719:
who used in-vitro fertilization to conceive their first child when the woman was aged 40 or older at the time of delivery found that 72% of the women and 57% of the men believed that they had enhanced emotional preparedness for parenting which benefitted both their children and themselves. In quantitative studies, mother's older age at first birth has been associated with increases in children's psychiatric health, language skills, cognitive ability, and fewer social and emotional difficulties. Further, a study in the United
Kingdom showed that older maternal age at first birth was associated with fewer hospital admissions and fewer unintentional injuries for children up to age 5 and a greater likelihood of having had all of their immunizations by 9 months of age – all outcomes used as indicators of child wellbeing in reports from the World Health Organisation.
731:. have shown that despite the older maternal age at birth of the first child, the time span between the birth of the first and the second child (the interpregnancy interval) decreased over the last decades. If purely biological factors were at work, it could be argued that interpregnancy interval should have increased, as fertility declines with age, which would make it harder for the woman to get a second child after postponed birth of the first one. This not being the case shows that sociologic factors (see above) prime over biological factors in determining interpregnancy interval.
177:
69:). In a number of European countries (Spain), the mean age of women at first childbirth has crossed the 30 year threshold. This process is not restricted to Europe. Asia, Japan and the United States are all seeing average age at first birth on the rise, and increasingly the process is spreading to countries in the
718:
On the other hand, advanced maternal age is associated with a more stable family environment, higher socio-economic position, higher income and better living conditions, as well as better parenting practices (including better disciplinary methods). A qualitative study on couples in the United States
714:
Advanced maternal age continues to be associated with a range of adverse pregnancy outcomes including low birth weight, pre-term birth, stillbirth, unexplained fetal death, and increased rates of
Caesarean section. However, over time, improvements in (and improvements in access to) medical services
109:
becoming comparatively high, leaving an ever more constricted window of biological opportunity for second and subsequent children, should they be desired. Unsurprisingly, high first-birth ages and high rates of birth postponement are associated with the arrival of low, and lowest-low fertility.
108:
Having children later was not exceptional in the past, when families were larger and women often continued bearing children until the end of their reproductive age. What is so radical about this recent transformation is that it is the age at which women give birth to their first child, which is
42:, in a broad sense, is the instance of a woman being of an older age at a stage of reproduction, although there are various definitions of specific age and stage of reproduction. The variability in definitions is in part explained by the effects of increasing age occurring as a
1812:
872:
data from about 70,000 women were analyzed to identify protein-coding variation associated with age at natural menopause. Pathway analyses identified a major association with DNA damage response genes, particularly those expressed during meiosis and including a common
1312:
801:. have proposed an explanation for the decline in ovarian reserve with age. They showed that as women age, double-strand breaks accumulate in the DNA of their primordial follicles. Primordial follicles are immature primary oocytes surrounded by a single layer of
1773:
112:
This association has now become especially clear, since the postponement of first births in a number of countries has now continued unabated for more than three decades and has become one of the most prominent characteristics of
1324:
861:) decline in oocytes with age. This age-related decline in ability to repair double-strand damages can account for the accumulation of these damages, which then likely contributes to the decline in ovarian reserve.
124:
Others have proposed that the postponement process itself constitutes a separate "third transition". On this latter view, modern developed societies exhibit a kind of dual fertility pattern, with the majority of
213:
According to Henri
Leridon, PhD, an epidemiologist with the French Institute of Health and Medical Research, of women trying to get pregnant, without using fertility drugs or in vitro fertilization:
2572:
Lesthaeghe, R.; Neels, K. (2002). "From the First to the Second
Demographic Transition: An Interpretation of the Spatial Continuity of Demographic Innovation in France, Belgium and Switzerland".
868:
undergo menopause prematurely, suggesting that naturally occurring DNA damages in oocytes are repaired less efficiently in these women, and this inefficiency leads to early reproductive failure.
2038:
983:
1693:
1939:"Birth records from Swiss married couples analyzed over the past 35 years reveal an aging of first-time mothers by 5.1 years while the interpregnancy interval has shortened"
648:
The risk of the mother dying before the child becomes an adult increases by more advanced maternal age, such as can be demonstrated by the following data from France in 2007:
206:
A woman's fertility peaks lasts during the twenties and first half of thirties, after which it starts to decline, with advanced maternal age causing an increased risk of
938:
1222:
163:
Two studies show that generous parental leave allowances in
Britain encourage young motherhood and that parental-leave allowance reduces postponement in Sweden.
