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including those on diseases of the kidneys, ureters and bladder, as well as Kelly's journal articles and monographs. Throughout the illustrative process, Brödel worked closely with Kelly, conferring with each other before the first sketch was drawn. After debriefing, with Kelly, Brödel painstakingly conducted independent medical research and experimented to find the best method to communicate information about complex structures to medical professionals. For example, when Kelly asked for some anatomical data about the blood supply of the kidney, Brödel went to the
Pathological Laboratories, got a kidney from the autopsies and washed it out by attaching it by a tube to the tap. Then, he filled the arteries with red paint, the veins with blue, and the ureter with yellow. Using the digesting method he had observed Frank Mall use in Carl Ludwig's laboratory in Germany, he could see various sections of the kidney that resembled a tree branch with small apples lining them, which were the glomeruli of the kidney. Brödel also noticed an avascular area and suggested cutting along this line when looking for kidney stones. He developed what is referred today as Brödel's suture, which can be used to repair a prolapsed kidney.
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representations of complex anatomical structures are able to be constructed. The dust is made by shaving carbon pencils against abrasive surfaces, and then applying this fine dust onto textured, calcium-coated paper with dry brushes. Increasing the depth and dimension of the image, the carbon dust technique was able to add highlights, shadows, and texture to Brödel's work. Due to the limitations of the black and white printing era, the relative ease of reprinting artwork created with carbon dust made this a highly suitable technique for a wide variety of scientific illustrations. Popularized in the 1900s, this method is applied with various different materials and techniques, but the same principles are still used today. This is because of its ability to capture a remarkable amount of fine visual detail, as well as a bridge allowing for close collaboration with physicians.
202:. Not only was he musically inclined, he was also artistically inclined. At age 15, Brödel began to develop his artistic abilities at the Leipzig Academy of Fine Arts in a program for painting and drawing, where he learned artistic techniques reflecting the 19th-century arts education with an emphasis on the development of fine, precise drawings This meticulous attention to detail and accuracy was one of the skills that Brödel was later praised for in his medical illustrations. Over the summers, he put his artistic skills to use with part-time jobs drawing landscapes and figures. When Brödel was 18, Carl Ludwig, a famous physiologist of the 19th century, hired Brödel to draw a 150x magnified cortex of the brain. This was his first experience with medical illustrations, which he would make his lifelong career.
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again crystallizes the plan for the future drawing. A clear and vivid mental picture must always precede the actual picture on paper. The planning of the picture, therefore, is the all important thing, not the execution.” He developed a technique where he examined every medical sample under a microscope at low, medium, and high (magnification of x40, 100, 400) power to form a complete picture of it in his mind. Just two months prior to his death, he wrote in a journal article that “the artist must know his subject so thoroughly that he can even shut his eyes and coax into existence a mental picture of great clarity.” His emphasis on anatomically accurate visualization prior to artistic actualization was manifested in his incredibly lifelike renderings.
247:. Under Ludwig's mentorship and guidance at the Anatomical Institute at the Institute of Physiology at the University of Leipzig, Brödel was employed with drawing detailed gross anatomical and histological diagrams. Honing his observational skills with detailed notes of the numerous surgeries and autopsies he observed, Brödel's work was credited for topographical accuracy, tissue realism, and attention to the cross-sectional anatomy. Another noticeable feature of his illustrations was the aerial perspective that showed the anatomy as seen through a surgeon's eyes. Some of his early illustrations were also for physicians Spalteholz, His and Braune. His network of medical professionals increased when he met
274:. Highly sought after by anatomist Franklin P. Mall and other physicians for his meticulous attention to detail and realism in his medical illustrations, Brödel's skills were a valuable asset to the Johns Hopkins Hospital. Shortly after his employment, Brödel was joined by fellow medical illustrators, Hermann Becker and August Horn, both of whom had also attended the Leipzig Academy of Fine Arts. Working in conjunction with these two artists, Brödel created an extensive catalog of gross and histological diagrams for the medical staff, including
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452:, a Baltimore financier, philanthropist and art collector, agreed to fund the creation of this endeavor. In 1911, Brödel became the inaugural director for the Department of Art as Applied to Medicine at Johns Hopkins. His goal was to train medical illustrators to work in conjunction with physicians to increase understanding of how the body works. The program was the first medical illustration program, and attracted both medical and art students from all around the world.
