1319:
1474:
65:
1327:
161:
529:
504:
1462:
79:
581:
1381:
993:
1116:
1389:
1361:, an old man and a child were shot and killed by the Heimwehr. On 14 July 1927 the shooters were acquitted and left-wing supporters began a massive protest during which the Ministry of Justice building was burned. To restore order, the police and army shot and killed 89 people and injured 600. The huge protest is known as the
1234:– to which deputies were elected in universal elections. The Federal President was elected for a four-year term in a full session of both houses, while the Chancellor was elected by the National Council. As no political party ever gained a parliamentary majority, Austria was governed by coalitions of the conservative
1600:. Fascist Italy had good relations with Austria under Dollfuss and Mussolini suspected German involvement and promised the Austrofascist regime military support if Germany were to invade, as the Nazis had claims on Italian-administered Tyrol. Italy's support helped save Austria from potential annexation in 1934.
1187:, which, under the name "Western Hungary", had been part of the Hungarian kingdom since 907. It was inhabited mostly by a German-speaking population, but had also Croat- and Hungarian-speaking minorities. Through the Treaty of St. Germain it became part of the Austrian Republic in 1921. However, after a
1399:
However the new state was difficult to control, as much of the former empire's important economic regions had been taken away with the foundation of new nation-states. The matter was further complicated by the fact that a number of these new nation-states were still dependent on Vienna's banks, but
1419:
asked for foreign loans and introduced austerity policies. In
October 1922 Britain, France, Italy and Czechoslovakia provided a loan of 650 million gold kronen after Seipel promised not to attempt Anschluss with Germany for the next 20 years and allowed the League of Nations to control Austria's
1403:
The landlocked
Austria was barely able to support itself with food and lacked a developed industrial basis. In addition, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Yugoslavia and Italy had imposed a trade blockade and refused to sell food and coal to Austria, which eventually was saved by aid and support from the
1210:, Austria was no longer economically and politically viable as a separate state without union with Germany. Austria now found itself a small, landlocked country of about 6.5 million people, with 4 million Austrian Germans excluded from the new state and instead being placed against their
1411:
between
Austria and Czechoslovakia was signed in which Austria recognized the new state borders and relinquished claims to represent ethnic Germans living on the territory of the newly created Czechoslovakia. In return Czechoslovakia provided a loan of 500 million Kronen to Austria.
1292:
was elected to the post of
Federal President and on 7 December 1929 the Constitution was amended, reducing the rights of the Parliament, making the Federal President electable by a popular vote and giving him the right to appoint the federal government and to issue emergency laws.
144:
147:
1218:, with its population of almost 2 million, was left as an imperial capital without an empire to feed it. Only 17.8 percent of Austria's land was arable; the vast majority of arable land in the former Austrian half of the empire was now part of Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia.
151:
143:
142:
141:
150:
148:
140:
149:
146:
145:
1272:
of
October 17, 1920, the Social Democrats lost the parliamentary majority and remained in the opposition until 1934, when they were banned by Dollfuss. The Christian Socials won 85, Social Democrats 69, Greater Germany Party 20 and Peasants Union 8 seats.
1577:
The state took complete control of employer–employee relations, known as Ständestaat, and began to crack down on pro-Nazi and pro–German-unification sympathizers. The Nazis responded by assassinating
Engelbert Dollfuss during the
138:
114:
1165:
consent. The Allies were not willing to allow a defeated
Germany to expand its borders by absorbing what remained of Austria. With this route closed, German-Austria changed its official name to the
1574:), supposedly providing their best opinions on respective areas. In practice all legislation and appointments were exercised from above by the Federal Chancellor's and President's decree.
802:
1539:, to be led by the Fatherland Front, with the proclamation of the authoritarian "May Constitution". The name of the country was changed from the "Republic of Austria" to the "
2468:
139:
1481:
Chancellor
Engelbert Dollfuss of the Christian Social Party took power in Austria on 20 May 1932, and moved the party and Austria towards dictatorship, centralisation and
2483:
113:
807:
1766:
1021:
1486:
1420:
economy. During the next two years the state budget was stabilized and international supervision over finances ended in March 1926. Austria's central bank
421:
2463:
1318:
873:
1817:
100:
1473:
2473:
2458:
2074:
1183:
on
October 10, 1920, in which the majority of the population chose to remain with Austria. The second prevented land-claim was Hungary's claim to
1085:
was enacted on 1 October 1920 and amended on 7 December 1929. The republican period was increasingly marked by violent strife between those with
78:
64:
1334:
Despite the nation having a steady political party in power, the politics of the nation were fractious and violent, with both Social
Democrat (
1128:
1051:
160:
1368:
After the 1927 events, the conservative elements became stronger and the violence in Austria continued to escalate until the early 1930s when
1644:
1144:
2162:
2049:
1206:
during peace talks, specifically the right to "self-determination" of all nations. Many of them felt that with the loss of over 70% of the
944:
2029:
2069:
1297:
1278:
1269:
1719:
1692:
1265:
came to power in May 1922 and attempted to forge a political alliance between wealthy industrialists and the Roman Catholic Church.
