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One study of 192 gay men aged 14–21 found that approximately 1/3 reported being verbally assaulted by at least one family member when they came out and another 10% reported being physically assaulted. Gay and lesbian youth are particularly prone to victimization. A nationwide study of over 9,000 gay high school students revealed that 24% of gay men and 11% of gay women reported being victimized at least ten times a year due to their sexual orientation. Victims often experience severe depression, a sense of helplessness, low self-esteem, and frequent suicidal thoughts. Gay youth are two to four times more likely to be threatened with a deadly weapon at school and miss more days of school than their heterosexual peers. Further, they are two to seven times more likely to attempt suicide. Some feel these issues, the societal stigma around homosexuality and fear of bias-motivated attack, lead to gay men and women, especially teenagers, becoming more likely to abuse drugs such as marijuana and cocaine and alcohol, have unprotected sex with multiple sexual partners, find themselves in unwanted sexual situations, have body image and eating disorders, and be at higher risk for STDs and HIV/AIDS.
586:
196:
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38:
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474:, opposed the Act, arguing that it would effectively "muzzle people of faith who dare to express their moral and biblical concerns about homosexuality". However, H.R. 1592 contains a "Rule of Construction" which specifically provides that "Nothing in this Act...shall be construed to prohibit any expressive conduct protected from legal prohibition by, or any activities protected by the free speech or free exercise clauses of, the
1786:
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1719:, began lobbying the U.S. Attorney for the Eastern District of Kentucky in August 2011 to prosecute after stating he had no confidence in the Harlan County Commonwealth's Attorney to act. "I think the case's notoriety may have derived in large part from the Kentucky Equality Federation efforts," said Kerry Harvey, the U.S. Attorney for the Eastern District of Kentucky. Mable Jenkins and Alexis Jenkins pleaded guilty.
4611:
1262:. On October 7, 2009, the conference committee published the final version of the bill, which included the hate crimes amendment; the conference report was then passed by the House on October 8, 2009. On October 22, 2009, following a 64–35 cloture vote, the conference report was passed by the Senate by a vote of 68–29. The bill was signed into law on the afternoon of October 28, 2009, by President Barack Obama.
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414:. In 1990, Congress passed the Hate Crimes Statistics Act which allowed the government to count the incidence of hate crimes based on religion, race, national origin, and sexual orientation. However, a sentence was added onto the end of bill stating that federal funds should not be used to "promote or encourage homosexuality".
329:, in 1998. Shepard's murderers were given life sentences—in large part because his parents sought mercy for his killers. Two of Byrd's murderers were sentenced to death and executed in 2011 and 2019, respectively, while the third was sentenced to life in prison. All the convictions were obtained without the assistance of
1722:
In 2016, for the first time the
Justice Department used the Act to bring criminal charges against a person for selecting a victim because of their gender identity. In that case Joshua Brandon Vallum plead guilty to murdering Mercedes Williamson in 2015 because she was transgender, in violation of the
421:
Although not necessarily on the same scale as
Matthew Shepard's murder, violent incidences against gays and lesbians occur frequently. Gay and lesbian people are often verbally abused, assaulted both physically and sexually, and threatened not just by peers and strangers, but also by family members.
1109:
for hate crime murders, though the amendment was later removed in conference with the House. On July 20, 2009, Sessions introduced
Amendment 1616, "the soldiers amendment," to extend hate crimes protections to personnel of the armed forces and their immediate family members, saying "This amendment
1723:
Act. In 2017, he was "sentenced to 49 years in prison and fined $ 20,000 for killing his ex-girlfriend because she was transgender." The
Justice Department reported that "his is the first case prosecuted under the Hate Crimes Prevention Act involving a victim targeted because of gender identity."
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pleaded guilty under the Act to running a car containing five
Hispanic men off the road. As a result, he became the first person ever convicted under the Act. A second man involved in the same incident was later convicted under the Act; his appeal of that conviction was denied on August 6, 2012.
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testified in support of the bill, the first time a sitting
Attorney General has ever testified in favor of the bill. During his testimony, Holder mentioned his previous testimony on a nearly identical bill to the senate in July 1998 (the Hate Crimes Prevention Act of 1998, S. 1529), just months
3714:
390:, and only while the victim is engaging in a federally protected activity, like voting or going to school. Penalties, under both the existing law and the LLEHCPA (Local Law Enforcement Hate Crimes Prevention Act, originally called the "Local Law Enforcement Enhancement Act"), for
343:
Supporters of an expansion of hate crime laws argued that hate crimes are worse than regular crimes without a prejudiced motivation from a psychological perspective. The time it takes to mentally recover from a hate crime is almost twice as long as it is for a regular crime, and
4393:
3474:"Two Harlan County, Kentucky, Men Indicted for Federal Hate Crime Against Individual Because of Sexual Orientation; The Indictment Marks the First Case Charged Under the Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act Involving Sexual Orientation"
1058:
between 1998 and 2007, or 'nearly one hate crime for every hour of every day over the span of a decade.'" Holder emphasized that one of his "highest personal priorities ... is to do everything I can to ensure this critical legislation finally becomes law".
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regardless of status is a fundamental premise of the nation and thus the bill is unnecessary, and that, rather, it would prevent religious organizations from expressing their beliefs openly (although the bill only refers to violent actions, not speech.)
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vote was 60–39 in favor. The amendment was then approved by voice vote. President Bush indicated he might veto the DoD authorization bill if it reached his desk with the hate crimes legislation attached. Ultimately, the amendment was dropped by the
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into his head, and writing the words "white power" and the acronym "KKK" on his body. A third man in June 2011, entered a guilty plea to conspiracy to commit a federal hate crime. All three men were charged under the Act in
December 2010.
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The bill was introduced for the fourth time into the House on March 30, 2007, by
Conyers. The 2007 version of the bill added gender identity to the list of suspect classes for prosecution of hate crimes. The bill was again referred to the
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The bill passed the Senate when the
Defense bill passed on July 23, 2009. As originally passed, the House version of the defense bill did not include the hate crimes legislation, requiring the difference to be worked out in a
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Removes, in the case of hate crimes related to the race, color, religion, or national origin of the victim, the prerequisite that the victim be engaging in a federally protected activity, like voting or going to
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According to FBI statistics, of the over 113,000 hate crimes since 1991, 55% were motivated by racial bias, 17% by religious bias, 14% sexual orientation bias, 14% ethnicity bias, and 1% disability bias.
