149:
64:
357:. In Istanbul the new government was interested in the scientific and social progression, so during the second world war it accepted 88 exiled Jewish German professors. In 1950, the faculty of the Institute of Histology and Embryology of Istanbul University accepted Max Clara as professor with at first a two-year contract.
227:
or anti-Semitic "pseudoscience", he actively participated in university politics, which included providing politically biased appraisals for scholarships. Clara wrote an introduction to a national academic directory in 1942, in which he stated "with pride that science has contributed to the great plans of the
344:
The first to use the eponym was
Policard, who in 1955 referred to them by the French name "cellule de Clara", when composing an ultrastructural description of the bronchioles of the rat. It seems that the eponym was then promoted, at least in Germany, by Erich Schiller, a pupil of Clara. This term is
226:
Some sources prove that his career reached its apex during his adhesion to the Nazi party, from 1935 to 1942; his friendship with de Crinis became closer and he started to support the Nazi establishment, including SA. While the content of Clara’s scientific publications did not contribute to a racist
83:
and started working as a general practitioner. Max(imilian) Josef Maria Clara was born as the first of three sons: his younger brothers Josef "Sepp" Franz and Oswald were born on August 18, 1900, and July 12th, 1902, respectively. After their mother's death (5 August 1903), Josef Clara moved his
272:
His career started right after his graduation in 1923. He became an assistant at the
Institute of Histology and Embryology at Innsbruck University, but a few months later he had to leave to take over the position of his father in Blumau, who had suddenly passed away in 1923. Throughout his time
365:
During his stay in
Istanbul, Clara published 34 journal articles, 28 in German and 6 in Turkish, but only four of the 34 journal articles were co-authored by young Turkish colleagues. Most of the articles he wrote during his stay in Istanbul were based on human and some animal materials
20:
255:(follower) in June 1947 but cleared him upon appeal the following year. Clara had successfully argued that his quarrel with the Gauleiter had been an act of "active resistance" against party leaders. Even if this version is very unlikely, the
231:" and called for scientists to submit to the reigning ideology and to be ready to secure the German claim to European leadership "intellectually as much as by the politics of force". In 1939, he and the outspoken National Socialist
324:
The material on which the study was taken was from executed prisoners and between 1935 and 1945 he published 9 papers using these tissues. It is also known that Clara experimented with living prisoners: in 1943, he asked the
168:
tolerated a certain autonomy of these regions especially for language (most of Tyrol citizens spoke German). The same behavior was not adopted during the
Italian fascism; with the strong nationalistic ideas diffused by
133:
345:
associated with the Nazi regime and it is the only "Third Reich Eponym" that is clearly still linked to the Nazi system. Due to this historical background, Clara cells were renamed "club cells" in 2013.
317:(National Socialist German University Lecturers League) at Leipzig University. In 1937 he described a new secretory cell type in the human bronchial epithelium, which later was designated as the "
156:
Clara was actively involved in politics, due to the troubled history of his homeland, the South Tyrol. It has been a part of the Austro-Hungarian territory until its official unification with the
203:, demonstrating Tyrol’s belonging to Germany. Thanks to the corps, Clara became closer to the National Socialist ideology and after the joining of the 74% of Gothia members to NSDAP, Clara met
672:(original title: Beiträge zur Nationalsozialistichen Gesundheits- und Sozialpolitik), by Götz Aly, Peter Chroust, and Christian Pross (translated by Belinda Cooper); published in English by
426:
Bagatur, Erdem (2022-01-01). "Max Clara: Sweet life in
Istanbul with a bitter end 1950–1966 and the search for unethically obtained tissue specimens from his estate in Turkish collections".
195:. Besides that, Clara actively participated in several initiatives taken by the corps: after an illegal referendum in 1921, the members of Corps Gothia removed the borders between
116:
as a one-year volunteer in the k.k. Gebirgsartillerie
Regiment Nr. 203. He was promoted to the position of ensign after having been awarded the Bronze Medal for Bravery and the
930:
792:
289:, a Germany-based international association of anatomists. In 1930, Clara received a highly prestigious appointment as a member of the German elite scientific society
313:
Right after becoming a member of the Nazi Party in 1935, he became the director of the
Institute of Anatomy in Leipzig. In 1936, he became the leader of the local
905:
445:
Brenner, Erich; De Caro, Raffaele; Lechner, Christian (2021-03-01). "Max Clara and
Innsbruck — The origin of a German Nationalist and National Socialist career".
414:
290:
910:
811:"Max Clara: Sweet life in Istanbul with a bitter end 1950–1966 and the search for unethically obtained tissue specimens from his estate in Turkish collections"
314:
285:, director of the Institute of Histology and General Embryology of the University of Padua, in 1929 as "assistente volontario". In 1929 he also joined
140:" (highest honors) on May 5, 1923, but according to his examination record at the University Archive Innsbruck, he graduated with "sufficient" grades.
