475:(church calendar). According to expert Yared Fenta, there are 28 stars for the 28 days, and 91 stars in one season that are dominant groups than billion stars that can be seen in naked eye, and 13 stars dominate the scene. Stars were also used in ancient times to determine the timing of the harvest season or human behavior.
551:
language. The six epagomenal days are added every four years on 29 August of Julian calendar, six months before the Julian leap day. Therefore, 1 Mäskäräm is the first day of the years between 1901 and 2099 inclusively, and falls on 11 September of
Gregorian calendar (or 12 September before Gregorian
676:
fixed the
Alexandria Era, which determines Anno Mundi (the year of world) starting from 29 August 5493 BC. After 6th century, the era was used by Egyptian and Ethiopian chronologists. The twelfth 532-year-cycle of this era began on 29 August 360 AD, which is 76 (4×19) years after the Era of Martyrs.
603:
holiday of
Ethiopia and Eritrea. It occurs from 11 September – 12 September except for Gregorian leap years. The date correspondence applies from the Gregorian years 1900 to 2099. The Ethiopian calendar has a leap year every four years, without exception, while the Gregorian calendar has a leap year
90:
Hand measurements were used in many parts of the country to purchase market goods, such as butter. The concepts of load and capacity were often used in lieu of weight when measuring cheap, bulk commodities, such as grain. More sophisticated and accurate techniques were only used for valuable goods
197:
based on a single tray subtended from a level with unequal arms, the longer arm counteracting the tray. As the more sensitive of the two instruments, steelyards were used to measure the weight of precious metals and other valuable goods. The use of the steelyard was first mentioned in
Johnston's
99:
The concept of load—a rough measurement based on the average weight carried by a human porter, donkey, mule, or camel—has long been a widely used unit of weight in traditional
Ethiopia, due to its natural emergence from traditional transport. Portuguese Jesuit missionary
71:
Since measurements of weight often require accurate units or standardized scales, they were used less frequently than measurements of capacity (volume) in the past in
Ethiopia. Still, there are three basic ways in which weight has been traditionally determined.
651:", also known as Diocletian Era, is mostly used by Eastern Churches and the Coptic Church, and began on 29 August 284. Three months later then the Gregorian and Julian calendars, the difference between the Era of Martyrs and
559:
was developed in 300 BC. Based on lunar-stellar composition, the calendar relies on astronomical observation of the moon in conjunction with seven particular stars of constellations. The Oromo months (based on stars and
631:
in 525 AD, which placed the
Annunciation eight years earlier than had Annianus. This places the Ethiopian calendar about 7–8 years behind the Gregorian calendar, depending on which part of the year is being compared.
659:
to the existing
Diocletian Era (15×19 + 13×19 = 532) to obtain the 532-year medieval Easter cycle, whose first cycle ended with the Era of Martyrs year 247 (13×19), equal to year DXXXI. 532 years is a product of
219:), which are used to measure bars of salt or cotton. This type of scale had three notches for weighing different objects. The first, near the end of piece of wood, was used to weigh heavy objects (also known as
75:
First, an object's lightness or heaviness could be simply assessed by feel (holding in one's hand) or sight (visual approximation). Second, a basic estimation of weight (such as of a load carried by a
608:
centennial years not divisible by 400. Thus, the date difference between the two calendars increases by about one day per century (or more precisely, one day per non-quadcentennial century).
341:
Distance from the tip of the middle finger to the tip of the thumb while hand is fully extended. Depending on the size of the hand, it could be anywhere from six to twelve inches.
826:
627:. Thus, the first civil year began seven months earlier, on 29 August 8 AD. This calendar differs from European calendars due to the adoption of subsequent calculation by
763:
919:
104:
noted in the 17th century that "the
Emperor 'raises ten or twelve thousand loads of provisions' from State lands", while the chronicle of Emperor
375:
Distance from the back of the heel to the tip of the big toe. Depending on the size of foot, it could be either a few inches or a dozen or more.