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664:). The Senate hate crime amendment had 44 cosponsors, including four Republicans. After Republicans staged a filibuster on a troop-withdrawal amendment to the defense bill, Senate Majority Leader
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hate crime legislation at both the state and federal levels. Wyoming hate crime laws at the time did not recognize homosexuals as a suspect class, whereas Texas had no hate crime laws at all.
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The bill again proceeded to the Senate, where it was again introduced by
Kennedy on April 28, 2009. The Senate version of the bill had 45 cosponsors as of July 8, 2009.
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1105:(an opponent of the Matthew Shepard Act), an amendment was added to the Senate version of the hate crimes legislation that would have allowed prosecutors to seek the
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Conyers introduced the bill for the fifth time into the House on April 2, 2009. In his introductory speech, he claimed that many law enforcement groups, such as the
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Provides $ 5 million per year in funding for fiscal years 2010 through 2012 to help state and local agencies pay for investigating and prosecuting hate crimes;
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as part of the conference report on Defense Authorization for fiscal year 2010. The vote was 281–146, with support from 237 Democrats and 44 Republicans.
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affirmed the intent of the amendment before a roll call vote was called. The Soldiers Amendment passed unanimously in the Senate and eventually became
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descent. A second man entered a guilty plea to conspiracy to commit a federal hate crime. The two men were accused of branding the victim, shaving a
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968:) both announced that they were unable to be present for the vote, but had they been present they would each have voted in favor. Conversely, Rep.
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by a vote of 20–14. The bill then proceeded to the full House, where it was passed on May 3, 2007, with a vote of 237–180 with Representative
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976:) claimed federal law was already sufficient to prevent hate crimes and said that had he been present he would have voted against the bill.
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congresses (on April 22, 2004, and May 26, 2005, respectively). As previously, it died both times when it failed to advance in committee.
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and 31 state Attorneys General supported the bill and that the impact hate violence has on communities justified federal involvement.
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563:) on June 14, 2004. Although the amendment passed the U.S. Senate by a vote of 65–33, it was later removed by conference committee.
280:(FBI) to track statistics on hate crimes based on gender and gender identity (statistics for the other groups were already tracked).
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1101:(the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2010) by a 63–28 cloture vote on July 15, 2009. At the request of Senator
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The bill passed the House on April 29, 2009, by a vote of 249–175, with support from 231 Democrats and 18 Republicans, including
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people often feel as if they are being punished for their sexuality, which leads to higher incidence of depression, anxiety, and
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To provide Federal assistance to States, local jurisdictions, and Indian tribes to prosecute hate crimes, and for other purposes.
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William Hatch, who pleaded guilty to a hate crime in the New Mexico case, also contested the law on Constitutional grounds. The
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provisions and making it explicit that the law should not be interpreted to restrict people's freedom of speech or association.
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and over 210 national law enforcement, professional, education, civil rights, religious, and civic organizations, including the
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501:". Four members of the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights wrote a letter stating their opposition to the bill, citing concerns of
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would create a new Federal crime which puts members of the U.S. military on equal footing with other protected classes." Sen.
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On July 11, 2007, Kennedy attempted to introduce the bill again as an amendment to the Senate Defense Re-authorization bill (
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445:. A November 2001 poll indicated that 73% of Americans were in favor of hate-crime legislation covering sexual orientation.
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3611:"Mississippi Man Sentenced to 49 Years in Prison for Bias-Motivated Murder of Transgender Woman in Lucedale, Mississippi"
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778:) claimed that if the bill were passed it may help prevent the murders of transgender Americans, such as the murder of
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106th Congress The bill (S. 622) was introduced by Senator Edward Kennedy. It was referred to the Judiciary Committee.
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in the Senate (65–33) as an amendment to the Ronald W. Reagan National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2005
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Text of floor speeches by Senators Kennedy, Bayh, and Schumer introducing the bill in the Senate on April 12, 2007
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3490:. Kentucky Equality Federation Official Press Releases – Copy of request to prosecute included. August 24, 2011.
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3488:"Kentucky Equality Federation communicates with the U.S. Department of Justice about Harlan County Hate Crime"
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794:) claimed that the bill was an expansion of a category of "thought crimes" and compared the bill to the book
352:. They also cited the response to Shepard's murder by many LGBT people, especially youth, who reported going
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The bill passed the Senate on September 27, 2007, as an amendment to the Defense Re-authorization bill. The
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2367:"Referred to Senate Committee after being Received from House" as accessed on October 2, 2007; the text of
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to the National Defense Authorization Act for 2010 (H.R. 2647). Conceived as a response to the murders of
2742:"Expressing Support for "Local Law Enforcement Hate Crimes Prevention Act (LLEHCPA)/Matthew Shepard Act""
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485:, among other senators, was concerned that the bill would not protect all individuals equally. Senator
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The murders and subsequent trials brought national and international attention to the desire to amend
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3519:"David Jason Jenkins, Anthony Ray Jenkins Face Life In Anti-Gay Attack Under New U.S. Hate Crime Law"
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assisted the FBI in arresting David Jenkins, Anthony Jenkins, Mable Jenkins, and Alexis Jenkins of
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691:'s website stated that one of the goals of his new administration would be to see the bill passed.
471:
224:
3637:"Judge Dismisses Challenge To Hate Crimes Law: Plaintiffs Argued Their Hate Would Cause Headaches"
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3295:"HRC Backstory: Senate Achieves Cloture on DoD Conference Report Including Hate Crimes Provision"
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2579:, Executive Office of the President, Office of Management and Budget. Retrieved May 9, 2007.
