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315:— Oppenheim succeeded in being accepted as an attaché (which did not bestow diplomatic status) at the German General Consulate in Cairo. In June 1896, he arrived in Cairo which was to be his home for the next thirteen years. Not issued with any specific instructions, he made use of his freedom to engage in freelance activities, sending reports of his impressions to his superiors in Berlin (over the years totaling around 500). However, most of his messages were simply filed without comment, only rarely distributed more widely within the diplomatic service. Oppenheim was more successful in establishing a network of upper class acquaintances in Cairo, both European and local.
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352:, following up on tales told to him by local villagers of stone idols buried beneath the sand. Within three days, several significant pieces of statuary were uncovered, including the so-called "Sitting Goddess". A test pit uncovered the entrance to the "Western Palace". Since he had no legal permit to excavate, Oppenheim had the statues he found reburied and moved on. Deutsche Bank was not satisfied with his work on the railway and he was subsequently dismissed as an advisor. He continued to work in Cairo as a diplomat until 1910 when he was dismissed from the diplomatic service with the rank of
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historian Sean McMeekin: "In a speech before Nazi dignitaries, he went so far as to flatly ascribe his statues to the 'Aryan' culture, and he even received support from the Nazi government." Oppenheim once again wrote a memorandum on Middle
Eastern strategic policies. In 1939, he once more travelled to Syria for excavations, coming within sight of Tell Halaf. However, the French authorities refused to award him a permit to dig and he had to depart. With debts of 2 million
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In 1926, Germany joined the League of
Nations. Preparing for new excavations, in 1927 Oppenheim again travelled to Tell Halaf. Artillery fire exchanged between Ottoman and French troops in the final days of the war had severely damaged the building and the archaeological findings had to be dug out of
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where he stayed for seven months, studying Arabic and Islam. Unusually, he moved out of a
European-style hotel to live in a quarter inhabited by locals. In 1893–94, Oppenheim then travelled from Cairo through the Syrian desert, Mesopotamia to Basra. He passed through areas not visited by any European
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Artefacts which
Oppenheim had left in storage in New York (including orthostats from Tell Halaf) after unsuccessful attempts to sell them were managed under the Office of Alien Property Custodian, which in 1943 mandated that Oppenheim's property be treated as under the control of the United States.
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With a team of five archaeologists, and additionally recruiting more than 500 residents to assist with the excavations, Oppenheim planned a digging campaign that began on 5 August 1911. Substantial equipment was imported, including a small steam train. The costs totaled around 750,000 Mark and were
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took power in 1933, Oppenheim's Jewish background became a potential threat. Probably protected by old acquaintances in the scientific community, he was able to continue with his scholarly work. Apparently, this involved some efforts to fit into the intellectual climate of the time. According to
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failed, as the museum refused to agree to
Oppenheim's financial demands. He thus opened his own private "Tell Halaf Museum" in an industrial complex in Berlin-Charlottenburg in July 1930. The museum's concept of presenting the exhibits is considered quite modern even by today's standards. It was
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Bonn in 2014. The latter exhibition focused not just on the archaeological finds but also on the person of Max von
Oppenheim, who has been called "the last of the great amateur archaeological explorers of the Near East". When the reconstruction of the Museumsinsel is completed around 2025, the
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In 1913, Oppenheim also discovered the reliefs at the
Djebelet el-Beda before deciding to return temporarily to Germany. The finds of Tell Halaf were left at the building he and his team had inhabited during the dig. Most of them were securely packaged and stored.
419:, he had urged Oppenheim in 1907 to excavate Tell Halaf and they made some initial plans towards this goal at that time. In August 1910, Herzfeld wrote a letter calling on Oppenheim to explore the site and had it circulated to several leading archaeologists like
646:, Oppenheim was in dire financial trouble. He unsuccessfully tried to sell some of his finds in New York and again negotiated with the German government about the purchase of the Tell Halaf artefacts. While these negotiations continued, the museum was hit by a
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This activity and his views in support of the German government's colonial ambitions caused considerable mistrust among the
British in Egypt, worried about German designs on the country (which had become a de facto protectorate in 1882), the
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Oppenheim was credited with being the one who came up with the dual approach to fighting the
British and French: through regular troops and by encouraging uprisings by the masses. Some among the Arabs reportedly referred to Oppenheim as
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covered by von
Oppenheim's father. On arrival, the archaeologists discovered that since 1899 locals had uncovered some of the findings and heavily damaged them - in part out of superstition, in part to gain valuable building material.
