514:
476:". After all, in 1995 the age of the sands of Mauer 1 could approximately be determined on the basis of small fossils. Additionally, attempts were made to perform an absolute dating in yet accessible, adjacent sand mines. However, to date researchers could not agree on which of the several possible layers that belong to the Cromer-warm period is identical with the layer of the Grafenrain mine. So it happens that the commune of Mauer dates the fossil to an age "of more than 600,000 years" on its website, whereas the memorial stone called an age of 500,000 years. A range from 474,000 to 621,000 years is currently considered to be the established age of "layer 4", in which the actual fossil either originates from the lower (around 600,000) or the upper (around 500,000) spectrum.
689:
704:
740:
716:
728:
280:
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309:"It shows a combination of features, that has been previously found neither on a recent nor on a fossilized human mandible. Even the scholar should not be blamed if he would only reluctantly accept it as human: Entirely missing is the one feature, which is regarded as particularly human, namely an outer projection of the chin portion, yet this deficiency is found to be combined with extremely strange dimensions of the mandibular body. The actual proof that we are dealing with human remains here only lies within the nature of the
27:
604:
171:
426:
fact, the part of the mine, in which the lower jaw came to light, was filled with overburden in the 1930s, later re-natured as arable land and declared a nature reserve in 1982. The actual site is therefore not accessible for research at the present time. Absolute dating of the strata using contemporary scientific methods proved to be not possible. Alternatively scientists have repeatedly tried to deduce the age of the fossil's layer, using
162:
1555:
418:
1266:
996:
sonst idealen
Freundschaftsbundes war es, daß Schoetensack sich nicht dazu verstehen wollte, auf dem Titel seiner Monographie die Mitarbeiterschaft bekannt zu geben." Klaatsch erwähnt an gleicher Stelle, dass die genaue Beschreibung der Zähne ebenfalls nicht von Schoetensack, sondern von Gottlieb Port erarbeitet worden sei.
525:. "The anatomy is clearly more primitive than that of Neanderthal, but the harmoniously rounded dental arch and the complete row of teeth...already typically human." Based on these circumstances—the chronological delineation from the more recent Neanderthal on the one hand, and from older fossils, denoted as
995:
In: Günther A. Wagner u. a., p. 38. – Worauf
Hermann Klaatsch in einem Nachruf auf Schoetensack hinweist: "Wie in Fachkreisen fast allgemein bekannt, ist die anatomische Bearbeitung des Heidelberger Unterkiefers sachlich und textlich in der Hauptsache mein Werk. (…) Die einzige kleine Trübung unseres
425:
Otto
Schoetensack had the site at the bottom of the sand mine marked with a commemorative stone on which a horizontal line represented the level of the find. Whether his wish had been granted—namely that the stone may remain in its place, even if the sand mine will one day be re-filled—is unknown. In
616:
of a find. Not until 1991 two sets of core drilling were conducted in the defunct sand mine of
Grafenrain and—beginning in 1995, several dozen cubic meters of sand were screened in search of fossil fragments that could shed light on accompanying species. However, mice teeth that were found proved to
951:
Schoetensack, p. 23. 'Die
Entfernung der Kalkkrusten führte später zu weiteren Beschädigungen, u.a. platzten bei einigen Zähnen winzige Splitter des Zahnschmelzes ab. Als Folge einer unsachgemäßen Auslagerung gingen im Zweiten Weltkrieg zudem die zwei linken Prämolaren verloren' (Subsequent removal
302:
In his original species description
Schoetensack wrote that the "nature of our object" reveals itself "at first sight" since "a certain disproportion between the jaw and the teeth" is obvious: "The teeth are too small for the bone. The available space would allow for a far greater flexibility of
675:
river. Hares flitted and horses galloped across open landscapes. Theoretically, nature provided steaks of elephant, the woolly rhinoceros and hippopotamus. Whether the "Heidelberger" ventured on such prey, must be doubted. Almost certainly he took to his heels in front of bear, wolf, leopard,
208:
As it was dug out, the mandible was flung in the air and only discovered after it had broken into two parts. A piece of the left side of the mandible broke off in the process and was never found. A thick cemented crust of coarse sand stuck on and around the
351:. He derived the authority to define a new species with the type-epithet heidelbergensis from the fact that the lower jaw—in contrast to modern humans—is missing its chin. With the subtitle of his original description—"A contribution to the
493:
148:. In 2010 the mandible's age was for the first time exactly determined to be 609,000 ± 40,000 years. Previously, specialist literature had referred to an age of either 600,000 or 500,000 years on the basis of less accurate dating methods.