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2792:. United States House of Representatives Committee on Rules. April 28, 2009. Archived from
203:
greets Louvon Harris (left), Betty Byrd Boatner (right) both sisters of James Byrd Jr. and
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3565:"Federal Hate Crime Law Used For Transgender Violence For The First Time - BuzzFeed News"
2965:. Speaker of the United States House of Representatives. October 10, 2009. Archived from
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1054:, Holder testified that, "more than 77,000 hate crime incidents were reported by the
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and would take "an important step" towards a more just society. After the vote, Rep.
482:
370:
337:
326:
306:
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delayed the votes on the hate crime amendment and the defense bill until September.
448:
The LLEHCPA was introduced in substantially similar form in each Congress since the
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17:
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430:
2430:"DeMint Speech Against Hate Crimes Legislation Attached to Defense Authorization"
2317:
1925:
1839:
815:) claimed that the bill would help prevent murders such as those of spree killer
3704:
3063:
2650:
2545:"Senate Passage of Hate Crimes Bill Moves Bill Closer Than Ever To Becoming Law"
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The constitutionality of the law was challenged in a 2010 lawsuit filed by the
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2695:"Introduction of the Local Law Enforcement Hate Crimes Prevention Act of 2009"
2673:"Introduction of the Local Law Enforcement Hate Crimes Prevention Act of 2009"
2405:"Judges barred from demanding doctor's notes in transgender name change cases"
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3011:"Bill Summary & Status – 111th Congress (2009–2010) – S.909 – Cosponsors"
493:
spoke against the bill, saying that it was unnecessary, that it violated the
2717:"H. Rept. 111-86 - Local Law Enforcement Hate Crimes Prevention Act of 2009"
892:
852:
3720:
Final form of Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act
2341:
Questions and Answers: The Local Law Enforcement Hate Crimes Prevention Act
2277:
2123:
Noelle, Monique (2002). "The Ripple Effect of the Matthew Shepard Murder".
807:
The bill then moved to the full House, for debate. During the debate, Rep.
2318:
The Local Law Enforcement Hate Crimes Prevention Act / Matthew Shepard Act
1696:
1688:
1676:
965:
932:
812:
395:
383:
353:
152:
3252:"HRC Backstory: Conference Report Published – Hate Crimes Bill Included"
557:
Ronald W. Reagan National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2005
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1354:
1134:
872:
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681:
672:
298:
2790:"H.R. 1913 – Local Law Enforcement Hate Crimes Prevention Act of 2009"
2838:"The Passage of the Local Law Enforcement Hate Crimes Prevention Act"
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in the House Subcommittee on Crime, Terrorism, and Homeland Security
1142:
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920:
638:, one of two openly gay members of the House at the time, presiding.
452:
in 1999. The 2007 bill expanded on the earlier versions by including
407:
321:
and a third man who had no racist background, dragged behind it, and
240:
3460:"2 Kentucky men face first-of-their-kind federal hate-crime charges"
3585:
Ellis, Ralph; Grinberg, Emanuella; DiGiacomo, Janet (15 May 2017).
2548:
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in the Senate Judiciary Committee (after the Leahy version passed)
657:. The bill died when it failed to advance in the Senate committee.
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3502:"Kentucky advocacy group pushes first federal hate crime arrests"
2989:"Matthew Shepard Hate Crimes Prevention Act Introduced in Senate"
3393:
3366:
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791:
3728:
3277:"AFP: US lawmakers pass 680-billion-dollar defense budget bill"
2034:"Repräsentantenhaus will härtere Strafen bei "Hass-Verbrechen""
1984:"Matthew Shepard Hate Crimes Act passes despite GOP opposition"
219:, passed on October 22, 2009, and signed into law by President
1055:
1051:
239:
to include crimes motivated by a victim's actual or perceived
3817:
Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act
3181:"Hate Crimes Act Makes Conference Report, Death Penalty Gone"
1465:
House Subcommittee on Crime, Terrorism, and Homeland Security
981:
Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act
213:
Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act
207:
at a reception commemorating the enactment of the legislation
31:
Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act
4532:
History of violence against LGBT people in the United States
4492:
U.S. state constitutional amendments banning same-sex unions
3541:"Hate-crime case result historic for feds - CNNPolitics.com"
2233:"Gay Adolescents and Suicide: Understanding the Association"
2171:"Gay Adolescents and Suicide: Understanding the Association"
537:. The bill died when it failed to advance in the committee.
497:, and that it would be a step closer to the prosecution of "
995:
The Senate adopted amendment 1511 63–28 with 5 Republicans
398:
are prison terms of up to 10 years, while crimes involving
270:
investigations that local authorities choose not to pursue;
2816:"Local Law Enforcement Hate Crimes Prevention Act of 2009"
1840:"Matthew Shepard Hate Crimes Act passes Congress, finally"
3587:"Hate crime: Man sentenced for killing transgender woman"
2012:"New Details Emerge in Matthew Shepard Murder – ABC News"
1999:
one of whom now admits to targeting Shepard for being gay
1562:
Local Law Enforcement Hate Crimes Prevention Act of 2009
1502:
Local Law Enforcement Hate Crimes Prevention Act of 2007
1439:
Local Law Enforcement Hate Crimes Prevention Act of 2005
1367:
Local Law Enforcement Hate Crimes Prevention Act of 2004
1301:
Local Law Enforcement Hate Crimes Prevention Act of 2001
4643:
Proposed legislation of the 110th United States Congress
4638:
Proposed legislation of the 109th United States Congress
3862:
Masterpiece Cakeshop v. Colorado Civil Rights Commission
3362:"Man Accused of Violating the Hate Crime Prevention Act"
2371:
accessed on the same date does not include this section.
763:, where it passed by a vote of 15–12 on April 23, 2009.
591:
Local Law Enforcement Hate Crimes Prevention Act of 2007
48:
Local Law Enforcement Hate Crimes Prevention Act of 2009
4673:
Discrimination against LGBT people in the United States
2434:
Speeches – News Room – United States Senator Jim DeMint
1651:
National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2010
1588:
National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2010
1171:
National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2010
1097:
The Matthew Shepard Act was adopted as an amendment to
266:
Gives federal authorities greater ability to engage in
3513:
3511:
3476:. United States Department of Justice. April 12, 2012.