782:
appears to occur at a constantly increasing rate with age, and leads to nearly complete exhaustion of the reserve by about age 51. As ovarian reserve and
2185:
Rzepka-Górska I, Tarnowski B, Chudecka-Głaz A, Górski B, Zielińska D, Tołoczko-Grabarek A (2006). "Premature menopause in patients with BRCA1 gene mutation".
905:
2027:
145:
1248:
Kohler, Hans-Peter; Billari, Francesco C.; Ortega, Jose
Antonio (December 2002). "The emergence of lowest-low fertility in Europe during the 1990s".
994:
1349:
Shadyab, Aladdin H.; Gass, Margery L.S.; Stefanick, Marcia L.; Waring, Molly E.; Macera, Caroline A.; Gallo, Linda C.; et al. (January 2017).
1969:
1105:
Morris, J.K.; Mutton, D.E.; Alberman, E. (March 2002). "Revised estimates of the maternal age specific live birth prevalence of Down's syndrome".
2507:
Gavrilov, L.A.; Gavrilova, N.S. (2000). "Human
Longevity and Parental Age at Conception". In Robine, J.-M.; Kirkwood, T.B.L.; Allard, M. (eds.).
2004:
2562:
1843:
1660:
1153:
2230:"Large-scale genomic analyses link reproductive aging to hypothalamic signaling, breast cancer susceptibility and BRCA1-mediated DNA repair"
157:
148:
claimed in 2015 the percentage for women with an age of at least 35 giving birth to a child was 25.9%. This figure rose from 7.6% in 1981.
805:. An enzyme system is present in oocytes that normally accurately repairs DNA double-strand breaks. This repair system is referred to as
1890:"The health and development of children born to older mothers in the United Kingdom: Observational study using longitudinal cohort data"
1661:"Associations between older maternal age, use of sanctions, and children's socio-emotional development through 7, 11, and 15 years"
1607:"Secular changes in the association between advanced maternal age and the risk of low birth weight: A cross-cohort comparison in the UK"
1159:
1562:
Schmidt, L.; Sobotka, T.; Bentzen, J.G.; Nyboe
Andersen, A.; et al. (ESHRE Reproduction and Society Task Force) (1 January 2012).
121:) have argued that fertility postponement constitutes the "hallmark" of what has become known as the "second demographic transition".
2539:
2516:
1668:
1351:"Maternal age at childbirth and parity as predictors of longevity among women in the United States: The Women's Health Initiative"
821:, and it appears to be an adaptation for efficiently removing damages in germ line DNA by homologous recombinational repair (see
129:
being concentrated either among very young or increasingly older mothers. This is sometimes known as the "rectangularisation" of
2486:
1287:
948:
746:
of a donor egg. A 61-year-old
Brazilian woman, aided by the implantation of a donor egg, gave birth to twins in October 2012.
2618:
1839:"The reversing association between advanced maternal age and child cognitive ability: Evidence from three U.K. birth cohorts"
1720:"'Inconvenient biology': Advantages and disadvantages of first-time parenting after age 40 using in vitro fertilization"
822:
900:
857:
130:
114:
1034:
2096:
1724:
141:
In the US, the average age at which women bore their first child advanced from 21.4 years old in 1970 to 26.9 in 2018.
1283:
1030:
2068:
160:. For instance, older maternal age at first childbirth is associated with higher educational attainment and income.
2283:
1063:"Can assisted reproduction technology compensate for the natural decline in fertility with age? A model assessment"
1999:
1568:
1512:
273:
93:
2092:"A new model of reproductive aging: the decline in ovarian non-growing follicle number from birth to menopause"
890:
806:
775:
201:
715:
and social resources have decreased the negative association between older maternal age and low birth weight.
2136:
Titus S, Li F, Stobezki R, Akula K, Unsal E, Jeong K, Dickler M, Robson M, Moy F, Goswami S, Oktay K (2013).
1937:
Kalberer, Urs; Baud, David; Fontanet, Arnaud; Hohlfeld, Patrick; de Ziegler, Dominique (December 2009).
43:
2469:
743:
189:
910:
739:
2281:
Jabcosson, B.; Ladfords, L.; Milsom, I. (2004). "Advanced maternal age and adverse perinatal outcome".