517:
900:
920:
945:
161:
63:
925:
895:
915:
278:
336:
In 1942 he was recruited to Munich also as director of the
Institute of Anatomy and held this position until the end of the war.
873:
669:
673:
393:
273:
there, he continued his research on histological topics, he started giving lectures at the
Histological Institute at the
128:
In October 1918, Clara began his medical studies at the University of Innsbruck and spent one academic year (1921−22) in
688:"Bordure superficielle de pseudopodes au niveau des cellules mésothéliales du revêtement peritonéal chez les mammifères"
165:
218:(Partito Nazionale Fascista, PNF) in 1932, when admission was possible again after some years of suspended admittance.
148:
259:
did not refer to other opposing sources and by that time, acquittals by such tribunals were already very common.
326:
286:
256:
208:
80:
378:
215:
173:, an "Italianization" of those places occurred and speaking or teaching German in schools became illegal.
786:
402:
301:, whom already supported Clara by providing him specimens from most likely executed men for a study on
96:
road near the train station. Max Clara graduated from the Franziskaner-Gymnasium in the nearby city of
940:
935:
184:
93:
274:
85:
282:
235:, formed half of the four-member executive committee. Although Clara's career was so close to the
192:
838:
774:
725:
652:
600:
548:
188:
31:
830:
766:
717:
709:
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481:
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439:
76:
822:
756:
699:
634:
582:
571:"Max Clara and Innsbruck - The origin of a German Nationalist and National Socialist career"
530:
513:"Max Clara and Innsbruck - The origin of a German Nationalist and National Socialist career"
473:
454:
435:
329:
to provide him with the bodies of the executed prisoners, and to add specific quantities of
170:
157:
117:
232:
113:
856:
744:
294:
248:
35:
19:
889:
842:
604:
552:
298:
204:
778:
729:
656:
464:
Winkelmann, A.; Noack, T. (2010-10-01). "The Clara cell: a "Third Reich eponym"?".
353:
After the war, he could not find a job in Germany anymore so he decided to move to
228:
137:
252:
826:
587:
570:
535:
512:
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published a histology atlas in which Clara was mentioned as one of the authors.
302:
109:
72:
622:
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and received in 1929 the "libera dozenza" in Histology and Embryology from the
810:
761:
639:
318:
236:
89:
47:
713:
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that he plagiarized from the corresponding volume of the Braus/Elze textbook
330:
834:
770:
721:
648:
596:
544:
391:
was another book that he had plagiarized, this time from Alfred Fischel's
183:
In 1919, Clara tried to assert his German origins by becoming a member of
526:
354:
251:
The controversial post-war denazification process classified Clara as a
704:
687:
200:
196:
129:
97:
43:
511:
Brenner, Erich; De Caro, Raffaele; Lechner, Christian (1 March 2021).
50:
member, who conducted research on the corpses of executed prisoners.
39:
366:
histologically prepared before 1949, while he was still in Germany.
62:
18:
374:
Das Nervensystem des Menschen. Lehrbuch für Studierende und Ärzte
569:
Brenner, Erich; De Caro, Raffaele; Lechner, Christian (2021).
187:. The Corps Gothia counted in its members also his brothers,
67:
Max Clara's examination record at the University of Innsbruck
686:
Policard, A.; Collet, A.; Giltaire-Ralyte, L. (April 1955).
79:. His father, Dr. Josef Clara, graduated with honors at the
506:
504:
502:
500:
498:
670:
Cleansing the Fatherland: Nazi Medicine and Racial Hygiene
84:
residence and the seat of his surgery to the village of
247:
After the Second World War ended, Clara was officially
333:
into the food of prisoners who were to be executed.
214:
Clara may have applied for membership in the ruling
878:(2. neu bearb. Aufl ed.). Berlin: J. Springer.
152:Map of Tyrol and Trentino after World War 1 (1918)
239:, he was ostracized in German post-war academia.
297:, then director of the anatomical institute in
415:List of medical eponyms with Nazi associations
315:Nationalsozialistischer Deutscher Dozentenbund
291:Deutsche Akademie der Naturforscher Leopoldina
8:
791:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
71:Max Clara was born on February 12, 1899, in
743:Winkelmann, A. Noack, T. (1 October 2010).
621:Winkelmann, A.; Noak, T. (11 March 2010).
931:Academic staff of the University of Padua
815:Annals of Anatomy - Anatomischer Anzeiger
760:
745:"The Clara cell: a "Third Reich eponym"?"
703:
638:
623:"The Clara Cell: a "Third Reich eponym?""
586:
575:Annals of Anatomy - Anatomischer Anzeiger
534:
518:Annals of Anatomy - Anatomischer Anzeiger
447:Annals of Anatomy - Anatomischer Anzeiger
428:Annals of Anatomy - Anatomischer Anzeiger
147:
494:
211:, centrally involved in SS activities.
