
361:
would like to be insulted and put in the Journal and call him or his wife Typhoid William Park.
2330:
567:
3509:
3504:
3432:
3381:
3155:
3135:
3123:
3083:
3054:
3022:
2940:
2833:
2801:
2697:
2600:
2556:
2526:
2506:
2449:
2412:
2390:
2366:
2305:
2268:
2247:
2228:
2210:
2173:
2154:
2146:
2131:
2099:
2078:
2057:
1791:
1656:
1613:
1538:
1200:
1182:
748:
729:
530:
370:
366:
1933:
3674:
3427:
3386:
3198:
3173:
2985:
2915:
2759:
2590:
2582:
2498:
2490:
2472:
2468:
2439:
2404:
2295:
2200:
1605:
1578:
1530:
1256:
1190:
1017:
610:
399:
187:
52:
3735:
3437:
3240:
3233:
3168:
3108:
2990:
2980:
2910:
2883:
2868:
2823:
2813:
2764:
2518:
2386:
365:
Not all medical experts endorsed the decision to forcibly quarantine Mallon. For example,
171:
588:" is now a colloquial term for anyone who spreads disease or something else undesirable.
625:
Mallon's butcher knife featured as an artifact in season three of the television series
303:
3422:
3208:
3145:
3130:
3113:
3071:
2873:
2754:
2595:
2570:
2494:
2444:
2427:
2300:
2283:
2205:
2188:
1195:
1170:
1008:
645:
323:, who at some time had to sit on Mallon to restrain her. Mallon was transported to the
284:
1021:
3823:
3730:
3609:
3417:
3391:
3268:
3228:
3193:
3183:
3163:
2905:
2863:
2838:
2786:
2774:
2769:
2678:
2545:
2282:
Marineli, Filio; Tsoucalas, Gregory; Karamanou, Marianna; Androutsos, George (2013).
2124:
2054:
Sickness and Health in America: Readings in the History of Medicine and Public Health
1733:
1558:
640:
603:
214:
175:
155:
80:
2634:
2613:
2331:"Typhoid Mary:How an Irish cook became the most famous symbol of infectious disease"
1894:
1884:
1225:
585:
3750:
3178:
3027:
3017:
2995:
2925:
2818:
2732:
2552:
2481:
2028:
1979:"Aesop Rock Launches New Group Hail Mary Mallon, Tours and Works With Kimya Dawson"
1815:
627:
595:
273:
1333:
674:
672:
670:
668:
666:
664:
662:
3442:
3140:
3049:
3012:
616:
Mallon was portrayed by Melissa McMeekin in season one of the television series
328:
261:
33:
1419:
3371:
3093:
2639:
2618:
1858:"Scientists get a handle on what made Typhoid mary's infectious microbes tick"
1282:
539:
535:
192:
1617:
1542:
1186:
3469:
3288:
2858:
2739:
1707:"Typhoid Mary's tragic tale exposed the health impacts of 'super-spreaders'"
618:
465:
418:
407:
379:
234:
210:
115:
76:
2604:
2510:
2309:
2214:
1574:"#TyphoidMary – now a hashtag – was a maligned immigrant who got a bum rap"
509:, but no one else was forcibly confined or victimized as an "unwanted ill".
2453:
2370:
2224:
Job Readiness for Health Professionals: Soft Skills Strategies for Success
1204:
3335:
3088:
2722:
2692:
2586:
1598:"Cultures and Carriers: "Typhoid Mary" and the Science of Social Control"
238:
183:
2502:
3007:
2149:. In Linda K. Kerber; Alice Kessler-Harris; Kathryn Kish Sklar (eds.).
1550:
1518:
1316:
1314:
1091:
237:, where members of the family for whom she worked developed fevers and
1625:
1597:
3302:
543:
383:
174:
cook who is believed to have infected between 51 and 122 people with
2113:
Carey, Catherine (June 18, 1989). "Mary Mallon's Trail of Typhoid".
2095:
Terrible Typhoid Mary: A True Story of the Deadliest Cook in America
1534:
1003:
678:
468:
at age 69. Mallon's body was cremated, and her ashes were buried at
19:"Typhoid Mary" redirects here. For the Marvel Comics character, see
1609:
3464:
566:
417:
387:
302:
726:
The Gospel of Germs: Men, Women, and the Microbe in American Life
166:(September 23, 1869 – November 11, 1938), commonly known as
3396:
2647:
2357:
Aronson, SM (November 1995). "The civil rights of Mary Mallon".
2651:
1369:
1367:
1291:. Episode 597. October 12, 2004. Event occurs at 28:42–29:52.
1292:
776:
774:
772:
398:
negative. After 2 years and 11 months of Mallon's quarantine,
382:
in three-month courses for a year, threatening to destroy her
294:
age, tall, heavy, single. She seemed to be in perfect health.
2056:. Vol. 3. Wisconsin: The University of Wisconsin Press.
1772:
571:
A historical poster warning against acting like Typhoid Mary.
594:, also known as Bloody Mary and Mutant Zero, is a fictional
3590:
Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety
2264:
Typhoid Mary: The Story of Mary Mallon: Educational Version
1386:
1384:
1382:
1060:
1058:
829:
827:
825:
513:
Two scholarly sources combined to provide this conclusion:
2284:"Mary Mallon (1869–1938) and the history of typhoid fever"
1886:
Punishing Disease: HIV and the Criminalization of Sickness
2575:
American Journal of Public Health and the Nation's Health
2048:
Walzer Leavitt, Judith; Numbers, Ronald L., eds. (1997).