580:
Subcommittee on Crime, Terrorism and Homeland Security
4583:
Disney and Florida's Parental Rights in Education Act
3428:
United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit
374:) extends to crimes motivated by actual or perceived
3037:"Senate Hate Crimes Hearing at 10am "HRC Back Story"
4545:
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4497:
Same-sex marriage law in the United States by state
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3389:"Appeals court upholds hate crime law in Ark. case"
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1078:earlier in the month; and Michael Lieberman of the
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2766:. IowaPolitics.com. April 28, 2009. Archived from
2504:Bush threatens to veto expansion of hate-crime law
1691:into the arm of a developmentally disabled man of
1050:before Matthew Shepard was murdered. According to
305:. The attack was widely reported due to him being
3534:
3532:
1896:"President Obama Signs Hate Crime Prevention Act"
3660:"U.S. court upholds man's hate crime conviction"
3340:Roxana Tiron, "Senate OKs defense bill, 68–29",
3091:"Holder pushes hate crimes law; GOP unpersuaded"
4708:United States federal civil rights legislation
3442:"2 Men Plead Guilty In Swastika Branding Case"
3183:. lawdork.net. October 8, 2009. Archived from
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2116:
2114:
2092:. Associated Press. p. 4A. Archived from
1121:The bill won the support of five Republicans:
759:The bill was immediately referred to the full
333:laws, since none were applicable at the time.
4537:2020s anti-LGBT movement in the United States
3740:
3224:
3222:
2250:Herek, Gregory M.; Garnets, Linda D. (2007).
1746:) and upheld the conviction on June 3, 2013.
1649:in the Senate (63–28) as an amendment to the
1118:after the Matthew Shepherd Act was made law.
750:International Association of Chiefs of Police
8:
4668:Anti-discrimination law in the United States
4399:State bans on local anti-discrimination laws
3559:
3557:
1898:. Fox News. October 28, 2009. Archived from
1199: Abstention or no representative seated
956:and claimed it would harm free speech. Rep.
804:allowed one hour and 20 minutes for debate.
731: Abstention or no representative seated
609: Abstention or no representative seated
30:
2154:House Votes to Expand Hate Crime Protection
1586:the House (249–175) as an amendment to the
551:Similar legislation was introduced by Sen.
540:It was reintroduced by Rep. Conyers in the
4713:United States federal criminal legislation
4329:
3965:Presidential Memorandum of August 25, 2017
3775:
3766:
3747:
3733:
3725:
3701:South Carolina Senator Jim DeMint's speech
3462:. Lexington Herald-Leader. March 15, 2012.
3200:"Congressional Record 155 (2009) p. S7686"
2060:"State Hate Crimes / Statutory Provisions"
684:Democrats, conservative groups, and Bush.
653:on April 12, 2007. It was referred to the
425:The Act was supported by thirty-one state
979:On October 8, 2009, the House passed the
237:1969 United States federal hate-crime law
4648:Acts of the 111th United States Congress
4416:Florida Parental Rights in Education Act
3822:Don't Ask, Don't Tell Repeal Act of 2010
3539:Grinberg, Emanuella (22 December 2016).
2510:, May 3, 2007. Retrieved on May 3, 2007.
2197:, May 3, 2007. Retrieved on May 3, 2007.
1269:
1088:United States Commission on Civil Rights
235:, both in 1998, the measure expands the
100:18 U.S.C.: Crimes and Criminal Procedure
3941:Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965
3931:Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952
2270:10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.3.022806.091510
1862:
1860:
1831:
521:The bill was first introduced into the
3886:G.G. v. Gloucester County School Board
2963:"Final Vote Results for Role Call 223"
2252:"Sexual Orientation and Mental Health"
2189:House Passes Extended Hate Crimes Bill
2148:
2146:
680:leadership because of opposition from
29:
4573:Arnold Schwarzenegger and LGBT rights
3635:Reilly, Ryan J. (September 8, 2010).
3062:Garcian, Michelle (January 1, 2008).
2160:, May 3, 2007. Retrieved May 3, 2007.
1094:testified in opposition to the bill.
1082:also testified in favor of the bill.
714:House vote by congressional district
645:, where it was introduced by Senator
7:
4703:Transgender law in the United States
3639:. tpmmuckraker.talkingpointsmemo.com
3149:"Hate Crimes Amendments Pass Easily"
3147:Rushing, J. Taylor (July 20, 2009).
3064:"AG to Senate: Pass Hate Crime Bill"
2590:US Senate passes gay hate crimes law
2257:Annual Review of Clinical Psychology
2208:"Sexual Orientation and Adolescents"
2081:Elizondo, Stephanie (June 8, 1999).
1977:
1975:
1973:
1814:David Ray Hate Crimes Prevention Act
626:The bill passed the subcommittee by
4522:LGBT movements in the United States
3504:. Associated Press. March 15, 2013.
2014:. Abcnews.go.com. November 26, 2004
1952:National Gay and Lesbian Task Force
1070:, whose play was premiering at the
687:In late 2008, then-President-elect
476:First Amendment to the Constitution
317:man who was tied to a truck by two
168:Passed the House of Representatives
139:in the House of Representatives as
4578:LGBT protests against Donald Trump
4527:LGBTQ history in the United States
2570:Statement of Administration Policy
2403:Nasaw, Daniel (October 23, 2009).
2066:. October 10, 2009. Archived from
1552:in the Senate Judiciary Committee
1492:in the Senate Judiciary Committee
837:Republican Main Street Partnership
439:American Psychological Association
25:
3756:LGBTQ rights in the United States
2647:The Office of the President-Elect
2643:"Plan to Strengthen Civil Rights"
2611:"Congress Drops Hate-Crimes Bill"
1982:Boven, Joseph (October 9, 2009).
950:) compared the bill to the novel
364:The 1968 federal hate-crime law (
170:on October 8, 2009 (281–146)
4688:LGBT rights in the United States
4610:
4609:
4597:
4502:Sodomy laws in the United States
3118:"Hate Crimes Passes, Faces Veto"
3116:Eleveld, Kerry (July 17, 2009).