543:, and Lutheran Evangelical Church of Eritrea. Like the Coptic calendar, the Ethiopian calendar has a thirteenth month composed of five or six
892:
351:
Distance from the tip of the elbow to the tip of the middle finger. Depending on the size of the arm, it could be between one and two
536:
289:. The modern type of steelyard balance was introduced by Italians during their second occupation of Ethiopia, and are still used by
91:
such as medicine, gold, and silver. In fact, in the case of gold and silver, weight was essentially considered a concept of value.
616:
Ethiopians and
Eritreans follow Incarnation Era starting from Annulation or Incarnation of Jesus on 25 March 9 AD, calculated by
79:
or draft animal) might be compared to a fundamentally different but familiar unit of another measure, such as the length of a
914:
750:"Application of Linear Body Measurements for Live Body Weight Estimation of Highland Sheep in Tigray Region, North-Ethiopia"
116:
The balance has been the most renowned instrument within Ethiopian society. It has various terms in native languages: the
516:, the Ethiopian calendar employs leap years, beginning on 29 August or 30 August. The calendar is distinguished from the
544:
617:
168:
of gold for purchase of books. However, the text may be a mistake by a French editor, and actually refer to 10,000
540:
400:
Volume for grain of approximately 50 kg. Depends on the size of the animal (goat or sheep) from which the
249:), was used to measure smaller articles including salt, pepper, flour, coffee, and butter; the third, known as
673:
552:
leap year). For example, the year 2012 is 2005 in the Ethiopian calendar, which began on 11 September 2012.
54:
which differ from fundamental law; traditionally, scaling and counting values have been described using
463:
Mathematics is often associated with astrology in traditional Ethiopia. Ethiopian astrology, known as
193:: one to hold the object to be weighted and the other to hold a comparison weight. The second was a
156:
108:(r. 1682–1706) "reveals that taxes on trade were likewise largely based on mule and donkey loads".
83:
or the volume held in a hand. Third, more accurate comparisons of relative weights were done using
51:
730:
648:
520:
by a gap of 7–8 years which results from alternative calculations in determining the date of the
517:
501:
491:
801:
888:
882:
722:
509:
194:
127:
101:
35:
636:
628:
175:
76:
556:
528:
513:
505:
495:
186:
84:
55:
908:
749:
661:
656:
290:
521:
301:
The following lists are traditional Ethiopian measurements of length and volume.
844:
777:
652:
561:
352:
18:
547:. Months begin on the same days as in the Coptic calendar but are named in the
764:"The counter-balance weight for a steelyard. Drawing by T. Erwin and S. Pulak"
596:
569:
203:
159:
726:
711:"A Preliminary History of Ethiopian Measures, Weights and Values - (Part 3)"
585:
472:
27:
655:
is 285 (15×19) years, caused in 525 AD. Dionysus Exiguus decided to add 15
185:
Two types of weighting instruments were used. The first was a conventional
600:
577:
548:
117:
58:
such as goats, mules, sheep, or camels, and in modern times, steelyards.
47:
31:
22:
734:
710:
532:
105:
479:
43:
39:
504:, also known as Ge'ez calendar, was adapted from the Alexandrian or
199:
328:
190:
434:
is anywhere from two to several gallons (depending on size); a
323:
Distance from the tip of the index finger to the first joint (
80:
452:
Unit of volume that changes based on item being measure.
365:
Distance of about a yard. Used to measure woven fabrics.
209:
Traditional scales are known by various names, such as
163:
150:
138:
121:
283:
275:
262:
250:
227:
220:
210:
169:
884:
Ethiopia: The Land, Its People, History and Culture
827:"Ethiopia: Talisman Zodiac With Visual Performance"
189:consisting of two equal-length lever arms with two
635:In the past, numbering era was widely used in the
426:Containers of liquids used to measure volume. A
144:
206:, where he recorded "a rude kind of balance".