1653:
Death in the Pot: The Impact of Food Poisoning on History
338:
On March 19, 1907, Mallon was sentenced to quarantine on
16:
Irish cook who was a carrier of typhoid fever in New York
1140:
1138:
1787:
The Other Islands of New York City: A History and Guide
609:
Mallon's case inspired the name of the rap music group
283:
Soper published his findings on June 15, 1907, in the
1760:
1358:
1320:
2151:
U.S. History as Women's History: New Feminist Essays
804:
3708:
3667:
3554:
3543:
3480:
3405:
3321:
3249:
3154:
2959:
2685:
1638:
1499:
1443:
941:
147:
139:
122:
107:
88:
62:
43:
2544:
2123:
2098:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 142.
1089:Ochs, Ridgely (2007). "Dinner with Typhoid Mary".
882:
880:
878:
876:
874:
872:
870:
868:
866:
2168:Cliff, Andrew; Smallman-Raynor, Matthew (2013).
1889:(1st ed.). University of California Press.
1004:"The work of a chronic typhoid germ distributor"
472:in the Bronx. Nine people attended the funeral.
345:After the publication of Soper's article in the
515:
499:
1487:
1334:"Topics in Chronicling America - Typhoid Mary"
857:
780:
2663:
8:
2547:Typhoid Mary, Captive to the Public's Health
2411:(Hardcover ed.). New York: Bloomsbury.
2193:Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine
2126:Typhoid Mary: Captive to the Public's Health
1934:"Dictionary Reference Website: Typhoid Mary"
1790:(3rd ed.). The Countryman Press. 2011.
1336:. The Library of Congress. October 9, 2014.
3890:Burials at Saint Raymond's Cemetery (Bronx)
2117:. Vol. 23, no. 1. pp. 18–21.
347:Journal of the American Medical Association
286:Journal of the American Medical Association
3625:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
3551:
2670:
2656:
2648:
2525:(Hardcover ed.). New York: Scribner.
1860:. Stanford University School of Medicine.
1175:CMAJ: Canadian Medical Association Journal
1051:. New York: Prometheus Books. p. 169.
422:Poster depiction of "Typhoid Mary" (1909).
51:
40:
3850:Deaths from pneumonia in New York (state)
3585:Centre for Disease Prevention and Control
3575:Center for Disease Control and Prevention
2594:
2443:
2428:"The sad and tragic life of Typhoid Mary"
2299:
2227:. Missouri: Elsevier. 2013. p. 189.
2204:
1373:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1194:
1171:"The sad and tragic life of Typhoid Mary"
1156:
1144:
917:
833:
763:
414:Release and second quarantine (1915–1938)
845:
792:
3875:People from Oyster Bay (town), New York
3630:Health departments in the United States
2324:. Marion. February 21, 1910. p. 2.
2172:. Oxford University Press. p. 86.
1709:. National Geographic. March 18, 2020.
1403:
1401:
1399:
658:
3635:Council on Education for Public Health
1591:
1589:
1456:
1454:
1452:
1076:
1028:from the original on December 21, 2019
899:from the original on December 30, 2017
307:Mallon (foreground) in a hospital bed.
256:In August 1906, Mallon began a job in
3900:Disease outbreaks in New York (state)
3693:Professional degrees of public health
3600:Ministry of Health and Family Welfare
1748:
1512:
1510:
1508:
1390:
1283:"The Most Dangerous Woman In America"
1269:
1064:
953:
929:
816:
689:
687:
404:New York State Commissioner of Health
7:
3865:Irish emigrants to the United States
3790:
3683:Bachelor of Science in Public Health
2612:Mikkelson, Barbara (July 23, 2006).
2471:translated by Joel Agee). New York:
2189:"The Curious Career of Typhoid Mary"
2153:. London: Chapel Hill. p. 156.
2071:Adler, Richard; Mara, Elise (2016).
2008:Uhlich, Keith (September 20, 2014).
1989:from the original on August 16, 2018
1461:Leavitt, Judith (October 12, 2004).
251:St. Joseph's Regional Medical Center
3802:
2951:Workers' right to access the toilet
2792:Human right to water and sanitation
2092:Campbell Bartoletti, Susan (2015).
1687:from the original on April 21, 2020
1340:from the original on April 25, 2020
1232:from the original on April 26, 2010
703:. November 12, 1938. Archived from
430:In 1915, Mallon started working at
2495:10.1002/j.2326-1951.1996.tb03271.x
2329:Rogers, Rosemary (July 31, 2017).
2010:"The Knick Recap: Open or Closed?"
1856:Monack, Denise (August 14, 2013).
1831:"The Strange Case of Typhoid Mary"
1773:Women and Early Public Health 1995
1651:Satin, Morton (December 2, 2009).
1572:Foss, Katherine (April 24, 2020).
1463:"Typhoid Mary: Villain or Victim?"
1299:from the original on July 21, 2014
1002:Soper, George A. (June 15, 1907).
14:
3224:Commercial determinants of health
2409:Typhoid Mary: An Urban Historical
2187:Soper, George A. (October 1939).
1864:from the original on May 23, 2020
1837:from the original on May 13, 2020
1829:Singer, Emily (August 16, 2016).
1761:Walzer Leavitt & Numbers 1997
1655:. Prometheus Books. p. 174.
1469:from the original on May 17, 2020
1416:Illinois State Board of Education
1359:Walzer Leavitt & Numbers 1997
1321:Walzer Leavitt & Numbers 1997
1022:10.1001/jama.1907.25220500025002d
745:Typhoid Mary: An Urban Historical
26:Typhoid Mary: An Urban Historical
3905:Food safety in the United States
3801:
3789:
3778:
3777:
2807:National public health institute
2033:. Season 2. July 18, 2011. SyFy.