370:, Brödel experienced alienation and disillusion living amongst anti-German sentiment in the United States along with his mother's declining health back in Germany. Henriette Brödel would end up dying November 2, 1915, and Max would become more introverted as the years went on, realizing he had overestimated the amount of importance and growth his medical illustration training program was to receive, expecting it to grow in stature in ways it never did.
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262:, Prince George of Saxony, Brödel served his first year with arms, and the second year with artistic pursuits for the regiment. Upon return to Leipzig after his service, Brödel continued his work as a free-lance artist, specializing in anatomical and scientific illustrations. During this time, Brödel accepted Mall's invitation to illustrate at Johns Hopkins Hospital.
235:, an American journalist and satirist. In 1913, he was invited to join the Saturday Night Club, a group of musicians and intellectuals that played music together, to share drinks. In his free time, he enjoyed hunting trips in the forests of Canada, fishing, and playing the piano. Outside of his profession, he also occasionally made drawings from nature.
228:(born October 9, 1903), Ruth (born April 23, 1905), Carl (born June 7, 1908), and Elsa (born February 8, 1911). Ruth suffered from scarlet fever as a child and died on June 1, 1908. Elizabeth later followed her father's footsteps and became a medical illustrator for New York Hospital, and Carl became a geology professor at Johns Hopkins University.
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technique for medical and scientific illustrations. He had been looking for an acceptable medium able to show the vividness and detail characteristic of living tissue, and made the breakthrough using clay-surfaced lithographic transfer paper. Using a wide variety of media, realistic multi-dimensional
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Brödel's underlying artistic philosophy is best described in his own words: “The artist must first fully comprehend the subject matter from every standpoint: anatomical, topographical, histological, pathological, medical, and surgical. From this accumulated knowledge grows a mental picture from which
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titled "Medical
Illustration." This provided a first-hand account and insight into his long illustrative career. A few months after his death, an intensive study of the human ear was published, in which two of the series of three drawings had been completed by Brödel and the third, being preliminary
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The
Department of Art as Applied to Medicine is still recognized for their excellence in visual communication in science and medicine. Many former students at the Department of Art as Applied to Medicine would later make up a large percentage of the founding members of the Association of Medical
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In an article published in the
September 1911 edition of The Johns Hopkins Hospital Bulletin, Brödel laid out his case for the creation of the department. “Its purpose,” he wrote, “is to bridge over the gap existing between art and medicine, and to train a new generation of artists to illustrate
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The seamless translation of medical knowledge into his illustrations is credited with his strong investigative drive. Brödel understood the essential role medical illustrations played in teaching medical students the complexities and functions of anatomical structures, and was therefore keen on
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which was published in 1898. Its release garnered widespread praise and recognition, cemented Kelly's preeminent status in the field of gynecology, and established Brödel's role as a pioneering medical illustrator. Brödel then went on to work on other books authored or co-authored by Kelly,
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Brödel was introduced to fellow artist, medical illustrator, and future wife, Ruth
Huntington, by Howard Kelly. A graduate of zoology and botany from Smith College, Ruth also received Franklin P. Malls' invitation and had begun illustrating for Charles Bardeen as part of the Hopkins Anatomy
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Muriel McLatchie - She was another student of Max Brödel at Johns
Hopkins University. In the early 1930s she went to Boston and later established a department of Medical Art at the Massachusetts General Hospital. McLatchie was also one of the founding members of the Association of Medical
351:, Chief of Surgery at Johns Hopkins Hospital. Capitalizing on this experience, Brödel illustrated and detailed his medical condition and the resulting numbness of his nondominant left hand. Despite encouragement by Halsted, these drawings remained unpublished.
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educating himself by poring over medical texts, attending lectures, and dissecting cadavers. In a bulletin to Johns
Hopkins, Brödel wrote "No drawing was made by me without original study through injection, dissection, frozen section, or reconstruction.
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on his hand and arm, caused by improper practice of handling anatomical dissections without gloves. He required several operations on his left arm, including one to separate nerve fibers from the scar tissue. These operations were performed by
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Institutions that have been influenced by Brödel's work in medical illustrations include the Wilmer, Brady, Mayo and Lahey clinics, the
American Museum of Natural History, and Yale, Minnesota, Rochester, Toronto and Tulane Universities.
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that helped the advancement of the quality and accuracy of medical illustrations for physicians. In 1911, he presided over the creation of the first
Department of Art as Applied to Medicine; located at the
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In 1938, a portrait of Brödel by artist Thomas C. Corner, was presented and displayed in the halls of the Johns
Hopkins University School of Medicine alongside portraits of medical pioneers,
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The majority of Brödel's illustrations were for Howard A. Kelly, the Chief of Gynecology, during his employment at Johns Hopkins Hospital. Brödel illustrated for Kelly's two-volume textbook,
448:, began raising funds for a department where Brödel could remain content at Johns Hopkins and train the next generation of medical illustrators with the necessary skills and background.
