546:, 540 U.S. 56 (2003), the Court dealt with a situation in which the state of Virginia sought to exercise its riparian rights over the Potomac River. Maryland statute and regulation did not permit this exercise of rights, and Virginia sued. The U.S. Supreme Court held that Virginia had maintained its sovereignty over its riparian rights by continuously protesting Maryland's assertion of jurisdiction. This has led some legal observers to conclude that West Virginia, too, must begin protesting Maryland's assertion of regulatory jurisdiction in order for West Virginia to maintain sovereignty over its riparian rights.
38:
406:, Virginia attempted to secede from the United States in 1861 over the issue of slavery. Voters in 41 northwestern counties of Virginia (including Preston County) voted to secede from Virginia the same year, and in 1863 the new state of West Virginia was admitted into the union with the United States. Virginia challenged both actions in the U.S. Supreme Court after the war ended, but the Court ruled in West Virginia's favor in
452:, 148 U.S. 503 (1893), and quoted the holding in that case:"'...a boundary line ... which has been run out, located, and marked upon the earth, and afterwards recognized and acquiesced in by the parties for a long course of years, is conclusive, even if it be ascertained that it varies somewhat from the courses given in the original grant...'" Day traced the lineage of this decision rule back through
557:" to the boundary dispute. The concept of prescription is based on the idea that a state or individual's uninterrupted possession to land creates a claim on that land. The assumption of the courts has been that a state or person will seek to possess that which is his, and that silence and/or neglect to regain possession indicates the original owner's intent to relinquish the land.
416:
River, and
Maryland began to claim the South Branch as its true southern boundary. In 1897, the state of Maryland appointed a team of surveyors to locate the headwaters of the South Branch of the Potomac River. A marker named the "Potomac Stone" was placed there, and a new survey line north to the Pennsylvania border established, which Maryland claimed as its new border.
353:
446:
knew and referred to it as the line between the state of
Virginia and the state of Maryland." Day cited numerous examples in which both states and the people of both states treated the Deakins line as the boundary between the two states. Such evidence determined the true boundary under principles of equity, Day said. He referred to
489:
boundary treated as such by landowners. "True it is, that, after the running of the
Deakins line, certain steps were taken, intended to provide a more effectual legal settlement and delimitation of the boundary. But none of these steps were effectual, or such as to disturb the continued possession of
445:
Day concluded that custom and law both accorded the
Deakins line the status of official boundary, even if the state of Maryland routinely contested that line as such. "...the evidence contained in this record leaves no room to doubt that after the running of the Deakins line the people of that region
437:
As to whether the
Deakins line or Michler line was the correct meridan, Justice Day conceded that the Michler line more truly reflected the intent of the land grant to Lord Baltimore. But Day also noted that maps in that era were inaccurate at best, and little surveying of the land had been done. The
415:
On
October 12, 1891, the state of Maryland filed suit against the state of West Virginia to settle a dispute regarding the nature of the true boundary between Garrett County, Maryland, and Preston County, West Virginia. By now, the South Branch had been determined to be the main source of the Potomac
320:. The South Branch extended westward for many more miles than the North Branch. The question arose as to which branch constituted the main branch of the Potomac River. For many years, the North Branch was considered the main bed of the river, and Maryland's southern boundary was set there. In 1746,
433:
Justice Day wrote extensively about the background of the boundary dispute, which was detailed, lengthy, complex, and fact-specific. Justice Day dismissed
Maryland's claim to the South Branch and the meridian running north of the Potomac Stone, as the state of Maryland had not pressed the issue in
340:
as the boundary between
Virginia and Maryland. The Maryland Assembly passed legislation in April 1787 to formally establish this north-south meridian. Francis Deakins was appointed surveyor, and in 1788 established what became known as the "Deakins line." The Deakins line became the
460:
494:
again, Day noted that "a right in its nature prescriptive has arisen, practically undisturbed for many years, not to be overthrown without doing violence to principles of established right and justice equally binding upon states and individuals."