1713:from the original on May 1, 2020
805:Cliff & Smallman-Raynor 2013
209:Mary Mallon was born in 1869 in
3204:Open-source healthcare software
2946:Sociology of health and illness
2261:Alexander, Caitlind L. (2004).
2147:"Women and Early Public Health"
2145:Walzer Leavitt, Judith (1995).
2122:Walzer Leavitt, Judith (1996).
2077:. McFarland. pp. 137–146.
1977:Breihan, Tom (April 25, 2011).
1523:Journal of Public Health Policy
887:Dex; McCaff (August 14, 2000).
386:. That was changed to brewer's
313:New York City Health Department
3565:Caribbean Public Health Agency
3377:Sexually transmitted infection
3274:Statistical hypothesis testing
3035:Occupational safety and health
2936:Sexual and reproductive health
2849:Occupational safety and health
2551:(Hardcover ed.). Boston:
538:and then reside in intestinal
335:still was not fully accepted.
1:
3219:Social determinants of health
2337:. New York: Irish America Inc
2244:The American Irish: A History
1418:. p. 118. Archived from
3279:Analysis of variance (ANOVA)
3040:Human factors and ergonomics
2571:"Mary Mallon (Typhoid Mary)"
2426:Brooks, J (March 15, 1996).
1814:. March 2001. Archived from
1169:Brooks, J (March 15, 1996).
648:, Chicago's "Typhoid Jennie"
299:First quarantine (1907–1910)
3895:Healthcare in New York City
3460:Good manufacturing practice
3264:Randomized controlled trial
2130:. Putnam Publishing Group.
2050:"Typhoid Mary Strikes Back"
1517:Benenson, Abram S. (1999).
3921:
3530:Theory of planned behavior
3455:Good agricultural practice
3360:Public health surveillance
3252:epidemiological statistics
2896:Public health intervention
2581:(1): 66–68. January 1939.
2465:The Ballad of Typhoid Mary
2318:"Typhoid Mary Is Released"
2288:Annals of Gastroenterology
2246:. Routledge. p. 187.
1936:. Dictionary.reference.com
1107:"Dinner With Typhoid Mary"
967:"Dinner With Typhoid Mary"
495:Annals of Gastroenterology
31:
18:
3855:American domestic workers
3845:20th-century Irish people
3840:19th-century Irish people
3773:
3652:World Toilet Organization
3647:World Health Organization
3214:Public health informatics
2921:Right to rest and leisure
2750:Globalization and disease
1409:"Food Science Curriculum"
497:, the authors concluded:
493:In a 2013 article in the
432:Sloane Hospital for Women
50:
3698:Schools of public health
3490:Diffusion of innovations
3189:Health impact assessment
2901:Public health laboratory
2797:Management of depression
2074:Typhoid Fever: A History
1639:Campbell Bartoletti 2015
1596:Wald, Priscilla (1997).
1519:"Review of Typhoid Mary"
1500:Campbell Bartoletti 2015
1444:Marion Daily Mirror 1910
942:Campbell Bartoletti 2015
470:Saint Raymond's Cemetery
317:Greater New York Charter
112:Saint Raymond's Cemetery
32:Not to be confused with
21:Typhoid Mary (character)
3761:Social hygiene movement
3688:Doctor of Public Health
3520:Social cognitive theory
3322:Infectious and epidemic
3104:Fecal–oral transmission
2322:The Marion Daily Mirror
1883:Hopppe, Trevor (2018).
1738:. Season 6. Episode 16.
889:"Who was Typhoid Mary?"
325:Willard Parker Hospital
3756:Germ theory of disease
3535:Transtheoretical model
2541:Leavitt, Judith Walzer
2379:Baker, Josephine Sarah
2267:. LearningIsland.com.
1251:Satin, Morton (2007).
1047:Satin, Morton (2007).
572:
520:
511:
423:
392:hexamethylenetetramine
376:New York Supreme Court
363:
357:I wonder how the said
333:germ theory of disease
308:
296:
3870:People from Cookstown
3640:Public Health Service
3525:Social norms approach
3515:PRECEDE–PROCEED model
2961:Preventive healthcare
2854:Pharmaceutical policy
2703:Chief Medical Officer
2643:. September 26, 2002.
2359:Rhode Island Medicine
2242:Kenny, Kevin (2014).
1683:. November 12, 1938.
1374:Adler & Mara 2016
1157:Adler & Mara 2016
918:Adler & Mara 2016
834:Adler & Mara 2016
764:Adler & Mara 2016
570:
421:
355:
306:
291:
3716:Sara Josephine Baker
3615:Public Health Agency
3500:Health communication
3365:Disease surveillance
3331:Asymptomatic carrier
3313:Statistical software
3001:Preventive nutrition
2829:Medical anthropology
2718:Environmental health
2587:10.2105/ajph.29.1.66
1913:infoweb.newsbank.com
1895:10.1525/j.ctt1wn0rqg
1425:on December 18, 2010
1123:on December 21, 2019
983:on December 21, 2019
679:Marineli et al. 2013
600:American comic books
440:North Brother Island
340:North Brother Island
321:Sara Josephine Baker
231:Mamaroneck, New York
191:. She was forcibly
180:asymptomatic carrier
152:Asymptomatic carrier
100:North Brother Island
23:. For the book, see
3726:Carl Rogers Darnall
3721:Samuel Jay Crumbine
3495:Health belief model
3348:Notifiable diseases
3284:Regression analysis
3119:Waterborne diseases
2708:Cultural competence
1833:. Quanta Magazine.
1775:, pp. 154–156.
1488:Walzer Leavitt 1996
1393:, pp. 708–710.