625:
period can help with a description of the habitat.: "across alluvial forests in the river valleys, forests on the slopes and open forests on the heights; these were rather dry locations, regarding the hydro-geology of the crevasses
1018:
In: Günther A. Wagner u. a., p. 48. – Durch intensives Kauen wird der
Zahnschmelz allmählich abgetragen und das Dentin freigelegt; daher kann das Ausmaß dieses Abriebs als Anhaltspunkt für die Abschätzung des Lebensalters genutzt
1087:(Dump vom 26. November 2012) Diese Angabe bezieht sich offenbar auf die Schicht Sauerstoff-Isotopenstufe 15 der Cromer-Warmzeit, die auf ein Alter von 621.000 bis 568.000 Jahren datiert wird; vergl. dazu: GĂĽnther A. Wagner:
952:
of the encrusted limestone caused further damage: among other things, tiny pieces of enamel split off from some of the teeth. Also, the two left premolars were lost as a result of inexpert storage in the Second World War) (
611:
As uncertain as the exact dating of the lower jaw of Mauer was until recently, so is the assignment of other fossils to its layer. Such contextual fossils are the only direct evidence for an accurate reconstruction of the
513:
583:), whose oldest fossils outside of Africa are about 1.8 million years old. The last descendant of this first migration to Europe was Neanderthal, who became extinct about 30,000 years ago. Members of the species
204:
had come to light there in 1887. Schoetensack had the workers taught the characteristics of human bones based on recent examples on his regular visits to the sand mine in search for "traces of mankind".
252:
as a gift. The mandible remains in the university's
Geological-Palaeontological Institute to this day as "the most valuable object in the natural history collections of the University of Heidelberg".
657:
Animal fossils from different layers of the sand mine
Grafenrain that were clearly identified and belonged to the same interglacial epoch as the find layer, inspired the author of a 2007 article of
366:
As to the lower jaw of Mauer's precise position in the ancestral chain of modern man
Schoetensack expressed only cautious statements. Reluctantly he wrote in his study that "it seems possible that
571:
However, there is agreement among all paleo-anthropologists that the lower jaw of Mauer does not belong to the immediate ancestral line of modern man. He is regarded rather as a descendant of an
196:
community unearthed a mandible at a depth of 24.63 m (80.81 ft), which he recognized as of human origin. He was aware of the likelihood of finds, as for 20 years the Heidelberg scholar
671:"...among spruce, birch and oak trees romped flying squirrels, roamed roe deer, elk and wild boar. Mole and shrew tunnelled through the grounds. And: Beavers damming the waters of the juvenile
628:
688:
317:
as evidence: The canines show no trace of a stronger expression in relation to the other groups of teeth. They suggest a moderate and harmonious co-evolution, as it is the case in
813:
324:
The characteristics of the lower jaw are therefore the lack of a chin on the one hand and on the other it is the considerable size of the lower jaw bone, on which, behind the
389:
Schoetensack—like many of his colleagues around the beginning of the 20th century—was wrong with his assessment of kinship proximity of the lower jaw of Mauer with the
248:
from the sands of Mauer near Heidelberg". On November 19, 1907, Schoetensack stated in a legal document that mine contractor Josef Rösch had given the specimen to the
893:
703:
445:". Above and below of the finding's strata, sands and other materials had accumulated in various definable layers. These had been deposited on the edge of a former
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1298:
409:. It is around two million years older than the lower jaw of Mauer and, despite its advanced age, still does not represent the common base of humans and apes.
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reveals the original state that defines mankind's and the ape's common ancestor." In 1924, the hitherto oldest fossil of the big pool of hominid variants—the
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Hierzu zählte noch im Jahr 2010 auch das Geologisch-Paläontologische Institut der Universität Heidelberg, das den Unterkiefer seit 1908 verwahrt und ihn als
1100:
Diese Zeitspanne bezieht sich auf die Schicht Sauerstoff-Isotopenstufe 13 der Cromer-Warmzeit, die auf ein Alter von 528.000 bis 474.000 Jahren datiert wird.
739:
465:. According to contemporary dating methods, these facts would imply a lower age limit of around 780,000 years and a maximum of several million years."