540:, 523 U.S. 767 (1998), the U.S. Supreme Court held that a state can acquiesce in the regulation of its water rights by another state and still maintain its sovereign authority over those rights only so long as it protests the regulation. In
293:(later the commonwealth of Virginia). This grant designated "the Potomac River" as the boundary of Virginia. The conflicting grants led to a long-running border dispute between Maryland and Virginia. The two states settled navigational and
712:
Boundary Line
Between the States of Maryland and Virginia. Before the Honorable Jeremiah S. Black, Honorable William A. Graham, and Honorable Charles J. Jenkins, Arbitrators Upon the Boundary Line Between the States of Virginia and
332:. They carved the letters "Ffx" and Lord Fairfax's coronet into a large pyramidal rock and placed it at the center of these headwaters. In 1748, the Fairfax Stone and the meridian north of it were approved by the Virginia
561:
is considered a classic case where the doctrine of prescription is applied. Although some legal scholars have attempted to provide criteria which would trigger prescription (e.g., 50 years of uninterrupted possession), in
382:
in 1776 out of what was then the unincorporated territory of the
District of West August. In 1780, two parts of then-Augusta County were also added to Monongalia County. In 1818, the Virginia state legislature created
1353:
252:
between states, which said that decisions should be based on the specific facts of the case, applying the principles of law and equity in such a way that least disturbs private rights and title to land.
1343:
789:. See: Dellapenna, Joseph W. "Transboundary Water Allocation in the Twenty-First Century: Colloquiam Article: Interstate Struggles Over Rivers: The Southeastern States and the Struggle Over 'Hooch."
300:
Maryland entered into a separate dispute with Virginia regarding the placement of its true southern boundary in the west. The land grant given to Lord Baltimore stated that the Potomac River to its
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424:
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to establish a true meridian boundary. Virginia refused to accept this line as the true boundary, arguing that the Deakins line had long been accepted as the border between the two states.
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634:
612:
110:
79:
485:
Day acknowledged Maryland's attempts over the past 150 years to dispute the boundary. But he concluded that Maryland's legislative statements were unpersuasive in the face of a
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border of Maryland. Unfortunately, the Deakins line was not straight, and it was not a true meridian but rather drifted to the east (intersecting the border with
791:
507:
The majority held that a commission of surveyors should be appointed to permanently mark the Deakins line from the Fairfax Stone to the Pennsylvania border.
329:
17:
360:
Maryland and Virginia passed legislation in the early 1850s asking the federal government's help in establishing the true border in the area. In 1859, the
321:
399:
off from Allegany County in 1872. Each state claimed the narrow triangular strip of land between them, leaving landowners in the area angry and confused.
1338:
504:, 174 U.S. 196 (1899), conclusive and dismissed the claim. He held that Maryland's border ran to the low-water mark on the southern bank of the river.
808:
1348:
378:
In the interim, both states had been busy creating counties in the area and selling this land to private citizens. The state of Virginia created
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West Virginia's border extends to the low-water mark on the south bank of the Potomac River; Boundary disputes should be adjusted according to
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971:
372:
286:
270:
515:
The Supreme Court appointed a team of surveyors to survey the new boundary, and establish it by placing granite slabs every half-mile. In
883:
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131:
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to find the headwaters of the Potomac River. On October 23, 1746, they located what they believed to be the headwaters at what is now
42:
466:
1363:
736:
665:
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location of the Fairfax Stone, however, was known and clearly had been referred to as a boundary marker by both states. Indeed, the
281:). This grant set the boundary of Maryland at the low-water mark of the southern bank of the Potomac River. On September 27, 1688,
379:
478:
317:
498:
As for West Virginia's cross-claim that its boundary was the high-water mark on the far shore of the Potomac River, Day found
1378:
361:
472:
412:, 78 U.S. 39 (1870). The new state of West Virginia also claimed the old Deakins line as its true boundary with Maryland.