268:
256:
162:(1540–1559), in which the ruler spent 10,000
8:
471:, which is known as Ethiopian astrology and
234:
382:Traditional Ethiopian volume measurements
305:Traditional Ethiopian length measurements
748:Tadesse Tassew Alemayehu (17 July 2022).
672:Around 400 AD, an Alexandrian monk named
527:The Ethiopian calendar is also used as a
664:of 19 years and Solar cycle of 28 days.
380:
303:
686:
155:) is first mentioned by the chronicle
7:
881:Mekonnen, Yohannes K. (April 2013).
876:
874:
872:
870:
868:
866:
864:
704:
702:
700:
698:
696:
694:
692:
690:
293:merchants for fruit and vegetables.
26:have related to various aspects of
920:Science and technology in Ethiopia
14:
668:Anno Mundi according to Panodoros
537:Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church
16:Since ancient times, traditional
778:"Systems of Measure in Ethiopia"
508:which in turn derived from the
478:Aside from this, Ethiopia used
297:Length and volume measurements
198:early-19th century account of
1:
621:
802:"Ethiopian Astronomy/Zodiac"
715:Journal of Ethiopian Studies
535:Christians belonging to the
164:
151:
139:
122:
50:. Ethiopians used alternate
709:PANKHURST, RICHARD (1970).
284:
276:
263:
251:
228:
221:
211:
170:
936:
489:
273:), was equal to half of a
145:
131:
438:is about 20–30 litres; a
269:
257:
216:
179:
225:); the second, known as
541:Eastern Catholic Church
34:, and measurements of
915:Education in Ethiopia
490:Further information:
430:is about a litre; an
112:Scales and steelyards
887:. New Africa Press.
806:An Ethiopian Journal
782:abyssiniagateway.net
482:as fortune telling.
442:is several gallons.
281:and a quarter of an
87:or other apparatus.
52:units of measurement
591:
529:liturgical calendar
383:
306:
36:physical properties
649:Era of the Martyrs
643:Era of the Martyrs
518:Gregorian calendar
502:Ethiopian calendar
492:Ethiopian calendar
381:
304:
894:978-9987-16-024-2
604:every four years
510:Egyptian calendar
456:
455:
379:
378:
195:steelyard balance
137:
102:Manuel de Almeida
927:
899:
898:
878:
859:
858:
856:
855:
841:
835:
834:
823:
817:
816:
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813:
798:
792:
791:
789:
788:
774:
768:
767:
760:
754:
753:
745:
739:
738:
706:
637:Aksumite Kingdom
629:Dionysus Exiguus
626:
623:
465:hasabe kewakibit
384:
307:
287:
279:
272:
271:
266:
260:
259:
254:
248:
245:
242:
239:
236:
231:
224:
218:
214:
181:
173:
167:
154:
148:
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136:romanized:
135:
133:
125:
935:
934:
930:
929:
928:
926:
925:
924:
905:
904:
903:
902:
895:
880:
879:
862:
853:
851:
843:
842:
838:
833:. 17 July 2022.
825:
824:
820:
811:
809:
800:
799:
795:
786:
784:
776:
775:
771:
766:. 17 July 2022.
