121:, collaborative ways of working with people, groups and organisations that were traditionally excluded from architectural design processes. The type of projects undertaken by the practice also extended beyond the range of standard architectural services, to include design guidance and training support. Along with other architectural organisations at the time across the UK, Matrix provided 'technical aid' to community and women's groups. The aim of Community Technical Aid Centres (CTAC) was to provide free or funded support services in a locality such as in construction, how to obtain funding, create neighbourhood organisations and building projects, and how to campaign for change.
137:. Some of this work helped the development of a Women into Architecture and Building (WIAB) access course at the Polytechnic of North London (later University of North London, then London Metropolitan University) founded by Yvonne Dean with many women from Matrix involved as tutors, and with Matrix co-founder Susan Francis as course leader for a number of years.
22:
132:
A course on technical drawing that started as a consultative tool for
Dalston Children's Centre (now the Bathhouse Childrenâs Community Centre) was developed further for use on women builders' training schemes, particularly at Women's Education in Building (WEB), a group delivering projects on behalf
64:
was formed in London in 1981. It was one of the first architectural organisations worldwide to bring a feminist approach to architecture and the design of the built environment and to challenge patriarchal spatial systems. Matrix pursued these objectives through built projects, theoretical analysis,
251:
in 1990 (also on
Channel 4, with an associated publication). Matrix led and took part in many events of the period, including Women and Space at the Architectural Association in 1979, âWomenâs Realmâ (Feminist Architectsâ Network, North London Polytechnic 1987) and Alterities, a major international
93:
Matrix originated as a feminist offshoot of the New
Architecture Movement (NAM) in London. In the late 70s a group of women involved in NAM began meeting separately to discuss feminist perspectives and specific issues facing women in the built environment. This led to the formation of the Feminist
246:
Matrix were part of a much bigger second wave international feminist movement in the 1980s and 90s that campaigned to increase the number of women going into the architectural profession, to challenge conventional design practices and to enable women influence the design of built space. They were
100:
Matrix had many contributing members involved across a range of projects and affiliated groups between 1978 and 1994. These included the Women and Space conference (1979), the Home Truths exhibition (1980), the Matrix book group (1980â84), the Matrix support group (1980â84), and the architectural
194:
to provide technical advice. The GLC enabled over 40 voluntary organisations which benefitted women to develop their premises. Client organisations for feasibility studies and/or for projects that did not go ahead included
Brixton Black Womenâs Centre, The Calthorpe Project, Bermondsey Womenâs
105:. Benedicte Foo was likely to also be an early member. Some of the founding members lived in squats or short-life housing while the collective was starting up, which meant living costs were minimal and energy could be directed to the work of the collective.
124:
Methods for working with clients stemmed from Matrix's founding commitments to involving women in the design and production of buildings. Women from the practice used models and building visits to empower their clients to share in making design decisions.
113:
The Matrix
Feminist Design Cooperative design cooperative was a women-led and multi-racial architectural practice. Set up as a workersâ cooperative, it was run using a non-hierarchical management approach, with everyone paid at the same rate.
128:
The
Cooperative also provided courses on technical drawing for trainee tradeswomen, on the building process for workers and client groups, and on building law, casting general structures and construction for practising tradeswomen.
186:
Matrix is probably best known for the
Jagonari Educational Resource Centre, a project for women from the largely Bangladeshi community of Whitechapel, London. An unsuccessful application was made to list the Centre in 2018.
225:
Particularly in the later years Matrix members published and gave presentations on race and gender discrimination in the profession; including Women
Architects, a UK research booklet funded by the UK Arts Council (1996);
327:, Doina Petrescu, Katie Lloyd Thomas, Brigid McLeer, Helen Stratford, Miche Fabre Lewin, Angie Pascoe and Teresa Hoskyns. Spatial practice was also developed by the Julia Dwyer and the Sue Ridge partnership.
94:
Design
Collective (1978â80) which then split into Matrix and Mitra. The latter focusing on enabling more women into the architectural profession; whilst Matrix focused on changing existing practices.
