60:. The incident is suspected to have taken place on 26 March 1972, she was between 14 and 16 years old at that time. Mathura occasionally worked as a domestic helper with a woman named Noshi. She met Noshi's nephew named Ashok who wanted to marry her, but her brother did not agree to the union and went to the local police station to lodge a complaint claiming that his sister, a minor, was being kidnapped by Ashok and his family members. After receiving the complaint, the police authority brought Ashok and his family members to the police station. Following general investigation, Mathura, her brother, Ashok, and his family members were permitted to go back home. However, as they were leaving, Mathura was asked to stay behind while her relatives were asked to wait outside. Mathura was then raped by the two policemen.
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198:. Previously, rape misjudgments or acquittals would go unnoticed, but in the following years, women's movement against rape gathered force and organisation supporting rape victims and women's rights advocates came to the fore. The criminal law amendment Act 1983 was enacted as a consequence of this case.
121:
to the
Supreme Court, protesting the concept of consent in the judgment. "Consent involves submission, but the converse is not necessarily true...From the facts of case, all that is established is submission, and not consent...Is the taboo against pre-marital sex so strong as to provide a license to
96:
reversed the High Court ruling and again acquitted the accused policemen. The
Supreme Court held that Mathura had raised no alarm; and also that there were no visible marks of injury on her body thereby suggesting no struggle and therefore no rape. The judge noted, "Because she was used to sex, she
72:
The case came for hearing on 1 June 1974 in the sessions court. The judgment returned found the defendants not guilty. It was stated that because
Mathura was 'habituated to sexual intercourse', her consent was voluntary; under the circumstances only sexual intercourse could be proved and not rape.
84:
set aside the judgment of the
Sessions Court, and sentenced the accused to one and five years imprisonment respectively. The Court held that passive submission due to fear induced by serious threats could not be construed as consent or willing sexual intercourse.
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made a statutory provision in the face of
Section 114 (A) of the Evidence Act made 25 December 1983, which states that if the victim says that she did not consent to the sexual intercourse, the Court shall presume that she did not consent as a
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When her relatives and the assembled crowd threatened to burn down the police chowky, the two accused policemen, Ganpat and
Tukaram, reluctantly agreed to file a panchnama (legal recording of evidence).
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Indian police to rape young girls." Spontaneous widespread protests and demonstrations followed by women's organisations who demanded a review of judgement, receiving extensive media coverage.
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from the accuser to the accused once intercourse was established; it also added provisions for in-camera trials, the prohibition on the victim identity disclosure, and tougher sentences.
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in Delhi, and prior to that in
January 1980, Lotika Sarkar, was also involved in the formation of the first feminist group in India against rape, "Forum Against Rape", later renamed "
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144:, the founder of the first organizations in India that worked on the issue of violence against women, met and supported Mathura. However, the courts ruled that there was no
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194:, as it led to just greater awareness of women's legal rights issue, oppression, and patriarchal mindsets. A number of women's organisations soon came forth across
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Following the same tradition, on the
International Women's day women from various states including Delhi, Mumbai, Hyderabad and Nagpur took to the streets.
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in India on 26 March 1972, wherein
Mathura, a young tribal girl, was allegedly raped by two policemen on the compound of Desaiganj Police Station in
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underwent a change with the enactment and addition of
Section 376(A), Section 376(B), Section 376(C), Section 376(D), which made
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on 15 September 1979, Supreme Court of India ( AIR 1979 SC 185; (1979) 2SCC 143; 1978 CrLJ 1864; 1979 SCC 143)
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and the difficulty of seeking judicial help in sexual crimes was highlighted by the women's movement.
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170:. New laws were also enacted following the incident. The Section 376 (punishment for rape) of the
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Mathura was a young orphan tribal girl was living with one of her two brothers. She was an
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The Rights Revolution: Lawyers, Activists, and Supreme Courts in Comparative Perspective
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A number of women's group were formed as a direct response to the judgment, including
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might have incited the cops (they were drunk on duty) to have intercourse with her".
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In September 1979, only a few days after the verdict was pronounced, law professors
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punishable. Besides defining custodial rape, the amendment shifted the
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629:"Criminal Law (Second Amendment) Act. 46 of 1983, 113 (A) and 114 (A)"
2005:
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justices Jaswant Singh, Kailasam and Koshal in their judgement on
1958:
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The case is seen as turning point in women right's movement in
354:
Encyclopaedia of Gender Equality Through Women Empowerment
1138:
Violence against women during the Partition of India
752:
The Routledge Companion to Feminism and Postfeminism
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202:for example was enacted because of this incident.
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956:2020 Patna-Bhabua Intercity Express gang rape
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8:
825:An Open Letter to the Chief Justice of India
268:. Discovery Publishing House. pp. 66–.
