Matrikas - Knowledge (XXG)

2099: 38: 2523: 5006: 2770:(liberation) by all, but particularly kings for powers of domination. The Saptamatrikas or Matrikas are worshipped for "personal and spiritual renewal" with Mukti as the ultimate goal as well as for powers to control and rule and earthly desires (Bhukti).Also important are the banners of the Saptamatrikas, which are carved outside the Udayagiri caves. These banners are called "Indra's sisters" in the Devi Purana. The Purana lists them as: swan, bull, peacock, conch, discus, elephant and skeleton – attributes of the Matrikas. A king installing these banners is believed to get mukti and bhukti. As per the 826:(lit "destroyers of children") worship related to conception, birth, diseases and protection of children. The Balagraha tradition included the worship of the infant Skanda with the Matrikas. The goddesses were considered as personifications of perils, related to children and thus, were pacified by worship. The Kushana images emphasize the maternal as well as destructive characteristics of the Matrikas through their emblems and weapons. They appear to be an undifferentiated sculptural group but develop in standard and complex iconographic representation during the following Gupta period. 729:. In most early references, the Matrikas are associated with the conception, birth, diseases and protection of children. They were seen as inauspicious and the "personification of perils", propitiated in order to avoid those ills, that carried off so many children before they reached adulthood. They come to play a protective role in later mythology, although some of their early inauspicious and wild characteristics continue in these legends. Thus, they represent the prodigiously fecund aspect of nature as well as its destructive force aspect. 2042:(Caves 21, 14, 16 and 22). In sixth century Rameshvara cave (Cave 21) at Ellora, "With the terrific aspect repressed entirely, the Matrikas are depicted as benign and are worshipped in adulation. Sensuous, elegant, tender, beautiful adolescents, they are yet haughty and grand, quintessentially the creatrix." Kaumari is depicted with a child on her lap and even Varahi is depicted with a human head, rather than the usual boar one. In the Ravanakakai cave (Cave 14), each of the Matrikas is with a child. In eighth century 1921: 1648: 1960:, all the seven mothers are described as fatal or serve as threats to foetuses or infants. They are described as living in trees, crossroads, caves and funeral grounds and they are terrible as well as beautiful. But, in the sculptural portrayal, they are depicted quite differently as protectors and benevolent mothers. They are armed with the same weapons, wear the same ornaments, and ride the same vahanas and carry the same banners as their corresponding male deities. 2375: 2364: 2278:

Jnanamrita, Apypayani, Vyapini, Vyomarupa, Ananta, Srishti, Riddhi, Smriti, Medha, Kanti, Lakshmi, Dyuti, Sthira, Sthiti, Siddhi, Jada, Palini, Shanti, Aishvarya, Rati, Kamika, Varada, Ahladini, Pritih, Dirgha, Tikshna, Raudri, Bhaya, Nidra, Tandra, Kshudha, Krodhini, Kriya, Utkari, Mrityurupa, Pita, Shveta, Asita, Ananta. Sometimes, the Matrikas represent a diagram written in the letter, believed to possess magical powers.

1887:(7 great sages), who were accused of being Skanda's real mothers and thus abandoned by their husbands. They request Skanda to adopt them as his mothers. Skanda agrees and grants them two boons: to be worshipped as great goddesses and permission to torment children as long as they are younger than 16 years and then act as their protectors. These six goddesses as well as the Saptamatrikas are identified or associated with 2012: 6530: 6352: 2179:. The rise of the Yogini cult is analogous to the rise of the Matrikas's cult. Bhattacharyya sums it this way: "The growing importance of Shaktism (of the matrikas and yoginis in the first millennium CE) brought them into greater prominence and distributed their cult far and wide. The primitive Yogini cult was also revived on account of the increasing influences of the cult of the Seven Mothers." 113: 1781:(mothers of the world), a term used in the Mahabharata, in the first chapter. Kind to all creatures, the Matrikas are said to reside in various places for the benefit of children. The text paradoxically describes the Matrikas as being created by various gods like Brahma, Vishnu, Shiva, Indra as well as being their mothers. Devi Purana describe a pentad of Matrikas, who help 5514: 912: 535: 6447: 2292: 1834: 2755:

all over the (Indian) subcontinent". Although circular Mandalas and Chakras are mentioned in religious texts, most existing shrines are rectangular in nature. Pal speculates that earlier circular shrines, which open to the sky or under trees of less durable material were replaced by the Guptas in stone as rectangular shrines.

738: 2743:(13.66) recommends worship to Matrikas before setting up the stage and before dance performances. Indra declares in chapter 90 of Devi Purana that the Matrikas are the best among all deities and should be worshipped in cities, villages, towns and shields. Matrikas are generally to be worshipped on all occasions with 780:

Mahabharata as dark in colour, speaking foreign languages and living in "peripheral areas" and their association with god Skanda and his father and mother, Shiva and Parvati, whose forms were the Matrikas and Bhairavas had Vedic attributes. Sara L. Schastok suggests that the Matrikas maybe inspired by the concept of

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They are said to fight like Indra in battles, invoking terror in minds of enemies; speak different foreign tongues and lives in inaccessible places away from human settlements like crossroads, caves, mountains, springs, forests, riverbanks and cremation grounds. Notable among these lists of Matrikas is

1698:(identified with Devi) with whatever form, ornaments and vehicle the god possessed. In that form, they slaughter the demon army. Thus, the Matrikas are goddesses of the battlefield. They are described as assistants of Durga having sinister as well as propitious characteristics. After the battle, the 833:

period (3rd to 6th century A.D.), folk images of Matrikas became important in villages. The diverse folk goddesses of the soldiers like Matrikas were acknowledged by the Gupta rulers and their images were carved on royal monuments in order to strengthen the loyalty and adherence of the armed forces.

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The Shalya Parva of the Mahabharata mentions characteristics of a host of Matrikas, who serve Skanda. Ninety-two of them are named but the text says there exist more. The Shalya Parva describes them as young, cheerful, most of them fair but having dangerous features like long nails and large teeth.

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The Matsya Purana and Devi Purana prescribe that Matrika shrines should be north-facing and be placed in northern part of a temple-complex. The temples of the Matrikas are found earliest dating to the fourth century and from textual evidence, it is predicated that "there must be impressive shrines

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The inconsistency in the number of Matrikas found in the Indus valley today (seven, eight, or nine) possibly reflects the localization of goddesses. Although the Matrikas are mostly grouped as seven goddesses over the rest of the Indian Subcontinent, an eighth Matrikas has sometimes been added in

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in the text. When demon Shumbha challenges Durga to a single combat, she absorbs the Matrikas in herself and says that they are her different forms.In the Vamana Purana too, the Matrikas arise from different parts of Devi and not from male gods although they are described and named after the male

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is composed. It is believed that the power of mantra derives from the fact that the letters of the alphabet are in fact forms of the goddess. The 50 Matrika Kalas are given in the same account as follows: Nivritti, Pratishtha, Vidya, Shanti, Indhika, Dipika, Mochika, Para, Sukshma, Sukshmamrita,

1739:, who had the ability to duplicate from each drop of his blood that falls from him when he is wounded. The Matrikas drink up his blood and help Shiva defeat the demon. After the battle, the Matrikas begin a rampage of destruction by starting to devour other gods, demons and peoples of the world. 1743:, Vishnu's man-lion incarnation, creates a host of thirty-two benign goddesses who calm down the terrible, fire-breathing Matrikas. Narasimha commanded the Matrikas to protect the world, instead of destroying it and thus be worshipped by mankind. At the end of the episode, Shiva's terrible form 1868:

version, the Saptamatrikas are mentioned. Later in the Mahabharata; when absorption of these indigenous goddesses in the Hindu pantheon was initiated, a standardized group of seven goddesses – the Saptamatrikas, Shaktis or powers of Hindu gods are mentioned as Brahmi, Maheshvari, Kaumari,

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from the fifth century A.D. praise the Matrikas in their preambles, as giver of powers to defeat enemies. In most of the relevant texts, their exact number has not been specified, but gradually their number and names became increasingly crystallized and seven goddesses were identified as the

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engaged in fighting with the demons Shumbha and Nishumbha, and the principal Yoginis are identified with the Matrikas. Other Yoginis are described as born from one or more Matrikas. The derivation of sixty-four Yoginis from eight Matrikas became a common tradition, by mid- 11th century. The

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By the fifth century, all these goddesses were incorporated in mainstream orthodox Hinduism as Tantric deities. David Kinsley proposes that the Matrikas may be local village goddesses, who were being assimilated in the mainstream. He cites two reasons for his assertion: their description in

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Though the first six are unanimously accepted by texts, the name and features of the seventh and eighth Matrikas are disputed. In the Devi Mahatmya, Chamunda is omitted after the Matrikas list, while in sculpture in shrines or caves and the Mahabharata, Narasimhi is omitted. The

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In India, shrines of the Saptamatrikas are located in "the wilderness", usually near lakes or rivers, and are made of seven vermilion smeared stones. It is believed that the Matrikas kill fetuses and newborns unless pacified with bridal finery and prayers by women. A prominent

2195:, matrikaksara), though there is considerable variation in the precise interpretation of the term from one author to another. Sometimes it denotes a single character, the entire collection of characters (an "alphabet"), the alphabetic "matrix" used as a 2098: 1747:

is enshrined with the images of the Matrikas at the place where the battle took place. This story is retold in Vishnudharmottara Purana. Vishnudharmottara Purana further relates them with vices or inauspicious emotions like envy, pride, anger etc.

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as important deities, whereas another tradition, which views the Yoginis as cruel minor deities, considers them separate entities. In Sanskrit literature the Yoginis have been represented as the attendants or various manifestations of goddess

2637:, part of Devi Bhagavata Purana. It involves installation of powers of Matrikas – as letters of the alphabet – in one's body, by "feeling the deity worshipped in different parts of the body" like head, face, anus and legs and reciting 1304:, the god of thunderstorms. Seated on an elephant, Indrani, is depicted dark-skinned, with two or four or six arms. She is depicted as having two or three or four eyes like Indra, and a thousand eyes on her body. She is armed with the 1363:, the god of war. Kaumari rides a peacock and has four or twelve arms. She holds a spear, axe, a Shakti (power) or Tanka (silver coins) and bow. She is sometimes depicted six-headed like Kartikeya and wears a cylindrical crown called 842:(c. second half of the fifth century A.D.) made Skanda (Kumara) their model and elevated the position of Skanda's foster mothers, the Matrikas from a cluster of folk goddesses to court goddesses. Since the fourth century, Parhari, 1751:

In Varaha Purana, they are created from the distracted mind of goddess Vaishnavi, who loses her concentration while doing asceticism. They are described as lovely and act as the goddesses' attendants on the battlefield. In the

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of Yoginis were used alternatively. The eighty-one Yoginis evolve from a group of nine Matrikas, instead of seven or eight. The Saptamatrika (Brahmani, Maheshvari, Kaumari, Vaishnavi, Varahi, Indrani, Chamunda) joined by

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The Matrikas originated from the sweat of Shiva who chased the asuras away from the heavens and killed them when the asuras conquered the heavens after defeating the devas and after that the devas conquered the heavens.

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The Saptamatrikas are generally carved in relief on a rectangular stone slab in the sequential order of Brahmani, Maheshvari, Kaumari, Vaishnavi, Varahi, Indrani, Chamunda, being flanked by two male figures –

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form the nine Matrikas cluster. Each Matrika is considered to be a Yogini and is associated with eight other Yoginis resulting in the troupe of eighty-one (nine times nine); there is an 81-Yogini temple at

2261:, have been described as being the Matrikas themselves. It is believed that they are infused with the power of the Divine Mother herself. The Matrikas are considered to be the subtle form of the letters 2311:) of Shiva and Parvati. Their images moved from the sanctums to corners of temple complexes and now they are as guardian deities in small village shrines. The Saptamatrikas are worshipped as 2498:

In the Kathmandu valley of Nepal, the Ashta-matrikas with a central village goddess are worshipped as protectors of the city or town. They are identified with the guardians of directions (

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is important in worship of the Matrikas. Here once stood a temple dedicated to the Saptamatrikas, which was replaced by the present temple where that are still worshipped by everyone now.

