57:
1328:
432:
71:
485:, about 25% of blacks were freed, in part because slaveholders were inspired by the war's ideals. Practically, changing labor needs meant that fewer slaves were required. By 1810 some 30% of northern Maryland's blacks were free, in what was a more urbanized region, but so were 20% of blacks in the southern part of the state. In the next two decades the number of free blacks increased markedly in the northern part of the state, and many congregated in
580:
514:
326:
548:
667:, attacked the State of Maryland. Unable to maintain its own defense, Maryland appealed for help to Liberia, its more powerful neighbor. President Roberts sent military assistance, and an alliance of Marylanders and Liberian militia troops successfully repelled the local tribesmen. The Republic of Maryland recognized that it could not survive as an independent state, and following a
415:, which declared independence from the American Colonization Society on July 26, 1847. The Maryland colony remained separate from the Commonwealth of Liberia, as the colonization society wished to maintain its trade monopoly in the area. On February 2, 1841, Maryland-in-Africa became the Independent State of Maryland. Following
477:
Those who supported relocation to West Africa believed (or said they believed) that the
African Americans would create there better polities; first as some vague type of colonies, then countries, away from white prejudice, discrimination, and economic exploitation. While thousands of free blacks did
1224:
Thirty-fifth annual report of the
American Colonization Society : with the proceedings of the Board of Directors and of the Society, and the addresses delivered at the annual meeting, January 20, 1852 : to which is added an appendix, containing information about going to Liberia; things
500:
on
January 7, 1822. The Maryland Society decided to establish a new settlement of its own to accommodate its emigrants and with the intention of controlling trade to its colony. In December 1831, the Maryland state legislature in the United States appropriated US$ 10,000 for 26 years to transport
627:
The colony of
Maryland in Liberia remained independent, as the Maryland State Colonization Society wished to maintain its trade monopoly in the area. On February 2, 1841, Maryland-in-Africa declared its statehood and became the State of Maryland. In 1847 the Maryland State Colonization Society
489:, the state's and the South's largest city. By 1830 Maryland had a total of 52,938 free blacks: 51.3% of blacks in northern Maryland were free, and the black population of Baltimore was 75% free. In southern Maryland, free blacks made up 24.7% of the black population.
462:", but by this time most African Americans were native-born in the United States, and said they were no more African than the Americans are British. Slaveholders believed that free blacks threatened the stability of their slave societies.
571:. The Colonization Society organizers thought they could establish new trading ties by relocating African Americans to West Africa. The colony was named Maryland in Africa (also known as Maryland in Liberia) on February 12, 1834.
528:, in 1834, somewhat south of the rest of the American colony. The Cape is a small, rocky peninsula connected to the mainland by a sandy isthmus. Immediately to the west of the peninsula is the estuary of the
1148:
Maryland in
Liberia: a History of the Colony Planted By the Maryland State Colonization Society Under the Auspices of the State of Maryland, U. S. At Cape Palmas on the South-West Coast of Africa, 1833-1853
1475:
1317:
1460:
1510:
1455:
1031:
505:
and the
Caribbean islands, respectively, to Africa. It founded the Maryland State Colonization Society for this purpose. Nowhere near that number were actually transported.
478:
relocate to the colonies, most free
African Americans opposed this project, claiming the right of their birth in the United States and wanting to improve their lives there.
1242:
1520:
458:
In this period, both slaveholders and abolitionists collaborated on the project to transport free blacks to Africa, though for different reasons. They suggested it was "
934:
1500:
1310:
1525:
481:
The U.S. state of
Maryland had an increasing proportion of free blacks among its African-American population. During the first two decades after the
1146:
1372:
1303:
624:
Two
American visitors in 1851 reported the population of "Maryland in Liberia" to be between 900 and 1,000, with four churches and six schools.
1485:
455:, which resulted in independence for that country in 1804. Fears were raised about the effects of emancipation of slaves in the United States.
