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American libraries through comparison of three conferences of the
American Library Association. "At the first meeting of the Association in Philadelphia, 1876, only 12 of the 103 members present were women; at the Chicago meeting in 1893, 166 of the 305 members present were women; at Magnolia in 1902, the largest conference yet held, 736 out of 1018 members present were women". To further illustrate her opinion that there was no discrimination in regard to sex in the American Library Association, she refers to Miss Caroline M. Hewins, librarian of the Hartford Public Library, who was the first woman to ask a question before a meeting of the American Library Association in 1877, the association's second meeting, and Miss Mary A. Bean, the librarian of the Brookline Public Library, who was the first woman to appear on a library program, by reading a paper on "The evil of unlimited freedom in the use of juvenile fiction" in the 1879 meeting in Boston. Cutler Fairchild credits the open-minded attitude of the men in the library movement for contributing to the lack of self-consciousness displayed by women in association meetings by taking what women said or wrote at its actual value. However, she noted that participation by women in American Library Association meetings was disproportionate to their attendance. Cutler Fairchild continued her evaluation of women in libraries by surveying 100 representative libraries to access the number of professional and non-professional positions and their salaries held by women as compared to those held by men. The results of her inquiries proved that women greatly outnumbered men in the libraries selected, holding a large proportion of administrative positions but with little administrative responsibility, and outnumbered men in non-administrative responsible positions, but seldom held positions with the most responsibility. In addition, women did not hold positions offering the highest salaries, but rather appeared to perform the same level of work for less compensation. The following reasons were given for this discrepancy:
31:
206:, about library-related employment. Dewey hired her as a cataloger, and she became head cataloger of the Columbia library in 1885. In 1887, Dewey opened the Columbia College School of Library Economy, the first librarian training institution in the United States, and hand-selected Cutler as a cataloging instructor. Two years later, Dewey resigned from Columbia to work as the director of the
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he brought Dewey's dream to reality. She made the library school a model which was imitated by other merging library schools in the country. She set standards within the profession, instituted rigorous entrance examinations for students, and trained students actively to promote reading and the public
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Cutler
Fairchild did find agreement among the criticizers that positions requiring "gracious hospitality" were held more successfully by women including the head of small or medium-sized libraries and all work with children. "'Her broad sympathies, her quick wits, her intuitions and her delight in
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After falling ill in 1905, Cutler
Fairchild had to retire from the library for the blind and the library school. By the time of her retirement, she had trained around 500 students in librarianship. Though her professional activities after 1905 were limited, she continued to contribute to the field
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were added to the entrance requirements. She also oversaw the expansion of the scope of library training to better suit public service as professional educators, her ideal of the librarian. Additionally, she pioneered library services for the blind, in memory of her blind father, by organizing the
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In 1904, Cutler
Fairchild was asked by the President of the American Library Association to prepare a statistical statement on "Women in American Libraries" which was published in the December 1904 issue of the Library Journal. She opened the article by showing the growing prominence of women in
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After ill health forced her to stop teaching, she began to pursue librarianship, as she was intrigued by the work of the newly-organized
American Library Association (founded in 1876). In 1884, she worked at a small country library, after which she contacted
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Despite these criticisms of women's ability to hold responsible library positions, women continued to push men out of the library field, just as in the teaching field, because they could be paid less than men, as was legal at the time.
498:""Mr. Dewey is Crazy and Katharine Sharp Hates the University of Chicago:": Gender, Power, and Personality and the Demise of the University of Chicago Course in Library Science 1897–1903"
254:(ALA) in 1891, a member of the ALA's Council from 1892 to 1898 and from 1909 to 1914, and ALA vice president from 1894 to 1895 and from 1900 to 1901. As a exhibit committee chair for the
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through articles she wrote and submitted to journals, as well as through lectures and presentations she gave on book selection and the history of libraries. Upon the death of
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She has not the temperamental fitness for the exercise of large authoritative control over a mixed staff.
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51:
390:
Munch, Janet Butler (2003). "Mary Salome Cutler
Fairchild (librarian)". In Whisenhun, Donald W. (ed.).
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in 1893, she established and compiled a catalog for a model library with 5,000 volumes. Cutler married
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She lacks a sense of proportion and the power of taking a large, imperative view of things.
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Minister, in 1897. By the early 1900s, she was going by the name Salome Cutler
Fairchild.