1876:(thunderbolt). These are Kāki, Halimā, Mālinī, Bṛhalī, Āryā, Palālā and Vaimitrā, which Skanda accepted as his mothers, who stole other children – a characteristic of the Matrikas. 621:

says that "Mothers are to be made with cognizance of (different major Hindu) gods corresponding to their names." They are associated with these gods as their spouses or their energies (

1864:(king of gods) sends the goddesses called "mothers of the world" to kill him. However, upon seeing Skanda, instead they follow their maternal instincts and raise him. In the chapter 1996:). The earliest instance of their portrayal with Uma-Maheshvara is at Desha Bhattarika, Nepal although now the Matrika images have withered away. The 12th century Sanskrit author 2595:(ritual) to cure the ailing king. The text describes "young nobles (of the king) burning themselves with lamps to propitiate the Matrikas in a temple dedicated to the Matrikas ( 2463:

around the city and assisted to a certain compass point. In other temples like the ones dedicated to Pacali Bhairava, the Asthamatrikas are worshipped as a circle of stones. In

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in the eighth century CE, had once temples dedicated exclusively to them, but since the ninth century CE onwards, they were demoted to status of "deities of the entourage" (

1524:. She is described as holding a Damaru (drum), trishula (trident), sword and Panapatra (drinking-vessel). She rides on a lion. She is regarded as the consort of the deity 584: 877:

claimed to have been nursed by the Sapta Matrikas. It was a popular practice to link South Indian royal family lineage to a Northern kingdom in ancient times. During the

5360: 1099:(mount or vehicle). She is also shown seated on a lotus with the hamsa on her banner. She wears various ornaments and is distinguished by her basket-shaped crown called 2077:(the treasurer of the gods and a companion of Shiva and Parvati) while Shiva sits in the middle of the group. In Gupta and post-Gupta art, like in 6th Century caves of 37: 2491:(court) in 1667 AD and is believed to have seen the Matrikas dance in the durbar one night. The king ordered that the Ashta-matrika be worshipped during the Ashwin 2346:– new moon day, with the 64 yoginis represented by rice flour images or supari nuts. The goddesses are worshipped by ceremonial offerings of fruits and flowers and 3570:

The stories are quoted in (Rao, T.A. Gopinatha, Elements of Hindu Iconography, Vol.I, Part-II, 2nd Edition, Indological Book House, Varanasi, 1971, pp.379–383).

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mudra (No fear hand gesture). Like Vishnu, she is heavily adorned with ornaments like necklaces, anklets, earrings, bangles, etc and a cylindrical crown called

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statue of Matrika Maheshvari, seen with a trident in a hand, adorned by serpent ornaments and her vahana (mount), the bull Nandi is seen on her seat —

2906: 2510:), satiated by blood sacrifice. Newar Buddhists associate the Matrikas with 24 human qualities, which can mastered by visiting three sets of eight Matrika 1777:(6th – 10th century) mentions a group of sixteen matrikas and six other types of Matrikas mentioned, apart from the Saptamatrikas. It introduces the 796:

The cult of the Female Principle was a major aspect of Dravidian religion, The concept of Shakti was an integral part of their religion. The cult of the

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Cox, Colette (1992). "The unbroken treatise: Scripture and argument in early Buddhist scholasticism". In Williams, M. A.; Cox, C.; Jaffee, M. (eds.).

2467:, the Ashtamatrikas are believed to the preserver goddesses of the city guarding the eight geometrical directions. Mary Sluser says "Not only do the 2550: 2623:. Other offerings include flowers and clothes and meat and wine for some Matrikas. Tantric works like Tantrarāja-Tantra (unknown date, author) and 1719:

According to latter episode of Devi Mahatmya, Durga created Matrikas from herself and with their help slaughtered the demon army. In this version,

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The Sapta-Matrikas were earlier connected with Skanda (Kumara) and in later times, associated with the Shaiva sect of Shiva himself. During the

2203:), or the sound of the syllable represented by the character. Various traditions identify the script matrikas with the sacred divine Matrikas. 2477:(Eight aspects of Bhairava) and sculpted on temple roofs or terraces. Nepali Buddhists worship the Matrikas as described in Dharanisamgrahas. 1083:. She is depicted yellow in colour and with four heads. She may be depicted with four or six arms. Like Brahma, she holds a rosary, noose and 5353: 1482:. Riding a jackal, she is described as having three eyes, a terrifying face and a sunken belly. She is regarded as the consort of the deity 3115:

Jagdish Narain Tiwari, "Studies in Goddess Cults in Northern India, with Reference to the First Seven Centuries AD" p.215-244; as cited in

2686:– sixth century). The Gangadhar inscripture deals with a construction to a shrine to Chamunda and the other Matrikas, "who are attended by 5005: 772:

dated to 1st century CE. Madhu Wangu believes that Matrika description in Mahabharata is rooted in the group of seven females depicted on

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period (1st to 3rd century), the sculptural images of the matrikas first appear in stone. The Kushana images merged from the belief in

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In each of the four depictions at Ellora, the matrikas are accompanied by Shiva, Ganesha and also on their left (besides Ganesha) by

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In other accounts of Skanda's birth in Mahabharata, eight ferocious goddesses emerge from Skanda, when struck by Indra's

1412:(rod), plough, goad, a Vajra or a sword, and a Panapatra and she rides a buffalo. Sometimes, she carries a bell, chakra, 6570: 5216: 1716:

mentions three other goddesses, Shaktis of other gods' in addition to the Saptamatrika, making a group of 10 Matrikas.

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Cited in Laura Kristine Chamberlain. "Durga and the Dashain Harvest Festival: From the Indus to Kathmandu Valleys" in

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Anecdota Oxoniensia: Texts, Documents, and Extracts Chiefly from Manuscripts in the Bodleian and the Oxford Libraries

2566: 6590: 5286: 792:– both are often portrayed with the Matrikas. In contrast to the Indus valley origins theory, Bhattacharyya notes: 6560: 3473: 2398:(grandmother goddesses, who are feared as bringer of disease and misfortune as well act as protectresses) in the 870: 773: 760:

civilization. Seals with rows of seven feminine deities or priestesses are cited as evidence for the theory. The

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guard the compass points but they are also regarded as regents of the sky." Sometimes, they are paired with the

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period (10th to 12th century A.D.), all Matrikas continued to figure among the deity sculptures of this period.

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By James Heitzman and Wolfgang Schenkluhn, pp.244–5, Published 2004, University Press of America, 338 pages,

2018:–Shiva (left) with Virabhadra and the first three Matrikas. Matrikas are depicted with children – Ellora 1980:. They are often depicted on the lintel slabs of the main door of a Shiva and Parvati temple – mainly in the 1912:(an incarnation of Vishnu) by suckling him with poisoned breast milk and was consequently killed by Krishna. 6173: 5266: 2296: 1920: 878: 1793:(the five mothers) named Kaumari, Maheshvari, Chamunda, Brahmi, Vaishnavi and who have been established by 6565: 5222: 4886: 2673: 2043: 1845:. Surrounded by skeletons, the goddess has large nails and protruding teeth and wears a garland of skulls. 1647: 6381: 5246: 2620: 2481: 2455:

is primarily dedicated to a Matrika, the other Matrikas are also worshipped as subordinate deities. The

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and other dangerous beings. In the same text, milkmaids offer a prayer for protection of the infant-god

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from the bodies of the gods – Brahma, Shiva, Skanda, Vishnu, Indra; having the form of each, approached

1612: 850: 556: 254: 2459:, which are "theoretically located at the outer boundaries of the city" are said to form a protective 1984:

region, with their respective mounts forming the pedestal. Sometimes, they are occupied by the couple

6463: 6178: 6061: 5824: 5632: 5211: 5196: 4951: 4530: 3802: 3341:"Sapta Matrikas In Indian Art and their significance in Indian Sculpture and Ethos: A Critical Study" 2731:) of letters of Devanagari alphabet, while Brahmayāmala states they issue originate from the vowels. 1478:) and holding a Damaru (drum), trishula (trident), sword and Panapatra (drinking-vessel) and wears a 2668:(by king Vishvavarman- 423 C.E., identified as the first epigraphic evidence of Tantra worship); in 2649:, combines the installation of "most powerful set of all letters (Matrikas)" with the seed syllable 752:

According to Jagdish Narain Tiwari and Dilip Chakravati, the Matrikas were existent as early as the

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in both sides (first – on their right and last – on their left). Thus, the Matrikas are considered

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Matrikas, albeit some references indicate eight or even sixteen Matrikas. Laura K. Amazzone cites:

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discuss the worship of Matrikas as Shaktis or letters of the alphabet. A process of this worship,

1985: 6245: 6122: 5973: 5309: 4794: 4646: 3994: 2774:, Matrikas acted as the king's tangible Shaktis and conferred him the power to conquer and rule. 2530: 1929: 1699: 1539: 1520:, the woman-lion goddess who throws the stars into disarray by shaking her lion mane and wears a 1039: 628: 521: 264: 220: 6097: 5958: 2845: 2363: 966:

The iconographical features of the Matrikas have been described in Hindu scriptures such as the

4500: 2249:, the fifty or fifty-one letters including vowels as well as consonants from A to Ksha, of the 902:, a city in the Kathmandu Valley, a ninth Matrika is added to the set to represent the centre. 6575: 6509: 6204: 6041: 5685: 5281: 5276: 5256: 5206: 5047: 4879: 4843: 4824: 4802: 4780: 4761: 4742: 4723: 4706: 4671: 4632: 4613: 4596: 4588: 4569: 4550: 4515: 4476: 4457: 4438: 4410: 4391: 4149: 4104: 4080: 3133: 2966: 2214:, then the (Ka), (Cha), (Ta), (ta), (Pa), (Ya) and (Ksha) groups. The seven mother goddesses ( 1495: 1437: 1380: 1331: 1279: 1261: 1181: 1118: 1088: 1062: 1044: 1006: 920: 866: 387: 247: 232: 96: 6102: 2960: 2616: 2390:

The Matrikas function both as city protectors and individual protectors in both Hinduism and

2234:) and over sounds of the language. The Mothers were identified with fourteen vowels plus the 6374: 6229: 6168: 6107: 6066: 5617: 5075: 4698: 2431:(god-houses) in towns and villages, they are represented in brass images. The brass images ( 2058:

period, the Matrikas appear on the southern boundary of the temple. As the influence of the

2035: 1754: 1215: 874: 805: 549: 344: 289: 1240:(skull-bowl) or a serpent and is adorned with serpent bracelets, the crescent moon and the 6013: 5943: 5843: 5572: 5557: 5381: 5201: 5080: 4756:

Van den Hoek, Bert (1993). "Kathmandu as a sacrificial arena". In Nas, Peter J. M. (ed.).

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rose, the fertility area and upper parts of body in the Matrika sculptures were stressed.

2023: 885: 539: 493: 269: 180: 2604: 2200: 2120:, a group of sixty-four or eighty-one Tantric goddesses, in a tradition which treats the 1679:

and the Suprabhedagama contain references to Matrikas, and this asserts their antiquity.