251:
1367:
1126:
1043:
416:
1401:
668:
1445:
1377:
493:
386:
148:
92:
70:
56:
1515:
1196:
466:'s rebellion of 1831 panicked Southerners, who feared another slave uprising and seizure of the country, as had recently happened in
1505:
1252:
1160:
1346:
1440:
1258:
1470:
1465:
599:
to
Maryland in Africa, and supported agriculture and trade. He had begun his career working as the colonial secretary for the
875:
1530:
1490:
1228:
600:
446:
440:
393:
992:
644:
On May 29, 1854, the State of Maryland declared its independence, naming itself Maryland in Liberia, with its capital at
595:(1799–1851), who served as governor for more than a dozen years, until his death. Russwurm encouraged the immigration of
400:, in West Africa. There were also initially separate settlements founded by state colonization societies of Mississippi (
1495:
1389:
1181:
1152:
1067:"Education for Colonization: Attempts to Educate Free Blacks in the United States for Emigration to Africa, 1823-1833"
419:
in 1853, the state declared its independence on May 29, 1854, under the name Maryland in Liberia, with its capital at
1351:
633:
1450:
37:
1038:, The Cambridge World History of Slavery, vol. 4, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 321–343,
1480:
653:
435:
Map of Liberia in the 1830s, where the Republic of Maryland and other state-sponsored colonies are identified.
1295:
1118:
618:
412:
906:
854:
474:(free) their slaves and also worried about the discrimination faced by free blacks in the United States.
216:
1290:
Proceedings and addresses on the occasion of the 66th, anniversary of the founding of Maryland in Liberia
524:
The first area in the future Republic of Maryland to be settled by the Maryland Colonization Society was
496:
was originally a branch of the American Colonization Society, which had founded the colony of Liberia at
880:
729:
401:
153:
1030:
Geggus, David (2017), Eltis, David; Richardson, David; Drescher, Seymour; Engerman, Stanley L. (eds.),
396:
was founded in 1816. It supported the settlement of thousands of free people of color to its colony of
451:
The American Colonization Society was founded in 1816, in part due to alarms over the violence of the
371:
293:
1327:
431:
767:
684:
592:
529:
482:
180:
470:. Abolitionists, many of them ministers, hoped to persuade slaveholders through their religion to
1225:
which every emigrant ought to know; Messrs. Fuller and Janifer's report, and a table of emigrants
1142:
1086:
997:
885:
870:
797:
584:
452:
405:
192:
1248:
1156:
1122:
1112:
1039:
648:. It was also known as the Republic of Maryland. It held the land along the coast between the
596:
1078:
1014:
967:
841:
614:
560:
467:
367:
204:
118:
579:
1200:
959:
688:
672:
645:
420:
108:
76:
971:
1283:
605:
541:
127:
1222:
Fuller Jr, Thomas; Janifer, Benjamin (1852) , "Mressrs. Fuller and Janifer's Report",
1434:
1275:
533:
502:
375:
1289:
660:
513:
459:
137:
17:
960:"Merchant Congressman in the Young Republic: Samuel Smith of Maryland 1752-1839"
692:
564:
552:
537:
525:
517:
378:
359:
547:
664:
649:
463:
1416:
1403:
1284:
Constitution and Laws of Maryland in Liberia: With an Appendix of Precedents
486:
610:
He resigned this post in 1835 to protest America's colonization policies.
591:
In 1836 the Colonization Society appointed its first mixed-race governor,
408:), Georgia, Pennsylvania, and Louisiana. A New Jersey colony was planned.
568:
532:. Approximately 21 km (15 mi) along the coast to the east, the
497:
382:
122:
97:
33:
1090:
1066:
696:
471:
397:
363:
319:
80:
1277:
Maryland in Africa; the Maryland State Colonization Society, 1831-1857
671:, Maryland was annexed by Liberia on April 6, 1857, becoming known as
1082:
501:
10,000 free blacks and ex-slaves, and 400 Caribbean slaves from the
362:
that existed from 1834 to 1857, when it was merged into what is now
546:
544:, according to the International Hydrographic Organization (IHO).