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715:
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be not suitable for a more precise dating of the layer, since these mice lived anatomically virtually unchanged over too long a period. At least
572:
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In Asien haben möglicherweise noch bis vor 12.000 Jahren einige Nachfahren dieser frühen Siedelung gelebt; die genaue Zuordnung der Funde von
517:
Bronze bust of the Mauer 1 individual by Louis Mascré and Aimé Rutot, 1909–1914 (Institut royal des Sciences naturelles de Belgique, Brussels)
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River arc over the course of millennia. In the preface to his study he states: "The age of these sands is commonly agreed to as paleo-
783:
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The contractor at the sand mine immediately reported the discovery to Schoetensack, who examined and documented the site and the
472:
complained that there "still existed no satisfactory exact data for the determination of the geological age of the lower jaw of
836:
928:
869:
Der Unterkiefer des Homo Heidelbergensis aus den Sanden von Mauer bei Heidelberg. Ein Beitrag zur Paläontologie des Menschen.
758:
Der Unterkiefer des Homo Heidelbergensis aus den Sanden von Mauer bei Heidelberg. Ein Beitrag zur Paläontologie des Menschen
552:
Other researchers hold the contrary view that the evolutionary development in Africa and Europe was a gradual process from
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360:
225:, 6 cm (2.4 in) long and about 4 cm (1.6 in) wide was firmly stuck to the sand crust on top of the
200:
had asked that the workers at the sand mine be encouraged to look out for fossils, after the well-preserved skull of a
1559:
370:
belongs in the ancestral series of the European man" and—after meticulous and detailed comparison with other European
560:
towards Neanderthal. Any form of segregation is considered arbitrary, which is why these researchers forgo the name
217:—a characteristic of many of the Mauer fossils. The cementing had been caused by carbonation of calcium. A chunk of
505:
363:, namely, that humans have evolved from the animal kingdom and are not the product of a singular act of creation."
279:
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remains; although certain species suggest a significant relationship with a more recent section of the
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549:; it is from this point of view the last common ancestor of Neanderthal and anatomically modern man.
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would easily have had space to develop. Since the third molar (the wisdom tooth) is present and its
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26:
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Schoetensack had described the merely ten-centimeter-thick layer of the find as "layer of gravel (
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exposed—although only in a few places—the age of death is estimated to be about 20 to 30 years.
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on the other—today's researchers consider it justifiable to declare Mauer 1 as an independent
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of the human species"—Schoetensack explicitly takes a clear position on the part of
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wherein the age of the fossil was concluded as to be of 609,000 ± 40,000 years.
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402:
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222:
188:
On October 21, 1907, Daniel Hartmann, a worker at a sand mine in the Grafenrain
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786:(Katalog zur gleichnamigen Ausstellung der Reiss-Engelhorn-Museen in Mannheim).
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379:
129:
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altogether. They classify the Mauer 1 man as a late local (European) form of
437:), slightly cemented due to carbonation of calcium, with very thin layers of
295:
by Otto Schoetensack was based largely on the expertise of Breslau professor
1528:
903:
806:
100 years of Homo heidelbergensis – life and times of a controversial taxon.
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at around 40,000 to 30,000 years ago, whose descendants include modern man.
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241:
240:. He presented the results of his studies in autumn the following year in a
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343:) from the similarity of the dentition and put the lower jaw in the genus
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483:-radio fluorescence (IR-RF) and the dating of the teeth via a combined
394:
382:." The classification of the lower jaw of Mauer in the time before the
291:
The anatomical analysis of the lower jaw of Mauer in its 1908 original
121:
80:
789:
Günther A. Wagner, Hermann Rieder, Ludwig Zöller, Erich Mick (Hrsg.):
299:, which was only hinted at in a brief acknowledgement in the preface.
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he stated equally vague: "We must therefore denote the mandible of
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At the 100th anniversary of the discovery in 2007 a scientific
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Homo heidelbergensis. SchlĂĽsselfund der Menschheitsgeschichte.
390:
791:
Homo heidelbergensis. SchlĂĽsselfund der Menschheitsgeschichte
132:. The Mauer 1 mandible is the type specimen of the species
1149:
auswies. Inzwischen wird er jedoch auch in Heidelberg als
776:
MenschenZeit. Geschichten vom Aufbruch der frĂĽhen Menschen
124:. It was found in 1907 in a sand quarry in the community
347:—a view that is still being held unanimously by today's
138:. Some European researchers have classified the find as
521:
The Mauer mandible is the type specimen of the species
479:
In November 2010, the final dating of sand grains via
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Schoetensack concluded a relationship to modern man (
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Altersbestimmung: Der lange Atem der Menschwerdung.