875:Grundriss der Entwicklung des Menschen
784:
394:Grundriss Der Entwicklung des Menschen
906:Academic staff of Istanbul University
7:
911:Academic staff of Leipzig University
804:
802:
616:
614:
564:
562:
389:Entwicklungsgeschichte des Menschen
281:in Rome. He was then recruited by
14:
136:, he completed his studies with "
401:After Clara’s death, Professor
162:Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye
901:Expatriate academics in Turkey
674:Johns Hopkins University Press
457::10.1016/j.aanat.2020.151662.
438::10.1016/j.aanat.2021.151822.
16:Austrian scientist (1899–1966)
1:
946:Austrian emigrants to Germany
926:Physicians in the Nazi Party
896:German expatriates in Turkey
749:European Respiratory Journal
627:European Respiratory Journal
476::10.1183/09031936.00146609.
466:European Respiratory Journal
279:Ministry of Public Education
222:The relationship with Nazism
921:People from Völs am Schlern
916:Nazi human subject research
827:10.1016/j.aanat.2021.151822
588:10.1016/j.aanat.2020.151662
536:10.1016/j.aanat.2020.151662
75:, at that time part of the
962:
243:The denazification process
762:10.1183/09031936.00146609
640:10.1183/09031936.00146609
303:interstitial Leydig cells
293:on the recommendation by
872:Fischel, Alfred (1937).
327:Munich Stadelheim prison
287:Anatomische Gesellschaft
166:King Victor Emmanuel III
809:Bagatur, Erdem (2022).
257:Denazification Tribunal
185:Corps Gothias Innsbruck
160:in 1919, thanks to the
114:Austro-Hungarian Empire
112:, Clara fought for the
81:University of Innsbruck
38:– 13 March 1966,
216:National Fascist Party
209:Charite Medical School
153:
100:on February 26, 1917.
68:
24:
858:Anatomie des Menschen
379:Anatomie des Menschen
151:
66:
22:
387:The embryology book
369:He also published:
275:University of Padua
88:, where he built a
30:(12 February 1899,
705:10.1007/bf02158477
154:
144:Political activity
69:
25:
581:. Elsevier: 3–8.
349:After World War 2
207:, a professor at
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158:Kingdom of Italy
118:Karl Troop Cross
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233:Eduard Pernkopf
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138:summa cum laude
132:. According to
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104:Military career
77:Habsburg Empire
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42:) was a German
32:Völs am Schlern
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755:(4): 722–727.
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633:(4): 723–724.
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472:(4): 722–727.
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295:Hermann Stieve
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268:Before the war
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36:Austro-Hungary
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676:, August 1994
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787:cite journal
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361:Publications
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283:Tullio Terni
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193:Oswald Clara
182:
178:Corps Gothia
177:
155:
127:
107:
70:
27:
26:
941:1966 deaths
936:1899 births
692:Experientia
480:0903-1936.
340:Clara cells
309:Nazi period
249:denazified.
110:World War I
73:South Tyrol
890:Categories
698:(4): 152.
489:References
461:0940-9602.
453:: 151662.
442:0940-9602.
434:: 151822.
321:".
319:Clara cell
90:sanatorium
59:Early life
48:Nazi Party
843:237485872
714:0014-4754
605:230782821
553:230782821
484:20223917.
331:vitamin C
253:Mitläufer
171:Mussolini
134:H. Ferner
124:Education
54:Biography
44:anatomist
28:Max Clara
23:Max Clara
835:34508796
779:11285743
771:20223917
730:32357194
722:14380255
657:11285743
649:20223917
597:33400982
545:33400982
527:Elsevier
409:See also
355:Istanbul
861:. 1896.
821:: 2–5.
529:: 2–4.
403:Erbengi
201:Austria
197:Bavaria
130:Leipzig
94:Brenner
92:at the
841:
833:
777:
769:
728:
720:
712:
655:
647:
603:
595:
551:
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263:Career
229:Führer
86:Blumau
40:Munich
839:S2CID
775:S2CID
726:S2CID
653:S2CID
601:S2CID
549:S2CID
299:Halle
237:NSDAP
98:Bozen
831:PMID
793:link
767:PMID
718:PMID
710:ISSN
645:PMID
593:PMID
541:PMID
482:PMID
478:ISSN
459:ISSN
440:ISSN
199:and
191:and
189:Sepp
46:and
823:doi
819:239
757:doi
700:doi
635:doi
583:doi
579:234
531:doi
523:234
474:doi
455:doi
451:234
436:doi
432:239
305:.
120:.
108:In
892::
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813:.
801:^
789:}}
785:{{
773:.
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34:,
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795:)
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702::
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637::
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533::
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382:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