1938:
962:
825:). Human primary oocytes are present at an intermediate stage of meiosis, that is prophase I (see
2610:
2138:"Impairment of BRCA1-related DNA double-strand break repair leads to ovarian aging in mice and humans"
967:
2333:
1323:(Press release) (in German). Wiesbaden, DE: Bundesinstitut für Bevölkerungsforschung . Archived from
2375:"Advancing maternal age is associated with lower bone mineral density in young adult male offspring"
1994:
2671:
281:
97:
31:
993:(Report). Paris, FR: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. SF2.3. Archived from
88:
Advanced maternal age is associated with adverse reproductive effects including increased risk of
2666:
2661:
2589:
2447:
2308:
2210:
1804:
1685:
1638:
1611:
708:
207:
89:
2322:"Advanced maternal age and adverse pregnancy outcome: Evidence from a large contemporary cohort"
118:
2614:
2558:
2535:
2512:
2484:
Gavrilov, L.A.; Gavrilova, N.S. (1997). "Parental Age at
Conception and Offspring Longevity".
2439:
2404:
2361:
2300:
2259:
2202:
2167:
2115:
1961:
1919:
1870:
1796:
1751:
1630:
1587:
1539:
1470:
1429:
1380:
1204:
1149:
1122:
1084:
915:
156:
There are many factors that may influence childbearing age in women, although they are mostly
2550:
1141:
2636:
2606:
2581:
2495:
2429:
2394:
2386:
2351:
2341:
2292:
2249:
2241:
2194:
2157:
2149:
2105:
1953:
1909:
1901:
1860:
1852:
1788:
1741:
1733:
1677:
1620:
1577:
1529:
1521:
1460:
1419:
1411:
1370:
1362:
1257:
1194:
1114:
1074:
869:
759:
634:
70:
2528:"Globalization, Uncertainty and Women's, Mid-Career Life Courses: A Theoretical Framework"
1488:
779:
735:
176:
2337:
2399:
2374:
2356:
2321:
2296:
2254:
2229:
2162:
2137:
1914:
1889:
1865:
1838:
1746:
1719:
1534:
1507:
1424:
1399:
1375:
1350:
802:
2605:. Faculty of Spatial Sciences (Ph.D. thesis). Groningen, DE: University of Groningen.
1888:
Sutcliffe, A.G.; Barnes, J.; Belsky, J.; Gardiner, J.; Melhuish, E. (21 August 2012).
1199:
1182:
2655:
2475:
2434:
2417:
1957:
1261:
895:
874:
791:
277:
2451:
2418:"Characteristics of women who are pregnant with their first baby at an advanced age"
2214:
1808:
1689:
1276:
2312:
1642:
937:
Fretts, Ruth C. (3 December 2012). Wilkins-Haug, Louise; Barss, Vanessa A. (eds.).
181:
2593:
2532:
Globalization, Uncertainty, and Women's Careers : An international comparison
1792:
1681:
1625:
1606:
2346:
2153:
2527:
1183:"Effects of male age on semen quality and fertility: A review of the literature"
185:
58:
754:
As women age, they experience a decline in reproductive performance leading to
2585:
2499:
2390:
2198:
1415:
1022:
834:
2090:
Hansen KR, Knowlton NS, Thyer AC, Charleston JS, Soules MR, Klein NA (2008).
1465:
1448:
1366:
786:
decline with age, there is also a parallel increase in pregnancy failure and
2110:
2091:
1737:
1582:
1563:
1525:
1079:
1062:
826:
818:
814:
783:
771:
755:
193:
17:
2443:
2408:
2365:
2304:
2263:
2206:
2171:
2119:
1965:
1923:
1874:
1800:
1774:"How are children of older mothers doing? Evidence from the United Kingdom"
1755:
1634:
1591:
1543:
1474:
1433:
1384:
1277:
Delayed childbearing: More women are having their first child later in life
1208:
1126:
1088:
2060:
2032:
1856:
1605:
Goisis, Alice; Schneider, Daniel C.; Myrskylä, Mikko (2 September 2018).
1398:
Balbo, Nicoletta; Billari, Francesco C.; Mills, Melinda (February 2013).
943:
642:
2549:
Kohler, Hans-Peter; Billari, Francesco C.; Ortega, José Antonio (2006).
1564:"Demographic and medical consequences of the postponement of parenthood"
1181:
Kidd, Sharon A.; Eskenazi, Brenda; Wyrobek, Andrew J. (February 2001).