1376:, pp. 143–145.
1067:, pp. 704–705.
920:, pp. 140–141.
858:Walzer Leavitt 1996
781:Walzer Leavitt 1996
766:, pp. 137–145.
442:on March 27, 1915.
359:Dr. William H. Park
311:Soper notified the
172:Irish-born American
3324:disease prevention
3259:Case–control study
2931:Security of person
2780:Health care reform
1681:The New York Times
1604:(52/53): 181–214.
1226:"In Her Own Words"
700:The New York Times
573:
424:
309:
182:of the pathogenic
73:September 23, 1869
3817:
3816:
3769:
3768:
3679:Higher education
3510:Positive deviance
3505:Health psychology
3481:Health behavioral
3408:safety management
3382:Social distancing
3156:Population health
3136:Smoking cessation
3084:Pharmacovigilance
3055:Injury prevention
3023:Infection control
2941:Social psychology
2891:Prisoners' rights
2834:Medical sociology
2802:Public health law
2698:Biological hazard
2405:Bourdain, Anthony
2383:Fighting for Life
2253:978-1-317-88916-8
2179:978-0-199-59661-4
2105:978-0-544-31367-5
1818:on March 3, 2016.
1662:978-1-615-92224-6
1079:, pp. 72–74.
1016:(24): 2019–2022.
893:The Straight Dope
592:Typhoid Mary Fisk
531:health technology
371:Charles V. Chapin
367:Milton J. Rosenau
161:
160:
92:November 11, 1938
3912:
3805:
3804:
3793:
3792:
3781:
3780:
3675:Health education
3552:
3406:Food hygiene and
3387:Tropical disease
3199:Infant mortality
3174:Community health
3050:Controlled Drugs
2986:Health promotion
2916:Right to housing
2760:Health economics
2672:
2665:
2658:
2649:
2644:
2623:
2608:
2598:
2566:
2550:
2536:
2519:Keane, Mary Beth
2514:
2473:Ballantine Books
2469:historical novel
2461:Federspiel, JĂĽrg
2457:
2447:
2422:
2400:
2374:
2346:
2344:
2342:
2325:
2313:
2303:
2278:
2257:
2238:
2218:
2208:
2183:
2164:
2141:
2129:
2118:
2109:
2088:
2067:
2035:
2034:
2024:
2018:
2017:
2005:
1999:
1998:
1996:
1994:
1974:
1968:
1967:
1965:
1963:
1952:
1946:
1945:
1943:
1941:
1930:
1924:
1923:
1921:
1919:
1905:
1899:
1898:
1880:
1874:
1873:
1871:
1869:
1853:
1847:
1846:
1844:
1842:
1826:
1820:
1819:
1808:
1802:
1801:
1782:
1776:
1770:
1764:
1758:
1752:
1746:
1740:
1739:
1729:
1723:
1722:
1720:
1718:
1703:
1697:
1696:
1694:
1692:
1673:
1667:
1666:
1648:
1642:
1636:
1630:
1629:
1593:
1584:
1583:
1579:The Conversation
1569:
1563:
1562:
1514:
1503:
1497:
1491:
1485:
1479:
1478:
1476:
1474:
1458:
1447:
1441:
1435:
1434:
1432:
1430:
1424:
1413:
1405:
1394:
1388:
1377:
1371:
1362:
1356:
1350:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1330:
1324:
1318:
1309:
1308:
1306:
1304:
1279:
1273:
1267:
1261:
1260:
1257:Prometheus Books
1253:Death in the Pot
1248:
1242:
1241:
1239:
1237:
1222:
1209:
1208:
1198:
1166:
1160:
1154:
1148:
1142:
1133:
1132:
1130:
1128:
1122:
1116:. Archived from
1111:
1103:
1097:
1096:
1086:
1080:
1074:
1068:
1062:
1053:
1052:
1049:Death in the Pot
1044:
1038:
1037:
1035:
1033:
999:
993:
992:
990:
988:
982:
976:. Archived from
971:
963:
957:
951:
945:
939:
933:
927:
921:
915:
909:
908:
906:
904:
884:
861:
855:
849:
843:
837:
831:
820:
814:
808:
802:
796:
790:
784:
778:
767:
761:
755:
742:
736:
723:
717:
716:
714:
712:
691:
682:
676:
611:Hail Mary Mallon
507:Salmonella typhi
504:
400:Eugene H. Porter
188:Salmonella typhi
123:Other names
118:, New York, U.S.
102:, New York, U.S.
95:
72:
70:
55:
41:
3920:
3919:
3915:
3914:
3913:
3911:
3910:
3909:
3885:Women and death
3820:
3819:
3818:
3813:
3765:
3736:Margaret Sanger
3704:
3663:
3547:
3545:
3539:
3482:
3476:
3448:Safety scandals
3407:
3401:
3323:
3317:
3251:
3245:
3241:Social medicine
3234:Race and health
3169:Child mortality
3150:
3109:Open defecation
2991:Human nutrition
2981:Family planning
2969:Behavior change
2955:
2911:Right to health
2824:Maternal health
2814:Health politics
2765:Health literacy
2681:
2676:
2633:
2630:
2611:
2569:
2563:
2539:
2533:
2517:
2478:
2425:
2419:
2403:
2397:
2387:Macmillan Press
2377:
2365:(11): 311–312.
2356:
2353:
2351:Further reading
2340:
2338:
2328:
2316:
2281:
2275:
2260:
2254:
2241:
2235:
2221:
2199:(10): 698–712.