1633:
The question of Western Hungary / Burgenland 1918-1923: a territorial question in the context of national and international policy
2453:
1254:
1239:
1235:
1014:
954:
731:
1078:
2308:
2024:
969:
929:
914:
215:
1593:
1489:, which gave him the opportunity to establish an authoritarian government without a parliament. In May 1933 he created the
2218:
2039:
1421:
1127:– now effectively reduced to the Alpine and Danubian crownlands of the Austrian Empire – was given reduced borders by the
934:
918:
2198:
2115:
1937:
1810:
1326:
986:
964:
2242:
1997:
1513:
1436:
1336:
1007:
974:
949:
939:
924:
560:
2387:
2382:
2372:
2135:
1952:
1551:
1490:
1231:
1211:
1180:
1110:
1066:
825:
633:
509:
370:
2478:
2100:
2059:
2019:
1547:
1227:
358:
2044:
1967:
1669:
1540:
1070:
845:
522:
449:
1485:, in part because fascist Italy was its strongest international ally against Germany. In March 1933, Dollfuss
1461:
1350:
forces clashing with each other. The country was divided between the conservative countryside population and
2342:
2332:
2299:
2279:
2269:
2125:
2105:
2054:
1987:
1803:
1082:
891:
394:
207:
84:
2294:
2188:
2142:
1927:
1907:
1171:
The new state managed to block two land claims by its neighbours. The first was the south-eastern part of
693:
240:
121:
1749:
2284:
2152:
2120:
1659:
1631:
1258:
346:
301:
2208:
1404:
Western Allies. By 1922 one USA dollar was worth 19,000 kronen and half the population was unemployed.
1198:
The Treaty of Saint Germain angered the German population in Austria who claimed that it violated the
2289:
2274:
2228:
2147:
2110:
2034:
2007:
1917:
779:
764:
247:
1607:, maintained the ban on Nazi activities, but also banned Austria's national paramilitary force, the
1535:
of February 1934, between Social Democrats and government forces. On 1 May 1934, Dollfuss created a
2362:
2304:
2254:
2213:
2157:
2088:
1895:
1362:
1313:
1094:
673:
638:
408:
2418:
2411:
2324:
2223:
2193:
2176:
1962:
1942:
1856:
1838:
1830:
1664:
1532:
1456:
1425:
1369:
1300:
the Social Democrats emerged as the largest party with 72 seats, but Christian Social Chancellor
1250:
of 1919–20, which had established a number of progressive socioeconomic and labour legislations.
1098:
1074:
835:
746:
698:
604:
569:
473:
435:
332:
1380:
2337:
2203:
2064:
1992:
1982:
1922:
1846:
1715:
1709:
1688:
1682:
1640:
1521:
1502:
1466:
1188:
1172:
1162:
855:
769:
726:
721:
703:
595:
2427:
2392:
2377:
2367:
2347:
2314:
2264:
1912:
1885:
1604:
1597:
1274:
959:
736:
683:
278:
2357:
1947:
1932:
1536:
1501:). While outwardly fascist, it was mostly Catholic and influenced by the papal encyclical
1494:
1199:
1158:
1039:
784:
774:
741:
380:
203:
188:
70:
45:
1151:, or SHS, also known as Yugoslavia). Despite Austrian protests this treaty also forbade
17:
2432:
2130:
1440:
1408:
1289:
1203:
1136:
1124:
997:
468:
290:
2447:
2351:
1972:
1735:
1517:
1452:
1432:
840:
211:
1281:
Ignaz Seipel stayed in power and resigned in November 1924 when he was succeeded by
1900:
1863:
1660:
DIVIDE ON GERMAN AUSTRIA. - Centrists Favor Union, but Strong Influences Oppose It.
1583:
1431:
The Great Depression hit Austria hard and in May 1931 the largest bank in Austria,
1416:
1358:
1347:
1282:
1262:
1207:
1140:
688:
610:
199:
1226:
The new constitution created a bi-cameral legislature with the upper house – the
137:
112:
1579:
1555:
1506:
1247:
1132:
1055:
320:
1115:
1525:
1393:
1351:
1301:
1184:
1176:
1090:
1062:
678:
656:
266:
237:
1781:
1768:
2259:
1977:
1153:
1086:
850:
664:
227:
1246:
which were more conservative than the first government of Social Democrat
1230:– formed by representatives from federal states and the lower house – the
1890:
1873:
1609:
1342:
1243:
1059:
660:
628:
618:
1592:
This assassination by the Austrian Nazis infuriated Austria's neighbour
1424:
was re-established in 1923, a sales tax was introduced in 1923, and the
1179:. It was prevented from being taken over by the new SHS-state through a
1868:
1826:
1482:
1388:
1365:. Social Democrats called for a general strike which lasted four days.