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Art of Osian Temples: Socio-Economic and Religious Life in India, 8th–12th Centuries A.D

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The Abode of Mahashiva: Cults and Symbology in Jaunsar-Bawar in the Mid – Himalayas

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and is similar in her appearance and habit. The similarity with Kali is explicit in the

1248:(A headdress formed of piled, matted hair). She is regarded as the consort of the deity 6580: 6514: 6455: 6355: 6337: 6332: 6160: 6087: 5885: 5862: 5471: 5271: 5261: 4816: 3340: 2899: 2839: 2710: 2488: 2474: 2164: 2153: 2111: 2070: 1937: 1702:

drunk with their victim's blood. This description is repeated with little variation in

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Originally believed to be a personification of the seven stars of the star cluster the

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According to K.C. Aryan, the number of Matrikas is determined in the structure of the

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Innovation in Religions Traditions: Essays in the Interpretation of Religions Change

2191:) is also a term used to denote features of Indic scripts (also in combination with 6311: 6301: 6150: 6046: 5998: 5938: 5930: 5889: 5173: 5095: 3735:

Mahabharata verses 215.16 – 215.18, two of the goddesses are described in 215.21–22

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The textual description of Matrikas is generally frightening and ferocious. In the

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derived from Shiva's names Rudra, Mahesha, Shiva. Maheshvari is depicted seated on

1092: 830: 765: 753: 445: 392: 2727:(1.33) explains that the primary function of Matrikas is to preside eight groups ( 1474:. The black coloured Chamunda is described as wearing a garland of severed heads ( 955: 4435:

The Devi Gita: The Song of the Goddess: A Translation, Annotation, and Commentary

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The Seven Mother Goddesses (Matrikas) flanked by Shiva (left) and Ganesha (right)

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History of Nepal: With an Introductory Sketch of the Country and People of Nepal

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Hindu Goddesses: Vision of the Divine Feminine in the Hindu Religious Traditions

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Note that the Gupta rulers took the names of the deity Skanda as their own names

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and cost is defrayed by the durbar. The custom has continued into modern times.

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groups; when the vocalic (A) group is added to it, the eight mother goddesses (

2156:. Thus, Yoginis are considered as manifestations or daughters of the Matrikas. 6296: 5953: 5897: 5783: 5712: 5426: 5153: 5027: 4978: 2706: 2664:

Stone inscriptions of Tantric worship of the Matrikas are found in Gangadhar,

2316: 2250: 2207: 1941: 1884: 1549: 928: 698:, Saptamatrika worship is prevalent whereas the Ashtamatrika are venerated in 478: 352: 299: 112: 48: 4710: 2766:(powers of the gods) as group of seven or more, who should be worshipped for 1569:

is added omitting Narasimhi. In lists of nine Matrikas, Devi-Purana mentions

1236:(A garland of beads), Panapatra (drinking vessel) or axe or an antelope or a 764:(IX 102.4) speaks of a group of seven Mothers who control the preparation of 6316: 6306: 6265: 6255: 6199: 5983: 5771: 5702: 5592: 5535: 5451: 5168: 5163: 5158: 5148: 5125: 5100: 5062: 4966: 4936: 4702: 4585:

A concise history of Karnataka : from pre-historic times to the present

2744: 2665: 2554: 2492: 2464: 2443:), the Matrikas are considered as representing a vice and are worshipped by 2407: 2219: 2196: 2082: 1740: 1724: 1509: 1475: 1413: 1360: 1219: 1084: 916: 899: 889: 854: 785: 768:, but the earliest clear description appears in select chapters of the epic 726: 676: 652: 488: 473: 440: 330: 195: 170: 4600: 1758:, when beings created by Vishnu are enlisted; the Matrikas are listed with 911: 705:

The Matrikas assume paramount significance in the goddess-oriented sect of

5338: 2722: 2715: 2681: 2651: 2624: 2597: 2575: 2468: 1803: 1787: 1585:, characterized by her elephant head and ability to remove obstacles like 1503: 1445: 1418: 1388: 1339: 1314: 1312:, noose and lotus stalk. Adorned with variety of ornaments, she wears the 1287: 1269: 1242: 1189: 1164: 1126: 1101: 1070: 1052: 607:(Seven Mothers). However, they are also depicted as a group of eight, the 64: 6504: 6436: 6416: 6280: 6270: 6260: 6250: 6112: 5978: 5854: 5838: 5794: 5766: 5736: 5722: 5642: 5587: 5446: 5389: 5322: 5090: 5052: 5022: 4973: 4931: 4902: 2771: 2612: 2608: 2562: 2542: 2417:

are usually open-air shrines, but may be closed structures too. In these

2391: 2227: 2078: 2031: 2015: 1977: 1949: 1895: 1891: 1842: 1759: 1744: 1728: 1636: 1591: 1574: 1432: 1233: 1225: 944: 932: 722: 714: 706: 691: 680: 664: 600: 580: 357: 335: 141: 104: 84: 58: 6446: 3513:

Singh p.1840, Ambika is used as another name for Kaumari in Devi Purana.

2022:

Three panels of Saptamatrikas appear near the Shiva and Parvati cave at

1849:

The Mahabharata narrates in different chapters the birth of warrior-god

6426: 6275: 6145: 6026: 5920: 5788: 5761: 5622: 5597: 5577: 5545: 5540: 5530: 5456: 5436: 5431: 5421: 5416: 5110: 5032: 4946: 4941: 3477: 2759: 2582: 2546: 2538: 2460: 2291: 2258: 2192: 2144: 2131: 2051: 2001: 1997: 1989: 1973: 1969: 1925: 1909: 1854: 1850: 1838: 1822: 1814: 1785:

to kill demons. Further, sage Mandavya is described as worshipping the

1782: 1767: 1736: 1735:

In Matsya Purana, Shiva had created seven Matrikas to combat the demon

1632: 1600: 1586: 1582: 1565: 1559: 1463: 1256: 1148: 1144: 924: 761: 684: 644: 367: 190: 160: 4473:

Auspicious Wisdom: The Texts and Traditions of Srividya Sakta Tantrism

6421: 6411: 6397: 6209: 6140: 6135: 6092: 6056: 6036: 5993: 5968: 5963: 5910: 5732: 5727: 5692: 5680: 5670: 5637: 5627: 5562: 5481: 5461: 5399: 5394: 5327: 5042: 4956: 2767: 2687: 2638: 2587: 2534: 2380:

Vaishnavi or Bishnuvi (top) and Brahmi or Brahmayani (bottom) in the

2347: 2336: 2303:

According to Leslie C. Orr, the Saptamatrikas, who first appeared in

2274: 2246: 2176: 2160: 2140: 2135: 2121: 2117: 2107: 2074: 2059: 2027: 1933: 1904: 1818: 1810: 1794: 1763: 1695: 1691: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1604: 1596: 1578: 1513: 1459: 1405: 1401: 1375: 1237: 1229: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1096: 1080: 1076: 973: 940: 936: 801: 789: 781: 741: 710: 668: 660: 656: 636: 632: 623: 483: 455: 450: 155: 76: 4686: 4103:

By P. V. Jagadisa Ayyar. Published 1993, Asian Educational Services,

1833: 1801:

from calamities. The Matrikas direct the sage to perform worship of

1607:, the first and fish avatar of Vishnu is also included sometimes in 1663:

There are several Puranic texts related to the origin of Matrikas.

725:

goddesses. They are also connected with the worship of warrior god

6219: 6130: 6031: 6021: 6003: 5988: 5756: 5675: 5607: 5567: 5552: 5476: 5441: 5404: 4983: 4961: 4191: 4189: 2669: 2569:

mentions the propitiation of Matrikas by a Tantric ascetic in his

2526: 2521: 2395: 2290: 2211: 2126: 2097: 2047: 2010: 1993: 1965: 1919: 1888: 1873: 1861: 1832: 1652: 1646: 1554: 1424:

with other ornaments. She is regarded as the consort of the deity

1305: 1301: 1198:, also known as Maheshvara. Maheshvari is also known by the names 1195: 1155: 1151:(discus), mace and lotus and bow and sword or her two arms are in 952: 865:. The evidence of Matrika sculptures is further pronounced in the 737: 736: 699: 648: 640: 362: 215: 165: 846:

had a rock-cut shrine been solely devoted to the Sapta Matrikas.

721:(goddess) in her fight with demons." Some scholars consider them 5915: 5707: 5647: 5612: 5582: 5522: 5496: 5486: 5466: 5411: 5070: 4988: 4923: 4592: 2619:

mention the ritual offerings of food and shrines of Matrikas at

2423: 2066: 1720: 1544: 1467: 1309: 948: 718: 596: 498: 435: 430: 175: 150: 80: 6370: 5858: 5342: 4875: 3937: 3935: 1857:) and his association with the Matrikas – his adopted mothers. 6082: 1218:(the bull) and has four or six hands. The white complexioned, 4799:

Kiss of the Yogini: 'Tantric Sex' in its South Asian Contexts

3834: 3832: 3726:, p. 159, verses 2.10.37–39 and 10.63.6 ff., 10.6,27–29. 2996: 2994: 2439:

once every year. Like Vishnudharmottara Purana (discussed in

1723:

is described as a Matrika, who sucked all the blood of demon

4739:

The Śāmalājī Sculptures and 6th Century Art in Western India

4668:

The Goddess in India: The Five Faces of the Eternal Feminine

3211: 3209: 3207: 3182: 3180: 3178: 800:, or Seven Divine Mothers, which is an integral part of the 4871: 4536:. In Claus, Peter; Diamond, Sarah; Mills, Margaret (eds.). 3176: 3174: 3172: 3170: 3168: 3166: 3164: 3162: 3160: 3158: 603:. The Matrikas are often depicted in a group of seven, the 6366: 2081:, the Matrikas are accompanied by Shiva and Parvati's son 4859:

The Art Of Indian Asia, Its Mythology and Transformations

3743: 3741: 3099: 3097: 3095: 3093: 3091: 3078: 3076: 3074: 3061: 3059: 2701:

The eight Matrikas are said to reside the second line of

2435:) are paraded around town and placed at their respective 861:

carvings and memorials, containing sculptural details of

2860: 2858: 1883:(the great mothers), a group of the wives of six of the 2690:(female demons)" and rituals of daily Tantric worship ( 2427:) in form of stone statues or natural stones, while in 2000:

mentions worship of Matrikas with Shiva and Parvati in

1553:

as the eighth Matrika, created by flames emerging from

3995:"Palaeographical remarks on the Horiuzi palm leaf MSS" 3439:, Tr. by M.N. Dutta, Calcutta, 1903–1904, Ch.50.18.22. 2633:(lit. "installation of the Mothers"), is described in 1817:

or a circular shrine to the Matrikas), established by

915:

The eight Matrikas in battle (top row, from the left)

4099:, Annual Report 1909-10 p. 285 as quoted in pp.285–6 3594:, pp. 156, Devi Mahatmya verses 8.38, 44, 49, 62 2406:

i.e. seats) of the ashta matrika built in and around

898:

Nepal to represent the eight cardinal directions. In

3339:

Goswami, Meghali; Gupta, Ila; Jha, P. (March 2005).