2186:
2180:
2167:
2161:
2144:
2138:
2121:
2112:
2106:
2091:
2085:
2084:978-1-476622095
2070:
2064:
2047:
2044:
2039:
2038:
2026:
2025:
2021:
2007:
2006:
2002:
1992:
1990:
1976:
1975:
1971:
1961:
1959:
1954:
1953:
1949:
1939:
1937:
1932:
1931:
1927:
1917:
1915:
1907:
1906:
1902:
1882:
1881:
1877:
1867:
1865:
1855:
1854:
1850:
1840:
1838:
1828:
1827:
1823:
1810:
1809:
1805:
1798:
1784:
1783:
1779:
1771:
1767:
1759:
1755:
1747:
1743:
1731:
1730:
1726:
1716:
1714:
1705:
1704:
1700:
1690:
1688:
1675:
1674:
1670:
1663:
1650:
1649:
1645:
1637:
1633:
1595:
1594:
1587:
1571:
1570:
1566:
1535:10.2307/3343413
1516:
1515:
1506:
1498:
1494:
1486:
1482:
1472:
1470:
1460:
1459:
1450:
1442:
1438:
1428:
1426:
1422:
1411:
1407:
1406:
1397:
1389:
1380:
1372:
1365:
1357:
1353:
1343:
1341:
1332:
1331:
1327:
1319:
1312:
1302:
1300:
1281:
1280:
1276:
1268:
1264:
1250:
1249:
1245:
1235:
1233:
1224:
1223:
1212:
1168:
1167:
1163:
1155:
1151:
1143:
1136:
1126:
1124:
1120:
1109:
1105:
1104:
1100:
1088:
1087:
1083:
1075:
1071:
1063:
1056:
1046:
1045:
1041:
1031:
1029:
1001:
1000:
996:
986:
984:
980:
969:
965:
964:
960:
952:
948:
940:
936:
928:
924:
916:
912:
902:
900:
886:
885:
864:
856:
852:
844:
840:
832:
823:
815:
811:
803:
799:
791:
787:
779:
770:
762:
758:
743:
739:
724:
720:
710:
708:
707:on June 5, 2011
693:
692:
685:
677:
660:
655:
637:
582:
565:
563:Lessons learned
552:
502:
487:
482:
461:
452:
450:Media reception
416:
301:
271:
227:
207:
202:
135:
103:
97:
93:
84:
74:
68:
66:
58:
46:
37:
30:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3918:
3916:
3908:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3822:
3821:
3815:
3814:
3812:
3811:
3799:
3787:
3774:
3771:
3770:
3767:
3766:
3764:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3712:
3710:
3706:
3705:
3703:
3702:
3701:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3677:
3671:
3669:
3665:
3664:
3662:
3661:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3643:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3619:
3618:
3617:
3612:
3604:
3603:
3602:
3594:
3593:
3592:
3587:
3579:
3578:
3577:
3569:
3568:
3567:
3558:
3556:
3549:
3544:Organizations,
3541:
3540:
3538:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3486:
3484:
3478:
3477:
3475:
3474:
3473:
3472:
3467:
3457:
3452:
3451:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3411:
3409:
3403:
3402:
3400:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3368:
3367:
3357:
3356:
3355:
3345:
3344:
3343:
3333:
3327:
3325:
3319:
3318:
3316:
3315:
3310:
3309:
3308:
3300:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3255:
3253:
3250:Biological and
3247:
3246:
3244:
3243:
3238:
3237:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3216:
3211:
3209:Multimorbidity
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3160:
3158:
3152:
3151:
3149:
3148:
3146:Vector control
3143:
3138:
3133:
3131:School hygiene
3128:
3127:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3114:Sanitary sewer
3111:
3106:
3101:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3080:
3079:
3072:Patient safety
3069:
3068:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3032:
3031:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3005:
3004:
3003:
2998:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2977:
2976:
2965:
2963:
2957:
2956:
2954:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2887:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2810:
2809:
2804:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2783:
2782:
2777:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2755:Harm reduction
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2736:
2735:
2730:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2689:
2687:
2683:
2682:
2677:
2675:
2674:
2667:
2660:
2652:
2646:
2645:
2635:"Typhoid Mary"
2629:
2628:External links
2626:
2625:
2624:
2614:"Typhoid Mary"
2609:
2567:
2561:
2537:
2532:978-1451693416
2531:
2515:
2476:
2458:
2438:(6): 915–916.
2423:
2417:
2401:
2395:
2375:
2352:
2349:
2348:
2347:
2326:
2314:
2294:(2): 132–134.
2279:
2273:
2258:
2252:
2239:
2233:
2219:
2184:
2178:
2165:
2159:
2142:
2137:978-0807021026
2136:
2119:
2110:
2104:
2089:
2083:
2068:
2062:
2043:
2040:
2037:
2036:
2019:
2000:
1969:
1956:"Typhoid Mary"
1947:
1925:
1909:"User account"
1900:
1875:
1848:
1821:
1812:"Epidemiology"
1803:
1796:
1777:
1765:
1763:, p. 559.
1753:
1751:, p. 712.
1741:
1724:
1698:
1668:
1661:
1643:
1641:, p. 143.
1631:
1610:10.2307/466739
1585:
1564:
1529:(3): 375–379.
1504:
1502:, p. 141.
1492:
1490:, p. 195.
1480:
1465:. PBS Online.
1448:
1436:
1395:
1378:
1363:
1361:, p. 561.
1351:
1325:
1323:, p. 560.
1310:
1274:
1272:, p. 709.
1262:
1259:. p. 171.
1243:
1210:
1181:(6): 915–916.
1161:
1159:, p. 143.
1149:
1145:Alexander 2004
1134:
1098:
1081:
1069:
1054:
1039:
1009:J Am Med Assoc
994:
958:
956:, p. 699.