621:findings of similar vegetation areas of the Cromer
556:via the representative of the findings assigned to
94:
86:
72:
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52:
44:
33:
1133:Band 485, Nr. 7396, 2012, S. 33–35 (hier S. 34),
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313:. The completely preserved teeth bear the stamp
128:, around 10 km (6.2 mi) south-east of
894:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
494:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
255:Further finds from the Mauer sand mine are the
923:Konrad Theiss Verlag, Stuttgart 2007, p. 146
810:Mitteilungen der Gesellschaft fĂĽr Urgeschichte
760:. Verlag von Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig 1908 (
1292:
267:fragment which has also been associated with
8:
1155:Sammlung des Instituts fĂĽr Geowissenschaften
879:
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19:
871:Leipzig, 1908, Verlag von Wilhelm Engelmann
263:. In 1933 Wilhelm Freudenberg discovered a
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681:Images of the original species description
421:Sediment layers at the mine's edge in 2007
25:
16:Oldest-known human fossil found in Germany
1182:100 Jahre Homo heidelbergensis aus Mauer.
1030:100 Jahre Homo heidelbergensis aus Mauer.
709:Original condition with adherent material
898:vol. 107, no. 46, 2010, pp. 19726–19730
885:Radiometric dating of the type-site for
793:. Konrad Theiss Verlag, Stuttgart 2007,
1171:ist allerdings derzeit noch umstritten.
857:
694:Title page of the first description of
684:
453:(altdiluvial) by reference to embedded
18:
1592:Archaeological discoveries in Germany
960:In: GĂĽnther A. Wagner et al., p. 42).
7:
1464:Galilee skull (Mugharet el-Zuttiyeh)
1217:Nr. 43 vom 18. Oktober 2007, S. 43,
1197:In: GĂĽnther A. Wagner u. a., S. 145.
1091:In: GĂĽnther A. Wagner u. a., S. 224.
1075:In: GĂĽnther A. Wagner u. a., S. 129.
982:In: GĂĽnther A. Wagner et al., p. 19.
919:In: GĂĽnther A. Wagner et al. (ed.):
545:and the more recent Neanderthal and
111:is the oldest-known specimen of the
1184:In: GĂĽnther A. Wagner u. a., S. 18.
1127:Comment: What makes a modern human.
1113:In: GĂĽnther A. Wagner u. a., S. 44.
1032:In: GĂĽnther A. Wagner u. a., p. 15.
441:(Letten), that faintly reacts with
1195:Die Tierwelt der Mauerer Waldzeit.
1073:Die Tierwelt der Mauerer Waldzeit.
917:Die Tierwelt der Mauerer Waldzeit.
778:. Philipp von Zabern, Mainz 2003,
573:early migration to Europe and Asia
233:on the left side of the mandible.
142:, regarding it as a subspecies of
14:
575:(depending on the terminology—of
361:great debate on the origin of man
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541:ranks separable between earlier
169:
160:
1587:1907 archaeological discoveries
1560:Evolutionary biology portal
837:List of human evolution fossils
607:70th-anniversary memorial stone
405:was discovered in what is now
35:
1:
676:saber-toothed cat and hyena."
1582:Homo heidelbergensis fossils
1147:Homo erectus heidelbergensis
1111:Reisetagebuch eines Fossils.
1016:Reisetagebuch eines Fossils.
915:H. Dieter Schreiber et al.:
745:Inferior - and occlusal view
587:arrived in Europe only in a
140:Homo erectus heidelbergensis
1193:H. Dieter Schreiber u. a.:
1071:H. Dieter Schreiber u. a.:
1608:
883:GĂĽnther A. Wagner et al.:
306:And further, on the find:
283:Title page of the original
244:titled: "The lower jaw of
1547:
1411:Transitional fossils with
501:Relation to modern humans
470:commemorative publication
275:Description of the fossil
24:
721:Condition after cleaning
202:straight-tusked elephant
1434:Arago 21 (Tautavel Man)
1005:Schoetensack, p. 25–26.
904:10.1073/pnas.1012722107
647:mountains, bare of any
386:proved to be accurate.
1244:49.348558°N 8.800694°E
1109:Johanna Kontny u. a.:
1014:Johanna Kontny u. a.:
636:
608:
518:
510:
509:Lateral view (replica)
422:
349:palaeo-anthropologists
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1523:Homo neanderthalensis
1455:Homo neanderthalensis
606:
589:second migratory wave
516:
508:
491:was published in the
420:
282:
250:Heidelberg University
1356:Ciampate del Diavolo
1309:Homo heidelbergensis
1273:at Wikimedia Commons
1151:Homo heidelbergensis
1050:Schoetensack, p. 44.
1041:Schoetensack, S. 34.
969:Schoetensack, S. 24.
