713:
393:
414:
689:
449:
53:
832:
536:
547:(hypoconid), subsequently evolved (see below). Quadrate (also called quadritubercular or euthemorphic) molars have a hypocone, an additional fourth cusp on the lingual (tongue) side of the upper molar, located posterior to the protocone. Quadrate molars appeared early in mammal evolution and are present in many species, including
445:, or crushing heel. In modern tribosphenic molars, the trigonid is towards the front of the jaw and the talonid is towards the rear. The trigonid is defined by three large cusps: the protoconid is on the buccal/labial (cheek) side of the tooth, while the anterior paraconid and posterior metaconid are on the lingual (tongue) side.
326:
572:
629:
A brachydont tooth has a crown above the gingival line and a neck just below it, and at least one root. A cap of enamel covers the crown and extends down to the neck. Cementum is only found below the gingival line. The occlusal surfaces tend to be pointed, well-suited for holding prey and tearing and
301:
In mammals, the crown of the molars and premolars is folded into a wide range of complex shapes. The basic elements of the crown are the more or less conical projections called cusps and the valleys that separate them. The cusps contain both dentine and enamel, whereas minor projections on the crown,
456:
Upper molars look like three-pointed mountain ranges, with their features mirrored from the lower molars. The protocone cusp is on the lingual side of the tooth, while the anterior paracone and posterior metacone are on the buccal side. The protocone of the upper molar and talonid basin of the lower
317:
molar patterns and the complexity in the molars of the earliest mammals make determining how this happened impossible. According to the widely accepted "differentiation theory", additional cusps have arisen by budding or outgrowth from the crown, while the rivalling "concrescence theory" instead
400:
Each major cusp on an upper molar is called a cone and is identified by a prefix dependent on its relative location on the tooth: proto-, para-, meta-, hypo-, and ento-. Suffixes are added to these names: -id is added to cusps on a lower molar (e.g., protoconid); -ule to a minor cusp (e.g.,
562:
In many mammals, additional smaller cusps called conules appear between the larger cusps. They are named after their locations, e.g. a paraconule is located between a paracone and a metacone, a hypoconulid is located between a hypoconid and an entoconid.
646:
with the paracone in a tribosphenic molar, but can also be fused with the metacone. The protocone is typically missing. The two smaller labial cusps are located on an expanded shelf called the stylar shelf. Zalambdodont molars are found in, for example,
417:
An australosphenidan right lower molar with labelled features and directions:ant, anterior; pos, posterior; ci, lingual cingulum; pa, paraconid; pr, protoconid; me, metaconid; hy, hypoconid; hl, hypoconulid; ec, entocristid; tb, talonid
582:
In bunodont molars, the cusps are low and rounded hills rather than sharp peaks. They are most common among omnivores such as pigs, bears, and humans. Bunodont molars are effective crushing devices and often basically quadrate in shape.
806:
720:
Lophodont teeth are easily identified by the differentiating patterns of ridges or lophs of enamel interconnecting the cusps on the crowns. Present in most herbivores, these patterns of lophs can be a simple, ring-like edge, as in
69:
736:
Lophodont molars have hard and elongated enamel ridges called lophs oriented either along or perpendicular to the dental row. Lophodont molars are common in herbivores that grind their food thoroughly. Examples include
464:
Tribosphenic molars were present in the direct ancestors of all three living mammal groups, but it was most likely not ancestral to mammals as a whole. Many paleontologists argue that it developed independently in
667:
or a W. On the lingual side, at the bottom of the W, are the metacone and paracone, and the stylar shelf is on the labial side. A protocone is present lingual to the ectoloph. Dilambdodont molars are present in
605:
Hypsodont molars lack both a crown and a neck. The occlusal surface is rough and mostly flat, adapted for crushing and grinding plant material. The body is covered with cementum both above and below the
594:
dentition is characterized by high-crowned teeth and enamel that extends far past the gum line, which provides extra material for wear and tear. Some examples of animals with hypsodont dentition are
523:, have "reversed tribosphenic" molars, in which a talonid-like structure develops towards the front of the lower molar, rather than towards the rear. This variant is regarded as an example of
260:. It is the last tooth to appear, breaking through the front of the gum at about the age of 20, although this varies among individuals and populations, and in many cases the tooth is missing.
1339:
Zhao, Z.; Weiss, K. M.; Stock, D. W. (2000). "Development and evolution of dentition patterns and their genetic basis". In
Teaford, Mark F; Smith, Moya Meredith; Ferguson, Mark WJ (eds.).
1122:
322:
mammals (placentals and marsupials) are generally agreed to have evolved from an ancestor with tribosphenic cheek teeth, with three main cusps arranged in a triangle.
505:, which suggests that monotremes are related to some pre-tribosphenic mammals, but, on the other hand, the status of neither of these two groups is well-established.