1036:
The Cambridge World History of Slavery: Volume 4: AD 1804–AD 2016
536:
empties into the sea, marking the border between Liberia and the
411:
In 1838, these African-American settlements were united into the
1299:
1114:
The Road to Disunion, Volume 1: Secessionists at Bay, 1776-1854
1178:
On Afric's Shore: A History of Maryland in Liberia, 1834-1857
935:"[Freed American Slave Colony] (Maryland In Liberia)"
923:
On Afric's Shore: A History of Maryland in Liberia, 1834-1857
617:
settlements on the west coast of Africa united to form the
603:
between 1830 and 1834. He also worked as the editor of the
858:, Governor, The Independent State of Maryland in Liberia
845:, Governor, The Independent State of Maryland in Liberia
832:, Governor, The Independent State of Maryland in Liberia
563:
slaves and freeborn African Americans primarily from the
656:
rivers. It lasted three years as an independent state.
640:
Declaration of Independence, and annexation by Liberia
1001:. Vol. 32, no. 8. August 1856. p. 229.
621:, which declared its independence on July 26, 1847.
161:
1360:
1339:
289:
275:
263:
248:
238:
226:
210:
198:
186:
174:
160:
143:
133:
114:
104:
87:
45:
1010:
1008:
583:John Brown Russwurm, first mixed-race governor of
1476:Populated places established by Americo-Liberians
902:
900:
801:, acting Governor, State of Maryland in Liberia
366:. The area was first settled in 1834 by freed
1461:States and territories disestablished in 1857
1311:
8:
1016:Constitution and Laws of Maryland in Liberia
659:Soon afterward, local tribes, including the
630:Constitution and Laws of Maryland in Liberia
1511:African-American repatriation organizations
1106:
1104:
1102:
1100:
1456:States and territories established in 1854
1318:
1304:
1296:
713:
453:Haitian slave revolution and its aftermath
69:
42:
1521:Former polities incorporated into Liberia
818:, Governor, State of Maryland in Liberia
785:, Governor, State of Maryland in Liberia
993:"Arrival, and Intelligence from Liberia"
578:
512:
430:
896:
1199:. The Community Leader. Archived from
274:
262:
247:
237:
233:
209:
197:
185:
173:
169:
159:
7:
1390:Elections and referendums in Liberia
1032:"Slavery and the Haitian Revolution"
972:10.1163/2468-1733_shafr_sim030060173
687:was erected near his burial site at
540:. It marks the western limit of the
1501:People of Liberated African descent
494:Maryland State Colonization Society
387:Maryland State Colonization Society
149:Maryland State Colonization Society
93:Maryland State Colonization Society
27:Country in West Africa (1834–1857)
25:
1331:Elections and referendums in the
749:July 1, 1836 – September 28, 1836
725:February 12, 1834 – February 1836
1526:1857 disestablishments in Africa
1326:
559:Most of the settlers were freed
324:
55:
1195:Lear, Alex (December 7, 2006).
771:, Governor, Maryland in Africa
744:, Governor, Maryland in Africa
733:, Governor, Maryland in Africa
703:Governors of Maryland-in-Africa
240:• Establishment as colony
1111:Freehling, William H. (1991).
1071:The Journal of Negro Education
876:History of slavery in Maryland
1:
1486:1854 establishments in Africa
1247:. Chicago: World Book. 1996.
1229:American Colonization Society
1065:Franklin, Vincent P. (1974).
601:American Colonization Society
447:African Americans in Maryland
441:American Colonization Society
394:American Colonization Society
348:Independent State of Maryland
346:(also known variously as the
1280:by Campbell, Penelope, 1971.
738:February 1836 – July 1, 1836
385:, under the auspices of the
47:Colony of Maryland in Africa
1244:The World Book encyclopedia
1182:Maryland Historical Society
1153:Maryland Historical Society
850:April 1856 – March 18, 1857
707:(Dates in italics indicate
613:In 1838, a number of other
1547:
1446:Former countries in Africa
1231:, pp. 44–48, at p. 46
634:United States Constitution
444:
438:
417:an independence referendum
372:freeborn African Americans
277:• Annexed by Liberia
31:
1516:Former colonies in Africa
1386:
1197:"Crossing the color line"
837:June 8, 1854 – April 1856
509:Settlement of Cape Palmas
299:
285:
234:
222:
170:
68:
52:
38:Maryland (disambiguation)
1506:African diaspora history
1263:Retrieved March 13, 2010
1020:Retrieved March 13, 2010
912:Retrieved March 13, 2010
711:continuation of office)
32:Not to be confused with
1441:Americo-Liberian people
1119:Oxford University Press
619:Commonwealth of Liberia
413:Commonwealth of Liberia
1471:19th century in Africa
1466:History of colonialism
1176:Hall, Richard (2003).