69:
published in 1984. The book explores relationships between gender and architecture, building on the then emerging work from feminist geographers and historians in the UK and USA, including
247:
contributors to the seminal
Paradise Circus: Women and the City film shown on Channel 4 in 1988, directed by Heather Powell for the Birmingham Film and Video Workshop, as well as to
195:
Centre, Hackney Asian Womenâs Centre, Maxilla and Defoe Nurseries, Lambeth African Womenâs Centre, Haringey Womenâs Training/Education Centre and Charterhouse Womenâs Project,
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Related groups include the Women in Manual Trades (WAMT) a pioneering charity supporting women in construction, and the Women's Design Service, founded in 1985.
973:
Dubeissy, Rana (2018). "Gender in Architecture: A Feminist Critique on Practice and Education". In Serazin, Helena; Franchini, Caterina; Garda, Emilia (eds.).
222:
Architects and Audley English Associates to produce Accommodating Diversity, a booklet on housing design for minority ethnic, cultural and religious groups.
1432:
1794:
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557:(2017). "Feminist Theory and Praxis,1991 -2003: questions from the archive". In Frichot, HÊlène; Gabrielsson, Catharina; Runting, Helen (eds.).
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1984-87: Jagonari Educational Resource Centre, Tower Hamlets: new build for Asian womenâs organisation including crèche and large kitchen.
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practice (1980â1994). Key initial members include Frances Bradshaw, Susan Francis, Barbara McFarlane, Anne Thorne, Julia Dwyer, and
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methodologies, and is an important precursor to later feminist groups and organisations. Recognition is increasing, the editors of
1209:"Design Diaspora: Black Architects and International Architecture, 1970-1990 | Collections Search Center, Smithsonian Institution"
228:
Building = Equality, a Working Paper promoting equality of opportunity for black professionals within construction industry (1996)
1809:
276:
AA XX 100 Women in Architecture 1917-2017, in 2017, with an associated publication edited by Lynne Walker and Elizabeth Darling
42:
590:
Morton, Patricia (2002). "The Social and the Poetic: Feminist Practices in Architecture, 1970â2000". In Jones, Amelia (ed.).
234:(Paper presented to International Conference on Gender and Urbanisation, sponsored but United Nations in Kenya (1994); and
1208:
909:""We don't have leaders! We're doing it ourselves!": Squatting, Feminism and Built Environment Activism in 1970s London"
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1988-91: Grosvenor Terrace Housing, Southwark new build housing comprising 18 independent living flats for single people
34:
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Dwyer, Julia; Thorne, Anne (2007). "Evaluating Matrix: Notes from Inside the Collective". In Petrescu, Doina (ed.).
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70:
38:
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de Graft Johnson, Ann (1999). "Gender, race and culture in the urban built environment". In Greed, Clara (ed.).
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Matrix were a member of the Association of Community Technical Aid Centres (ACTAC) and gained funding from the
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Contested spaces : abortion clinics, women's shelters and hospitals : politicizing the female body
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342:. In 2020, the Matrix Open Feminist Architecture Archive (MOfaa) project received seed funding from the
319:
Some ex-Matrix members have developed feminist spatial practices such as through Taking Place formed by
708:
1148:
de Graft-Johnson, Ann (1991). "Where Are They? Black Women: Architecture and the Built Environment".
305:
118:
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Hoskyns, Teresa; Stratford, Helen (2 September 2017). "Was (is) taking place a Nomadic Practice?".
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The impact of the collective was reinforced in 2019 and 2020 when Matrix was nominated for the
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Diaspora: Black Architects and International Architecture 1970 â 1990 Exhibition, Chicago 1993
1238:. RĂźedi, Katerina., Wigglesworth, Sarah., McCorquodale, Duncan. London: Black Dog Pub. 1996.
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162:
335:
292:
1053:
Owens, Ruth (18 October 1989). "Childcare Challenge: Building Feature: Jumoke Nursery".