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158:
598:
and horses, all animals that feed on gritty, fibrous material. Hypsodont molars can continue to grow throughout life, for example in some species of
1401:
387:
638:
Zalambdodont molars have three cusps, one larger on the lingual side and two smaller on the labial side, joined by two crests that form a V- or
1356:
1137:
302:
called crenulations, are the result of different enamel thickness. Cusps are occasionally joined to form ridges and expanded to form crests.
134:
1151:
93:
256:. Adult humans have 12 molars, in four groups of three at the back of the mouth. The third, rearmost molar in each group is called a
543:
From the primitive tribosphenic tooth, molars have diversified into several unique morphologies. In many groups, a fourth cusp, the
1687:
712:
1215:
Luo, Z.-X.; Ji, Q.; Yuan, C.-X. (November 2007). "Convergent dental adaptations in pseudo-tribosphenic and tribosphenic mammals".
230:, tooth. Molars show a great deal of diversity in size and shape across the mammal groups. The third molar of humans is sometimes
870:
Rozkovcová, E; Marková, M; Dolejsí, J (1999). "Studies on agenesis of third molars amongst populations of different origin".
392:
1261:
153:
793:), the major cusp is elongated into crescent-shaped ridge. Examples include most even-toed ungulates, such as cattle and
405:; the same feature on the lower molar a cingulid, and a minor cusp on these, for example, a cingular cuspule or conulid.
1394:
1170:
Luo, Zhe-Xi; Cifelli, Richard L.; Kielan-Jaworowska, Zofia (4 January 2001). "Dual origin of tribosphenic mammals".
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Many carnivorous mammals have enlarged and blade-like teeth especially adapted for slicing and chopping called
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line, below which is a layer of enamel covering the entire length of the body. The cementum and the enamel
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mammals is called a tribosphenic molar. Among living mammals, the tribosphenic tooth is found in most
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1179:
1078:
524:
626:'short'). It is a type of dentition characterized by low-crowned teeth. Human teeth are brachydont.
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When two lophs form transverse, often ring-shaped, ridges on a tooth, the arrangement is called
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Like zalambdodont molars, dilambdodont molars have a distinct ectoloph, but are shaped like two
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protoconulid). A shelf-like ridge left lower part of the crown (on an upper molar) is called a
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Permanent teeth of right half of lower dental arch, seen from above: In this diagram, a healthy
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proposes that complex teeth evolved by the clustering of originally separate conical teeth.
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Generalized tribosphenic left upper molar, showing the protocone, paracone, and metacone.
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1277:
Myers, P.; Espinosa, R.; Parr, C. S.; Jones, T.; Hammond, G. S.; Dewey, T. A. (2013b).
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Myers, P.; Espinosa, R.; Parr, C. S.; Jones, T.; Hammond, G. S.; Dewey, T. A. (2013a).
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In tribosphenic teeth, the lower molar is divided into two regions: the three-cusped
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The human mouth contains upper (maxillary) and lower (mandibular) molars. They are:
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probably evolved from single-cusped teeth in synapsids, although the diversity of
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The opposite condition to hypsodont is called brachydont or brachyodont (from
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725:, or a complex arrangement of series of ridges and cross-ridges, as those in
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473:), rather than being inherited from a common ancestor that they share with
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The design that is considered one of the most important characteristics of
1571:
1462:
1031:
820:. A general term for such blade-like teeth is secodont or plagiaulacoid.
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485:); this idea still has some critics. For example, the dentition of the
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are often incomplete ridges that pass around the base of the crown.
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30:"Molars" redirects here. For the unit of molar concentration, see
1379:
396:
Image showing molar teeth and their typical arrangement in humans
794:
1383:
752:. This pattern is common in primates, but can also be found in
1281:. Animal Diversity Web, University of Michigan. Archived from
677:
902:, Acquisition of multi-cusped cheek teeth in mammals, p. 154
933:
716:
Rodent molars (left) compared to an elephant molar, 2019
978:
911:
457:
molar mesh together as a crushing system similar to a
1130:
Handbook to the Orders and
Families of Living Mammals
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893:
252:
In humans, the molar teeth have either four or five
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559:, including humans. There may be a fifth cusp.
434:, even though adults platypuses are toothless.
1264:. Animal Diversity Web, University of Michigan
899:
756:(hares, rabbits, and pikas) and some rodents.
1395:
1018:
1016:
8:
1374:Overview of molar morphology and terminology
1343:Development, Function and Evolution of Teeth
1316:10.1126/science.10.1126/science.291.5501.26
992:
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329:Comparison of cheek teeth in various taxa:
1663:
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51:
1300:"Tooth Theory Revises History of Mammals"
970:
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960:
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954:
952:
944:
934:Luo, Cifelli & Kielan-Jaworowska 2001
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391:
1347:. Cambridge University Press. pp.