2421:, the Matrikas are worshipped with their followers ( 2210:

alphabet. First is the (A) group which contains the

2199:

tool, vowels in particular (considered erroneous by

1033:

The Ashta-Matrikas as described in the Devi Mahatmya

717:, they are described as "assisting the great Shakta 6497: 6454: 6404: 6325: 6289: 6238: 6187: 6159: 6121: 6075: 6012: 5929: 5896: 5745: 5663: 5521: 5380: 5302: 5232: 5182: 5124: 5061: 5013: 4922: 2799:This very ability is possessed by Raktabija of the 2342:The Saptamatrika images are worshipped by women on 1416:(a yak's tail) and a bow. She wears a crown called 1143:(eagle-man) and having four or six arms. She holds 72: 57: 47: 23: 4073:Gods and Worshippers on South Indian sacred ground 2167:across India including the well-preserved ones at 951:before them, all fighting against and killing the 4510:Harper, Katherine Anne; Brown, Robert L. (2002). 1557:'s mouth. In Nepal, the eighth Matrika is called 4629:The Mother Goddesses According to the Devipurana 3874: 3872: 3381: 3379: 3377: 3298: 3296: 4492:The Iconography and Ritual of Śiva at Elephanta 4168: 3805:(1883 -1896), Book 9: Shalya Parva: Section 46. 3459: 3457: 3455: 3453: 3451: 3449: 3447: 3445: 2230:hold that the Mothers preside over impurities ( 794: 2319:. But the Selliyamman temple at Alambakkam in 2159:The yoginis also occupy an important place in 1367:. She is regarded as the consort of the deity 1320:. She is regarded as the consort of the deity 1170:. She is regarded as the consort of the deity 1107:. She is regarded as the consort of the deity 6382: 5870: 5354: 4887: 4861:. New Delhi: Motilal Banarsidas Publications. 4627:Pal, P. (1997). Singh, Nagendra Kumar (ed.). 3941: 3251: 3033: 1932:, Kaumari, Vaishnavi, – the 3 Matrikas, 557: 8: 4502:Yogini Cult and Temples: A Tantric Tradition 4207: 4195: 3582:, p. 156, Devi Mahatmya verses 8.11–20. 3000: 30:Goddesses of War, Children and Emancipation. 4369: 4357: 4148:. Asian Educational Services. p. 110. 3838: 3759: 3654:, p. 158, Devi Mahatmya verses 10.2–5. 3397: 3385: 3215: 2410:are considered powerful places of worship. 2265:. These letters combined make up syllables 813:Bhattacharyya, Bhattacharyya, Bhattacharyya 6389: 6375: 6367: 5877: 5863: 5855: 5361: 5347: 5339: 4894: 4880: 4872: 564: 550: 91: 36: 4670:. Inner Traditions / Bear & Company. 4131: 4119: 4047: 4023: 3783: 3606:, p. 156, Devi Mahatmya verses 8.62. 2959:Leeming, David; Fee, Christopher (2016). 2946: 2942: 2940: 2938: 2451:) to free oneself from them. Though each 2073:, the Matrikas is flanked by Ganesha and 1908:, a goddess who tried to kill the infant 1825:mountains, by meat and ritual sacrifice. 4718:Reed, David; McConnachie, James (2002). 3239: 2672:(by Guptas – fifth century) and in 2484:king of Nepal Srinivasa Malla built the 2102:Kaumari, a folio from the Devi Mahatmya. 1404:, the third and the boar-headed form of 910: 4327: 4291: 4267: 4255: 4059: 3965: 3926: 3902: 3890: 3878: 3863: 3850: 3814: 3771: 3747: 3723: 3711: 3699: 3687: 3675: 3663: 3651: 3639: 3627: 3615: 3603: 3591: 3579: 3522: 3466: 3409: 3302: 3227: 3149: 3116: 3103: 3065: 2864: 2818: 2783: 2709:. They are frequently aligned with the 2394:. The Astha Matrikas are considered as 1091:stalk, a book, bell and is seated on a 873:period (8th to 12th century A.D.). The 103: 4654: 4644: 4505:. National Museum, Janpath, New Delhi. 4315: 4231: 4001:. Clarendon Press. p. 67, note 2. 3533: 3531: 3368: 3326: 3314: 3198: 3017: 3015: 3013: 3011: 3009: 2962:The Goddess: Myths of the Great Mother 2916:. Government of Orissa. Archived from 1869:Vaishnavi, Varahi, Indrani, Chamunda. 587:: mātṝkā, lit. "mothers") also called 20: 4538:South Asian Folklore: An Encyclopedia 4531:"Goddesses, place, Identity in Nepal" 4494:. State University of New York Press. 4303: 4279: 4243: 4219: 4180: 4035: 4011: 3953: 3914: 3558: 3537: 3499: 3287: 3275: 3263: 3082: 3050: 3021: 2985: 2907:"Sakti Cult in Upper Mahanadi Valley" 2825: 2269:which are combined to make sentences 1944:, dedicated in 43rd year of reign of 1595:omitting Narasimhi. The female power 7: 3678:, pp. 158–159, verses 179.8–90. 3132:By Timothy Insoll, 2001, Routledge, 3046: 3044: 3042: 2747:(the nine planets) and the Dikpala ( 2116:The Matrikas are included among the 857:built many Hindu temples along with 599:who are always depicted together in 4823:. Chennai, India: Ganesh & Co. 3493: 3425:, Summer 2002, vol. 25, no. 1, p.26 3186: 2965:. Reaktion Books. p. part 33. 1762:(demons), bhutas (ghosts), pretas, 4545:Jain, Madhu; Handa, O. C. (1995). 4428:. Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers. 4097:The Madras Epigraphical Department 2533:, Vaishnavi, Maheshvari, Kaumari, 14: 4490:Collins, Charles Dillard (1988). 4433:Brown, Cheever Mackenzie (1998). 4144:Underhill, Muriel Marion (1991). 2751:) and at night with the Goddess. 2295:A shrine of the seven mothers in 2273:and it is of these elements that 1512:(the fourth and lion-man form of 6529: 6528: 6445: 6351: 6350: 5512: 5004: 4471:Brooks, Douglas Renfrew (1992). 4101:South Indian shrines illustrated 2838:Monier-Williams, Monier (1872). 2373: 2362: 2030:. They are also depicted in the 1194:) is the power of destroyer god 1139:, is described as seated on the 533: 111: 4801:. University of Chicago Press. 4388:The Little Goddesses (Matrikas) 3702:, p. 159, verses 17.33–37. 2905:Panda, S. S. (September 2004). 2242:, making their number sixteen. 869:(8th to 10th century A.D.) and 16:Group of Hindu mother goddesses 4842:. Asian Educational Services. 4583:Kamath, Suryanath U. (2001) . 4540:. Routledge. pp. 257–260. 4390:. New Delhi: Rekha Prakashan. 3714:, p. 159, Verses 44.1–96. 3618:, p. 156, verses 5.28–29. 3492:Other names from Devi Purana: 3130:Archaeology and World Religion 1924:Bronze group with (from left) 1: 4426:History of the Sakta Religion 4424:Bhattacharyya, N. N. (1974). 3666:, p. 158, verses 30.3–9. 2645:, a more specialized form of 2573:. The text mentions use of a 1879:Another account mentions the 1224:(three eyed) goddess holds a 4587:. Bangalore: Jupiter books. 4282:, p. 292 Verses 10.6–8. 3690:, p. 159, verses 1.225. 3474:"Sapta Matrikas (12th C AD)" 2878:"Mantras to the Aṣṭamātṛkās" 2735:Rituals and goals of worship 2440: 1727:. Kali is given the epithet 1158:(Blessing hand gesture) and 1079:(energy) of the creator god 5292:Sarasvati-rahasya Upanishad 4775:Wangu, Madhu Bazaz (2003). 4666:Pattanaik, Devdutt (2000). 4169:Reed & McConnachie 2002 2880:. Cambridge Digital Library 2841:Sanskrit-English Dictionary 2749:Guardians of the directions 2723: 2716: 2682: 2652: 2625: 2598: 2576: 2469: 1804: 1788: 1504: 1446: 1419: 1389: 1340: 1315: 1288: 1270: 1243: 1190: 1165: 1127: 1102: 1071: 1053: 65: 6607: 5287:Saubhagyalakshmi Upanishad 4857:Zimmer, Heinrich (2001) . 4777:Images of Indian Goddesses 4737:Schastok, Sara L. (1985). 4685:Rajarajan, R.K.K. (2015). 4077:The World in the Year 1000 3997:. In Müller, F. M. (ed.). 3982:. de Gruyter. p. 152. 2218:) correspond to the seven 2105: 1615:mentions 2 other Matrikas 1508:) is the divine energy of 935:. (bottom row, from left) 784:, who are associated with 6523: 6443: 6346: 5834: 5510: 5318: 5002: 4909: 4454:Ellora, Concept and Style 3630:, p. 156, verses 30. 3201:, pp. B4C, 257, 135. 2762:mentions the Matrikas or 2447:(a pilgrimage around the 2046:(cave 16) – dedicated to 1651:9th–10th century granite 1516:). She is also called as 1499: 1441: 1384: 1335: 1283: 1265: 1185: 1122: 1066: 1048: 853:(350–1000 A.D.) kings of 398:Krishnananda Agamavagisha 35: 28: 5818:Yoga Sutras of Patanjali 4779:. Abhinav Publications. 4720:The Rough Guide to Nepal 4608:Kinsley, David (1998) . 4568:. Abhinav Publications. 4456:. Abhinav Publications. 4452:Berkson, Carmel (1992). 4409:. Abhinav Publications. 4146:The Hindu Religious Year 3525:, p. 241 Footnotes. 2988:, p. 187, Glossary. 2551:Panchalingeshvara temple 997:Vishnudharmottara Purana 595:, are a group of mother 363:Trika (Kashmir Shaivism) 6174:Nepal Bhasa renaissance 5267:Tripuratapini Upanishad 4838:Wright, Daniel (1996). 4703:10.1558/rosa.v9i2.31071 4691:Religions of South Asia 4612:. Motilal Banarsidass. 4499:Dehejia, Vidya (1986). 4405:Banerji, S. C. (2002). 4370:Harper & Brown 2002 4358:Harper & Brown 2002 3839:Harper & Brown 2002 3760:Harper & Brown 2002 3398:Harper & Brown 2002 3386:Harper & Brown 2002 3216:Harper & Brown 2002 2643:Hrillekha-matrika-nyasa 2321:Tiruchirapalli district 2297:Ramanathapuram District 1841:sculpture of Chamunda, 733:Origins and development 4821:The Garland of Letters 4631:. Anmol Publications. 