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1987-88: Pluto Lesbian and Gay Housing Co-operative, Islington: housing conversions
78:
1561:
1403:"Why are our cities built for 6ft-tall men? The female architects who fought back"
273:
Drawing on Diversity: women, architecture and practice at RIBA Heinz Gallery, 1997
207:(London: Pluto Press, 1984) and two pamphlets funded by the GLC Women's Committee
479:
Why architects matter : evidencing and communicating the value of architects
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399:
219:
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Noticing the unnoticed in JMAG, N° 1 : Identities Geneva Fribourg Burghof
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Making Space: Housing Feminism and Urban Change at Guest Projects London, 2019
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1069:"Survey of London | Former Jagonari Women's Centre, 183-185 Whitechapel Road"
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A Job Designing Buildings: For Women Interested in Architecture and Buildings
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518:(2012). "Tendencies and Trajectories: Feminist Approaches in Architecture".
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1991: Al-Hasaniya, The Moroccan Womenâs Centre, Trellick Tower, West London
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Desiring practices : architecture, gender, and the interdisciplinary
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1984-85: Dalston Childrenâs Centre, Hackney: conversion of disused baths
161:
1988-90: Half Moon Young Peopleâs Theatre, Tower Hamlets: conversion of
1604:
279:
Still I Rise: feminisms, gender, resistance at Nottingham Contemporary,
158:
1990s: Little Crackle Nursey for Holy Trinity Church Institute, Hackney
213: Building for Childcare: Making Better Buildings for the Under-5s
21:
339:
1713:"Six women architects that deserve to win the RIBA Royal Gold Medal"
559:
Architecture and feminisms : ecologies, economies, technologies
369:
Grote, Janie (1992). "Matrix: A Radical Approach to Architecture".
304:
Matrix has had ongoing impact on feminist approaches to design and
262:
Desiring Practices: Architecture, Gender and the Interdisciplinary
236:
Where Are They? Black Women: Architecture and the Built Environment
792:"The Forgotten Feminist Architects Who Changed the Face of London"
404:
Gender space architecture : an interdisciplinary introduction
323:, Julia Dwyer, (who were Matrix members) together with Sue Ridge,
31:
may have been created or edited in return for undisclosed payments
1523:
218:
In 1993, they collaborated with Penoyre & Prasad architects,
1459:
Altering practices : feminist politics and poetics of space
1457:
muf (2007). "An Invisible Privilege". In Petrescu, Doina (ed.).
740:
Altering practices : feminist politics and poetics of space
1433:"Only resist: a feminist approach to critical spatial practice"
1688:"Campaigners nominate leading women for RIBA Royal Gold Medal"
15:
203:
Matrix produced a range of publications, including the book
958:
Garland, Annette (8 July 1983). "Co-operating for Change".
65:
commissioned research and publications, including the book
252:
conference in Paris on feminism and architecture in 1999.
1591:
Thomas, Katie Lloyd (2009). "the other side of waiting".
1492:
Women and the making of built space in England, 1870-1950
1135:
Women on the Defensive: Living Through Conservative Times
310:
Women and the Making of Built Space in England, 1870-1950
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Women's Creativity Since the Modern Movement (1918-2018)
346:
Bartlett Innovation Fund to develop an online resource.
211:(London: Matrix Feminist Design Co-operative, 1986) and
135:
Learning and Skills Councils in West and Central London
1094:"Spatial Agency: Jagonari Educational Resource Centre"
663:
Making space : women and the man-made environment
641:. World of art. London New York: Thames & Hudson.
1328:"Still I Rise: Feminisms, gender, resistance - Act 3"
934:"Spatial Agency: Matrix Feminist Design Co-operative"
215:(London: Matrix Feminist Design Co-operative, 1986).
1490:
Darling, Elizabeth; Whitworth, Lesley, eds. (2007).
1353:"STILL I RISE: FEMINISMS, GENDER, RESISTANCE, ACT 2"
1303:"Still I Rise: Feminisms, Gender, Resistance, Act 1"
771:
Francis, Susan (1971). "Women's Design Collective".
665:. Matrix (Organization). London: Pluto Press. 1985.
37:. It may require cleanup to comply with Knowledge's
1357:
DLWP, The De La Warr Pavilion, Bexhill, East Sussex
1282:"AA Women in Architecture 1917-2017 | AA Bookshop"
816:Carson, Fiona; Pajaczkowska, Claire, eds. (2001).
173:1986-88: Jumoke Training Nursery, Southwark London
1494:. Aldershot, Hants, England: Ashgate. p. 5.