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the rubble. Once again, it was found that the locals had damaged some of the stone workings. Since he had made plaster casts during the original excavation, Oppenheim was able to repair most of the damage done to the statues and
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because he was considered a spy by the French and British. In fact, he engaged in anti-Allied propaganda, which was aimed at stirring up the Muslim populations of the Allied-controlled territories against their colonial masters.
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in 1899 and conducted excavations there in 1911–13 and again in 1927–29. Bringing many of his finds to Berlin, he exhibited them in a private museum (The Tell Halaf Museum) in 1931. This was destroyed by Allied bombing in
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to sign. Armed with this letter, Max von Oppenheim was now able to ask for his dismissal from the service (which he did on 24 October 1910) while being able to call on financing from his father for the excavation.
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border crisis,1906, British and French papers accused Oppenheim of acting in ways to incite pan-Islamic jihadi massacres of Europeans and of plotting with anti-French Algerian, and anti-Italian Tripolitan, rebels.
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Max grew up as one of five siblings and from an early age he was exposed to art, as his father was an avid collector and patron of the arts. Although his father wanted him to work in the banking house of
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and the lifeline to their possessions in India. The British press repeatedly agitated against him, even styling him a "master spy of the Kaiser". For example, when tensions were later heightened by the
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prevented him from returning, however. As an expert on the East, the Foreign Office asked him to summarise the many different strategic ideas floating around in the ministry. The result was his
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town of Guzana (or Gozan), which flourished at the turn of the 2nd/1st millennium BC. Significant finds included the large statues and reliefs of the so-called "Western Palace" built by King
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of bankers, had converted to Catholicism in 1858 to marry Catholic Pauline Engels, from an established Cologne merchant family. In 1867, Max's grandfather, Simon, was awarded the title of
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520:. In 1915, Oppenheim was sent to the German embassy at Constantinople to disseminate propaganda material in the Ottoman Empire. On one of several trips he made at the time, he met
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at the Apostel-Gymnasium. He then followed the wish of his father and began to study law at the University of Strasbourg. However, rather than study, he spent most of time at the
497:("Memorandum on revolutionizing the Islamic territories of our enemies") of October 1914. The memo argued for enlisting the Sultan to call on the world's Muslims to engage in a
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A bombing raid in 1943 also destroyed Oppenheim's apartment in Berlin and with it much of his library and art collection. He then moved to Dresden, where he lived through the
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590:. His share (about two-thirds of the total) was transported to Berlin, the rest was brought to Aleppo, where Oppenheim installed a museum that became the nucleus of today's
746:. From 2001 to 2010, more than 30 sculptures were reconstructed out of around 27,000 fragments. They were exhibited at the Pergamon Museum in Berlin in 2011 and at the
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1312:„Unternehmungen und Aufwiegelungen“: Das Berliner Indische Unabhängigkeitskomitee in den Akten des Politischen Archivs des Auswärtigen Amts (1914–1920)
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in Berlin. At the institute young scholars from various disciplines worked together to advance the study of Middle Eastern culture and history. In the
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was negotiating with the British almost simultaneously. Whilst their attempt to incite an Arab rebellion was eventually successful, Oppenheim failed.
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Carved stucco wall from Kharab Sayyar in northern Syria. Excavated by Oppenheim in 1913, 9th-10th century CE. Museum fĂĽr Islamische Kunst, Berlin
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227:". He then transferred to Berlin University but his lack of academic progress caused his father to recall him to Cologne where he finished his
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Interested in politics and diplomacy, Oppenheim tried to join the diplomatic corps but he was first rejected by Herbert von Bismarck and then
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of 1999 brought up the idea of having the Western Palace front from Tell Halaf restored. With financial support from Sal. Oppenheim and the
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took care of the remains, months passed before all of the pieces had been recovered and they were further damaged by frost and summer heat.