810:
787:
680:
638:
62:
1905:
1118:
845:
763:
126:
85:. In the U.S., the average age of first childbirth was 26.9 in 2018.
78:
2245:
1837:
Goisis, Alice; Schneider, Daniel C.; Myrskylä, Mikko (1 June 2017).
1315:[Every fourth newborn has a mother aged over 34 years]
2526:
Hofmeister, Heather; Mills, Melinda; Blossfeld, Hans-Peter (2006).
57:
countries, among which the highest average age is 32.6 years (
2551:"Low Fertility in Europe: Causes, Implications and Policy Options"
851:
839:
767:
74:
66:
1144:. In Bewley, Susan; Ledger, William; Nikolaou, Dimitrios (eds.).
633:
Advanced maternal age is associated with adverse outcomes in the
837:
genes that are necessary for homologous recombinational repair (
738:
pregnancies have occurred, and there are several known cases of
82:
54:
2646:
InterNational Council on Infertility Information Dissemination
2509:
Sex and Longevity: Sexuality, Gender, Reproduction, Parenthood
1718:
Mac Dougall, K.; Beyene, Y.; Nachtigall, R.D. (1 April 2012).
1506:
Nelson, S.M.; Telfer, E.E.; Anderson, R.A. (1 January 2013).
1313:"Jedes vierte Neugeborene hat eine Mutter über 34 Jahre"
1227:
Pew Research Center's Social & Demographic Trends Project
284:, and a woman's risk of having a baby with Down syndrome is:
117:
in developed societies. A variety of authors (in particular,
2555:
The Baby Bust: Who will do the work? Who will pay the taxes?
939:"Effect of advanced age on fertility and pregnancy in women"
2511:. Berlin / Heidelberg, DE: Springer-Verlag. pp. 7–31.
1223:"U.S. women more likely to have children than a decade ago"
965:[At what age do mothers have their first child?].
2645:
180:
Cumulative percentage and average age for women reaching
2638:
Postponement of childbearing and low fertility in Europe
2603:
Postponement of Childbearing and Low Fertility in Europe
2530:. In Blossfeld, Hans-Peter; Hofmeister, Heather (eds.).
1654:
1652:
864:
Women with an inherited mutation in the DNA repair gene
1400:"Fertility in Advanced Societies: A Review of Research"
2534:. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing. pp. 3–31.
1508:"The ageing ovary and uterus: New biological insights"
758:. This decline is tied to a decline in the number of
2028:"Look: 61 year-old woman gives birth to twins"
2468:
2228:Day FR, Ruth KS, Thompson DJ, et al. (2015).
1659:Trillingsgaard, Tea; Sommer, Dion (4 March 2018).
637:, which may be caused by detrimental effects on
152:Possible factors that influence childbearing age
1449:"The variability of female reproductive ageing"
1148:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 95–104.
963:"¿A qué edad tienen las madres su primer hijo?"
1767:
1765:
1557:
1555:
1553:
1017:
1015:
30:For effects associated with father's age, see
2557:. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 48–109.
2422:Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica
1447:te Velde, E. R.; Pearson, PL (1 March 2002).
1056:
1054:
1052:
677:Risk of mother not surviving to
8:
1669:European Journal of Developmental Psychology
932:
930:
770:, only about 500 of them (about 0.05%)
809:repair, and it is especially active during
790:errors resulting in chromosomally abnormal
742:carrying a pregnancy to term, usually with
707:The above table is not to be confused with
2611:11370/7fe0743c-9766-4ae9-befe-3edae1006c6e
906:List of countries by age at first marriage
833:. also showed that expression of four key
813:. Meiosis is the general process by which
654:Maternal age at childbirth (years)
2433:
2398:
2355:
2345:
2253:
2161:
2109:
1913:
1864:
1745:
1624:
1581:
1533:
1464:
1423:
1374:
1198:
1078:
259:64% will have a conception ending
254:44% will have a conception ending
244:84% will have a conception ending
239:66% will have a conception ending
229:91% will have a conception ending
224:75% will have a conception ending
146:Federal Institute for Population Research
2131:
2129:
1100:
1098:
650:
290:Risk of having a baby with Down syndrome
175:
984:Mean age of mothers at first childbirth
926:
158:correlations without certain causations
734:With technology developments cases of
2320:Khashan, Ali S.; et al. (2013).