1195:Ordinary People : Why Women Become Feminists
1023:Swenarton, Mark (9 June 1989). "Guiding Lights".
999:"Spatial Agency: Community Technical Aid Centres"
232:Black Women in Architecture from a UK Perspective
1120:Feminism and Politics: A Comparative Perspective
205:Making Space: Women and the Man Made Environment
179:1984-85: Hackney Womenâs Centre: shop conversion
67:Making Space: Women and the Man-made Environment
371:Journal of Architectural and Planning Research
1122:. University of California Press. p. 86.
594:(Second ed.). London. pp. 287â279.
8:
1137:. University of Chicago Press. p. 107.
709:"Spatial Agency: New Architecture Movement"
249:Ordinary People: Why Women Become Feminists
1040:'Working with Women', Matrix, Making Space
622:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
561:. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge.
522:. SAGE Publications Ltd. pp. 85â106.
977:. Ljubljana: ZRC SAZU. pp. 108â115.
520:The SAGE Handbook of Architectural Theory
1815:Architecture firms of the United Kingdom
1634:Hoskyns, Teresa (2000). "Taking Place".
1150:ISSUE: The Magazine of the Design Museum
354:
1820:History of women in the United Kingdom
1378:"MAKING SPACE â Soft Fiction Projects"
1259:
1042:. London: Pluto Press. pp. 89â10.
686:
615:
592:The feminism and visual culture reader
316:as âhighly important but underrated.â
291:How We Live Now, an exhibition at the
149:1993: Pier Training Workshop, Woolwich
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1671:Dwyer, Julia (2010). Radu, F (ed.).
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790:Olah, Nathalie (12 November 2015).
285:De La Warr Pavilion, Bexhill, 2019
255:Exhibitions of their work include:
62:Matrix Feminist Design Co-Operative
1744:The Bartlett Real Estate Institute
853:. London: Routledge. p. 110.
338:following a campaign by the group
14:
1795:Feminist organisations in England
1461:. London: Routledge. p. 60.
742:. London: Routledge. p. 54.
445:. London: Routledge. p. 33.
282:Arnolfini Gallery Bristol, 2019
20:
1307:www.nottinghamcontemporary.org
1:
1686:Youde, Kate (8 August 2019).
1562:10.1080/20507828.2017.1379310
238:, published in ISSUE (1993).
33:, a violation of Knowledge's
377:: 158â186 – via JSTOR.
266:exhibition 1995 (curated by
117:The practice specialised in
1836:
1133:Bashevkin, Sylvia (1998).
1038:Bradshaw, Frances (1984).
152:1992: Essex Womenâs Refuge
344:University College London
1550:Architecture and Culture
1164:"Paradise Circus (1988)"
907:Wall, Christine (2018).
528:10.4135/9781446201756.n6
145:Built projects include:
1382:softfictionprojects.com
820:. New York: Routledge.
818:Feminist visual culture
1810:Architecture academics
1528:www.takingplace.org.uk
1266:: CS1 maint: others (
693:: CS1 maint: others (
192:Greater London Council
109:Architectural practice
1740:"Inclusive Practices"
1648:10.4324/9781315851617
1193:Jones, Derek (1991).
1098:www.spatialagency.net
1003:www.spatialagency.net
938:www.spatialagency.net
713:www.spatialagency.net
637:Massey, Anne (2022).
406:. London: Routledge.
43:neutral point of view
1738:UCL (9 March 2020).
1437:Architectural Review
1431:(19 February 2018).
1118:Gelb, Joyce (1989).
851:Social town planning
334:Gold Medal Award by
306:participatory design
1675:. pp. 197â217.
1805:English architects
1800:British architects
1692:Architects Journal
1636:Public Art Journal
1605:10.1057/fr.2009.35
1213:collections.si.edu
1073:surveyoflondon.org
1055:Architects Journal
887:www.aaschool.ac.uk
268:Sarah Wigglesworth
1501:978-0-7546-5185-7
1468:978-0-415-35785-2
984:978-961-05-0106-0
749:978-0-415-35785-2
648:978-0-500-20482-5
601:978-0-415-54369-9
568:978-0-203-72971-7
488:978-1-315-76837-3
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