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after the site where it was first found. At the time, this was the oldest painted pottery ever found (together with those discovered at
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570:, there was no way for Oppenheim to resume his excavations. He decided to become a private scholar. In 1922, Oppenheim founded the
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Oppenheim lost most of his financial wealth. From then on, he was forced to rely on loans and support from friends and relatives.
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during attempts to fight the fire and severely damaged. Many statues and reliefs burst into dozens of pieces. Although the
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that first gave rise to his interest in the East. Max attended school at Cologne from 1866 to 1879, finishing with the
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Scorpion-birdman from the Scorpion Gate at the Western Palace of Tell Halaf, damaged by fire in 1943 and restored
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he learned Arabic and began to collect Oriental art. At that time, Max also did his military service in the 15th
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replica of the bottom half of the seated woman statue which he adored. It is evident he admired this statue, as
443:, as well as a cult room and tombs. After a revolt, the Aramaean palace had been destroyed and Guzana became an
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the Vorderasiatisches Museum engaged in its largest-scale restoration project since the reconstruction of the
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Die aramäisch-assyrische Stadt Guzana. Ein Rückblick auf die Ausgrabungen Max von Oppenheims in Tell Halaf.
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In 1929, he resumed excavations and the new findings were divided. That year, Oppenheim also founded the
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The Passion of Max von Oppenheim: Archaeology and Intrigue in the Middle East from Wilhelm II to Hitler
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Schwanitz, Wolfgang G. (2003), "Djihad 'made in Germany'. Der Streit um den Heiligen Krieg 1914–1915",
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The passion of Max von Oppenheim: Archaeology and Intrigue in the Middle East from Wilhelm II to Hitler
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Der Tell Halaf und sein Ausgräber Max Freiherr von Guy Oppenheim: Kopf hoch! Mut hoch! und Humor hoch!
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In 1917, Oppenheim returned to Berlin and began to work on the publication of his excavation results.
311:(Foreign Office) due to the Jewish background of his father. Using well-connected friends — including
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reliefs. He managed to achieve a generous division of his previous finds with the authorities of the
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Kopf hoch! Mut hoch! und Humor hoch! Der Tell Halaf und sein Ausgräber Max Freiherr von Oppenheim.
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1330:(German) Schriften der Max Freiherr von Oppenheim-Stiftung. H. 15. Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 2005,
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against the colonial powers, France and Great Britain. To develop the necessary propaganda, the
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in 1912, called Oppenheim's work "the best book on the area I know". In 1895, Oppenheim visited
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in Bavaria, where he stayed with his sister. He died on 15 November 1946 at the age of 86, in
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Stored in the cellars of the Pergamon Museum during the period of communist rule under the
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On one of several trips he made while stationed at Cairo, in 1899 Oppenheim travelled via
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Vom Mittelmeer zum persischen Golf durch den Haurän, die syrische Wüste und Mesopotamien
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198:, Max had other ideas. According to his unpublished memoirs, it was a Christmas gift of
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from the palace at Tell Halaf, confiscated by the US government in 1943, today at the
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as the son of Albert Oppenheim and Pauline Engels. Albert Oppenheim, a member of the
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Sozial. Geschichte. Zeitschrift fĂĽr historische Analyse des 20. Und 21. Jahrhunderts
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Max von Oppenheim grave in Landshut, Landshuter Stadtkreis Bavaria (Bayern), Germany
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in early 1915, trying to win him for the German side, unaware that Faisal's father,
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in her memoirs recalls Oppenheim looking up at this statue whilst on a tour of The
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Denkschrift betreffend die Revolutionierung der islamischen Gebiete unserer Feinde
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which decorated the exterior of the palace were also found, they were made out of
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Abenteuer Orient - Max von Oppenheim und seine Entdeckung des Tell Halaf (German)
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The Berlin-Baghdad Express: The Ottoman Empire and Germany's Bid for World Power
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Western Palace façade will be the entrance to the new Vorderasiatisches Museum.