946:
944:, p. 180.
934:
932:, p. 703.
922:
910:
862:
850:
838:
836:, p. 137.
821:
819:, p. 187.
809:
797:
795:, p. 189.
785:
768:
756:
737:
718:
683:
657:
656:
654:
651:
650:
649:
646:Jennie Barmore
643:
636:
633:
581:
578:
564:
561:
551:
548:
486:
483:
481:
478:
460:
457:
451:
448:
415:
412:
300:
297:
270:
267:
226:
223:
206:
203:
201:
198:
159:
158:
149:
148:Known for
145:
144:
141:
137:
136:
134:
133:
130:
126:
124:
120:
119:
109:
105:
104:
98:
96:(aged 69)
90:
86:
85:
75:
64:
60:
59:
57:Mallon in 1909
56:
48:
47:
44:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3917:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3880:Typhoid fever
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3827:
3825:
3810:
3809:
3800:
3798:
3797:
3788:
3786:
3785:
3776:
3775:
3772:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3731:Joseph Lister
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3713:
3711:
3707:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3680:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3672:
3670:
3666:
3659:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3622:
3620:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3610:Health Canada
3608:
3607:
3605:
3601:
3598:
3597:
3595:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3582:
3580:
3576:
3573:
3572:
3570:
3566:
3563:
3562:
3560:
3559:
3557:
3555:Organizations
3553:
3550:
3542:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3487:
3485:
3479:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3462:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3415:
3413:
3412:
3410:
3404:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3392:Vaccine trial
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3366:
3363:
3362:
3361:
3358:
3354:
3351:
3350:
3349:
3346:
3342:
3339:
3338:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3328:
3326:
3320:
3314:
3311:
3307:
3305:
3301:
3299:
3297:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3276:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3269:Relative risk
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3256:
3254:
3248:
3242:
3239:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3229:Health equity
3227:
3225:
3222:
3221:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3194:Health system
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3184:Global health
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3164:Biostatistics
3162:
3161:
3159:
3157:
3153:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3096:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3078:
3075:
3074:
3073:
3070:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3037:
3036:
3033:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3010:
3009:
3006:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2993:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2975:
2972:
2971:
2970:
2967:
2966:
2964:
2962:
2958:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2906:Right to food
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2861:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2844:
2840:
2839:Mental health
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2799:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2787:Housing First
2785:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2775:Health system
2773:
2772:
2771:
2770:Health policy
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2725:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2690:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2679:Public health
2673:
2668:
2666:
2661:
2659:
2654:
2653:
2650:
2642:
2641:
2636:
2632:
2631:
2627:
2621:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2562:0-8070-2102-4
2558:
2554:
2549:
2548:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2483:
2477:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2424:
2420:
2418:1-58234-133-8
2414:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2396:0-405-05945-0
2392:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2355:
2354:
2350:
2336:
2335:Irish America
2332:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2280:
2276:
2274:9781301357642
2270:
2266:
2265:
2259:
2255:
2249:
2245:
2240:
2236:
2234:9780323430265
2230:
2226:
2225:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2185:
2181:
2175:
2171:
2166:
2162:
2160:0-8078-4495-0
2156:
2152:
2148:
2143:
2139:
2133:
2128:
2127:
2120:
2116:
2111:
2107:
2101:
2097:
2096:
2090:
2086:
2080:
2076:
2075:
2069:
2065:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2046:
2045:
2041:
2032:
2031:
2023:
2020:
2015:
2011:
2004:
2001:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1973:
1970:
1957:
1951:
1948:
1935:
1929:
1926:
1914:
1910:
1904:
1901:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1887:
1879:
1876:
1863:
1859:
1852:
1849:
1836:
1832:
1825:
1822:
1817:
1813:
1807:
1804:
1799:
1797:9780881509458
1793:
1789:
1788:
1781:
1778:
1774:
1769:
1766:
1762:
1757:
1754:
1750:
1745:
1742:
1737:
1736:
1735:Drunk History
1732:"Bad Blood".
1728:
1725:
1712:
1708:
1702:
1699:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1672:
1669:
1664:
1658:
1654:
1647:
1644:
1640:
1635:
1632:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1592:
1590:
1586:
1581:
1580:
1575:
1568:
1565:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1513:
1511:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1496:
1493:
1489:
1484:
1481:
1468:
1464:
1457:
1455:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1440:
1437:
1421:
1417:
1410:
1404:
1402:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1370:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1355:
1352:
1339:
1335:
1329:
1326:
1322:
1317:
1315:
1311:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1289:
1284:
1278:
1275:
1271:
1266:
1263:
1258:
1254:
1247:
1244:
1231:
1227:
1221:
1219:
1217:
1215:
1211:
1206:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1165:
1162:
1158:
1153:
1150:
1146:
1141:
1139:
1135:
1119:
1115:
1108:
1102:
1099:
1094:
1093:
1085:
1082:
1078:
1073:
1070:
1066:
1061:
1059:
1055:
1050:
1043:
1040:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1010:
1005:
998:
995:
979:
975:
968:
962:
959:
955:
950:
947:
943:
938:
935:
931:
926:
923:
919:
914:
911:
898:
894:
890:
883:
881:
879:
877:
875:
873:
871:
869:
867:
863:
860:, p. 16.
859:
854:
851:
848:, p. 56.
847:
846:Elsevier 2013
842:
839:
835:
830:
828:
826:
822:
818:
813:
810:
807:, p. 86.
806:
801:
798:
794:
793:Elsevier 2013
789:
786:
783:, p. 14.