1844:International Journal of Epidemiology
1293:from the original on 25 November 2017
1037:from the original on 12 November 2019
272:A woman's risk of having a baby with
7:
2071:from the original on 16 October 2020
2026:Moreno, Carolina (26 October 2012).
1162:from the original on 4 November 2020
2601:Sobotka, Tomás (25 November 2004).
2373:Lorentzon, M.; et al. (2012).
679:the child's 18th birthday (in
261:in a live birth within four years.
246:in a live birth within four years.
231:in a live birth within four years.
53:has been increasing, especially in
46:rather than as a threshold effect.
2416:Nilsen, A.B.; et al. (2012).
2297:10.1097/01.aog.0000140682.63746.be
2041:from the original on 3 August 2016
2007:from the original on 27 April 2016
766:are present at birth in the human
723:Changes in interpregnancy interval
25:
1975:from the original on 19 July 2018
1818:from the original on 20 July 2018
1699:from the original on 19 July 2018
1495:. National Syndrome Down Society.
1355:American Journal of Public Health
1250:Population and Development Review
2435:10.1111/j.1600-0412.2011.01335.x
1958:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2009.05.078
1781:Biodemography and Social Biology
1262:10.1111/j.1728-4457.2002.00641.x
762:. Although about 1 million
256:in a live birth within one year
241:in a live birth within one year
226:in a live birth within one year
2487:Reviews in Clinical Gerontology
2467:Charlemagne (9 February 2006).
1772:Goisis, A. (2 September 2015).
280:is the most common chromosomal
96:in children. The corresponding
61:) followed by 32.1 years (
2574:European Journal of Population
1404:European Journal of Population
1140:Tournaye, Herman (June 2009).
823:Origin and function of meiosis
1:
1793:10.1080/19485565.2014.1001887
1682:10.1080/17405629.2016.1266248
1626:10.1080/00324728.2018.1442584
1200:10.1016/s0015-0282(00)01679-4
972:(in Spanish). 12 August 2020.
901:Fertility factor (demography)
2553:. In Harris, Fred R. (ed.).
2347:10.1371/journal.pone.0056583
2274:General and cited references
2154:10.1126/scitranslmed.3004925
1894:BMJ: British Medical Journal
1107:Journal of Medical Screening
2641:(Power Point presentation).
2284:Obstetrics & Gynecology
1284:Centers for Disease Control
1061:Leridon, H. (1 July 2004).
1031:Centers for Disease Control
2688:
2379:Osteoporosis International
1142:"Male reproductive ageing"
807:homologous recombinational
199:
29:
2500:10.1017/S0959259897000026
2391:10.1007/s00198-011-1558-5
2199:10.1007/s10549-006-9220-1
2000:The Sydney Morning Herald
1569:Human Reproduction Update
1513:Human Reproduction Update
1453:Human Reproduction Update
1416:10.1007/s10680-012-9277-y
274:chromosomal abnormalities
94:chromosomal abnormalities
2187:Breast Cancer Res. Treat
1367:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303503
891:Age and female fertility
776:ovarian follicle atresia
276:increases with her age.
202:Age and female fertility
2586:10.1023/A:1021125800070
1946:Fertility and Sterility
1187:Fertility and Sterility
774:, and the rest do not (
51:age at first childbirth
27:Pregnancy at older ages
1466:10.1093/humupd/8.2.141
1275:Mathews, T.J. (2009).
744:in vitro fertilization
197:
190:irregular menstruation
2111:10.1093/humrep/dem408
2003:. 27 September 2011.
1995:"Woman, 61, pregnant"
1738:10.1093/humrep/des007
1583:10.1093/humupd/dmr040
1526:10.1093/humupd/dms043
1489:"About Down syndrome"
1080:10.1093/humrep/deh304
911:Pregnancy over age 50
268:Risk of birth defects
179:
40:Advanced maternal age
2470:"The Fertility Bust"
2035:(huffingtonpost.com)
970:(elordenmundial.com)
100:is less pronounced.
2338:2013PLoSO...856583K
1330:on 22 December 2017
1146:Reproductive Ageing
1023:Births and natality
1000:on 22 December 2014
172:Decreased fertility
98:paternal age effect
32:Paternal age effect
2097:Human Reproduction
1857:10.1093/ije/dyw354
1725:Human Reproduction
1612:Population Studies
1282:(databrief). U.S.