152:(June 8, 1870 – October 26, 1941) was a medical illustrator. Born in Leipzig, Germany, he began his artistic career after graduating from the Leipzig Academy of Fine Arts, working for
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Kretzer, Ryan M.; Crosby, Ranice W.; Rini, David A.; Tamargo, Rafael J. (April 2004). "Dorcas Hager Padget: neuroembryologist and neurosurgical illustrator trained at Johns Hopkins".
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Schultheiss, Dirk; Engel, Rainer M.; Crosby, Ranice W.; Lees, Gary P.; Truss, Michael C.; Jonas, Udo (October 2000). "Max Brödel (1870-1941) and Medical Illustration in Urology".
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Brödel arrived at Johns Hopkins in the winter of January 18, 1894. From here, Brödel had received internal acclaim through his employment by Howard Kelly as the illustrator for
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Max Brödel was born on June 8, 1870, in Leipzig, Germany, to Louis Brödel and Henrietta Frenzel Brödel. From the early age of 6, he took piano lessons and by 12, he was playing
156:. Under Ludwig's instruction, Brödel gained a basic knowledge of medicine and became recognized for his detailed medical illustrations. In the late 1890s, he was brought to the
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Despite his minimal scientific background and lack of medical knowledge, Brödel and his artistic potential were well received by esteemed German physician and physiologist,
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Schultheiss, Dirk; Jonas, Udo (September 1999). "Max Brödel (1870–1941) and Howard A. Kelly (1858–1943) – Urogynecology and the birth of modern medical illustration".
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Patel, Smruti K.; Couldwell, William T.; Liu, James K. (July 2011). "Max Brödel: his art, legacy, and contributions to neurosurgery through medical illustration".
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Brödel's program was to be plagued by low student enrollment during the war years and the persistent troubles of meager compensation in the profession of
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Department in 1900. The pair realized their similar musical and artistic interests and married shortly afterwards on December 31, 1902. They lived in the
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Pace-Asciak, P.; Gelfand, T. (2007-08-01). "38. Max Brodel (1870-1941): His artistic influence on surgical learning at Johns Hopkins Medical School".
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467:– Taught by Brödel at the Maryland Institute College of Art, she became the first medical illustrator at the Wilmer Eye Institute at Johns Hopkins.
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Brödel's artistic career was briefly suspended when he was drafted to serve two years on November 8, 1890. Through the auspices of Geheimrat
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and then became a professor at the Johns Hopkins University teaching anatomical sketching for more than fifty years until his death in 1999.
633:. Visitors and researchers are allowed to reproduce a selection of his works with special permission. All of Brödel's work for Kelly and
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medical journals and books in the future and to spare them the years of trial and disappointment of their self-taught predecessors.”
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Max Brödel and visual communication: The effect of the Hopkins intellectual context in the genesis of modern medical illustration
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In December 1904, Brödel sustained severe injuries to the middle finger of his right hand. Another Johns Hopkins physician,
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Wolff, M.; Radwan, Hildegard (1997-08-01). "Max Brödel (1870–1941): his life and his role in the development of surgery".
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Dorcas Hager Padget - She was a self-taught artist who received training from Max Brödel before working for neurosurgeon
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Illustrators, which began in 1945. Several notable artists who were heavily influenced by Brödel include the following:
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The majority of Brödel's illustrations and his uncompleted manuscript are housed in the Brödel archives located at the
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James F. Didusch - He was the first student under Max Brödel from 1911 to 1913 and worked as the illustrator for the
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576:(Vols. I&II) (Philadelphia and London: W. B. Saunders company, 1907), Howard A. Kelly and Charles P. Noble
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1222:"Max Brodel (1870-1941): His Artistic Influence on Surgical Learning at Johns Hopkins Medical School"
723:"Max Brodel (1870-1941): His Artistic Influence on Surgical Learning at Johns Hopkins Medical School"
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1004:"Max Brödel, 1870-1941, Director of the First Department of Art as Applied to Medicine in the World"
807:"Max Brödel, 1870-1941 Director of the First Department of Art as Applied to Medicine in the World"
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Elizabeth Brödel - She was one of Max Brödel's daughters who worked at the Woman's Clinic in the
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Johns Hopkins Hospital. Bulletin of the Johns Hopkins Hospital. Baltimore: The Hospital, 1891.