3013:. thomas.loc.gov. Archived from
1798:
1784:
1770:
1756:
1222:2009–2010 Defense Appropriations
1181:2009–2010 Defense Appropriations
1062:Reverend Mark Achtemeier of the
297:. Shepard was a student who was
36:
4678:Hate crime in the United States
3954:DoD Directive 1304.26
3093:. June 25, 2009. Archived from
3039:. June 25, 2009. Archived from
2609:Wooten, Amy (January 1, 2008).
2520:Chibbaro, Lou (July 26, 2007).
2331:. Retrieved September 27, 2007.
2295:Supporters for this legislation
1006: One yes, one did not vote
641:The bill then proceeded to the
278:Federal Bureau of Investigation
27:American hate crime legislation
2991:. Feminist.org. April 29, 2009
1948:"Hate Crimes Protections 2007"
1868:"Obama Signs Hate Crimes Bill"
1740:Tenth Circuit Court of Appeals
1234: One yes, one didn't vote
1072:United States Holocaust Museum
1018: One no, one did not vote
555:(R–OR) as an amendment to the
350:post-traumatic stress disorder
1:
4683:LGBT law in the United States
4553:Congressional Equality Caucus
3658:Boetel, Ryan (July 5, 2013).
3360:Fry, Lindsey (May 23, 2011).
2175:American Behavioral Scientist
2125:American Behavioral Scientist
2083:"Black leaders honor Byrd Jr"
1820:Emmett Till Anti-lynching Act
1735:; the lawsuit was dismissed.
1687:pleaded guilty to branding a
1657:into law October 28, 2009 by
1271:
1246: One no, one didn't vote
754:National Sheriffs Association
176:on July 23, 2009 (63–28)
3711:. July 16, 2009. 12 minutes.
3350:. Accessed October 22, 2009.
1713:Kentucky Equality Federation
1042:held a hearing on the bill.
701:111th United States Congress
573:110th United States Congress
435:American Medical Association
77:111th United States Congress
66:111th United States Congress
3198:Sessions, Jeffrey S. (AL).
2522:"Hate crimes bill in limbo"
2354:. Retrieved on May 4, 2007.
2137:10.1177/0002764202046001004
1683:In August 2011, one man in
1327:House Subcommittee on Crime
309:, and the trial employed a
4729:
4698:Presidency of Barack Obama
3904:303 Creative LLC v. Elenis
3827:Violence Against Women Act
3567:. Buzzfeed.com. 2016-12-15
2308:. Retrieved March 5, 2007.
1168:
1040:Senate Judiciary Committee
698:
655:Senate Judiciary Committee
570:
529:on April 3, 2001, by Rep.
301:and murdered in 1998 near
223:on October 28, 2009, as a
4591:
4411:Anti-LGBT curriculum laws
4389:Employment discrimination
4332:
3956:("Don't ask, don't tell")
3778:
1924:. hrc.org. Archived from
1561:
1556:
1501:
1496:
1438:
1433:
1366:
1361:
1300:
1295:
632:House Judiciary Committee
217:United States federal law
132:
35:
4303:Northern Mariana Islands
3898:Respect for Marriage Act
3833:United States v. Windsor
1988:The Colorado Independent
942:On April 30, 2009, Rep.
817:Benjamin Nathaniel Smith
766:On April 28, 2009, Rep.
533:and was referred to the
527:House of Representatives
4347:Conversion therapy bans
3960:Defense of Marriage Act
3926:Immigration Act of 1917
1922:"Human Rights Campaign"
1703:On March 15, 2012, the
1429:from conference report
1092:The Heritage Foundation
1030: Both did not vote
517:107th to 109th congress
289:The Act is named after
159:Committee consideration
4653:2000s in LGBTQ history
4357:Housing discrimination
2941:"Personal Explanation"
2919:"Personal Explanation"
2897:"Personal Explanation"
2875:"All People Are Equal"
2764:"Nineteen Eighty-Four"
2532:on September 28, 2007.
2064:Anti-Defamation League
1733:Thomas More Law Center
1675:In May 2011, a man in
1254:
1213:
1080:Anti-Defamation League
1066:Theological Seminary;
1038:On June 25, 2009, the
1032:
745:
623:
208:
4568:LGBT people in prison
4443:Domestic partnerships
4423:Public accommodations
3936:Executive Order 10450
3893:Executive Order 13988
3840:Executive Order 13672
3804:Executive Order 13087
3791:Executive Order 12968
2864:, via Clerk.House.gov
2547:. HRC. Archived from
2352:Human Rights Campaign
2329:Human Rights Campaign
2306:Human Rights Campaign
1958:on September 27, 2007
1705:Kentucky State Police
1240: One yes, one no
1219:
1178:
1064:University of Dubuque
1012: One yes, one no
994:
802:House Rules Committee
800:. That same day, the
713:
588:
535:Subcommittee on Crime
469:socially conservative
198:
83:Number of co-sponsors
4663:2009 in LGBT history
4658:2007 in LGBT history
4428:Religious exemptions
4250:District of Columbia
3874:Harris Funeral Homes
3846:Obergefell v. Hodges
3283:on October 14, 2009.
3187:on October 15, 2009.
2721:Congressional Record
2653:on February 17, 2009
2440:on December 14, 2012
2099:on December 29, 2009
2090:Laredo Morning Times
2040:. September 10, 2009
1928:on November 19, 2008
1764:United States portal
1526:the House (237–180)
1260:conference committee
1193: Republican yes
1187: Democratic yes
881:Rodney Frelinghuysen
797:Nineteen Eighty-Four
725: Republican yes
719: Democratic yes
603: Republican yes
597: Democratic yes
509:Legislative progress
354:back into the closet
4313:U.S. Virgin Islands
3784:One, Inc. v. Olesen
3665:Albuquerque Journal
3523:The Huffington Post
3446:The Huffington Post
3017:on October 18, 2015
2969:on October 13, 2009
1715:, whose president,
1266:Legislative history
1211: Republican no
1205: Democratic no
1090:and Brian Walsh of
1074:at the time of the
962:Dutch Ruppersberger
937:Ileana Ros-Lehtinen
905:Todd Russell Platts
869:Lincoln Díaz-Balart
782:. Conversely, Rep.