762:
761:
757:
747:
746:
742:
708:
707:
688:
683:
670:
645:
624:
614:
594:
545:epagomenal days
514:Julian calendar
506:Coptic calendar
498:
488:
461:
299:
246:
243:
240:
237:
114:
97:
69:
64:
12:
11:
5:
933:
931:
923:
922:
917:
907:
906:
901:
900:
893:
860:
836:
818:
793:
769:
755:
740:
685:
684:
682:
679:
669:
666:
657:Metonic cycles
644:
641:
620:of Alexandria
613:
610:
593:
592:New Year's Day
590:
557:Oromo calendar
496:Oromo calendar
487:
484:
460:
457:
454:
453:
450:
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443:
424:
406:
405:
398:
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321:
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113:
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96:
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68:
65:
63:
60:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
932:
921:
918:
916:
913:
912:
910:
896:
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886:
885:
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875:
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840:
837:
832:
828:
822:
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744:
741:
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724:
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705:
703:
701:
699:
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695:
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678:
675:
667:
665:
663:
662:Metonic cycle
658:
654:
650:
642:
640:
638:
633:
630:
625: 400 AD
619:
611:
609:
607:
602:
598:
589:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
558:
553:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
525:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
497:
493:
485:
483:
481:
480:zodiac system
476:
474:
470:
467:, is part of
466:
458:
451:
449:
446:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
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364:
362:
359:
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354:
350:
348:
345:
344:
340:
338:
335:
334:
330:
327:). About one
326:
322:
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309:
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296:
294:
292:
288:
286:
280:
278:
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141:
129:
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119:
111:
109:
107:
103:
94:
92:
88:
86:
82:
78:
73:
66:
61:
59:
57:
56:draft animals
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
29:
25:
24:
20:
883:
852:. Retrieved
849:www.geez.org
848:
845:"Numerology"
839:
830:
821:
810:. Retrieved
808:. 2008-09-14
805:
796:
785:. Retrieved
781:
772:
758:
743:
721:(1): 45–85.
718:
714:
671:
646:
634:
615:
605:
595:
581:
573:
565:
562:lunar phases
554:
526:
522:Annunciation
499:
477:
469:bahire hasab
468:
464:
462:
447:
439:
435:
431:
427:
421:
417:
413:
409:
401:
395:
370:
360:
346:
336:
324:
318:
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274:
226:
208:
184:
115:
98:
89:
74:
70:
62:Measurements
17:
15:
653:Anno Domini
566:Bittottessa
512:. Like the
19:mathematics
909:Categories
854:2022-07-17
812:2022-07-17
787:2022-07-17
681:References
597:Enkutatash
570:Triangulum
524:of Jesus.
404:was made.
285:amole masa
222:amole mass
215:(Amharic:
212:amole masa
204:Aliyu Amba
202:market in
160:Gelawdewos
143:; plural:
831:allafrica
727:0304-2243
674:Panodorus
586:Aldebaran
459:Astrology
448:Feresulla
81:human arm
28:astrology
735:41965801
618:Annianus
601:New Year
578:Pleiades
533:Eritrean
486:Calendar
473:computus
436:gerwoina
418:Gerwoina
48:distance
38:such as
32:calendar
23:Ethiopia
599:is the
580:), and
402:dawulla
396:Dawulla
238:
187:balance
176:Amharic
165:madalew
157:Emperor
152:madalew
140:madelot
123:madalew
106:Iyasu I
891:
733:
725:
606:except
564:) are
432:ensira
420:, and
414:Ensira
390:Notes
387:Units
371:Chamma
337:Sinzir
313:Notes
310:Units
291:Gurage
277:senbet
229:senbet
217:አሞሌ ማሳ
200:Shewan
85:scales
77:porter
67:Weight
46:, and
44:weight
40:length
30:, the
731:JSTOR
574:Camsa
549:Ge'ez
428:tassa
410:Tassa
325:Angua
261:) or
252:bäkus
244:notch
191:trays
171:waqet
128:Ge'ez
120:word
118:Ge'ez
889:ISBN
723:ISSN
612:Eras
582:Bufa
555:The
531:for
500:The
494:and
361:Aarb
353:feet
347:Kend
329:inch
264:just
235:lit.
146:መዳልው
132:መድሎት
95:Load
588:).
572:),
440:gan
422:Gan
319:Azq
258:በኩሽ
182:).
180:ወቄት
21:in
911::
863:^
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829:.
804:.
780:.
729:.
717:.
713:.
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270:ኩሽ
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