2585:of the Matrikas) or a 2558: 2300: 2103: 2019: 1953: 1853:(the son of Shiva and 1846: 1660: 1543: – the shakti of 1398:Verai, Dandini, Dandai 1300:, is the power of the 963: 904: 816: 745: 702:, among other places. 671:. and additionals are 6586:Hindu tantric deities 5247:Devi-Bhagavata Purana 4529:Iltis, Linda (2002). 4386:Aryan, K. C. (1980). 4024:Jain & Handa 1995 3796:Vaishampayana said... 3189:, pp. 1835–1858. 2947:Jain & Handa 1995 2844:. Clarendon. p. 2698:(offering of grain). 2694:) like the ritual of 2591:along with a special 2525: 2294: 2253:alphabet itself, the 2106:Further information: 2101: 2014: 1923: 1836: 1713:Devi-Bhagavata Purana 1704:Devi Bhagavata Purana 1690:, Matrikas appear as 1650: 1613:Devi Bhagavata Purana 1547:, as the seventh and 1466:. She is almost like 1135:of the preserver god 914: 895: 851:Western Ganga Dynasty 744:, one of the Matrikas 740: 583:: मातृका (singular), 468:Festivals and temples 6179:Nepal Bhasa movement 6062:Jana Baha Dyah Jatra 4564:Kalia, Asha (1982). 4549:. Indus Publishing. 4270:, pp. 148, 205. 3803:Kisari Mohan Ganguli 3496:, pp. 1835–1858 3128:Dilip Chakravati in 2226:) are obtained. The 1894:, the constellation 1450:), is also known as 1393:), is also known as 804:religion, may be of 209:Scriptures and texts 6571:Childhood goddesses 5303:Regional variations 4817:Woodroffe, Sir John 4795:White, David Gordon 4512:The Roots of Tantra 4407:Companion to Tantra 4372:, pp. 125–127. 4306:, pp. 293–294. 4198:, pp. 367–368. 4183:, pp. 257–260. 3993:Bühler, G. (1881). 3893:, pp. 186–187. 3786:, pp. 132–133. 3348:Anistoriton Journal 2402:pantheon. Temples ( 2329:Saptamatrika temple 1770:from the Matrikas. 540:Hinduism portal 516:Regional variations 6246:Newar caste system 5310:Caribbean Shaktism 4318:, p. 143-144. 3942:Bhattacharyya 1974 3866:, pp. 136–144 3502:, pp. 106–109 3252:Bhattacharyya 1974 3034:Bhattacharyya 1974 2559: 2301: 2187:Matrika (Sanskrit 2104: 2020: 1978:Shaivite goddesses 1954: 1940:; originally from 1847: 1809:(interpreted as a 1797:; for saving king 1661: 1458:, is the power of 1109:Asithanga Bhairava 1010:) and also in the 964: 746: 639:, Maheshvari from 522:Caribbean Shaktism 265:Lalita Sahasranama 6591:Liminal goddesses 6543: 6542: 6510:Women in Hinduism 6364: 6363: 5852: 5851: 5336: 5335: 5282:Bhavana Upanishad 5277:Tripura Upanishad 5257:Shakta Upanishads 4208:Van den Hoek 1993 4196:Van den Hoek 1993 4038:, pp. 24–28. 3242:, pp. 58–60. 3085:, pp. 58–59. 3001:Van den Hoek 1993 2724:Svacchaṇḍa Tantra 2717:Jňānārṇava Tantra 2183:Script characters 1968:and his son with 1952:I (about AD 1043) 1684:Shumbha-Nishumbha 1682:According to the 1484:Bhishana Bhairava 1344:), also known as 1274:), also known as 1007:Markandeya Purana 867:Gurjara–Patiharas 635:, Vaishnavi from 574: 573: 388:Bharatchandra Ray 233:Shakta Upanishads 90: 89: 6598: 6561:Mother goddesses 6532: 6531: 6449: 6391: 6384: 6377: 6368: 6354: 6353: 6067:Bunga Dyah Jatra 5879: 5872: 5865: 5856: 5516: 5363: 5356: 5349: 5340: 5008: 4896: 4889: 4882: 4873: 4862: 4853: 4834: 4812: 4790: 4771: 4752: 4733: 4722:. Rough Guides. 4714: 4681: 4662: 4656: 4652: 4650: 4642: 4623: 4604: 4579: 4560: 4541: 4535: 4525: 4506: 4495: 4486: 4467: 4448: 4429: 4420: 4401: 4373: 4367: 4361: 4355: 4349: 4346: 4340: 4337: 4331: 4325: 4319: 4313: 4307: 4301: 4295: 4289: 4283: 4277: 4271: 4265: 4259: 4253: 4247: 4241: 4235: 4229: 4223: 4217: 4211: 4205: 4199: 4193: 4184: 4178: 4172: 4166: 4160: 4159: 4141: 4135: 4129: 4123: 4117: 4111: 4094: 4088: 4069: 4063: 4057: 4051: 4045: 4039: 4033: 4027: 4021: 4015: 4009: 4003: 4002: 3990: 3984: 3983: 3975: 3969: 3963: 3957: 3951: 3945: 3939: 3930: 3924: 3918: 3912: 3906: 3900: 3894: 3888: 3882: 3876: 3867: 3860: 3854: 3848: 3842: 3836: 3827: 3824: 3818: 3812: 3806: 3793: 3787: 3781: 3775: 3769: 3763: 3757: 3751: 3745: 3736: 3733: 3727: 3721: 3715: 3709: 3703: 3697: 3691: 3685: 3679: 3673: 3667: 3661: 3655: 3649: 3643: 3637: 3631: 3625: 3619: 3613: 3607: 3601: 3595: 3589: 3583: 3577: 3571: 3568: 3562: 3556: 3550: 3547: 3541: 3535: 3526: 3520: 3514: 3511: 3505: 3489: 3487: 3485: 3461: 3440: 3432: 3426: 3419: 3413: 3407: 3401: 3395: 3389: 3383: 3372: 3366: 3360: 3359: 3357: 3355: 3345: 3336: 3330: 3324: 3318: 3312: 3306: 3300: 3291: 3285: 3279: 3273: 3267: 3261: 3255: 3249: 3243: 3237: 3231: 3225: 3219: 3213: 3202: 3196: 3190: 3184: 3153: 3147: 3141: 3126: 3120: 3113: 3107: 3101: 3086: 3080: 3069: 3063: 3054: 3048: 3037: 3031: 3025: 3019: 3004: 2998: 2989: 2983: 2977: 2976: 2956: 2950: 2944: 2933: 2932: 2930: 2928: 2922: 2911: 2896: 2890: 2889: 2887: 2885: 2874: 2868: 2862: 2853: 2852: 2835: 2829: 2823: 2807: 2797: 2791: 2788: 2726: 2719: 2685: 2655: 2628: 2603:). Banabhatta's 2601: 2579: 2561:The 7th century 2472: 2377: 2366: 2331:is located near 1860:In one version, 1807: 1791: 1755:Bhagavata Purana 1526:Samhara Bhairava 1507: 1501: 1449: 1443: 1426:Unmatha Bhairava 1422: 1400:is the power of 1392: 1386: 1359:is the power of 1343: 1337: 1318: 1291: 1285: 1273: 1267: 1246: 1193: 1187: 1168: 1130: 1124: 1105: 1074: 1068: 1056: 1050: 1016:Amsumadbhedagama 879:Western Chalukya 834:The Gupta kings 814: 566: 559: 552: 538: 537: 536: 413:Abhirami Bhattar 290:Saundarya Lahari 115: 92: 68: 40: 21: 6606: 6605: 6601: 6600: 6599: 6597: 6596: 6595: 6556:Hindu goddesses 6546: 6545: 6544: 6539: 6519: 6493: 6479:Ranipur Jharial 6450: 6441: 6400: 6395: 6365: 6360: 6342: 6321: 6285: 6234: 6183: 6155: 6117: 6071: 6008: 5925: 5892: 5883: 5853: 5848: 5844:Hindu mythology 5830: 5741: 5659: 5517: 5508: 5376: 5367: 5337: 5332: 5314: 5298: 5228: 5178: 5120: 5081:Tripura Sundari 5057: 5009: 5000: 4918: 4905: 4900: 4870: 4865: 4856: 4850: 4837: 4831: 4815: 4809: 4793: 4787: 4774: 4768: 4758:Urban Symbolism 4755: 4749: 4736: 4730: 4717: 4684: 4678: 4665: 4653: 4643: 4639: 4626: 4620: 4607: 4582: 4576: 4563: 4557: 4544: 4533: 4528: 4522: 4509: 4498: 4489: 4483: 4470: 4464: 4451: 4445: 4432: 4423: 4417: 4404: 4398: 4385: 4381: 4376: 4368: 4364: 4356: 4352: 4348:Singh p.1850-51 4347: 4343: 4338: 4334: 4326: 4322: 4314: 4310: 4302: 4298: 4290: 4286: 4278: 4274: 4266: 4262: 4254: 4250: 4242: 4238: 4230: 4226: 4218: 4214: 4206: 4202: 4194: 4187: 4179: 4175: 4167: 4163: 4156: 4143: 4142: 4138: 4130: 4126: 4118: 4114: 4095: 4091: 4071:Leslie C. Orr, 4070: 4066: 4058: 4054: 4046: 4042: 4034: 4030: 4022: 4018: 4010: 4006: 3992: 3991: 3987: 3977: 3976: 3972: 3964: 3960: 3952: 3948: 3940: 3933: 3925: 3921: 3913: 3909: 3901: 3897: 3889: 3885: 3877: 3870: 3862:For images see 3861: 3857: 3849: 3845: 3837: 3830: 3825: 3821: 3813: 3809: 3799:The Mahabharata 3794: 3790: 3782: 3778: 3770: 3766: 3758: 3754: 3746: 3739: 3734: 3730: 3722: 3718: 3710: 3706: 3698: 3694: 3686: 3682: 3674: 3670: 3662: 3658: 3650: 3646: 3638: 3634: 3626: 3622: 3614: 3610: 3602: 3598: 3590: 3586: 3578: 3574: 3569: 3565: 3557: 3553: 3548: 3544: 3536: 3529: 3521: 3517: 3512: 3508: 3483: 3481: 3472: 3462: 3443: 3433: 3429: 3420: 3416: 3408: 3404: 3396: 3392: 3384: 3375: 3367: 3363: 3353: 3351: 3343: 3338: 3337: 3333: 3325: 3321: 3313: 3309: 3301: 3294: 3286: 3282: 3274: 3270: 3262: 3258: 3250: 3246: 3238: 3234: 3226: 3222: 3214: 3205: 3197: 3193: 3185: 3156: 3148: 3144: 3127: 3123: 3114: 3110: 3102: 3089: 3081: 3072: 3064: 3057: 3049: 3040: 3032: 3028: 3020: 3007: 2999: 2992: 2984: 2980: 2973: 2958: 2957: 2953: 2945: 2936: 2926: 2924: 2923:on 4 March 2009 2920: 2909: 2904: 2903:, Ch.57, v.56. 