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by Herzfeld). A statue of a seated figure referred to as "Venus" as well as
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Kunst- und Ausstellungshalle der Bundesrepublik Deutschland (ed.) (2014).
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German lawyer, diplomat, ancient historian, and archaeologist (1860–1946)
1238:"Ausstellung der "geretteten Götter von Tell Halaf" in Berlin (German)"
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Rayyane Tabet / Alien Property: The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin
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pottery from around 6,000 to 5,000 BC of a type which became known as
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province. Some of the statuary was found reused in buildings from the
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to Germany, in 1895 Max von Oppenheim wrote his two volume travelogue
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1300:(German) Catalogue, Verlag Schnell & Steiner, Regensburg 2011,
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Reconstructed bird statue found at Tell Halaf (184 by 70 by 70 cm)
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Attempts to have his findings exhibited at the newly constructed
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Tell Halaf. Im Krieg zerstörte Denkmäler und ihre Restaurierung.
1182:. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin. p. 22.
680:. Having lost virtually all his possessions, Oppenheim moved to
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Statue of a male from the cult room at Tell Halaf, today at the
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140:. Abandoning his career in diplomacy, he discovered the site of
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claimed in a report that Oppenheim had been making speeches in
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626:. The 1936 Baedeker guidebook on Berlin recommended a visit.
992:(1st ed.). Cambridge: Open Book Publishers. p. 33.
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Die Revolutionierung der islamischen Gebiete unserer Feinde.
734:, the remains were left untouched. After reunification, the
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in November 1943. It burnt down completely, all wooden and
348:. On 19 November, he discovered the archaeological site of
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Der Tell Halaf: Eine neue Kultur im ältesten Mesopotamien.
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to ensure work on his findings continued after his death.
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explorer before him and developed a keen interest in the
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Gary Beckman, reviewing Nadia Cholidis and Lutz Martin,
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Lord Cromer - Victorian Imperialist, Edwardian Proconsul
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subsequently visited and remarked upon by archaeologist
509:) was established in Berlin. Oppenheim became its head.
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During the excavations Oppenheim found the ruins of the
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Replica of a gold clothing ornament found at Tell Halaf
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Oppenheim was a controversial figure before and during
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Bibliothek der Max Freiherr von Guy Oppenheim Stiftung
1167:. The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin. p. 15.
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indeed called for a jihad against the enemies of the
284:, which made him famous on publication in 1899/1900.
1298:
Die geretteten Götter aus dem Palast von Tell Halaf.
1178:Benzel, Kim; Tabet, Rayyane; Davies, Clare (2019).
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Weimar Republic and second excavation at Tell Halaf
101:
87:
67:
42:
23:
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605:Foundation of the Tell Halaf Museum and later life
231:and the doctoral exam in 1883. During his time as
531:In late 1915, British High Commissioner in Cairo
1266:(German) Verlag Philipp von Zabern, Mainz 2002,
190:, the family now styled itself "von Oppenheim".
1103:The War: German attempts to fan Islamic feeling
1388:Past exhibition in 2011 at the Pergamon Museum
259:Max von Oppenheim in Arab-style dress, c. 1896
120:(15 July 1860 – 17 November 1946) was a
8:
1039:. The Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 6.
773:Der Tell Halaf und die verschleierte Göttin.
263:In 1892, Oppenheim travelled to Spain, the
566:With Germany initially not a member of the
296:and was received for an audience by Sultan
1423:Archaeologists from the Kingdom of Prussia
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714:and exclaiming, "Ah my beautiful Venus."
657:exhibits were destroyed. Those made from
251:Travel in the East and diplomatic service
1198:Journal of the American Oriental Society
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1138:Propaganda im Ersten Weltkrieg (German)
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1349:The Max von Oppenheim photo collection
1213:Brockschmidt, Rolf (26 January 2011).