782:
777:
775:
773:
769:
765:
760:
757:
754:
750:
746:
741:
738:
735:
731:
727:
722:
719:
706:
702:
701:
696:
690:
688:
684:
680:
675:
673:
671:
669:
667:
665:
663:
659:
652:
647:
644:
642:
641:Superspreader
639:
638:
634:
632:
630:
629:
623:
621:
620:
614:
612:
607:
605:
604:Marvel Comics
602:published by
601:
598:appearing in
597:
593:
589:
587:
579:
577:
569:
562:
560:
556:
549:
547:
545:
541:
537:
532:
527:
525:
519:
514:
510:
508:
498:
496:
491:
484:
479:
477:
473:
471:
467:
458:
456:
449:
447:
443:
441:
436:
433:
428:
420:
413:
411:
409:
405:
401:
395:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
372:
368:
362:
360:
354:
350:
348:
343:
341:
336:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
305:
298:
295:
290:
288:
287:
281:
277:
275:
269:Investigation
268:
266:
263:
259:
254:
252:
248:
242:
240:
236:
232:
224:
222:
220:
216:
215:County Tyrone
212:
204:
199:
197:
194:
190:
189:
185:
181:
177:
176:typhoid fever
173:
169:
165:
157:
156:typhoid fever
153:
150:
146:
142:
138:
131:
128:
127:
125:
121:
117:
113:
110:
108:Resting place
106:
101:
91:
87:
82:
81:County Tyrone
78:
65:
61:
54:
49:
42:
39:
35:
28:
27:
22:
3806:
3794:
3782:
3751:Radium Girls
3746:Typhoid Mary
3745:
3433:Microbiology
3303:
3295:
3179:Epidemiology
3077:Organization
3028:Oral hygiene
3018:Hand washing
2996:Healthy diet
2926:Right to sit
2819:Labor rights
2638:
2617:
2578:
2574:
2553:Beacon Press
2546:
2522:
2503:10822/896644
2489:(5): 38–43.
2486:
2482:The Sciences
2480:
2464:
2435:
2431:
2408:
2385:. New York:
2382:
2362:
2358:
2339:. Retrieved
2334:
2321:
2291:
2287:
2263:
2243:
2223:
2196:
2192:
2169:
2150:
2125:
2115:FDA Consumer
2114:
2094:
2073:
2053:
2030:Warehouse 13
2029:
2022:
2013:
2003:
1991:. Retrieved
1982:
1972:
1960:. Retrieved
1958:. Comic Vine
1950:
1938:. Retrieved
1928:
1918:November 18,
1916:. Retrieved
1912:
1903:
1885:
1878:
1866:. Retrieved
1851:
1839:. Retrieved
1824:
1816:the original
1806:
1786:
1780:
1768:
1756:
1744:
1734:
1727:
1715:. Retrieved
1701:
1689:. Retrieved
1680:
1671:
1652:
1646:
1634:
1601:
1577:
1567:
1526:
1522:
1495:
1483:
1471:. Retrieved
1446:, p. 2.
1439:
1427:. Retrieved
1420:the original
1415:
1354:
1342:. Retrieved
1328:
1301:. Retrieved
1287:
1277:
1265:
1255:. New York:
1252:
1246:
1234:. Retrieved
1228:. NOVA PBS.
1178:
1174:
1164:
1152:
1125:. Retrieved
1118:the original
1113:
1101:
1090:
1084:
1072:
1048:
1042:
1030:. Retrieved
1013:
1007:
997:
985:. Retrieved
978:the original
973:
961:
949:
937:
925:
913:
901:. Retrieved
892:
853:
841:
812:
800:
788:
759:
744:
740:
725:
721:
711:February 28,
709:. Retrieved
705:the original
698:
628:Warehouse 13
626:
624:
617:
615:
608:
596:supervillain
590:
586:Typhoid Mary
584:The phrase "
583:
574:
557:
553:
528:
521:
516:
512:
506:
500:
494:
492:
488:
474:
462:
453:
444:
437:
429:
425:
396:
364:
356:
351:
346:
344:
337:
310:
292:
289:. He wrote:
285:
282:
278:
274:George Soper
272:
255:
243:
228:
208:
196:misfortune.
186:
168:Typhoid Mary
167:
163:
162:
132:Typhoid Mary
94:(1938-11-11)
38:
25:
3860:Index cases
3835:1938 deaths
3830:1869 births
3808:WikiProject
3548:and history
3428:Engineering
3141:Vaccination
3013:Food safety
2341:October 25,
1602:Social Text
1429:February 9,
1077:Rogers 2017
540:lymph nodes
536:macrophages
329:gallbladder
262:Long Island
247:Tuxedo Park
193:quarantined
164:Mary Mallon
45:Mary Mallon
34:Mary Mallen
3824:Categories
3561:Caribbean
3438:Processing
3372:Quarantine
3294:Student's
3094:Sanitation
2728:History of
2640:Snopes.com
2619:Snopes.com
2063:0299153207
2027:"Trials".
1749:Soper 1939
1391:Soper 1939
1303:August 31,
1270:Soper 1939
1065:Soper 1939
954:Soper 1939
930:Soper 1939
817:Kenny 2014
753:160819518X
734:0674357086
653:References
580:In culture
524:Adirondack
258:Oyster Bay
205:Early life
140:Occupation
129:Mary Brown
69:1869-09-23
3741:John Snow
3668:Education
3658:Full list
3546:education
3470:ISO 22000
3423:Chemistry
3336:Epidemics
3289:ROC curve
3099:Emergency
2879:Radiation
2859:Pollution
2843:Ministers
2740:Euthenics
2381:(1974) .