384:
1368:
1211:
The Republic of Texas Is No More: An Answer to the Claim That Texas Was Unconstitutionally Annexed to the United States
392:
313:
233:
1247:
786:
309:
245:
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set the state's western border. At that time no one realized that the Potomac River split into a North Branch and
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778:
408:
388:
181:
396:
266:
519:, 225 U.S. 1, decided May 2, 1912, the Supreme Court accepted the report of the commissioners, overruled in a
728:
The History of Upshur County, West Virginia: From Its Earliest Exploration and Settlement to the Present Time
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as well, and this is considered one of the most important uses of the rule in the early 20th century.
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816:
576:. This Latin phrase translates into English as "the law does not concern itself with trifles." The
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193:
165:
403:
333:
290:
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rule was commonly used by the U.S. Supreme Court in the 19th century in areas such as contract,
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777:
The success of the compact led directly to calls for hold a series of meetings to improve the
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661:
842:
337:
249:
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149:
427:
189:
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781:, then the constitutional document of the United States. This meeting turned into the
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decision the exceptions filed by the state of Maryland, and ordered the boundary set.
1332:
1311:
641:
581:
364:
241:
117:
1227:
999:
990:. Lexington, Ky.: University Press of Kentucky, 1993, p. 113-114, 116-123, 140-153.
585:
346:
961:
726:
655:
492:
State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations v. Commonwealth of Massachusetts
461:
State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations v. Commonwealth of Massachusetts
74:
356:
The current Fairfax Stone (a replacement for the vandalized and worn original).
699:
Virginia Land Grants: A Study of Conveyancing in Relation to Colonial Politics
566:
the Supreme Court held that such decisions must be intensively fact-specific.
520:
301:
90:
684:. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, 1919, p. 473; Risjord, Norman K.
387:
out of a portion of Monongalia County. The state of Maryland in 1789 created
1179:
The Water Resources Protection Act and Its Impact on West Virginia Water Law
325:
304:
was to be the southern boundary of Maryland. From that point, a north-south
352:
753:
Judicial Settlement of Controversies Between States of the American Union
682:
Judicial Settlement of Controversies Between States of the American Union
278:
237:
935:
Adam and 500 More Cunninghams of the Valley of Virginia, c. 1734-c. 1800
881:
Kercheval, Samuel; Faulkner, Charles James; and Jacob, John Jeremiah.
86:
572:
is also a classic case of the high court applying the legal rule of
530:
to the Potomac River are the same as Virginia's, as established in
349:
about three-quarters of a mile east of where it should have done).
351:
966:. Baltimore, Md.: Genealogical Publishing Co. pp. 126, 128.
660:. Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 4–5.
846:. Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1918, p. 46.]
822:. Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999, p. 586.
768:. Albany, N.Y.: State University of New York, 2006, p. 131-132.
37:
1248:
Harry Potter and the Three-Second Crime: Are We Vanishing the
766:
Interstate Disputes: The Supreme Court's Original Jurisdiction
1000:
Teter, Don and Green, John L. "Finding the Potomac Stone."
815:. March 1914, p. 34]; Arnett, Earl; Brugger, Robert J.; and
725:
Cutright, William Bernard; Maxwell, Hu; et al. (1996).
490:
the people claiming rights up to the boundary line." Citing
236:
which held that the boundary between the American states of
1228:
The Falkland Islands: Will the Real Owner Please Stand Up?
297:
in a compact in 1785, but the boundary dispute continued.
755:. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, 1919, p. 484.
903:. Kingwood, W.Va.: Journal Publishing Co., 1914, p. 162.
1354:
United States Supreme Court original jurisdiction cases
1198:. Florence, Ky.: Routledge Cavendish, 2005, p. 263-264.
248:. The decision also affirmed criteria for adjudicating
688:. Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield, 2002, p. 217.
1344:
United States Supreme Court cases of the Fuller Court
613:
List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 217
134:
and equity to least disturb private rights and titles
731:. Baltimore, Md.: Genealogical Pub. Co. p. 59.
701:. Westminster, Md.: Willow Bend Books, 1998, p. 75.