2897: 2893: 2883: 2881: 2876: 2875: 2871: 2863: 2856: 2837: 2836: 2832: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2811: 2810: 2798: 2794: 2789: 2785: 2780: 2737: 2711:Ashta Bhairavas 2520: 2518:Tantric worship 2475:Ashta Bhairavas 2388: 2387: 2386: 2385: 2384: 2378: 2369: 2368: 2367: 2356: 2333:Baitarani River 2309:parivara devata 2289: 2284: 2185: 2169:Ranipur-Jharial 2114: 2096: 2091: 2044:Kailasha Temple 1918: 1831: 1645: 1369:Chanda Bhairava 1322:Kapala Bhairava 1308:(thunderbolt), 1172:Krodha Bhairava 1035: 1024:Purvakarnagama, 958:. A folio from 909: 815: 812: 735: 651:, Kaumari from 609:Ashtamatrika(s) 605:Saptamatrika(s) 570: 534: 532: 527: 526: 517: 509: 508: 469: 461: 460: 426: 418: 417: 383: 373: 372: 340: 320: 318: 310: 309: 279: 270:Tripura Rahasya 255:Devi Bhagavatam 211: 201: 200: 136: 61:transliteration 43: 31: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6604: 6602: 6594: 6593: 6588: 6583: 6578: 6573: 6568: 6563: 6558: 6548: 6547: 6541: 6540: 6538: 6537: 6524: 6521: 6520: 6518: 6517: 6515:Yoga for women 6512: 6507: 6501: 6499: 6495: 6494: 6492: 6491: 6486: 6481: 6476: 6471: 6466: 6460: 6458: 6456:Yogini temples 6452: 6451: 6444: 6442: 6440: 6439: 6434: 6429: 6424: 6419: 6414: 6408: 6406: 6402: 6401: 6396: 6394: 6393: 6386: 6379: 6371: 6362: 6361: 6359: 6358: 6347: 6344: 6343: 6341: 6340: 6338:Newar Buddhism 6335: 6333:Newar Hinduism 6329: 6327: 6323: 6322: 6320: 6319: 6314: 6309: 6304: 6299: 6293: 6291: 6287: 6286: 6284: 6283: 6278: 6273: 6268: 6263: 6258: 6253: 6248: 6242: 6240: 6236: 6235: 6233: 6232: 6227: 6222: 6217: 6212: 6207: 6202: 6197: 6191: 6189: 6185: 6184: 6182: 6181: 6176: 6171: 6165: 6163: 6157: 6156: 6154: 6153: 6148: 6143: 6138: 6133: 6127: 6125: 6119: 6118: 6116: 6115: 6110: 6105: 6100: 6095: 6090: 6088:Bahra ceremony 6085: 6079: 6077: 6073: 6072: 6070: 6069: 6064: 6059: 6054: 6049: 6044: 6039: 6034: 6029: 6024: 6018: 6016: 6010: 6009: 6007: 6006: 6001: 5996: 5991: 5986: 5981: 5976: 5971: 5966: 5961: 5956: 5951: 5946: 5941: 5935: 5933: 5927: 5926: 5924: 5923: 5918: 5913: 5908: 5902: 5900: 5894: 5893: 5884: 5882: 5881: 5874: 5867: 5859: 5850: 5849: 5847: 5846: 5841: 5835: 5832: 5831: 5829: 5828: 5821: 5814: 5813: 5812: 5798: 5791: 5786: 5781: 5780: 5779: 5774: 5769: 5764: 5753: 5751: 5743: 5742: 5740: 5739: 5730: 5725: 5720: 5715: 5710: 5705: 5700: 5695: 5690: 5689: 5688: 5683: 5673: 5667: 5665: 5661: 5660: 5658: 5657: 5650: 5645: 5640: 5635: 5630: 5625: 5620: 5615: 5610: 5605: 5600: 5595: 5590: 5585: 5580: 5575: 5570: 5565: 5560: 5555: 5550: 5549: 5548: 5543: 5538: 5527: 5525: 5519: 5518: 5511: 5509: 5507: 5506: 5499: 5494: 5489: 5484: 5479: 5474: 5469: 5464: 5459: 5454: 5449: 5444: 5439: 5434: 5429: 5424: 5419: 5414: 5409: 5408: 5407: 5402: 5397: 5386: 5384: 5378: 5377: 5368: 5366: 5365: 5358: 5351: 5343: 5334: 5333: 5331: 5330: 5325: 5319: 5316: 5315: 5313: 5312: 5306: 5304: 5300: 5299: 5297: 5296: 5295: 5294: 5289: 5284: 5279: 5274: 5272:Devi Upanishad 5269: 5264: 5262:Sita Upanishad 5254: 5249: 5244: 5238: 5236: 5230: 5229: 5227: 5226: 5219: 5214: 5209: 5204: 5199: 5194: 5188: 5186: 5180: 5179: 5177: 5176: 5171: 5166: 5161: 5156: 5151: 5146: 5141: 5136: 5130: 5128: 5122: 5121: 5119: 5118: 5113: 5108: 5103: 5098: 5093: 5088: 5083: 5078: 5073: 5067: 5065: 5059: 5058: 5056: 5055: 5050: 5045: 5040: 5035: 5030: 5025: 5019: 5017: 5011: 5010: 5003: 5001: 4999: 4998: 4991: 4986: 4981: 4976: 4971: 4970: 4969: 4959: 4954: 4949: 4944: 4939: 4934: 4928: 4926: 4920: 4919: 4917: 4916: 4910: 4907: 4906: 4901: 4899: 4898: 4891: 4884: 4876: 4869: 4868:External links 4866: 4864: 4863: 4854: 4848: 4835: 4829: 4813: 4808:978-0226894843 4807: 4791: 4785: 4772: 4766: 4753: 4747: 4734: 4728: 4715: 4697:(2): 164–185. 4682: 4676: 4663: 4637: 4624: 4618: 4605: 4580: 4574: 4561: 4555: 4542: 4526: 4520: 4514:. SUNY Press. 4507: 4496: 4487: 4481: 4475:. SUNY Press. 4468: 4462: 4449: 4443: 4437:. SUNY Press. 4430: 4421: 4415: 4402: 4396: 4382: 4380: 4377: 4375: 4374: 4362: 4360:, p. 122. 4350: 4341: 4332: 4330:, p. 155. 4320: 4308: 4296: 4284: 4272: 4260: 4248: 4246:, p. 260. 4236: 4234:, p. 245. 4224: 4212: 4210:, p. 364. 4200: 4185: 4173: 4171:, p. 521. 4161: 4154: 4136: 4134:, p. 131. 4132:Pattanaik 2000 4124: 4120:Rajarajan 2015 4112: 4089: 4064: 4052: 4050:, p. 103. 4048:Woodroffe 2001 4040: 4028: 4026:, p. 163. 4016: 4004: 3985: 3970: 3968:, p. 296. 3958: 3956:, p. 114. 3946: 3944:, p. 128. 3931: 3919: 3917:, p. 109. 3907: 3905:, p. 135. 3895: 3883: 3868: 3855: 3843: 3841:, p. 117. 3828: 3819: 3817:, p. 154. 3807: 3801:translated by 3788: 3784:Pattanaik 2000 3776: 3774:, p. 153. 3764: 3762:, p. 116. 3752: 3750:, p. 152. 3737: 3728: 3716: 3704: 3692: 3680: 3668: 3656: 3644: 3642:, p. 242. 3632: 3620: 3608: 3596: 3584: 3572: 3563: 3551: 3542: 3527: 3515: 3506: 3504: 3503: 3497: 3490: 3480:on 1 July 2007 3470: 3441: 3427: 3414: 3412:, p. 156. 3402: 3400:, p. 121. 3390: 3373: 3361: 3331: 3319: 3307: 3292: 3280: 3268: 3256: 3244: 3232: 3220: 3203: 3191: 3154: 3142: 3121: 3108: 3106:, p. 151. 3087: 3070: 3068:, p. 143. 3055: 3038: 3036:, p. 126. 3026: 3005: 3003:, p. 362. 2990: 2978: 2971: 2951: 2934: 2900:Brihat Samhita 2891: 2869: 2867:, p. 134. 2854: 2830: 2817: 2815: 2812: 2809: 2808: 2792: 2782: 2781: 2779: 2776: 2736: 2733: 2611:'s Cārudatta, 2519: 2516: 2379: 2372: 2371: 2370: 2361: 2360: 2359: 2358: 2357: 2355: 2352: 2288: 2285: 2283: 2280: 2184: 2181: 2165:Yogini temples 2154:Madhya Pradesh 2112:Yogini temples 2095: 2092: 2090: 2087: 1986:Uma-Maheshvara 1938:British Museum 1917: 1914: 1830: 1827: 1700:Matrikas dance 1644: 1641: 1530: 1529: 1522:karaṇḍa mukuṭa 1487: 1480:karaṇḍa mukuṭa 1429: 1420:karaṇḍa mukuṭa 1408:. She holds a 1372: 1325: 1253: 1175: 1112: 1103:karaṇḍa mukuṭa 1095:(swan) as her 1034: 1031: 908: 905: 844:Madhya Pradesh 810: 798:Sapta Matrikas 734: 731: 614:Brihat Samhita 572: 571: 569: 568: 561: 554: 546: 543: 542: 529: 528: 525: 524: 518: 515: 514: 511: 510: 507: 506: 501: 496: 494:Saraswati Puja 491: 486: 481: 476: 470: 467: 466: 463: 462: 459: 458: 453: 448: 443: 438: 433: 427: 424: 423: 420: 419: 416: 415: 410: 405: 400: 395: 390: 384: 379: 378: 375: 374: 371: 370: 365: 360: 355: 349: 348: 339: 338: 333: 327: 326: 319: 316: 315: 312: 311: 308: 307: 305:Abirami Antati 302: 297: 292: 286: 285: 278: 277: 272: 267: 262: 260:Devi Mahatmyam 257: 252: 251: 250: 245: 240: 230: 229: 228: 218: 212: 207: 206: 203: 202: 199: 198: 193: 188: 183: 178: 173: 168: 163: 158: 153: 147: 146: 137: 132: 131: 128: 127: 126: 125: 117: 116: 108: 107: 101: 100: 88: 87: 74: 70: 69: 62: 55: 54: 51: 45: 44: 41: 33: 32: 29: 26: 25: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6603: 6592: 6589: 6587: 6584: 6582: 6579: 6577: 6574: 6572: 6569: 6567: 6566:War goddesses 6564: 6562: 6559: 6557: 6554: 6553: 6551: 6536: 6535: 6526: 6525: 6522: 6516: 6513: 6511: 6508: 6506: 6503: 6502: 6500: 6496: 6490: 6487: 6485: 6482: 6480: 6477: 6475: 6472: 6470: 6467: 6465: 6462: 6461: 6459: 6457: 6453: 6448: 6438: 6435: 6433: 6430: 6428: 6425: 6423: 6420: 6418: 6415: 6413: 6410: 6409: 6407: 6403: 6399: 6392: 6387: 6385: 6380: 6378: 6373: 6372: 6369: 6357: 6349: 6348: 6345: 6339: 6336: 6334: 6331: 6330: 6328: 6324: 6318: 6315: 6313: 6310: 6308: 6305: 6303: 6300: 6298: 6295: 6294: 6292: 6288: 6282: 6279: 6277: 6274: 6272: 6269: 6267: 6264: 6262: 6259: 6257: 6254: 6252: 6249: 6247: 6244: 6243: 6241: 6237: 6231: 6228: 6226: 6223: 6221: 6218: 6216: 6215:Majipa Lakhey 6213: 6211: 6208: 6206: 6203: 6201: 6198: 6196: 6195:Swayambhunath 6193: 6192: 6190: 6186: 6180: 6177: 6175: 6172: 6170: 6167: 6166: 6164: 6162: 6158: 6152: 6149: 6147: 6144: 6142: 6139: 6137: 6134: 6132: 6129: 6128: 6126: 6124: 6120: 6114: 6111: 6109: 6106: 6104: 6101: 6099: 6096: 6094: 6091: 6089: 6086: 6084: 6081: 6080: 6078: 6074: 6068: 6065: 6063: 6060: 6058: 6055: 6053: 6052:Bhairab Naach 6050: 6048: 6045: 6043: 6040: 6038: 6035: 6033: 6030: 6028: 6025: 6023: 6020: 6019: 6017: 6015: 6011: 6005: 6002: 6000: 5997: 5995: 5992: 5990: 5987: 5985: 5982: 5980: 5977: 5975: 5972: 5970: 5967: 5965: 5962: 5960: 5957: 5955: 5952: 5950: 5947: 5945: 5942: 5940: 5937: 5936: 5934: 5932: 5928: 5922: 5919: 5917: 5914: 5912: 5909: 5907: 5904: 5903: 5901: 5899: 5895: 5891: 5887: 5880: 5875: 5873: 5868: 5866: 5861: 5860: 5857: 5845: 5842: 5840: 5837: 5836: 5833: 5827: 5826: 5822: 5820: 5819: 5815: 5811: 5810: 5809:Bhagavad Gita 5806: 5805: 5804: 5803: 5799: 5797: 5796: 5792: 5790: 5787: 5785: 5782: 5778: 5775: 5773: 5770: 5768: 5765: 5763: 5760: 5759: 5758: 5755: 5754: 5752: 5749: 5744: 5738: 5734: 5731: 5729: 5726: 5724: 5721: 5719: 5716: 5714: 5711: 5709: 5706: 5704: 5701: 5699: 5696: 5694: 5691: 5687: 5684: 5682: 5679: 5678: 5677: 5674: 5672: 5669: 5668: 5666: 5664:Other deities 5662: 5656: 5655: 5651: 5649: 5646: 5644: 5641: 5639: 5636: 5634: 5631: 5629: 5626: 5624: 5621: 5619: 5616: 5614: 5611: 5609: 5606: 5604: 5601: 5599: 5596: 5594: 5591: 5589: 5586: 5584: 5581: 5579: 5576: 5574: 5571: 5569: 5566: 5564: 5561: 5559: 5556: 5554: 5551: 5547: 5544: 5542: 5539: 5537: 5534: 5533: 5532: 5529: 5528: 5526: 5524: 5520: 5515: 5505: 5504: 5500: 5498: 5495: 5493: 5490: 5488: 5485: 5483: 5480: 5478: 5475: 5473: 5470: 5468: 5465: 5463: 5460: 5458: 5455: 5453: 5450: 5448: 5445: 5443: 5440: 5438: 5435: 5433: 5430: 5428: 5425: 5423: 5420: 5418: 5415: 5413: 5410: 5406: 5403: 5401: 5398: 5396: 5393: 5392: 5391: 5388: 5387: 5385: 5383: 5379: 5375: 5371: 5370:Hindu deities 5364: 5359: 5357: 5352: 5350: 5345: 5344: 5341: 5329: 5326: 5324: 5321: 5320: 5317: 5311: 5308: 5307: 5305: 5301: 5293: 5290: 5288: 5285: 5283: 5280: 5278: 5275: 5273: 5270: 5268: 5265: 5263: 5260: 5259: 5258: 5255: 5253: 5252:Kalika Purana 5250: 5248: 5245: 5243: 5242:Devi Mahatmya 5240: 5239: 5237: 5235: 5231: 5225: 5224: 5220: 5218: 5215: 5213: 5212:Tulja Bhavani 5210: 5208: 5205: 5203: 5200: 5198: 5195: 5193: 