761:Judiciary Committee
743: Republican no
737: Democratic no
621: Republican no
615: Democratic no
472:Focus on the Family
186:on October 28, 2009
126:Legislative history
32:
18:Matthew Shepard Act
4462:Transgender rights
4382:Sexual orientation
3947:Bowers v. Hardwick
3448:. August 18, 2011.
2862:Roll call vote 223
2599:", PinkNews.co.uk.
2595:2009-06-22 at the
2575:2017-01-30 at the
2491:Roll call vote 114
2346:2007-09-28 at the
2323:2008-11-19 at the
2300:2007-05-16 at the
1873:The New York Times
1255:
1214:
1033:
746:
624:
319:white supremacists
245:sexual orientation
209:
155:) on April 2, 2009
45:Other short titles
4625:
4624:
4563:Save Our Children
4510:
4509:
4321:
4320:
3973:
3972:
3810:Lawrence v. Texas
3697:, the Senate bill
3525:. April 18, 2012.
3430:. August 6, 2012.
2508:Los Angeles Times
2070:on June 29, 2011.
1876:. 28 October 2009
1668:
1667:
1625:S.Amdt. 1511
1397:S.Amdt. 3183
877:Mario Díaz-Balart
467:, founder of the
427:Attorneys General
311:gay panic defense
193:
192:
174:Passed the Senate
72:Announced in
16:(Redirected from
4720:
4613:
4612:
4604:LGBTQ portal
4602:
4601:
4600:
4330:
4242:Federal district
3878:Altitude Express
3776:
3767:
3749:
3742:
3735:
3726:
3691:, the House bill
3677:
3676:
3674:
3672:
3655:
3649:
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3646:
3644:
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3456:
3450:
3449:
3438:
3432:
3431:
3425:
3413:
3407:
3406:
3404:
3402:
3397:. August 6, 2012
3385:
3379:
3378:
3376:
3374:
3357:
3351:
3348:The Hill website
3338:
3332:
3331:
3329:
3327:
3320:"Roll call vote"
3316:
3310:
3309:
3307:
3306:
3297:. Archived from
3291:
3285:
3284:
3279:. Archived from
3273:
3267:
3266:
3264:
3263:
3254:. Archived from
3248:
3242:
3241:
3239:
3237:
3226:
3217:
3216:
3214:
3213:
3207:www.congress.gov
3204:
3195:
3189:
3188:
3177:
3171:
3170:
3168:
3166:
3161:on July 25, 2009
3157:. Archived from
3144:
3138:
3137:
3135:
3133:
3124:. Archived from
3113:
3107:
3106:
3104:
3102:
3097:on June 29, 2009
3087:
3081:
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3076:
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3053:
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2979:
2978:
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2974:
2959:
2953:
2952:
2950:
2948:
2943:. April 30, 2009
2937:
2931:
2930:
2928:
2926:
2921:. April 30, 2009
2915:
2909:
2908:
2906:
2904:
2899:. April 30, 2009
2893:
2887:
2886:
2884:
2882:
2877:. April 30, 2009
2871:
2865:
2859:
2850:
2849:
2847:
2845:
2840:. April 29, 2009
2834:
2828:
2827:
2825:
2823:
2818:. April 30, 2009
2812:
2806:
2805:
2803:
2801:
2796:on June 25, 2009
2786:
2780:
2779:
2777:
2775:
2760:
2754:
2753:
2751:
2749:
2744:. April 28, 2009
2738:
2732:
2731:
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2727:
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2707:
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2704:
2702:
2691:
2685:
2684:
2682:
2680:
2669:
2663:
2662:
2660:
2658:
2649:. Archived from
2639:
2633:
2632:
2630:
2628:
2619:. Archived from
2616:Windy City Times
2606:
2600:
2586:
2580:
2567:
2561:
2560:
2558:
2556:
2551:on April 2, 2012
2543:One-Time Gifts.
2540:
2534:
2533:
2528:. Archived from
2526:Washington Blade
2517:
2511:
2500:
2494:
2493:, via Senate.gov
2488:
2482:
2481:
2479:
2477:
2472:on July 14, 2011
2471:
2465:. Archived from
2464:
2456:
2450:
2449:
2447:
2445:
2436:. Archived from
2426:
2420:
2419:
2417:
2415:
2400:
2394:
2393:
2391:
2389:
2378:
2372:
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2315:
2309:
2292:
2286:
2285:
2284:on July 1, 2012.
2280:. Archived from
2247:
2241:
2240:
2229:
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2204:
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2008:
2002:
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1996:
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1979:
1968:
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1954:. Archived from
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1766:
1761:
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1759:
1742:heard the case (
1727:Court challenges
1288:# of cosponsors
1282:Date introduced
1270:
1251:
1245:
1239:
1233:
1227:
1210:
1204:
1198:
1192:
1186:
1155:George Voinovich
1044:Attorney General
1029:
1023:
1017:
1011:
1005:
999:
960:(D-CA) and Rep.