373:
United States Army Corps of Topographical Engineers
214:
209:
138:
124:
103:
98:
66:
56:
49:
30:
1359:Internal territorial disputes of the United States
1214:, 28 Tex. Tech L. Rev. 679, 735, n.267 (1997).
526:The case clearly established that West Virginia's
467:State of Rhode Island v. State of Massachusetts
232:, 217 U.S. 1 (1910), is a 9-to-0 ruling by the
887:. Woodstock, Va.: W.N. Grabill, 1902, p. 165.]
809:The Story of Thomas Cresap, A Maryland Pioneer
792:New York University Environmental Law Journal
8:
1231:, 58 Notre Dame L. Rev. 616, 632 (1983).
913:
911:
909:
430:wrote the decision for the unanimous Court.
330:Fairfax Stone Historical Monument State Park
1172:
1170:
1162:A History of Preston County, West Virginia,
948:A History of Preston County, West Virginia,
937:. Bowie, Md.: Heritage Books, 2000, p. 253.
919:A History of Preston County, West Virginia,
895:
893:
859:. New York: Grolier Club, 1892, p. 235-236.
857:Barons of the Potomack and the Rappahannock
820:Maryland: A New Guide to the Old Line State
803:
801:
434:its briefs and arguments before the Court.
322:Thomas Fairfax, 6th Lord Fairfax of Cameron
61:State of Maryland v. State of West Virginia
1255:, 36 N.M. L. Rev. 261, 262-264 (2006).
901:A History of Preston County, West Virginia
479:State of Louisiana v. State of Mississippi
27:
1240:
1238:
1181:, 107 W. Va. L. Rev. 749, 784 (2005).
929:
927:
872:. Charleston, S.C.: Arcadia, 2000, p. 11.
657:Maryland, a Middle Temperament, 1634-1980
553:also applied a legal principle known as "
1190:
1188:
1120:
1118:
1077:
1075:
1038:
1036:
986:Rice, Otis K. and Brown, Stephen Wayne.
836:
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832:
830:
828:
269:, made a land grant in North America to
623:
18:Maryland–West Virginia football rivalry
710:Whyte, W. Pinkney and Jones, Isaac D.
285:made a land grant in North America to
16:For the college football rivalry, see
899:Morton, Oren Frederic and Cole, J.R.
473:State of Indiana v. State of Kentucky
287:Thomas Colepeper, 2nd Baron Colepeper
271:Cecilius Calvert, 2nd Baron Baltimore
25:1910 United States Supreme Court case
7:
884:A History of the Valley of Virginia
43:Supreme Court of the United States
14:
1339:United States Supreme Court cases
960:Bentley, Elizabeth Petty (2009).
785:, which subsequently drafted the
36:
1280:1 (1910) is available from:
795:. 12:828 (2005), p. 867, n.216.
318:Hampshire County, West Virginia
1349:1910 in United States case law
1108:, 217 U. S. at 41-42, quoting
715:. Baltimore, Md.: 1874, p. 75.
686:Jefferson's America, 1760-1815
362:United States Secretary of War
1:
1004:. 10:10 (September 27, 2013).
442:even referred to it as such.
1389:United States water case law
813:Maryland Historical Magazine
1252:Defense From Copyright Law?
1177:David M. Flannery, et al.,
654:Brugger, Robert J. (1996).
476:, 136 U.S. 479 (1890), and
234:United States Supreme Court
1405:
933:Newman, Betty Cunningham.
787:United States Constitution
246:North Branch Potomac River
108:Maryland v. West Virginia,
15:
1270:Maryland v. West Virginia
1151:, 217 U. S. at 45, 46-47.