5190: 5189: 5187: 5185: 5184:Shakta pithas 5181: 5175: 5172: 5170: 5167: 5165: 5162: 5160: 5157: 5155: 5152: 5150: 5147: 5145: 5144:Chandraghanta 5142: 5140: 5139:Brahmacharini 5137: 5135: 5132: 5131: 5129: 5127: 5123: 5117: 5114: 5112: 5109: 5107: 5104: 5102: 5099: 5097: 5094: 5092: 5089: 5087: 5086:Bhuvaneshvari 5084: 5082: 5079: 5077: 5074: 5072: 5069: 5068: 5066: 5064: 5060: 5054: 5051: 5049: 5046: 5044: 5041: 5039: 5036: 5034: 5031: 5029: 5026: 5024: 5021: 5020: 5018: 5016: 5012: 5007: 4997: 4996: 4992: 4990: 4987: 4985: 4982: 4980: 4977: 4975: 4972: 4968: 4965: 4964: 4963: 4960: 4958: 4955: 4953: 4950: 4948: 4945: 4943: 4940: 4938: 4935: 4933: 4930: 4929: 4927: 4925: 4921: 4915: 4912: 4911: 4908: 4904: 4897: 4892: 4890: 4885: 4883: 4878: 4877: 4874: 4867: 4860: 4855: 4851: 4849:81-206-0552-7 4845: 4841: 4836: 4832: 4830:81-85988-12-9 4826: 4822: 4818: 4814: 4810: 4804: 4800: 4796: 4792: 4788: 4786:81-7017-416-3 4782: 4778: 4773: 4769: 4767:90-04-09855-0 4763: 4759: 4754: 4750: 4748:90-04-06941-0 4744: 4740: 4735: 4731: 4729:1-85828-899-1 4725: 4721: 4716: 4712: 4708: 4704: 4700: 4696: 4692: 4688: 4683: 4679: 4677:0-89281-807-7 4673: 4669: 4664: 4660: 4648: 4640: 4638:81-7488-168-9 4634: 4630: 4625: 4621: 4619:81-208-0394-9 4615: 4611: 4606: 4602: 4598: 4594: 4590: 4586: 4581: 4577: 4575:0-391-02558-9 4571: 4567: 4562: 4558: 4556:81-7387-030-6 4552: 4548: 4543: 4539: 4532: 4527: 4523: 4521:0-7914-5305-7 4517: 4513: 4508: 4504: 4503: 4497: 4493: 4488: 4484: 4482:0-7914-1145-1 4478: 4474: 4469: 4465: 4463:81-7017-277-2 4459: 4455: 4450: 4446: 4444:0-7914-3939-9 4440: 4436: 4431: 4427: 4422: 4418: 4416:81-7017-402-3 4412: 4408: 4403: 4399: 4397:81-900002-7-6 4393: 4389: 4384: 4383: 4378: 4371: 4366: 4363: 4359: 4354: 4351: 4345: 4342: 4336: 4333: 4329: 4324: 4321: 4317: 4312: 4309: 4305: 4300: 4297: 4294:, p. 27. 4293: 4288: 4285: 4281: 4276: 4273: 4269: 4264: 4261: 4258:, p. 34. 4257: 4252: 4249: 4245: 4240: 4237: 4233: 4228: 4225: 4222:, p. 61. 4221: 4216: 4213: 4209: 4204: 4201: 4197: 4192: 4190: 4186: 4182: 4177: 4174: 4170: 4165: 4162: 4157: 4155:81-206-0523-3 4151: 4147: 4140: 4137: 4133: 4128: 4125: 4121: 4116: 4113: 4110: 4109:81-206-0151-3 4106: 4102: 4098: 4093: 4090: 4086: 4085:0-7618-2561-4 4082: 4078: 4074: 4068: 4065: 4062:, p. 61. 4061: 4056: 4053: 4049: 4044: 4041: 4037: 4032: 4029: 4025: 4020: 4017: 4013: 4008: 4005: 4000: 3996: 3989: 3986: 3981: 3974: 3971: 3967: 3962: 3959: 3955: 3950: 3947: 3943: 3938: 3936: 3932: 3928: 3923: 3920: 3916: 3911: 3908: 3904: 3899: 3896: 3892: 3887: 3884: 3881:, p. 186 3880: 3875: 3873: 3869: 3865: 3859: 3856: 3853:, p. 87. 3852: 3847: 3844: 3840: 3835: 3833: 3829: 3823: 3820: 3816: 3811: 3808: 3804: 3800: 3797: 3792: 3789: 3785: 3780: 3777: 3773: 3768: 3765: 3761: 3756: 3753: 3749: 3744: 3742: 3738: 3732: 3729: 3725: 3720: 3717: 3713: 3708: 3705: 3701: 3696: 3693: 3689: 3684: 3681: 3677: 3672: 3669: 3665: 3660: 3657: 3653: 3648: 3645: 3641: 3636: 3633: 3629: 3624: 3621: 3617: 3612: 3609: 3605: 3600: 3597: 3593: 3588: 3585: 3581: 3576: 3573: 3567: 3564: 3561:, p. 108 3560: 3555: 3552: 3546: 3543: 3539: 3534: 3532: 3528: 3524: 3519: 3516: 3510: 3507: 3501: 3498: 3495: 3491: 3479: 3475: 3471: 3468: 3465: 3464: 3460: 3458: 3456: 3454: 3452: 3450: 3448: 3446: 3442: 3438: 3437: 3431: 3428: 3424: 3418: 3415: 3411: 3406: 3403: 3399: 3394: 3391: 3387: 3382: 3380: 3378: 3374: 3371:, p. 60. 3370: 3365: 3362: 3350:. Anistoriton 3349: 3342: 3335: 3332: 3329:, p. 52. 3328: 3323: 3320: 3317:, p. 51. 3316: 3311: 3308: 3305:, p. 212 3304: 3299: 3297: 3293: 3290:, p. 76. 3289: 3284: 3281: 3278:, p. 68. 3277: 3272: 3269: 3266:, p. 67. 3265: 3260: 3257: 3253: 3248: 3245: 3241: 3240:Schastok 1985 3236: 3233: 3230:, p. 155 3229: 3224: 3221: 3218:, p. 48. 3217: 3212: 3210: 3208: 3204: 3200: 3195: 3192: 3188: 3183: 3181: 3179: 3177: 3175: 3173: 3171: 3169: 3167: 3165: 3163: 3161: 3159: 3155: 3152:, p. 151 3151: 3146: 3143: 3139: 3138:0-415-22154-4 3135: 3131: 3125: 3122: 3119:, p. 151 3118: 3112: 3109: 3105: 3100: 3098: 3096: 3094: 3092: 3088: 3084: 3079: 3077: 3075: 3071: 3067: 3062: 3060: 3056: 3052: 3047: 3045: 3043: 3039: 3035: 3030: 3027: 3023: 3018: 3016: 3014: 3012: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2997: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2982: 2979: 2974: 2972:9781780235387 2968: 2964: 2963: 2955: 2952: 2949:, p. 162 2948: 2943: 2941: 2939: 2935: 2919: 2915: 2914:Orissa Review 2908: 2902: 2901: 2895: 2892: 2879: 2873: 2870: 2866: 2861: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2842: 2834: 2831: 2828:, p. 99. 2827: 2822: 2819: 2813: 2806: 2805:Vamana Purana 2802: 2801:Devi-mahatmya 2796: 2793: 2787: 2784: 2777: 2775: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2756: 2752: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2741:Natya Shastra 2734: 2732: 2730: 2725: 2720: 2718: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2699: 2697: 2693: 2689: 2684: 2679: 2678:Uttar Pradesh 2675: 2671: 2667: 2662: 2660: 2659:Bhuvaneshvari 2656: 2654: 2648: 2647:Matrika-nyasa 2644: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2631:Matrika-nyasa 2627: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2600: 2594: 2590: 2589: 2584: 2580: 2578: 2572: 2571:Harshacharita 2568: 2564: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2524: 2517: 2515: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2496: 2494: 2490: 2487: 2483: 2478: 2476: 2471: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2425: 2420: 2416: 2411: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2383: 2382:Bhairab Naach 2376: 2365: 2353: 2351: 2349: 2345: 2340: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2324: 2322: 2318: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2299:, Tamil Nadu. 2298: 2293: 2286: 2281: 2279: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2243: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2224:Ashtamatrikas 2221: 2217: 2216:Saptamatrikas 2213: 2209: 2204: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2182: 2180: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2157: 2155: 2151: 2146: 2142: 2137: 2134:(circle) and 2133: 2128: 2123: 2119: 2113: 2109: 2100: 2093: 2088: 2086: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2063: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2007: 2006:Rajatarangini 2003: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1982:Jaunsar-Bawar 1979: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1961: 1959: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1942:Eastern India 1939: 1936:taken at the 1935: 1931: 1927: 1922: 1915: 1913: 1911: 1907: 1906: 1899: 1897: 1893: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1881:Maha-matrikas 1877: 1875: 1870: 1867: 1863: 1858: 1856: 1852: 1844: 1840: 1835: 1828: 1826: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1806: 1800: 1799:Harishchandra 1796: 1792: 1790: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1771: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1756: 1749: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1733: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1717: 1715: 1714: 1709: 1708:Vamana Purana 1705: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1688:Devi Mahatmya 1685: 1680: 1678: 1674: 1673:Varaha Purana 1670: 1669:Vamana Purana 1666: 1665:Matsya Purana 1658: 1654: 1649: 1642: 1640: 1638: 1635:, (shakti of 1634: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1609:Central India 1606: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1593: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1567: 1562: 1561: 1556: 1552: 1551: 1546: 1542: 1541: 1536: 1535:Varaha Purana 1527: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1506: 1497: 1493: 1492: 1488: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1472:Devi Mahatmya 1469: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1448: 1439: 1435: 1434: 1430: 1427: 1423: 1421: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1396: 1391: 1382: 1378: 1377: 1373: 1370: 1366: 1365:kiriṭa mukuṭa 1362: 1358: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1342: 1333: 1329: 1326: 1323: 1319: 1317: 1316:kiriṭa mukuṭa 1311: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1290: 1281: 1277: 1272: 1263: 1259: 1258: 1254: 1251: 1250:Ruru Bhairava 1247: 1245: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1222: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1192: 1183: 1179: 1176: 1173: 1169: 1167: 1166:kiriṭa mukuṭa 1161: 1157: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1129: 1120: 1116: 1113: 1110: 