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806:Die Beduinen vols I - IV (1939 - 1967)
340:and northern Mesopotamia on behalf of
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239:regiment (lancers). He finished his
1296:Nadja Cholidis, Lutz Martin (ed.):
1236:Grimberg, Klaus (27 January 2011).
1215:"Eine Göttin kehrt zurück (German)"
1051:"Seated figure | Neo-Hittite"
282:Vom Mittelmeer zum Persischen Golf
14:
415:According to noted archaeologist
186:. As the title was also valid in
507:Intelligence Bureau for the East
503:Nachrichtenstelle fĂĽr den Orient
276:. Returning by way of India and
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31:
1448:German male non-fiction writers
1428:German people of Jewish descent
740:Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
667:Vorderasiatisches Museum Berlin
451:. In addition, they discovered
243:in 1891 by passing the exam as
1443:People from the Rhine Province
1383:Exhibition at Bundeskunsthalle
1180:Rayyane Tabet / Alien Property
1037:Rayyane Tabet / Alien Property
288:, whom Oppenheim later met at
1:
1453:Ottoman Empire in World War I
1277:Nadja Cholidis, Lutz Martin:
1262:Nadja Cholidis, Lutz Martin:
1320:(2019), ISSN 2628-5029, 1–11
1136:Bremm, Klaus JĂĽrgen (2014).
797:, 1943 (with Hubert Schmidt)
678:firebombing of February 1945
1468:Oppenheim family of Cologne
201:The Thousand and One Nights
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1203:.1 (January 2003), p. 253.
1106:. London: British Library.
599:Max-von-Oppenheim-Stiftung
1378:Biography at NDB (German)
1240:. Westdeutsche Allgemeine
844:, v. 77, no. 2 (2019) 10.
767:Rabeh und Tschadseegebiet
572:Orient-Forschungsinstitut
512:In November 1914, Sultan
360:Excavations at Tell-Halaf
138:Oppenheim banking dynasty
136:. He was a member of the
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30:
1317:MIDA Archival Reflexicon
1161:Tabet, Rayyanne (2019).
1035:; Davies, Clare (2019).
988:Gossman, Lionel (2013).
803:, 1950 (with R. Naumann)
555:("Father of Holy War").
92:University of Strasbourg
1418:20th-century Christians
1413:19th-century Christians
1372:German National Library
1100:McMahon, Henry (1915).
959:McMeekin, Sean (2010).
775:Leipzig: Hinrichs 1908.
736:Masterplan Museumsinsel
698:Oppenheim's grave is a
695:, and is buried there.
387:Relief of a six-winged
313:Paul Graf von Hatzfeldt
118:Baron Max von Oppenheim
96:University of Göttingen
82:Allied-occupied Germany
1463:Explorers of West Asia
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473:and dated back to the
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545:Young Turk government
541:massacre of Armenians
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1438:Jurists from Cologne
1003:Owen, Roger (2004).
823:Notes and references
763:, 2 vols., 1899/1900
378:Adana Museum, Turkey
1458:German orientalists
1356:at www.uni-koeln.de
1076:"Selected Artworks"
817:Syro-Hittite states
547:earlier that year.
213:Studentenverbindung
1433:German politicians
935:has generic name (
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661:were exposed to a
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449:Hellenistic period
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393:Walters Art Museum
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124:lawyer, diplomat,
62:Kingdom of Prussia
1368:Max von Oppenheim
1324:Winfried Orthmann
1306:978-3-7954-2449-7
1291:978-3-11-022935-6
1196:(Mainz) 2002, in
1080:www.metmuseum.org
1055:www.metmuseum.org
1014:978-0-19-925338-8
967:. Belknap Press.
916:978-3-8030-3365-9
708:Tell Halaf Museum
682:Schloss Ammerland
576:inflation of 1923
568:League of Nations
543:initiated by the
539:approving of the
278:Deutsch Ostafrika
126:ancient historian
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611:Pergamon Museum
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592:National Museum
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485:First World War
425:Ignaz Goldziher
421:Theodor Noldeke
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356:on 1 November.
346:Baghdad Railway
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