1067:Human Reproduction
778:). The decline in
709:maternal mortality
208:female infertility
198:
131:fertility patterns
115:fertility patterns
2564:978-0-7425-3855-9
1906:10.1136/bmj.e5116
1321:bib-demografie.de
1229:. 18 January 2018
1155:978-1-906985-13-4
1119:10.1136/jms.9.1.2
916:Teenage pregnancy
760:ovarian follicles
705:
704:
623:
622:
537:
536:
427:
426:
265:
264:
220:At age 30
16:(Redirected from
2679:
2642:
2635:Sobotka, Tomás.
2624:
2597:
2568:
2545:
2522:
2503:
2480:
2472:
2455:
2437:
2412:
2402:
2369:
2359:
2349:
2316:
2268:
2267:
2257:
2240:(11): 1294–303.
2225:
2219:
2218:
2182:
2176:
2175:
2165:
2148:(172): 172ra21.
2133:
2124:
2123:
2113:
2087:
2081:
2080:
2078:
2076:
2057:
2051:
2050:
2048:
2046:
2023:
2017:
2016:
2014:
2012:
1991:
1985:
1984:
1982:
1980:
1974:
1952:(6): 2072–2073.
1943:
1934:
1928:
1927:
1917:
1885:
1879:
1878:
1868:
1834:
1828:
1827:
1825:
1823:
1817:
1778:
1769:
1760:
1759:
1749:
1732:(4): 1058–1065.
1715:
1709:
1708:
1706:
1704:
1698:
1665:
1656:
1647:
1646:
1628:
1602:
1596:
1595:
1585:
1559:
1548:
1547:
1537:
1503:
1497:
1496:
1485:
1479:
1478:
1468:
1444:
1438:
1437:
1427:
1395:
1389:
1388:
1378:
1346:
1340:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1329:
1318:
1309:
1303:
1302:
1300:
1298:
1292:
1281:
1272:
1266:
1265:
1245:
1239:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1219:
1213:
1212:
1202:
1178:
1172:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1137:
1131:
1130:
1102:
1093:
1092:
1082:
1073:(7): 1548–1553.
1058:
1047:
1046:
1044:
1042:
1019:
1010:
1009:
1007:
1005:
999:
988:
980:
974:
973:
968:El Orden Mundial
959:
953:
952:
951:on 19 June 2016.
947:. Archived from
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635:perinatal period
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71:developing world
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2461:Further reading
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1900:(7876): e5116.
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877:variant in the
803:granulosa cells
780:ovarian reserve
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736:post-menopausal
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2142:Sci Transl Med
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896:Childlessness
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750:Ovarian aging
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645:development.
644:
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629:Other effects
628:
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278:Down syndrome
275:
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2648:(inciid.org)
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2193:(1): 59–63.
2190:
2186:
2180:
2145:
2141:
2101:
2095:
2085:
2073:. Retrieved
2064:
2055:
2043:. Retrieved
2031:
2021:
2009:. Retrieved
1998:
1989:
1977:. Retrieved
1949:
1945:
1932:
1897:
1893:
1883:
1848:
1842:
1832:
1820:. Retrieved
1784:
1780:
1729:
1723:
1713:
1701:. Retrieved
1673:
1667:
1616:
1610:
1600:
1576:(1): 29–43.
1573:
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1520:(1): 67–83.
1517:
1511:
1501:
1492:
1483:
1456:
1452:
1442:
1407:
1403:
1393:
1358:
1354:
1344:
1332:. Retrieved
1325:the original
1320:
1307:
1295:. Retrieved
1270:
1253:
1249:
1243:
1231:. Retrieved
1226:
1217:
1190:
1186:
1176:
1164:. Retrieved
1145:
1135:
1110:
1106:
1070:
1066:
1039:. Retrieved
1026:
1002:. Retrieved
995:the original
990:
978:
966:
957:
949:the original
942:
878:
865:
863:
856:
850:
844:
838:
830:
798:
796:
753:
733:
728:
726:
717:
713:
706:
647:
632:
282:birth defect
271:
212:
205:
182:subfertility
162:
155:
143:
140:
123:
111:
107:
87:
50:
48:
39:
38:
36:
18:Maternal age
2061:"Menopause"
1410:(1): 1–38.