163:The Criminal Law Amendment Act 1983 (No. 43)
44:The Criminal Law Amendment Act 1983 (No. 43)
836:Tuka Ram And Others vs State Of Maharashtra
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1865:
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728:Mala Khullar; Ihwa YĹŹja Taehakkyo (2005).
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381:
2185:Child sexual abuse accommodation syndrome
599:"Rape law, a double-edged sword in India"
1768:Social impact of Indian television drama
550:"In memoriam: Lotika Sarkar 1923 – 2013"
401:"Slamming the doors of justice on women"
1001:Geeta and Sanjay Chopra kidnapping case
778:. University of Chicago Press. p.
458:
456:
326:"The Girl Whose Rape Changed A Country"
303:"The Girl Whose Rape Changed A Country"
228:
117:and Vasudha Dhagamwar of Pune wrote an
2190:False allegation of child sexual abuse
921:2013 Kamduni gang rape and murder case
731:Writing the Women's Movement: A Reader
634:. Law Commission of India. p. 265
552:. feministsindia.com. 25 February 2013
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2251:History of Maharashtra (1947–present)
971:2024 Kolkata rape and murder incident
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200:Section 228A of the Indian Penal Code
7:
850:Women in India: How Free? How Equal?
2291:Incidents of violence against girls
1949:Genital modification and mutilation
946:2019 Hyderabad gang rape and murder
437:. The Sunday Indian. Archived from
357:. Sarup & Sons. pp. 297–.
481:. 26 December 2012. Archived from
433:Kamini Jaiswal (12 October 2008).
14:
2159:Laws regarding child sexual abuse
2046:in education in the United States
951:2020 Hathras gang rape and murder
926:2014 Badaun gang rape allegations
911:2009 Shopian rape and murder case
131:Forum Against Oppression of Women
16:1972 custodial rape case in India
2203:
2138:Sociobiological theories of rape
351:Maya Majumdar (1 January 2005).
94:Tukaram vs. State of Maharashtra
2281:Violence against women in India
1592:Proposed states and territories
916:2012 Delhi gang rape and murder
698:Singh, Shreya; Pandey, Apoorv.
668:. Economic and Political Weekly
88:However, in September 1979 the
2169:Sexually violent predator laws
1133:Human rights abuses in Kashmir
605:. 18 June 2009. Archived from
324:Basu, Moni (8 November 2013).
301:Basu, Moni (8 November 2013).
1:
2113:Effects and aftermath of rape
936:2015 Kandhamal gang rape case
906:1991 Kunan Poshpora incident
664:Laxmi Murthy (8 June 2013).
262:B. Suguna (1 January 2009).
2236:Child sexual abuse in India
1356:Water supply and sanitation
931:2014 Birbhum gang rape case
2307:
2246:Police misconduct in India
1243:Public distribution system
749:Sarah Gamble, ed. (2001).
666:"From Mathura to Bhanwari"
2198:
2108:Causes of sexual violence
1758:Films about social issues
961:2022 Hyderabad gang rape
2276:Social history of India
1226:National Pension System
1102:Gurmeet Ram Rahim Singh
1041:Phulmoni Dasi rape case
1036:Murder of Hannah Foster
981:Anjana Mishra rape case
770:Charles R. Epp (1998).
686:
652:
586:
575:
537:
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154:amending the rape law.
2261:Legal history of India
1564:Caste-related violence
1280:Universal basic income
1180:Social issues in India
1051:Shakti Mills gang rape
991:Ayesha Miran rape case
966:2023 IIT-BHU gang rape
901:1990 Bantala rape case
831:(Journal), 1:17, 1979.
803:. Rajkamal Prakashan.
700:"The Identity Dilemma"
168:rebuttable presumption
135:violence against women
109:,Raghunath Kelkar and
90:Supreme Court of India
1763:Freedom of expression
1046:Ruchika Girhotra case
1016:Jhabua nuns rape case
797:Kamlesh Jain (2008).
328:. CNN. Archived from
2271:1972 crimes in India
2241:Crime in Maharashtra
2133:Rape trauma syndrome
1939:Cybersex trafficking
1612:Separatist movements
1117:Kuldeep Singh Sengar
1092:Dhananjoy Chatterjee
1061:Suryanelli rape case
1026:Kiliroor sex scandal
941:2017 Unnao rape case
2286:Chandrapur district
2164:Laws regarding rape
1944:Forced prostitution
1650:Illegal immigration
1295:Widening income gap
986:Aruna Shanbaug case
829:Supreme Court Cases
475:"Remember Mathura?"
435:"Mathura rape case"
399:(20 January 1999).