942:Schoetensack, p. 23.
887:Homo heidelbergensis
832:List of fossil sites
696:Homo heidelbergensis
581:Homo heidelbergensis
562:Homo heidelbergensis
558:Homo heidelbergensis
539:Homo heidelbergensis
523:Homo heidelbergensis
474:Homo heidelbergensis
399:Homo heidelbergensis
397:): "The mandible of
376:Homo heidelbergensis
368:Homo heidelbergensis
269:Homo heidelbergensis
261:Homo heidelbergensis
246:Homo heidelbergensis
229:and the two frontal
135:Homo heidelbergensis
58:Homo heidelbergensis
1249:49.348558; 8.800694
1240: /
1180:GĂĽnther A. Wagner:
1135:doi:10.1038/485033a
1062:Schoetensack, S. 4.
1028:GĂĽnther A. Wagner:
770:Alfried Wieczorek,
756:Otto Schoetensack:
489:uranium–lead dating
293:species description
286:species description
257:Hornstein artefacts
182:and Daniel Hartmann
21:
1414:H. heidelbergensis
1341:Sima de los Huesos
1208:Der multiple Adam.
1153:bezeichnet, siehe
889:at Mauer, Germany.
804:Katerina Harvati:
772:Wilfried Rosendahl
609:
519:
511:
423:
289:
1569:
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1487:
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1406:
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1361:Schöningen Spears
1269:Media related to
1168:Homo floresiensis
1085:gemeinde-mauer.de
991:Dietrich Wegner:
978:Dietrich Wegner:
956:Dietrich Wegner:
865:Otto Schoetensack
799:978-3-8062-2113-8
637:Kluftwassersystem
443:hydrochloric acid
198:Otto Schoetensack
190:open-field system
180:Otto Schoetensack
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101:
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1516:Homo cepranensis
1474:Swanscombe skull
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297:Hermann Klaatsch
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90:October 21, 1907
73:Place discovered
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1509:Homo antecessor
1493:Related species
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1469:Steinheim skull
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1378:H. rhodesiensis
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1350:Boxgrove Quarry
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533:. According to
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98:Daniel Hartmann
87:Date discovered
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1530:Homo sp. Altai
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1538:Homo sapiens
1536:
1532:(Denisovans)
1529:
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1502:Homo erectus
1500:
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1425:Homo erectus
1423:
1413:
1398:Ndutu skull
1393:Saldanha man
1376:
1346:Boxgrove Man
1335:Mauer, Baden
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827:Altamura Man
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527:Homo erectus
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326:wisdom tooth
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145:Homo erectus
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68:609 k ± 40 k
56:
1479:Petralona 1
1317:Archaeology
1247: /
765:(in German)
733:Radiography
663:to a vivid
645:Muschelkalk
403:Taung Child
223:Muschelkalk
221:, probably
45:Common name
1576:Categories
1444:Bodo skull
1439:Madam Buya
1232:49°20′55″N
929:3806221138
853:References
130:Heidelberg
1235:8°48′02″E
993:Der Fund.
980:Der Fund.
958:Der Fund.
774:(Hrsg.):
652:sediments
639:) of the
629:‹See Tfd›
430:methods.
357:Darwinism
328:a fourth
311:dentition
242:monograph
227:bicuspids
219:limestone
152:Discovery
1375:Africa (
1219:Volltext
1213:Die Zeit
821:See also
660:Die Zeit
481:infrared
463:Pliocene
459:Tertiary
451:diluvial
395:hominids
359:"in the
330:premolar
109:mandible
34:Catalog
1388:Kabwe 1
1331:Mauer 1
1271:Mauer 1
1131:Nature.
1019:werden.
665:diorama
614:habitat
599:Habitat
378:as pre-
372:fossils
211:canines
192:of the
122:Germany
106:Mauer 1
81:Germany
53:Species
48:Mauer 1
20:Mauer 1
1416:traits
1324:Europe
927:
797:
782:
673:Neckar
633:German
455:mammal
447:Neckar
413:Dating
334:dentin
238:fossil
231:molars
215:molars
40:GPIH 1
649:Loess
643:—and
435:scree
315:human
194:Mauer
126:Mauer
113:genus
77:Mauer
1210:In:
1129:In:
925:ISBN
891:In:
808:In:
795:ISBN
780:ISBN
593:Homo
487:and
439:clay
391:apes
345:Homo
213:and
117:Homo
104:The
954:per
900:doi
814:PDF
654:."
579:or
321:."
120:in
65:Age
36:no.
1578::
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