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in Baltimore, Maryland. Approximately two months before he died, he had published a paper in
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Brödel, Paul Heinrich Max (18 June 1870–26 October 1941), medical illustrator and anatomist
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Brödel, Paul Heinrich Max (18 June 1870–26 October 1941), medical illustrator and anatomist
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and eventually became a scientific researcher at the Department of Embryology at the
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Hodges, Elaine R. S.; (U.S.), Guild of Natural Science Illustrators (1989-01-01).
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Known for his jovial, fun-loving personality, Brödel became close friends with
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538:(Vols. I&II), (New York: D. Appleton and company, 1898), Howard A. Kelly
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584:, (Philadelphia: Saunders, 1909), Howard A. Kelly and Thomas Stephen Cullen
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1421:"Biomedical Illustrators: Masters of Art and Science | Biomedical Odyssey"
617:. This display of recognition was initiated by the vice president of the
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European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology
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sketches at the time of his death, was later completed by P. D. Malone.
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THIERY M (2006-01-01). "Max Brödel (1870-1941) en de Brödel-operatie".
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1647:"Leon Schlossberg, 87, JHU professor, expert in medical illustration"
1175:"45555a, 1886-03-24, A residence, Lowndes Street; , , , and others".
905:"45555a, 1886-03-24, A residence, Lowndes Street; , , , and others".
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547:(New York, London: D. Appleton and Company, 1928), Howard A. Kelly
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In 1910, Brödel received an inviting offer for a position at the
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Altemus, A. R. (1992). "The life and work of James F. Didusch".
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Illustration of the musculature of bladder and urethra by Brödel
1335:. American National Biography Online. Oxford University Press.
1084:. American National Biography Online. Oxford University Press.
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41, no. 2 (February 1906): 70–71. Kelly, and Elizabeth Herndon.
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procedure demonstrating the carbon dust technique by Max Brödel
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Three Unpublished Drawings of the Anatomy of the Human Ear
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1105:"Local Woman's Scientific Illustrations In Britannica"
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at 320 Suffolk Road. They had four children together:
1517:"Annette Smith Burgess: Ophthalmological Illustrator"
592:(Vols. I&II), Howard A. Kelly and Charles Burnham
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and later became the first elected Treasurer for the
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at Johns Hopkins University until his death in 1955.
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Max Brödel : the man who put art into medicine
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314:Other medical fields he worked extensively in are
949:. Cody, John, 1925-. New York: Springer-Verlag.
427:Brödel is credited with the development of the
399:the Journal of the American Medical Association
342:On March 24, 1899, Brödel was diagnosed with a
1714:Max Brödel: The Man Who Put Art Into Medicine
1388:The Guild handbook of scientific illustration
1363:Max Brödel: The Man Who Put Art Into Medicine
882:Max Brödel: The Man Who Put Art Into Medicine
621:medical publishing company, Mr. R.W. Greene.
555:, (New York: Appleton, 1908), Howard A. Kelly
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589:Diseases of the Kidneys, Ureters and Bladder
1672:Journal of the American Medical Association
1444:. University of Maryland College Park: UMI.
1044:Journal of the American Medical Association
1008:Bulletin of the Medical Library Association
811:Bulletin of the Medical Library Association
444:. Gynecologist and close friend of Brödel,
847:"Notable Residents — the Arts and Letters"
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1341:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.1200107
1090:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.1200107
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507:Leon Schlossberg - After graduating from
498:University of Maryland School of Medicine
1747:Department of Art as Applied to Medicine
436:Department of Art as Applied to Medicine
1670:"Max Brodel and Medical Illustration".
1042:"Max Brodel and Medical Illustration".
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561:The Vermiform Appendix and Its Diseases
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1712:Ranice W. Crosby; John Cody (1991).
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393:Brödel died on October 26, 1941, of
1752:Association of Medical Illustrators
1331:Morman, Edward T. (February 2000).
1080:Morman, Edward T. (February 2000).
683:Clinical and Investigative Medicine
652:Association of Medical Illustrators
476:Association of Medical Illustrators
494:Carnegie Institution of Washington
266:Career at Johns Hopkins University
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1735:. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Co.
513:Maryland Institute College of Art
419:Surgical anatomy pertaining to a
1684:10.1001/jama.1938.02790110043013
1056:10.1001/jama.1938.02790110043013
805:Cullen, Thomas S. (2017-04-23).