152:Government of India
23:was an incident of
2256:Maharashtra Police
2231:Gang rape in India
1927:Child prostitution
1917:Child exploitation
1602:Religious violence
1463:Female infanticide
1448:Child prostitution
1265:Standard of living
1056:Soumya murder case
996:Bhanwari Devi case
513:The New York Times
505:Michael T. Kaufman
405:The Indian Express
332:on 5 December 2013
217:Anti-rape movement
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2058:Sexual misconduct
2036:Sexual harassment
1932:Child sex tourism
1922:Child pornography
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1351:Natural disasters
1346:Manual scavenging
1206:Farmers' suicides
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1031:Mathura rape case
1011:Jalgaon rape case
704:India Law Journal
507:(20 April 1980).
364:978-81-7625-548-6
275:978-81-8356-425-0
265:Women S Movements
243:. 13 January 2013
172:Indian Penal Code
82:Bombay High Court
21:Mathura rape case
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1006:Imrana rape case
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2031:Sexual grooming
2026:Sexual bullying
2016:Sex trafficking
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800:In Case of Rape
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894:Notable cases
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887:Rape in India
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142:Seema Sakhare
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111:Lotika Sarkar
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22:
2128:Rape culture
2094:Sociological
2041:in education
2011:Revenge porn
1888:Sexual abuse
1826:Human rights
1782:Other issues
1728:Tuberculosis
1713:Malnutrition
1551:Caste system
1526:Prostitution
1438:Child labour
1397:Joint family
1387:Dowry system
1377:Cohabitation
1336:Conservation
1290:Unemployment
1285:Urbanisation
1221:Debt bondage
1216:Land reforms
1030:
835:
828:
824:
799:
773:
751:
730:
722:Bibliography
707:. Retrieved
703:
693:
682:
670:. Retrieved
659:
648:
636:. Retrieved
623:
611:. Retrieved
607:the original
602:
593:
582:
554:. Retrieved
544:
516:. Retrieved
512:
499:
487:. Retrieved
483:the original
478:
469:
443:. Retrieved
439:the original
413:. Retrieved
409:the original
404:
368:. Retrieved
353:
346:
334:. Retrieved
330:the original
319:
307:. Retrieved
279:. Retrieved
264:
257:
245:. Retrieved
240:
231:
189:
161:
158:Legal reform
147:locus standi
145:
139:
126:
124:
107:Upendra Baxi
104:
93:
87:
78:Nagpur bench
75:
71:
62:
55:
53:
50:The incident
31:district of
20:
18:
1831:Prohibition
1670:Vigilantism
1584:Communalism
1574:Reservation
1506:Eve teasing
1501:Dowry death
1486:Acid attack
1402:Infertility
1328:Environment
1248:Remittances
687:Epp, p. 106
653:Jain, p. 12
538:Epp, p. 105
119:open letter
33:Maharashtra
2225:Categories
2103:Aggression
2078:Statistics
1841:Disability
1746:Censorship
1675:Cybercrime
1630:Corruption
1607:Secularism
852:(PDF Book)
789:0226211622
762:0415243106
741:8186706992
734:. Zubaan.
709:24 January
336:7 December
309:7 December
223:References
29:Gadchiroli
1994:Statutory
1804:Sexuality
1794:Feudalism
1789:Colourism
1773:Fake news
1698:Epidemics
1665:Terrorism
1412:Polyandry
1305:Education
1275:Transport
1258:Clearance
101:Aftermath
2123:Misogyny
2118:Misandry
2096:theories
1999:Of males
1989:By proxy
1799:Gambling
1751:Internet
1703:HIV/AIDS
1693:Diabetes
1516:Feminism
1496:Devadasi
1433:Abortion
1426:Children
1417:Polygyny
1313:Literacy
206:See also
68:The case
40:rape law
1979:Marital
1723:Suicide
1718:Obesity
1708:Leprosy
1318:Ragging
1231:Poverty
1188:Economy
638:13 June
603:CNN-IBN
241:Mid-day
80:of the
57:Adivasi
2006:Raptio
1984:Prison
1964:Campus
1685:Health
1541:Sexism
1370:Family
1211:Labour
1201:Famine
1082:Asaram
807:
786:
759:
738:
672:6 June
613:6 June
556:4 June
518:6 June
489:5 June
445:5 June
415:2 June
370:9 June
361:
281:9 June
272:
247:8 June
186:Legacy
127:Saheli
37:Indian
1907:Child
1895:Forms
1819:Hijra
1738:Media
1622:Crime
1569:Dalit
1478:Women
1253:Slums
632:(PDF)
305:. CNN
196:India
192:India
2152:Laws
1974:Gray
1969:Date
1959:Rape
1809:LGBT
1536:Sati
1531:Rape
805:ISBN
784:ISBN
757:ISBN
736:ISBN
711:2022
674:2013
640:2013
615:2013
558:2013
520:2013
491:2013
447:2013
417:2012
372:2013
359:ISBN
338:2013
311:2013
283:2013
270:ISBN
249:2013
42:via
19:The
2083:War
1236:BPL
780:105
113:of
2227::
827:,
782:.
702:.
601:.
566:^
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291:^
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46:.
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251:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.