1983:Pitchfork
1962:April 29,
1940:March 23,
1618:0164-2472
1559:189905236
1543:0197-5897
1187:0820-3946
619:The Knick
485:Aftermath
466:pneumonia
408:affidavit
380:urotropin
235:Manhattan
211:Cookstown
200:Biography
170:, was an
116:The Bronx
83:, Ireland
77:Cookstown
3784:Category
3483:sciences
3418:Additive
3089:Safe sex
3060:Medicine
2974:Theories
2745:Genomics
2723:Eugenics
2713:Deviance
2693:Auxology
2605:18014976
2543:(1996).
2521:(2013).
2511:11657398
2407:(2001).
2310:24714738
2215:19312127
1987:Archived
1862:Archived
1835:Archived
1711:Archived
1685:Archived
1467:Archived
1338:Archived
1297:Archived
1230:Archived
1026:Archived
897:Archived
635:See also
518:society.
464:died of
239:diarrhea
184:bacteria
3796:Commons
3709:History
3606:Canada
3581:Europe
3065:Nursing
3045:Hygiene
3008:Hygiene
2733:Liberal
2686:General
2596:1529062
2475:, 1985.
2454:8634973
2445:1487781
2371:8547719
2301:3959940
2206:1911442
2042:Sources
2014:Vulture
1993:May 24,
1868:May 26,
1841:May 26,
1717:May 14,
1691:May 14,
1551:3343413
1473:May 11,
1344:May 11,
1236:May 14,
1205:8634973
1196:1487781
1127:July 1,
1092:Newsday
1032:July 5,
987:July 1,
903:June 7,
542:or the
384:kidneys
219:Ireland
3596:India
3571:China
3443:Safety
3124:Worker
2603:
2593:
2559:
2529:
2509:
2452:
2442:
2415:
2393:
2369:
2308:
2298:
2271:
2250:
2231:
2213:
2203:
2176:
2157:
2134:
2102:
2081:
2060:
1893:
1794:
1659:
1626:466739
1624:
1616:
1557:
1549:
1541:
1203:
1193:
1185:
751:
732:
550:Ethics
544:spleen
503:
480:Legacy
402:, the
225:Career
3621:U.S.
3465:HACCP
3414:Food
3306:-test
3298:-test
2884:Light
2869:Water
2523:Fever
1891:JSTOR
1622:JSTOR
1555:S2CID
1547:JSTOR
1423:(PDF)
1412:(PDF)
1121:(PDF)
1110:(PDF)
981:(PDF)
970:(PDF)
459:Death
388:yeast
3397:WASH
3353:List
3341:List
2874:Soil
2601:PMID
2557:ISBN
2527:ISBN
2507:PMID
2450:PMID
2432:CMAJ
2413:ISBN
2391:ISBN
2367:PMID
2343:2020
2306:PMID
2269:ISBN
2248:ISBN
2229:ISBN
2211:PMID
2174:ISBN
2155:ISBN
2132:ISBN
2100:ISBN
2079:ISBN
2058:ISBN
1995:2020
1964:2014
1942:2020
1920:2021
1870:2020
1843:2020
1792:ISBN
1719:2020
1693:2020
1657:ISBN
1614:ISSN
1539:ISSN
1475:2020
1431:2011
1346:2020
1305:2014
1288:Nova
1238:2020
1201:PMID
1183:ISSN
1129:2018
1034:2019
989:2018
905:2011
749:ISBN
730:ISBN
713:2010
529:The
390:and
369:and
143:Cook
89:Died
63:Born
2864:Air
2591:PMC
2583:doi
2499:hdl
2491:doi
2463:.
2440:PMC
2436:154
2296:PMC
2201:PMC
1606:doi
1531:doi
1293:PBS
1191:PMC
1179:154
1114:FDA
1018:doi
974:FDA
260:on
154:of
3826::
2637:.
2616:.
2599:.
2589:.
2579:29
2577:.
2573:.
2555:.
2505:.
2497:.
2487:36
2485:.
2448:.
2434:.
2430:.
2389:.
2363:78
2361:.
2333:.
2320:.
2304:.
2292:26
2290:.
2286:.
2209:.
2197:15
2195:.
2191:.
2052:.
2012:.
1985:.
1981:.
1911:.
1679:.
1620:.
1612:.
1600:.
1588:^
1576:.
1553:.
1545:.
1537:.
1527:20
1525:.
1521:.
1507:^
1451:^
1414:.
1398:^
1381:^
1366:^
1313:^
1295:.
1285:.
1213:^
1199:.
1189:.
1177:.
1173:.
1137:^
1112:.
1057:^
1024:.
1014:48
1012:.
1006:.
972:.
895:.
891:.
865:^
824:^
771:^
747:,
728:,
697:.
686:^
661:^
613:.
606:.
546:.
217:,
213:,
114:,
79:,
3660:)
3656:(
3304:Z
3296:t
2845:)
2841:(
2671:e
2664:t
2657:v
2622:.
2607:.
2585::
2565:.
2535:.
2513:.
2501::
2493::
2467:(
2456:.
2421:.
2399:.
2373:.
2345:.
2312:.
2277:.
2256:.
2237:.
2217:.
2182:.
2163:.
2140:.
2108:.
2087:.
2066:.
2016:.
1997:.
1966:.
1944:.
1922:.
1897:.
1872:.
1845:.
1800:.
1721:.
1695:.
1665:.
1628:.
1608::
1582:.
1561:.
1533::
1477:.
1433:.
1348:.
1307:.
1240:.
1207:.
1147:.
1131:.
1095:.
1036:.
1020::
991:.
907:.
715:.
681:.
71:)
67:(
36:.
29:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