862:
704:(center), compared to the nonlophodont
642:-shape. The larger inner cusp might be
388:Glossary of mammalian dental topography
996:
169:
42:
7:
1262:"The Basic Structure of Cheek Teeth"
789:molars (so-named after moon goddess
27:Large tooth at the back of the mouth
77:(third, rearmost molar) is included
1030:. Tufts University. Archived from
218:, meaning "millstone tooth", from
94:Posterior superior alveolar artery
25:
1091:10.1038/scientificamerican0507-68
1067:"South America's Missing Mammals"
1061:Flynn, John J.; Wyss, André R.;
830:
614:into the thick layer of dentin.
1009:Flynn, Wyss & Charrier 2007
759:Extreme forms of lophodonty in
575:Upper and lower dentition of a
1279:"The Diversity of Cheek Teeth"
1:
1298:Stokstad, E. (January 2001).
769:) is known as loxodonty. The
202:. They are used primarily to
198:. They are more developed in
900:Zhao, Weiss & Stock 2000
441:, or shearing end, and the
1813:
1430:Universal Numbering System
773:belongs to a genus called
763:and some rodents (such as
385:
294:
241:
29:
1767:
1754:
1721:
1696:
777:because of this feature.
676:, and some insectivorous
430:mammals as well as young
164:
66:
50:
1123:"The Mammalian Skeleton"
1023:Kwan, Paul W.L. (2007).
945:Luo, Ji & Yuan 2007
602:(herbivorous rodents).
495:is similar to those of
309:Mammalian, multicusped
281:mandibular second molar
1736:Dental-enamel junction
1726:Cementoenamel junction
1688:Zuckerkandl's tubercle
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419:
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285:mandibular third molar
277:mandibular first molar
269:maxillary second molar
166:Anatomical terminology
36:Molar (disambiguation)
34:. For other uses, see
1425:Glossary of dentistry
1121:Lawlor, T.E. (1979).
808:
715:
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574:
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451:
416:
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328:
273:maxillary third molar
265:maxillary first molar
242:Further information:
1037:on 13 September 2012
1025:"Digestive system I"
745:, and many rodents.
692:Lophodont molars of
525:convergent evolution
214:derives from Latin,
1237:10.1038/nature06221
1229:2007Natur.450...93L
1184:2001Natur.409...53L
1132:. Mad River Press.
1083:2007SciAm.296e..68F
1071:Scientific American
194:at the back of the
1063:Charrier, Reynaldo
979:Myers et al. 2013a
912:Myers et al. 2013b
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727:odd-toed ungulates
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1681:Cusp of Carabelli
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1358:978-0-511-06568-2
1139:978-0-916422-16-5
809:Carnassials of a
459:mortar and pestle
375:prototribosphenid
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16:(Redirected from
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291:Mammal evolution
190:are large, flat
172:edit on Wikidata
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1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
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1296:
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1234:
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1226:
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1197:
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1189:
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927:
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923:Stokstad 2001
919:
916:
913:
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905:
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890:
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866:
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856:
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849:
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844:
843:
839:
828:
823:
821:
819:
812:
811:Eurasian wolf
807:
800:
798:
796:
792:
788:
780:
778:
776:
772:
768:
767:
762:
757:
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746:
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734:
732:
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724:
714:
707:
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633:
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476:
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468:
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450:
446:
444:
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435:
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429:
428:insectivorous
425:
415:
408:
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404:
394:
389:
381:
376:
372:
371:
366:
362:
361:
356:
352:
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278:
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249:
245:
238:Human anatomy
237:
235:
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197:
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173:
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81:
76:
70:
65:
60:
54:
49:
44:
41:
37:
33:
19:
1640:Second molar
1553:Second molar
1467:
1418:Nomenclature
1376:- Paleos.com
1342:
1310:(5501): 26.
1307:
1303:
1287:. Retrieved
1283:the original
1266:. Retrieved
1220:
1216:
1175:
1171:
1159:. Retrieved
1152:the original
1129:
1110:. Retrieved
1077:(5): 68–75.
1074:
1070:
1065:(May 2007).
1039:. Retrieved
1032:the original
1004:
940:
929:
918:
907:
878:(2): 71–84.