1106: 1104: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1087:(water pot), 1086: 1082: 1078: 1073: 1064: 1060: 1055: 1046: 1042: 1041: 1037: 1036: 1032: 1030: 1028: 1025: 1021: 1020:Surabhedagama 1017: 1013: 1009: 1008: 1004:(part of the 1003: 1002:Devi Mahatmya 999: 998: 993: 992: 991:Matsya Purana 987: 986: 981: 980: 979:Varaha Purana 975: 971: 970: 961: 960:Devi Mahatmya 957: 954: 950: 946: 942: 938: 934: 930: 926: 922: 918: 913: 906: 903: 901: 894: 891: 887: 882: 880: 876: 872: 868: 864: 863:saptamatrikas 860: 856: 852: 847: 845: 841: 840:Kumaragupta I 837: 832: 827: 825: 821: 809: 807: 803: 799: 793: 791: 787: 783: 777: 775: 771: 767: 763: 759: 755: 750: 743: 739: 732: 730: 728: 724: 720: 716: 712: 708: 703: 701: 697: 693: 688: 686: 682: 678: 674: 670: 666: 662: 658: 654: 650: 646: 642: 638: 634: 631:emerged from 630: 626: 625: 620: 616: 615: 610: 606: 602: 598: 594: 590: 586: 582: 578: 567: 562: 560: 555: 553: 548: 547: 545: 544: 541: 531: 530: 523: 520: 519: 513: 512: 505: 504:Shakta pithas 502: 500: 497: 495: 492: 490: 487: 485: 482: 480: 477: 475: 472: 471: 465: 464: 457: 454: 452: 449: 447: 444: 442: 439: 437: 434: 432: 429: 428: 422: 421: 414: 411: 409: 406: 404: 403:Ramprasad Sen 401: 399: 396: 394: 391: 389: 386: 385: 382: 377: 376: 369: 366: 364: 361: 359: 356: 354: 351: 350: 347: 346: 342: 341: 337: 336:Dakshinachara 334: 332: 329: 328: 325: 322: 321: 314: 313: 306: 303: 301: 298: 296: 295:Annada Mangal 293: 291: 288: 287: 284: 281: 280: 276: 275:Kalika Purana 273: 271: 268: 266: 263: 261: 258: 256: 253: 249: 246: 244: 241: 239: 236: 235: 234: 231: 227: 224: 223: 222: 219: 217: 214: 213: 210: 205: 204: 197: 194: 192: 189: 187: 184: 182: 179: 177: 174: 172: 169: 167: 164: 162: 159: 157: 154: 152: 149: 148: 145: 143: 139: 138: 135: 130: 129: 124: 121: 120: 119: 118: 114: 110: 109: 106: 102: 98: 94: 93: 86: 82: 78: 75: 71: 67: 63: 60: 56: 52: 50: 46: 39: 34: 27: 22: 19: 6527: 6302:Nepal Sambat 6224: 6151:Newar window 6123:Architecture 6047:Pahan Charhe 5999:Sanyaakhunya 5890:Newar people 5823: 5816: 5807: 5800: 5793: 5718:Gramadevatas 5652: 5602: 5501: 5221: 5174:Siddhidhatri 5096:Chhinnamasta 5014: 4993: 4858: 4839: 4820: 4798: 4776: 4757: 4738: 4719: 4694: 4690: 4667: 4628: 4609: 4584: 4565: 4546: 4537: 4511: 4501: 4491: 4472: 4453: 4434: 4425: 4406: 4387: 4365: 4353: 4344: 4339:Singh p.1850 4335: 4328:Kinsley 1998 4323: 4311: 4299: 4292:Banerji 2002 4287: 4275: 4268:Banerji 2002 4263: 4256:Banerji 2002 4251: 4239: 4227: 4215: 4203: 4176: 4164: 4145: 4139: 4127: 4115: 4100: 4096: 4092: 4076: 4072: 4067: 4060:Banerji 2002 4055: 4043: 4031: 4019: 4014:, p. 9. 4007: 3998: 3988: 3979: 3973: 3966:Banerji 2002 3961: 3949: 3929:, p. 5. 3927:Dehejia 1986 3922: 3910: 3903:Berkson 1992 3898: 3891:Berkson 1992 3886: 3879:Berkson 1992 3864:Berkson 1992 3858: 3851:Berkson 1992 3846: 3826:Singh p.1855 3822: 3815:Kinsley 1998 3810: 3791: 3779: 3772:Kinsley 1998 3767: 3755: 3748:Kinsley 1998 3731: 3724:Kinsley 1998 3719: 3712:Kinsley 1998 3707: 3700:Kinsley 1998 3695: 3688:Kinsley 1998 3683: 3676:Kinsley 1998 3671: 3664:Kinsley 1998 3659: 3652:Kinsley 1998 3647: 3640:Kinsley 1998 3635: 3628:Kinsley 1998 3623: 3616:Kinsley 1998 3611: 3604:Kinsley 1998 3599: 3592:Kinsley 1998 3587: 3580:Kinsley 1998 3575: 3566: 3554: 3549:Singh p.1858 3545: 3540:, p. 72 3523:Kinsley 1998 3518: 3509: 3482:. Retrieved 3478:the original 3467:Kinsley 1998 3434: 3430: 3422: 3417: 3410:Kinsley 1998 3405: 3393: 3388:, p. 29 3364: 3352:. Retrieved 3347: 3334: 3322: 3310: 3303:Berkson 1992 3283: 3271: 3259: 3247: 3235: 3228:Kinsley 1998 3223: 3194: 3150:Kinsley 1998 3145: 3129: 3124: 3117:Kinsley 1998 3111: 3104:Kinsley 1998 3066:Collins 1988 3053:, p. 75 3029: 3024:, p. 41 2981: 2961: 2954: 2925:. Retrieved 2918:the original 2913: 2898: 2894: 2882:. Retrieved 2872: 2865:Berkson 1992 2849: 2840: 2833: 2821: 2804: 2800: 2795: 2786: 2764:Deva Shaktis 2763: 2757: 2753: 2738: 2728: 2714: 2702: 2700: 2695: 2691: 2663: 2650: 2646: 2642: 2630: 2626:Kulacūḍāmaṇi 2617:Mrichakatika 2596: 2592: 2586: 2574: 2560: 2511: 2507: 2506:) or lands ( 2503: 2499: 2497: 2479: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2436: 2433:utsav-murtis 2432: 2428: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2412: 2403: 2389: 2343: 2341: 2325: 2312: 2308: 2302: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2254: 2244: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2223: 2215: 2205: 2201:Georg Bühler 2188: 2186: 2158: 2115: 2089:Associations 2064: 2021: 1962: 1955: 1903: 1900: 1880: 1878: 1871: 1865: 1859: 1848: 1802: 1786: 1778: 1772: 1753: 1750: 1734: 1718: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1681: 1677:Kurma Purana 1662: 1657:Musée Guimet 1592:Mahabhairavi 1590: 1577: – the 1570: 1564: 1558: 1548: 1538: 1531: 1521: 1517: 1489: 1479: 1462:, a form of 1455: 1451: 1431: 1417: 1397: 1394: 1374: 1364: 1356: 1354:Kartikeyani, 1353: 1349: 1345: 1327: 1313: 1297: 1293: 1275: 1255: 1241: 1220: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1177: 1163: 1159: 1152: 1114: 1100: 1058: 1038: 1026: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1014:such as the 1005: 995: 989: 983: 977: 976:such as the 967: 965: 896: 883: 862: 859:saptamatrika 858: 848: 828: 823: 817: 808:inspiration. 797: 795: 778: 774:Indus valley 758:Indus Valley 754:Vedic period 751: 747: 704: 689: 622: 619:Varahamihira 612: 608: 604: 592: 588: 576: 575: 484:Lakshmi Puja 446:Panchamakara 393:Bhaskararaya 343: 324:Vidya margam 323: 282: 185: 140: 18: 6432:Vajrayogini 5906:Gunla Bajan 5802:Mahabharata 5713:Kuladevatas 5492:Vishvakarma 5217:Mahalakshmi 5134:Shailaputri 5116:Kamalatmika 5106:Bagalamukhi 4655:|work= 4316:Brooks 1992 4232:Wright 1996 3436:Agni Purana 3369:Kamath 2001 3327:Kamath 2001 3315:Kamath 2001 3199:Zimmer 2001 2760:Devi Purana 2692:Tantrobhuta 2657:of Goddess 2577:māṭrmandala 2508:kshatrapala 2502:), places ( 2313:Saptakanyas 2305:South India 2145:Mahalakshmi 2056:Rashtrakuta 2004:, his work 1958:Mahabharata 1885:Saptarishis 1829:Mahabharata 1789:Māṭrpaňcaka 1779:Loka-matara 1775:Devi Purana 1627:(shakti of 1619:(shakti of 1603:of the god 1560:Mahalakshmi 1518:Pratyangira 1244:jaṭā mukuṭa 1228:(trident), 1027:Rupamandana 985:Agni Purana 969:Mahabharata 907:Iconography 836:Skandagupta 770:Mahabharata 696:South India 408:Ramakrishna 368:Kubjikamata 345:Kula margam 283:other texts 73:Affiliation 6550:Categories 6297:Newa dance 6169:Literature 6098:Jaa Nakigu 5959:Chuchumari 5954:Chataamari 5784:Upanishads 5703:Gandharvas 5427:Dattatreya 5207:Taratarini 5154:Skandamata 5028:Maheshvari 4979:Bhadrakali 4304:Brown 1998 4280:Brown 1998 4244:Iltis 2002 4220:White 2006 4181:Iltis 2002 4036:Aryan 1980 4012:Aryan 1980 3954:Wangu 2003 3915:Kalia 1982 3559:Kalia 1982 3538:Wangu 2003 3500:Kalia 1982 3288:Wangu 2003 3276:Wangu 2003 3264:Wangu 2003 3140:, pp.42–44 3083:Wangu 2003 3051:Wangu 2003 3022:Wangu 2003 2986:Wangu 2003 2884:2 February 2826:Wangu 2003 2814:References 2707:Sri Chakra 2683:Svāmibhaṭa 2621:crossroads 2567:Banabhatta 2317:Tamil Nadu 2251:Devanagari 2208:Devanagari 2163:, with 64- 1916:Depictions 1866:Vana-parva 1805:Māṭrchakra 1599:called as 1571:Gananayika 1550:Yogeshvari 1178:Maheshvari 929:Maheshvari 888:and Early 479:Durga Puja 300:Ramprasadi 49:Devanagari 6484:Khajuraho 6469:Bhedaghat 6317:Bhaktapur 6307:Kathmandu 6266:Ranjitkar 6256:Chitrakar 6205:Lokeshwar 6200:Pashupati 5984:Lakhamari 5723:Rakshasas 5593:Mahavidya 5536:Saraswati 5523:Goddesses 5452:Kartikeya 5169:Mahagauri 5164:Kalaratri 5159:Katyayani 5149:Kushmanda 5126:Navadurga 5101:Dhumavati 5063:Mahavidya 5038:Vaishnavi 4967:Navadurga 4937:Saraswati 4760:. Brill. 4741:. Brill. 4711:1751-2689 4657:ignored ( 4647:cite book 3484:8 January 3354:8 January 2927:8 January 2745:Navagraha 2666:Rajasthan 2635:Devi Gita 2605:Kadambari 2599:maṭṛ-gṛha 2593:anusthana 2555:Karnataka 2493:Navaratri 2465:Bhaktapur 2445:pithapuja 2408:Kathmandu 2255:Varnamala 2220:consonant 2197:collation 2150:Bhedaghat 2079:Shamalaji 2036:Elephanta 2034:caves of 2024:Udayagiri 1892:Krittikas 1760:rakshasas 1741:Narasimha 1732:deities. 1725:Raktabija 1686:story of 1510:Narasimha 1505:Nārasiṃhī 1491:Narasimhi 1476:Mundamala 1456:Charchika 1361:Kartikeya 1266:इन्द्राणी 1234:Akshamala 1191:Māheśvarī 1186:माहेश्वरी 1147:(conch), 1115:Vaishnavi 1085:kamandalu 1075:) is the 1049:ब्रह्माणी 956:Raktabīja 921:Vaishnavi 917:Narasimhi 900:Bhaktapur 890:Chalukyas 875:Chalukyas 871:Chandella 855:Karnataka 824:Balagraha 806:Dravidian 677:Narasimha 673:Narasimhi 653:Kartikeya 611:. 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