1149:Maryland v. West Virginia
1137:Maryland v. West Virginia
1125:Maryland v. West Virginia
1106:Maryland v. West Virginia
1094:Maryland v. West Virginia
1082:Maryland v. West Virginia
1067:Maryland v. West Virginia
1055:Maryland v. West Virginia
1043:Maryland v. West Virginia
1028:Maryland v. West Virginia
1016:Maryland v. West Virginia
843:The Geography of Maryland
779:Articles of Confederation
631:Maryland v. West Virginia
594:Maryland v. West Virginia
570:Maryland v. West Virginia
564:Maryland v. West Virginia
559:Maryland v. West Virginia
551:Maryland v. West Virginia
517:Maryland v. West Virginia
409:Virginia v. West Virginia
244:is the south bank of the
229:Maryland v. West Virginia
143:
129:
52:Decided February 21, 1910
50:Argued November 2–4, 1909
35:
31:Maryland v. West Virginia
1364:Borders of West Virginia
1246:
1226:
1209:
1178:
1112:, 148 U.S. 503, 522-523.
988:West Virginia: A History
855:Conway, Moncure Daniel.
840:Clark, William Bullock.
574:de minimis non curat lex
440:constitution of Maryland
783:Philadelphia Convention
607:Morris v. United States
532:Morris v. United States
511:Subsequent developments
501:Morris v. United States
963:County Courthouse Book
537:New Jersey v. New York
470:, 45 U.S. 591 (1846),
464:, 37 U.S. 657 (1838),
357:
1379:1910 in West Virginia
1139:, 217 U. S. at 45-46.
1110:Virginia v. Tennessee
1096:, 217 U. S. at 39-41.
1057:, 217 U. S. at 30-35.
1018:, 217 U. S. at 22-38.
1002:The American Surveyor
764:Zimmerman, Joseph F.
549:The Supreme Court in
528:riparian water rights
482:, 202 U.S. 1 (1906).
449:Virginia v. Tennessee
355:
295:riparian water rights
1006:Accessed 2013-10-24.
817:Papenfuse, Edward C.
807:Wroth, Lawrence C. "
751:Scott, James Brown.
680:Scott, James Brown.
543:Virginia v. Maryland
420:Opinion of the Court
277:(later the state of
275:Province of Maryland
182:Oliver W. Holmes Jr.
1369:Borders of Maryland
1321:Library of Congress
868:Ogilvie, Philip W.
697:Harrison, Fairfax.
367:ordered Lieutenant
1225:Brian M. Mueller,
1127:, 217 U. S. at 44.
1084:, 217 U. S. at 38.
1069:, 217 U. S. at 31.
1045:, 217 U. S. at 26.
1030:, 217 U. S. at 24.
404:American Civil War
391:from a portion of
358:
334:House of Burgesses
291:Colony of Virginia
261:On June 20, 1632,
154:Associate Justices
85:30 S. Ct. 268; 54
1160:Morton and Cole,
973:978-0-8063-1797-7
946:Morton and Cole,
921:1914, p. 162-163.
917:Morton and Cole,
870:Along the Potomac
592:rule was used in
425:Associate Justice
395:, and then split
393:Washington County
380:Monongalia County
369:Nathaniel Michler
289:which became the
273:which became the
250:boundary disputes
225:
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1396:
1374:1910 in Maryland
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389:Allegany County
338:King in Council
316:in what is now
267:King of England
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218:Day, joined by
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170:Edward D. White
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166:David J. Brewer
150:Melville Fuller
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314:Green Spring
310:South Branch
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210:Case opinion
197:
185:
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132:prescription
107:
99:Case history
78:
60:
22:
402:During the
120: (1912)
1333:Categories
1250:De Minimis
619:References
590:de minimis
578:de minimis
521:per curiam
302:headwaters
257:Background
104:Subsequent
91:U.S. LEXIS
89:645; 1910
582:admiralty
326:surveyors
263:Charles I
220:unanimous
67:Citations
1268:Text of
713:Maryland
600:See also
487:de facto
458:(1750),
343:de facto
336:and the
306:meridian
279:Maryland
238:Maryland
215:Majority
1294:Findlaw
371:of the
125:Holding
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1318:
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1312:Justia
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584:, and
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87:L. Ed.
1276:
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1278:U.S.
968:ISBN
733:ISBN
662:ISBN
639:U.S.
240:and
115:U.S.
93:1942
80:more
72:U.S.
70:217
1274:217
811:."
635:217
111:225
1335::
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83:)
77:(
75:1
20:.
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