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New York State
Library for the Blind. In 1891, Cutler was awarded a bachelor's degree in
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Papers and
Proceedings of the ... General Meeting of the American Library Association
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Encyclopedia USA: The encyclopedia of the United States of
America, Past and Present
285:. Her and her husband's papers are kept in the Edwin Milton Fairchild Collection at
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Encyclopedia USA: The encyclopedia of the United States of America, Past and Present
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Mary Salome Cutler; June 21, 1855 – December 20, 1921) was a pioneering American
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459:"Librarians and the "Woman Question": An Inquiry into Conservatism"
289:, while some of her letters are kept in the Melvil Dewey Papers at
194:) in 1875, then taught Latin at her alma mater from 1876 to 1878.
543:
Fairchild, Salome Cutler (1904). "Women in American Libraries".
408:"Mary Salome Cutler Fairchild: American librarian and educator"
362:"Mary Salome Cutler Fairchild: American librarian and educator"
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Fairchild, Salome Cutler “Women in American Libraries.” In
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She is conservative and afraid of legitimate experiments.
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Britannica Biography Collection - Online School Edition.
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Journal of Education for Library and Information Science
190:. She graduated from Mount Holyoke Female Seminary (now
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American librarian and library educator (1855–1921)
337:self-sacrifice' give her an undoubted advantage."
210:, and he moved the School of Library Economy to
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313:She is not in touch with the world of affairs.
609:"Fairchild, Mary Salome Cutler (1855-1821)."
567:The National Cyclopædia of American Biography
162:in the United States through her work at the
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430:"Past Executive Directors & Secretaries"
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319:She shuns rather than courts responsibility.
281:Cutler Fairchild died December 20, 1921, in
245:, "Mary Salome Cutler Fairchild (librarian)"
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611:Dictionary of American Library Biography
364:. Encyclopædia Britannica. 2022-12-16 .
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250:She was the Executive Director of the
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229:University of the State of New York
102:University of the State of New York
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672:People from Dalton, Massachusetts
602:"Fairchild, Mary Salome Cutler."
316:She is distinctly unbusinesslike.
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623:"Mary Salome Cutler Fairchild."
368:from the original on 2022-12-22.
170:, as well as her service in the
182:Mary Salome Cutler was born in
463:The Journal of Library History
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496:Stauffer, Suzanne M. (2015).
216:New York State Library School
168:New York State Library School
667:Mount Holyoke College alumni
436:American Library Association
256:World's Columbian Exposition
252:American Library Association
172:American Library Association
148:Mary Salome Cutler Fairchild
130:American Library Association
23:Mary Salome Cutler Fairchild
604:American National Biography
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301:Work on women in libraries
662:American women librarians
563:"Salome Cutler Fairchild"
410:. Encyclopædia Britannica
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633:(December 1904, 157-162)
618:School Library Journal.
579:2027/mdp.39015078229088
88:Salome Cutler Fairchild
677:Educators of the blind
613:. Pages 167–170. 1978.
514:10.3138/jelis.56.2.101
325:She lacks originality.
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208:New York State Library
283:Takoma Park, Maryland
192:Mount Holyoke College
184:Dalton, Massachusetts
99:Mount Holyoke College
70:Takoma Park, Maryland
52:Dalton, Massachusetts
616:"Digging up Dewey."
457:Biggs, Mary (1982).
241:Janet Butler Munch,
202:, then-librarian of
657:American librarians
291:Columbia University
631:Library Journal 29
606:. 7:684-685. 1999.
260:Edwin M. Fairchild
140:Edwin M. Fairchild
82:Mary Salome Cutler
276:Drexel University
236:library movement.
220:Bachelor's degree
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62:December 20, 1921
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200:Melvil Dewey
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166:library and
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126:Organization
64:(1921-12-20)
652:1921 deaths
647:1855 births
584:29 February
108:Occupations
641:Categories
551:: 157–162.
443:2017-11-30
434:About the
341:References
188:papermaker
44:1855-06-21
522:0748-5786
475:0275-3650
414:April 15,
264:Unitarian
156:librarian
113:Librarian
95:Education
530:90015176
483:25541321
366:Archived
239:—
116:educator
227:by the
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136:Spouse
526:JSTOR
479:JSTOR
586:2016
518:ISSN
471:ISSN
416:2022
262:, a
59:Died
38:Born
620:43.
575:hdl
510:doi
152:née
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