964:The SHAFR Guide Online
908:The African Repository
855:Boston Jenkins Drayton
753:Three-member Committee
588:
556:
521:
436:
217:Boston Jenkins Drayton
147:Private Colony of the
91:Private Colony of the
36:; for other uses, see
881:Mississippi-in-Africa
760:September 28, 1836 –
755:, Maryland in Africa
582:
550:
516:
445:Further information:
434:
402:Mississippi-in-Africa
154:Republican Government
115:Common languages
1531:Republic of Maryland
1491:Repatriated Africans
1333:Republic of Maryland
1227:, Washington, D.C.:
520:mission, circa 1840.
344:Republic of Maryland
294:United States dollar
1413: /
1261:on August 23, 2006.
1143:Latrobe, John H. B.
783:John Brown Russwurm
768:John Brown Russwurm
685:John Brown Russwurm
593:John Brown Russwurm
575:John Brown Russwurm
483:American Revolution
374:primarily from the
358:) was a country in
356:Maryland in Liberia
181:John Brown Russwurm
1496:Repatriated slaves
998:African Repository
886:Kentucky in Africa
871:History of Liberia
830:Samuel Ford McGill
816:Samuel Ford McGill
798:Samuel Ford McGill
589:
585:Maryland in Africa
557:
522:
437:
406:Kentucky in Africa
352:Maryland-in-Africa
265:• Declaration
193:Samuel Ford McGill
75:Map of modern-day
18:Maryland in Africa
1396:
1395:
1128:978-0-19-976276-7
1045:978-0-521-84069-9
910:, Volume 14, p.42
862:
861:
742:Oliver Holmes Jr.
597:African Americans
340:
339:
336:
335:
332:
331:
244:February 12, 1834
16:(Redirected from
1538:
1451:Former republics
1428:
1427:
1425:
1424:
1423:
1418:
1414:
1411:
1410:
1409:
1406:
1330:
1320:
1313:
1306:
1297:
1264:
1262:
1257:. Archived from
1239:
1233:
1232:
1219:
1213:
1212:
1210:
1208:
1203:on July 14, 2011
1192:
1186:
1185:
1173:
1167:
1166:
1139:
1133:
1132:
1108:
1095:
1094:
1062:
1056:
1055:
1054:
1052:
1027:
1021:
1012:
1003:
1002:
989:
983:
982:
980:
978:
956:
950:
949:
947:
945:
939:www.raremaps.com
931:
925:
919:
913:
904:
842:William A. Prout
777:February 2, 1841
762:February 2, 1841
714:
561:African-American
368:African-American
328:
327:
316:
315:
301:
300:
267:of independence
259:January 31, 1853
205:William A. Prout
73:
59:
43:
21:
1546:
1545:
1541:
1540:
1539:
1537:
1536:
1535:
1481:Maryland County
1431:
1430:
1421:
1419:
1417:4.367°N 7.717°W
1415:
1412:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1400:
1399:
1397:
1392:
1382:
1356:
1335:
1324:
1272:
1270:Further reading
1267:
1255:
1241:
1240:
1236:
1221:
1220:
1216:
1206:
1204:
1194:
1193:
1189:
1175:
1174:
1170:
1163:
1155:. p. 125.