875:
871:
865:
851:Polyphyodont
815:
784:
774:
764:
758:
749:
747:
735:
719:
699:
693:
662:
659:Dilambdodont
649:golden moles
637:
634:Zalambdodont
628:
623:
621:
604:
590:
581:
561:
542:
521:shuotheriids
507:
503:dryolestoids
496:
490:
463:
455:
442:
438:
436:
421:
409:Tribosphenic
399:
373:(a Jurassic
370:Amphitherium
368:
365:symmetrodont
358:
353:(a Triassic
350:Microconodon
348:
343:(a Triassic
340:Dromatherium
338:
330:
308:
300:
297:Mammal tooth
262:
258:wisdom tooth
251:
227:
219:
216:molaris dens
215:
211:
187:
183:
181:
135:A05.1.03.007
110:
75:wisdom tooth
59:wisdom tooth
40:
32:Molar (unit)
1645:Third molar
1635:First molar
1558:Third molar
1548:First molar
997:Lawlor 1979
818:carnassials
750:bilophodont
698:(left) and
630:shredding.
600:Arvicolinae
555:, and many
311:cheek teeth
248:Human tooth
210:. The name
188:molar teeth
100:Identifiers
1706:Root canal
1572:Mandibular
1054:References
787:selenodont
781:Selenodont
754:lagomorphs
729:, such as
653:solenodons
644:homologous
618:Brachydont
612:invaginate
577:chimpanzee
515:, such as
492:Steropodon
489:monotreme
479:placentals
475:marsupials
467:monotremes
432:platypuses
386:See also:
382:Morphology
355:eucynodont
335:pelycosaur
295:See also:
204:grind food
1485:Maxillary
1475:Deciduous
1448:Permanent
775:Loxodonta
761:elephants
723:mole rats
701:Loxodonta
684:Lophodont
592:Hypsodont
587:Hypsodont
549:hedgehogs
539:Pig tooth
517:docodonts
315:therapsid
232:vestigial
224:millstone
1791:Category
1607:Premolar
1520:Premolar
1463:premolar
1324:11191993
1245:17972884
1200:11343108
1107:17500416
1099:17500416
884:11220165
824:See also
801:Secodont
743:manatees
706:mastodon
608:gingival
567:Bunodont
557:primates
553:raccoons
545:hypocone
531:Quadrate
510:Jurassic
439:trigonid
403:cingulum
345:cynodont
57:A lower
1759:Mamelon
1581:Incisor
1494:Incisor
1453:incisor
1332:6297739
1304:Science
1225:Bibcode
1208:4342585
1180:Bibcode
1148:5763193
1079:Bibcode
708:(right)
695:Elephas
665:lambdas
624:brachys
498:Peramus
443:talonid
424:therian
377:mammal)
367:"); 5,
320:Therian
304:Cingula
208:chewing
206:during
200:mammals
123:D008963
83:Details
1741:Dentin
1731:Enamel
1598:Canine
1511:Canine
1458:canine
1355:
1330:
1322:
1289:12 May
1268:12 May
1253:609206
1251:
1243:
1217:Nature
1206:
1198:
1172:Nature
1161:12 May
1146:
1136:
1112:11 May
1105:
1097:
1041:18 May
882:
791:Selene
766:Otomys
739:tapirs
731:equids
670:shrews
596:cattle
481:(from
469:(from
357:); 4,
347:); 3,
283:, and
184:molars
89:Artery
1668:Crown
1659:Parts
1628:Molar
1574:teeth
1541:Molar
1487:teeth
1468:molar
1440:Teeth
1351:–72.
1328:S2CID
1249:S2CID
1204:S2CID
1155:(PDF)
1126:(PDF)
1035:(PDF)
1028:(PDF)
857:Notes
674:moles
508:Some
418:basin
337:; 2,
254:cusps
212:molar
196:mouth
192:teeth
170:[
159:55638
106:Latin
46:Molar
1701:Pulp
1676:Cusp
1353:ISBN
1320:PMID
1291:2013
1270:2013
1241:PMID
1196:PMID
1163:2013
1144:OCLC
1134:ISBN
1114:2013
1103:PMID
1095:OCLC
1043:2013
880:PMID
795:deer
678:bats
651:and
519:and
501:and
477:and
246:and
228:dens
226:and
220:mola
182:The
130:TA98
118:MeSH
1349:152
1312:doi
1308:291
1233:doi
1221:450
1188:doi
1176:409
1087:doi
1075:296
876:100
785:In
186:or
154:FMA
147:910
142:TA2
1793::
1326:.
1318:.
1306:.
1302:.
1247:.
1239:.
1231:.
1219:.
1202:.
1194:.
1186:.
1174:.
1142:.
1128:.
1101:.
1093:.
1085:.
1073:.
1069:.
1015:^
985:^
951:^
892:^
874:.
797:.
741:,
733:.
680:.
672:,
655:.
551:,
527:.
461:.
287:.
279:,
275:,
271:,
267:,
234:.
222:,
1403:e
1396:t
1389:v
1361:.
1334:.
1314::
1293:.
1272:.
1255:.
1235::
1227::
1210:.
1190::
1182::
1165:.
1116:.
1089::
1081::
1045:.
886:.
640:λ
331:1
174:]
38:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