829:equal protection
742:
736:
730:
724:
718:
620:
614:
608:
602:
596:
373:
371:§ 245(b)(2)
315:African American
303:Laramie, Wyoming
128:
109:sections created
40:
33:
21:
4728:
4727:
4723:
4722:
4721:
4719:
4718:
4717:
4693:Matthew Shepard
4628:
4627:
4626:
4621:
4598:
4596:
4587:
4541:
4506:
4484:
4478:
4448:by municipality
4433:Same-sex unions
4394:by municipality
4362:Intersex rights
4317:
4284:
4277:
4254:
4236:
3969:
3918:
3916:
3910:
3758:
3753:
3685:
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3668:
3657:
3656:
3652:
3642:
3640:
3634:
3633:
3629:
3620:
3618:
3615:www.justice.gov
3609:
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3043:on July 2, 2009
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2770:on May 20, 2009
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2697:. April 2, 2009
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2675:. April 2, 2009
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2626:
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2623:on June 8, 2010
2608:
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2597:Wayback Machine
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1844:Mercurynews.com
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1799:
1797:
1790:
1783:
1778:Politics portal
1776:
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1752:
1729:
1673:
1603:April 28, 2009
1536:April 12, 2007
1510:March 30, 2007
1425:
1410:Gordon H. Smith
1375:April 22, 2004
1338:March 27, 2001
1268:
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1249:
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1237:
1235:
1231:
1229:
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1220:Senate vote on
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989:
970:Michael Burgess
827:) claimed that
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575:
569:
553:Gordon H. Smith
519:
511:
503:double jeopardy
462:
388:national origin
365:
362:
291:Matthew Shepard
287:
258:The bill also:
249:gender identity
229:Matthew Shepard
189:
180:Signed into law
163:House Judiciary
124:
61:Enacted by
28:
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15:
12:
11:
5:
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4558:Lavender Scare
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4342:Age of consent
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4293:American Samoa
4289:
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4283:Unincorporated
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4273:Indian Country
4270:
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4260:Tribal nations
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4182:South Carolina
4179:
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4159:
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4147:North Carolina
4144:
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3854:Pavan v. Smith
3850:
3842:
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3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3806:
3801:
3797:Romer v. Evans
3793:
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3689:H.R. 1592
3684:
3683:External links
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3419:U.S. v. Maybee
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2365:H.R. 1592
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2158:New York Times
2142:
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1591:H.R. 2647
1581:
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1570:April 2, 2009
1568:
1566:H.R. 1913
1563:
1560:
1558:111th Congress
1554:
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1537:
1534:
1528:
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1506:H.R. 1592
1503:
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1498:110th Congress
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1468:
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1443:H.R. 2662
1440:
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1435:109th Congress
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1406:
1405:June 14, 2004
1403:
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1363:108th Congress
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1309:April 3, 2001
1307:
1305:H.R. 1343
1302:
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1297:107th Congress
1293:
1292:
1291:Latest status
1289:
1286:
1283:
1280:
1277:
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1267:
1264:
1248:
1242:
1236:
1230:
1228: Both yes
1224:
1207:
1201:
1195:
1189:
1183:
1179:House vote on
1166:
1163:
1139:Lisa Murkowski
1068:Janet Langhart
1026:
1020:
1014:
1008:
1002:
1000: Both yes
996:
988:
985:
901:Frank LoBiondo
845:Mary Bono Mack
809:Jan Schakowsky
739:
733:
727:
721:
715:
707:
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696:
695:111th Congress
693:
662:H.R. 1585
617:
611:
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589:House vote on
568:
567:110th Congress
565:
518:
515:
510:
507:
499:thought crimes
495:14th Amendment
491:South Carolina
461:
458:
450:105th Congress
412:life in prison
404:sexual assault
361:
358:
313:. Byrd was an
286:
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233:James Byrd Jr.
215:is a landmark
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4493:
4490:
4489:
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4475:
4474:Bathroom bill
4472:
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4268:Navajo Nation
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4222:West Virginia
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4208:
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4128:
4127:New Hampshire
4125:
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4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
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4098:
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4087:Massachusetts
4085:
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4018:
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4008:
4005:
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4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
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3984:
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3799:
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3792:
3789:
3786:
3785:
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3780:
3777:
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3761:
3757:
3750:
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3731:
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3667:
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3628:
3617:. 15 May 2017
3616:
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3588:
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3566:
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3497:
3494:
3489:
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3461:
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3412:
3409:
3396:
3395:
3390:
3384:
3381:
3369:
3368:
3363:
3356:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3344:
3337:
3334:
3321:
3315:
3312:
3301:on 2009-10-29
3300:
3296:
3290:
3287:
3282:
3278:
3272:
3269:
3258:on 2009-10-08
3257:
3253:
3247:
3244:
3231:
3225:
3223:
3219:
3208:
3201:
3194:
3191:
3186:
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3176:
3173:
3160:
3156:
3155:
3150:
3143:
3140:
3128:on 2010-08-05
3127:
3123:
3119:
3112:
3109:
3096:
3092:
3086:
3083:
3071:
3070:
3065:
3058:
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3029:
3021:September 29,
3016:
3012:
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3003:
2990:
2984:
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2765:
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2734:
2726:September 23,
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2709:
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2648:
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2523:
2516:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2499:
2496:
2492:
2487:
2484:
2468:
2461:
2460:"open letter"
2455:
2452:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2425:
2422:
2410:
2406:
2399:
2396:
2383:
2377:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2360:
2357:
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2330:
2326:
2322:
2319:
2314:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2296:
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2288:
2283:
2279:
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2267:
2263:
2259:
2258:
2253:
2246:
2243:
2238:
2234:
2228:
2226:
2224:
2220:
2215:
2214:
2209:
2203:
2200:
2196:
2195:
2190:
2187:Abrams, J., "
2184:
2181:
2176:
2172:
2166:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2149:
2147:
2143:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2119:
2117:
2115:
2111:
2095:
2091:
2084:
2077:
2074:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2055:
2052:
2039:
2035:
2029:
2026:
2013:
2007:
2004:
2000:
1989:
1985:
1978:
1976:
1974:
1970:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1943:
1940:
1932:September 29,
1927:
1923:
1917:
1914:
1906:September 29,
1902:on 2013-10-06
1901:
1897:
1891:
1888:
1880:September 29,
1875:
1874:
1869:
1863:
1861:
1857:
1845:
1841:
1835:
1832:
1826:
1821:
1818:
1815:
1812:
1811:
1807:
1796:
1793:
1787:
1782:
1779:
1773:
1768:
1765:
1754:
1749:
1747:
1745:
1744:U.S. v. Hatch
1741:
1736:
1734:
1726:
1724:
1720:
1718:
1717:Jordan Palmer
1714:
1710:
1706:
1701:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1681:
1678:
1670:
1663:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1645:
1642:
1639:
1638:Patrick Leahy
1635:
1632:
1630:
1626:
1623:
1622:
1618:
1615:
1612:
1609:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1596:
1592:
1589:
1585:
1582:
1579:
1576:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1548:
1545:
1542:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1529:
1525:
1522:
1519:
1516:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1488:
1485:
1482:
1478:
1476:May 26, 2005
1475:
1473:
1470:
1469:
1466:
1462:
1459:
1456:
1453:
1449:
1447:May 26, 2005
1446:
1444:
1441:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1417:
1414:
1411:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1398:
1395:
1394:
1390:
1387:
1384:
1381:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1364:
1360:
1357:motion 54–43
1356:
1353:
1350:
1347:
1344:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1331:
1328:
1324:
1321:
1318:
1315:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1287:
1284:
1281:
1278:
1275:
1272:
1265:
1263:
1261:
1252: Both no
1223:
1218:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1147:Olympia Snowe
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1123:Susan Collins
1119:
1117:
1113:
1108:
1107:death penalty
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3950: (1986)
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3919:federal laws
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3881: (2020)
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1871:
1849:December 30,
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1843:
1834:
1806:LGBTQ portal
1743:
1737:
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1721:
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1682:
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1662:Barack Obama
1654:
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1629:S. 1390
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1549:
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1426:
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1279:Bill number
1276:Short title
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1120:
1116:18 USC §1389
1099:S. 1390
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925:Bill Cassidy
861:Charlie Dent
841:Judy Biggert
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821:Trent Franks
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765:
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649:and Senator
640:
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523:107 Congress
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201:Barack Obama
184:Barack Obama
179:
173:
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145:John Conyers
136:
91:Codification
4483:Repealed or
4406:Immigration
4372:Transgender
4352:Hate crimes
4308:Puerto Rico
4285:territories
4102:Mississippi
4017:Connecticut
3915:Repealed or
3705:Flash video
3671:January 26,
3346:, found at
2973:October 10,
2384:. USDOJ.gov
2382:"USDOJ.gov"
2264:: 353–375.
2237:Adolescence
2103:October 10,
2044:October 10,
1993:October 10,
1962:December 9,
1671:Enforcement
1608:Ted Kennedy
1599:S. 909
1541:Ted Kennedy
1481:Ted Kennedy
1343:Ted Kennedy
1334:S. 625
1084:Gail Heriot
1047:Eric Holder
953:Animal Farm
944:Todd Tiahrt
917:Greg Walden
889:Jim Gerlach
857:Mike Castle
647:Ted Kennedy
643:U.S. Senate
454:transgender
392:hate crimes
331:hate crimes
323:decapitated
268:hate crimes
4632:Categories
4485:overturned
4217:Washington
4137:New Mexico
4132:New Jersey
4007:California
3917:overturned
3621:2017-05-18
3596:2017-05-18
3571:2016-12-22
3547:2016-12-22
3421:(opinion)"
3305:2009-10-22
3262:2009-10-07
3212:2019-06-11
2502:Simon, R.
2444:October 8,
2213:Pediatrics
2152:Stout, D.
1827:References
1792:Law portal
1685:New Mexico
1169:See also:
1131:Dick Lugar
1112:Carl Levin
849:Joseph Cao
784:Steve King
768:Mike Honda
699:See also:
678:Democratic
666:Harry Reid
628:voice vote
571:See also:
487:Jim DeMint
460:Opposition
441:, and the
410:can bring
400:kidnapping
394:involving
360:Background
253:disability
199:President
137:Introduced
53:Long title
4515:Movements
4227:Wisconsin
4192:Tennessee
4097:Minnesota
4072:Louisiana
3763:By entity
3543:. Cnn.com
3401:August 6,
2131:: 27–50.
1709:Partridge
1659:President
1273:Congress
893:Mark Kirk
367:18 U.S.C.
141:H.R. 1913
113:18 U.S.C.
4616:Category
4455:Marriage
4377:Intersex
4367:Military
4337:Adoption
4212:Virginia
4162:Oklahoma
4142:New York
4117:Nebraska
4107:Missouri
4092:Michigan
4082:Maryland
4067:Kentucky
4047:Illinois
4022:Delaware
4012:Colorado
4002:Arkansas
3373:June 29,
3343:The Hill
3165:July 21,
3154:The Hill
3132:July 17,
3101:June 28,
3075:June 28,
3047:June 28,
2947:June 21,
2925:June 21,
2903:June 21,
2881:June 21,
2844:June 21,
2822:June 21,
2800:June 18,
2774:June 18,
2748:June 21,
2701:June 18,
2679:June 18,
2627:July 31,
2593:Archived
2573:Archived
2363:Text of
2344:Archived
2321:Archived
2298:Archived
2278:17716060
1750:See also
1697:swastika
1689:swastika
1677:Arkansas
1285:Sponsor
1076:shooting
839:members
481:Senator
396:firearms
384:religion
299:tortured
4546:Related
4326:By type
4232:Wyoming
4207:Vermont
4112:Montana
4052:Indiana
4032:Georgia
4027:Florida
3997:Arizona
3987:Alabama
3870:Bostock
3771:Federal
3709:YouTube
2239:. 2005.
2216:. 2004.
2177:. 2002.
1640:(D-VT)
1610:(D-MA)
1577:(D-MI)
1543:(D-MA)
1517:(D-MI)
1483:(D-MA)
1463:in the
1454:(D-MI)
1427:Removed
1412:(R-OR)
1382:(D-MI)
1355:cloture
1345:(D-MA)
1325:in the
1316:(D-MI)
1165:Passage
1153:), and
1086:of the
935:), and
915:), and
682:antiwar
673:cloture
431:AFL–CIO
263:school;
4467:voting
4167:Oregon
4122:Nevada
4062:Kansas
4037:Hawaii
3992:Alaska
3979:States
3907:(2023)
3889:(2020)
2276:
1822:(2022)
1816:(2007)
1693:Navajo
1655:Signed
1647:Passed
1584:Passed
1524:Passed
1419:Passed
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241:gender
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107:U.S.C.
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4077:Maine
4042:Idaho
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1606:Sen.
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