1141:
1140:
1136:
1129:
1110:
1109:
1098:
1083:10.2307/2966946
1064:
1063:
1059:
1050:
1048:
1046:
1029:
1028:
1024:
1013:
1006:
991:
990:
986:
976:
974:
958:
957:
953:
943:
941:
933:
932:
928:
921:Hall, Richard,
920:
916:
905:
898:
894:
867:
790:June 9, 1851 –
705:
681:
673:Maryland County
642:
632:, based on the
577:
511:
449:
443:
429:
325:
278:
268:
266:
256:
253:
241:
213:
212:• 1856–57
201:
200:• 1854–56
189:
177:
176:• 1836–51
152:
126:
96:
83:
77:Maryland County
64:
61:
60:
48:
41:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1544:
1542:
1534:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1433:
1432:
1394:
1393:
1387:
1384:
1383:
1381:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1364:
1362:
1358:
1357:
1355:
1354:
1349:
1343:
1341:
1337:
1336:
1325:
1323:
1322:
1315:
1308:
1300:
1294:
1293:
1287:
1281:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1265:
1253:
1234:
1214:
1187:
1168:
1161:
1134:
1127:
1096:
1057:
1044:
1022:
1004:
984:
951:
926:
914:
895:
893:
890:
889:
888:
883:
878:
873:
866:
863:
860:
859:
851:
847:
846:
838:
834:
833:
827:
826:– June 8, 1854
820:
819:
813:
803:
802:
794:
787:
786:
780:
779:– June 9, 1851
773:
772:
764:
757:
756:
750:
746:
745:
739:
735:
734:
726:
722:
721:
718:
704:
701:
680:
677:
641:
638:
628:published the
606:Liberia Herald
576:
573:
542:Gulf of Guinea
510:
507:
439:Main article:
428:
425:
338:
337:
334:
333:
330:
329:
322:
313:
310:
309:
304:
297:
296:
291:
287:
286:
283:
282:
281:March 18, 1857
279:
276:
273:
272:
269:
264:
261:
260:
257:
249:
246:
245:
242:
239:
236:
235:
232:
231:
228:
224:
223:
220:
219:
214:
211:
208:
207:
202:
199:
196:
195:
190:
187:
184:
183:
178:
175:
172:
171:
168:
167:
164:
158:
157:
145:
141:
140:
135:
131:
130:
116:
112:
111:
106:
102:
101:
89:
85:
84:
74:
66:
65:
63:Flag (1854–57)
62:
54:
53:
50:
49:
46:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1543:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1438:
1436:
1429:
1426:
1422:4.367; -7.717
1391:
1385:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1365:
1363:
1359:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1344:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1329:
1321:
1316:
1314:
1309:
1307:
1302:
1301:
1298:
1291:
1288:
1285:
1282:
1279:
1278:
1274:
1273:
1269:
1260:
1256:
1254:0-7166-0096-X
1250:
1246:
1245:
1238:
1235:
1230:
1226:
1218:
1215:
1202:
1198:
1191:
1188:
1183:
1180:. Baltimore:
1179:
1172:
1169:
1164:
1162:9780404576219
1158:
1154:
1150:
1149:
1144:
1138:
1135:
1130:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1115:
1107:
1105:
1103:
1101:
1097:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1077:(1): 99–100.
1076:
1072:
1068:
1061:
1058:
1047:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1026:
1023:
1019:
1017:
1011:
1009:
1005:
1000:
999:
994:
988:
985:
973:
969:
965:
961:
955:
952:
940:
936:
930:
927:
924:
918:
915:
911:
909:
903:
901:
897:
891:
887:
884:
882:
879:
877:
874:
872:
869:
868:
864:
857:
856:
852:
849:
848:
844:
843:
839:
836:
835:
831:
828:
825:
822:
821:
817:
814:
812:
808:
805:
804:
800:
799:
795:
793:
789:
788:
784:
781:
778:
775:
774:
770:
769:
765:
763:
759:
758:
754:
751:
748:
747:
743:
740:
737:
736:
732:
731:
727:
724:
723:
719:
716:
715:
712:
710:
702:
700:
698:
694:
690:
686:
678:
676:
674:
670:
666:
662:
657:
655:
651:
647:
639:
637:
635:
631:
625:
622:
620:
616:
611:
609:
607:
602:
598:
594:
586:
581:
574:
572:
570:
566:
562:
555:, circa 1853.