657:Johns Hopkins School of Medicine
631:Johns Hopkins School of Medicine
573:Gynecology and Abdominal Surgery
483:Carnegie Institute of Embryology
179:Johns Hopkins School of Medicine
158:Johns Hopkins School of Medicine
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1569:The Journal of Biocommunication
1103:Rosencrantz, Pat (1960-10-14).
160:in Baltimore to illustrate for
1109:The News (Frederick, Maryland)
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1515:Shaner, Arlene (2017-03-21).
1302:10.1016/s0301-2115(99)00028-7
1143:10.1016/S0022-5347(05)67128-5
1757:Works by or about Max Brödel
1521:New York Academy of Medicine
1181:10.1163/2210-7886_asc-45555a
911:10.1163/2210-7886_asc-45555a
751:Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde
637:are numbered from 1 to 989.
385:, over the issue of salary.
92:Leipzig Academy of Fine Arts
35:Photograph of Max Brödel by
1616:10.3171/jns.2004.100.4.0719
1807:
1419:michellekim (2015-10-19).
945:Crosby, Ranice W. (1991).
566:The Indian Medical Gazette
16:German medical illustrator
1440:Melloni, Ida Dox (1990).
356:John Miller Turpin Finney
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1259:10.3171/2011.1.jns101094
763:10.2143/tvg.62.4.5002407
194:Early life and education
1678:(11): 817. 1938-03-12.
1604:Journal of Neurosurgery
1361:Crosby, Ranice (1991).
1247:Journal of Neurosurgery
1050:(11): 817. 1938-03-12.
1002:Cullen, Thomas (1945).
880:Crosby, Ranice (1991).
854:GuilfordAssociation.org
695:10.25011/cim.v30i4.2798
607:William Stewart Halsted
517:Bethesda Naval Hospital
344:streptococcus infection
183:other academic programs
1220:Medicine, Faculty of.
1196:Cite journal requires
983:Johns Hopkins Magazine
926:Cite journal requires
721:Medicine, Faculty of.
662:Johns Hopkins Hospital
597:Johns Hopkins Hospital
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383:Harvard Medical School
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294:Work with Howard Kelly
253:Johns Hopkins Hospital
1469:10.1007/s001040050283
581:Myomata of the Uterus
465:Annette Smith Burgess
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411:Carbon dust technique
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300:Operative Gynecology,
174:carbon dust technique
1776:Medical illustrators
1731:Brödel, Max (1946).
1716:. Berlin: Springer.
1544:"History of the AMI"
647:Medical Illustration
535:Operative Gynecology
375:medical illustration
272:Operative Genecology
101:Medical Illustration
1781:German illustrators
611:Howard Atwood Kelly
211:Marriage and family
1226:www.med.uottawa.ca
1131:Journal of Urology
727:www.med.uottawa.ca
552:Medical Gynecology
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366:With the onset of
349:William S. Halsted
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280:William S. Halsted
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528:Notable textbooks
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170:Howard Kelly
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120:Elizabeth H.
74:(1941-10-26)
37:Doris Ulmann
1791:1941 deaths
1786:1870 births
1575:(2): 8–21.
1457:Der Chirurg
1111:. p. 1
442:Mayo Clinic
429:carbon dust
368:World War I
288:Aime M. Awl
260:Carl Ludwig
245:Carl Ludwig
154:Carl Ludwig
81:Nationality
54:8 June 1870
1770:Categories
1656:2020-04-06
1553:2020-04-06
1526:2021-05-09
1426:2020-03-25
1231:2017-04-23
1115:2023-01-10
988:2017-03-27
732:2017-04-23
668:References
543:Gynecology
150:Max Brödel
50:1870-06-08
23:Max Brödel
1692:0002-9955
1624:0022-3085
1581:0094-2499
1477:1433-0385
1390:. Wiley.
1310:0301-2115
1267:0022-3085
1151:0022-5347
1064:0002-9955
860:April 11,
823:0025-7338
771:0371-683X
703:1488-2353
689:(4): 47.
381:, now at
362:War years
255:in 1888.
226:Elizabeth
222:Baltimore
200:Beethoven
189:Biography
130:Signature
89:Education
1632:15070132
1493:31330006
1406:41168198
1318:10471153
1275:21294618
1159:10992353
965:23902250
641:See also
338:Setbacks
218:Guilford
115:Children
1759:at the
1589:1624478
1485:9378000
320:Urology
62:Germany
58:Leipzig
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107:Spouse
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850:(PDF)
389:Death
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44:Born
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