1334:20 December
1041:8 September
792:conceptions
740:older women
686: 0.6%
144:The German
90:infertility
59:South Korea
2672:Motherhood
2656:Categories
2620:9036191025
2473:. Europe.
2332:(2): 1–9.
2234:Nat. Genet
2075:29 October
2045:13 October
2011:8 February
1233:29 October
1166:24 October
1113:(1): 2–6.
835:DNA repair
819:eukaryotes
815:germ cells
251:At age 40
236:At age 35
119:Lesthaeghe
2667:Midwifery
2662:Fertility
1297:26 August
922:Citations
829:). Titus
827:Oogenesis
784:fertility
756:menopause
727:Kalberer
657: 20
643:placental
194:menopause
186:sterility
44:continuum
2494:: 5–12.
2452:38149716
2444:22150020
2409:21350896
2366:23437176
2326:PLOS ONE
2305:15458893
2264:26414677
2215:19572648
2207:16773440
2172:23408054
2120:18192670
2069:Archived
2039:Archived
2033:HuffPost
2005:Archived
1970:Archived
1966:19608170
1924:22915663
1875:28177512
1813:Archived
1809:10071445
1801:26652679
1756:22333985
1694:Archived
1690:53061283
1635:29582702
1592:21989171
1544:23103636
1493:ndss.org
1475:12099629
1434:23440941
1385:27854529
1288:Archived
1209:11172821
1160:Archived
1127:11943789
1089:15205397
1035:Archived
991:oecd.org
944:UpToDate
885:See also
639:decidual
137:Examples
73:such as
49:Average
2400:3261413
2357:3577849
2334:Bibcode
2313:8652247
2255:4661791
2163:5130338
1979:19 July
1915:3424227
1866:5837600
1822:19 July
1747:3303492
1703:19 July
1643:2977607
1535:3508627
1425:3576563
1376:5308150
1027:cdc.org
870:Genomic
811:meiosis
788:meiotic
772:ovulate
764:oocytes
618:
606:
594:
582:
570:
558:
532:
520:
508:
496:
484:
472:
460:
448:
422:
410:
398:
386:
374:
362:
350:
338:
326:
314:
167:Effects
104:History
63:Ireland
2617:
2594:878879
2592:
2561:
2538:
2515:
2450:
2442:
2407:
2397:
2364:
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1964:
1922:
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1532:
1473:
1432:
1422:
1383:
1373:
1207:
1152:
1125:
1087:
1004:27 May
881:gene.
875:coding
797:Titus
371:1 200
347:1 300
323:2 000
127:births
92:, and
79:Turkey
2590:S2CID
2448:S2CID
2309:S2CID
2211:S2CID
1973:(PDF)
1942:(PDF)
1816:(PDF)
1805:S2CID
1777:(PDF)
1697:(PDF)
1686:S2CID
1664:(PDF)
1639:S2CID
1328:(PDF)
1317:(PDF)
1291:(PDF)
1280:(PDF)
998:(PDF)
987:(PDF)
879:BRCA1
866:BRCA1
852:Rad51
846:MRE11
840:BRCA1
831:et al
799:et al
768:ovary
729:et al
701:5.5%
549:Risk
439:Risk
305:Risk
75:China
67:Spain
2615:ISBN
2559:ISBN
2536:ISBN
2513:ISBN
2440:PMID
2405:PMID
2362:PMID
2301:PMID
2260:PMID
2203:PMID
2168:PMID
2116:PMID
2077:2020
2047:2017
2013:2013
1981:2019
1962:PMID
1920:PMID
1871:PMID
1824:2019
1797:PMID
1752:PMID
1705:2019
1631:PMID
1588:PMID
1540:PMID
1471:PMID
1430:PMID
1381:PMID
1336:2017
1299:2013
1235:2020
1205:PMID
1168:2020
1150:ISBN
1123:PMID
1085:PMID
1043:2017
1006:2014
855:and
698:3.8%
695:2.6%
692:1.6%
689:1.0%
641:and
529:100
481:350
457:450
419:900
395:950
192:and
83:Iran
81:and
65:and
55:OECD
2607:hdl
2582:doi
2496:doi
2430:doi
2395:PMC
2387:doi
2352:PMC
2342:doi
2293:doi
2289:104
2250:PMC
2242:doi
2195:doi
2191:100
2158:PMC
2150:doi
2106:doi
1954:doi
1910:PMC
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