554:
549:
545:
543:
539:
535:
534:Cavalla River
531:
530:Hoffman River
527:
519:
515:
508:
506:
504:
503:United States
499:
495:
490:
488:
484:
479:
475:
473:
469:
465:
461:
456:
454:
448:
442:
433:
426:
424:
422:
418:
414:
409:
407:
404:), Kentucky (
403:
399:
395:
390:
388:
384:
380:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
323:
321:
318:
317:
314:
312:
311:
308:
305:
303:
302:
298:
295:
292:
288:
284:
280:
270:
258:
255:
243:
229:
225:
221:
218:
215:
206:
203:
194:
191:
182:
179:
165:
163:
155:
150:
146:
142:
139:
136:
132:
129:
124:
120:
117:
113:
110:
107:
103:
99:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
72:
67:
58:
51:
44:
39:
35:
30:
19:
1398:
1332:
1276:
1259:the original
1243:
1237:
1223:
1217:
1205:. Retrieved
1201:the original
1190:
1177:
1171:
1147:
1137:
1113:
1074:
1070:
1060:
1049:, retrieved
1035:
1025:
1015:
996:
987:
975:. Retrieved
963:
954:
942:. Retrieved
938:
929:
922:
917:
907:
853:
840:
829:
824:May 29, 1854
823:
815:
811:May 29, 1854
810:
806:
796:
791:
782:
776:
766:
761:
752:
741:
728:
708:
706:
683:A statue of
682:
658:
643:
629:
626:
623:
612:
604:
590:
587:(1836–1851).
558:
523:
491:
480:
476:
460:repatriation
457:
450:
410:
391:
355:
351:
347:
343:
341:
307:Succeeded by
306:
271:May 29, 1854
252:Independence
188:• 1854
138:Christianity
29:
1420: /
1361:Referendums
1207:January 31,
693:Cape Palmas
553:Cape Palmas
551:Etching of
538:Ivory Coast
526:Cape Palmas
518:Cape Palmas
392:The larger
370:slaves and
360:West Africa
1435:Categories
1388:See also:
1352:1854 (May)
1347:1854 (Feb)
730:James Hall
720:Incumbent
669:referendum
650:Grand Cess
464:Nat Turner
254:referendum
144:Government
95:(1834–54)
1340:Elections
709:de facto
654:San Pedro
487:Baltimore
156:(1854–57)
151:(1834–54)
134:Religion
100:(1854–57)
1145:(1885).
1051:June 15,
977:June 15,
944:June 15,
865:See also
663:and the
615:American
569:Maryland
498:Monrovia
383:Maryland
290:Currency
162:Governor
123:de facto
98:Republic
34:Maryland
1292:, 1900.
1286:, 1847.
1091:2966946
697:Liberia
472:manumit
427:History
398:Liberia
364:Liberia
320:Liberia
250:•
227:History
119:English
105:Capital
81:Liberia
1408:7°43′W
1405:4°22′N
1251:
1159:
1125:
1089:
1042:
689:Harper
679:Legacy
646:Harper
421:Harper
354:, and
230:
166:
109:Harper
88:Status
1087:JSTOR
1018:, p.1
892:Notes
717:Term
661:Grebo
565:state
468:Haiti
379:state
128:Grebo
1378:1857
1373:1854
1368:1853
1249:ISBN
1209:2008
1157:ISBN
1123:ISBN
1053:2022
1040:ISBN
979:2022
946:2022
807:1852
792:1852
652:and
492:The
376:U.S.
342:The
1079:doi
968:doi
665:Kru
567:of
381:of
79:in
1437::
1151:.
1121:.
1117:.
1099:^
1085:.
1075:43
1073:.
1069:.
1034:,
1007:^
995:.
966:.
962:.
937:.
899:^
809:–
699:.
695:,
691:,
675:.
636:.
423:.
389:.
350:,
40:..
1319:e
1312:t
1305:v
1211:.
1184:.
1165:.
1131:.
1093:.
1081::
981:.
970::
948:.
608:.
125:)
121:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