896:
614:
580:
547:
222:
1435:
Bank, collapsed. To improve its economy, Austria wanted to conclude a
1878:
1253:
After 1920, Austria's government was dominated by the anti-Anschluss
1215:
1192:
622:
177:
1795:
1851:
1472:
1460:
1415:
In 1922, in an effort to deal with post-war inflation, Chancellor
1387:
1379:
1325:
1317:
1114:
668:
600:
1439:, but in 1931 this was denied by France and the countries of the
1400:
business was hampered by the newly erected borders and tariffs.
1799:
1750:"1934 to 1938: Ständestaat in the Name of "God, the Almighty""
1191:
which was disputed by Austria, the provincial capital city of
1524:
as an argument against a union of Austria with predominantly
1554:
were abolished, its members nominated by four non-elective,
1505:
of 1931 which refuted liberalism and socialism in favour of
1543:". The flag, coat of arms and anthem were changed, too.
1069:—and ended with the establishment of the Austrofascist
1143:
to Italy and a portion of the Alpine provinces to the
1054:
on 10 September 1919—the settlement after the end of
1477:
Austrian soldiers during the brief civil war of 1934
2323:
2241:
2175:
2087:
2006:
1837:
1516:, which wanted Austria to join Germany. Dollfuss's
1512:The government was in competition with the growing
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1639:. Jyväskylä: University of Jyväskylä. p. 25.
1214:under Czechoslovak, Italian, and Yugoslav rule.
1711:Modern Austria: Empire and Republic, 1815-1986
1811:
1546:Federalism and the controlling powers of the
1392:One of the many apartment buildings built in
1304:created a coalition government without them.
1015:
808:History of Austria-Hungary during World War I
8:
1208:cisleithanian territory of the prewar empire
119:
98:
37:
422:Self-elimination of the Austrian Parliament
2469:States and territories established in 1919
2247:
2181:
2093:
2012:
1818:
1804:
1796:
1131:, which ceded German-populated regions in
1022:
1008:
554:
159:
29:
1277:was elected Federal President. After the
1708:Jelavich, Barbara (September 25, 1987).
1550:were curtailed, while elections for the
2484:Former countries of the interwar period
1622:
1330:Social Democrats celebrating 1 May 1932
1195:(German Ödenburg) remained in Hungary.
1119:Lands claimed by German-Austria in 1918
1050:, was created after the signing of the
568:
557:
363:
106:"German-Austria, you wonderful country"
1558:-styled councils – the State Council (
1531:Political violence escalated into the
1288:In December 1928 the Christian Social
1428:replaced the Krone in December 1924.
1357:In 1927, during a political clash in
1145:Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes
1123:In September 1919, the rump state of
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101:Deutschösterreich, du herrliches Land
7:
1354:controlled by the Social Democrats.
1202:laid out by United States President
1149:Kraljevina Srba, Hrvata i Slovenaca
165:The First Austrian Republic in 1930
2070:Western European broadleaf forests
1222:Government and politics, 1920–1934
25:
2464:1934 disestablishments in Austria
1384:25-schilling gold coin, .900 fine
1257:which retained close ties to the
1175:, which was inhabited partly by
991:
803:Assassination of Franz Ferdinand
732:Prince-Archbishopric of Salzburg
579:
527:
502:
135:
110:
77:
63:
1261:. The party's first Chancellor
1052:Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye
2474:Dissolution of Austria-Hungary
2459:1919 establishments in Austria
2025:Alps conifer and mixed forests
1714:. Cambridge University Press.
1520:tied Austrian identity to the
1044:Erste Österreichische Republik
1:
1566:), Federal Economic Council (
1422:Oesterreichische Nationalbank
1240:Greater German People's Party
1073:based upon a dictatorship of
1562:), Federal Culture Council (
1141:German-populated South Tyrol
27:Period of Austrian statehood
1998:Military history of Austria
1988:Allied-administered Austria
1684:Building an Unwanted Nation
1603:The successor to Dollfuss,
1570:) and the States' Council (
1337:Republikanischer Schutzbund
1157:, or union of Austria with
2500:
1450:
1437:customs union with Germany
1311:
1298:1930 legislative elections
1111:Republic of German-Austria
1108:
1067:Republic of German-Austria
826:Republic of German-Austria
634:Odoacer's Kingdom of Italy
510:Republic of German-Austria
2405:
2250:
2184:
2096:
2015:
1724:– via Google Books.
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316:• 1919–1920 (first)
310:
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54:
2020:Administrative divisions
1968:Federal State of Austria
1541:Federal State of Austria
1487:suspended the parliament
1465:Dollfuss addressing the
1071:Federal State of Austria
897:Second Austrian Republic
846:Federal State of Austria
523:Federal State of Austria
328:• 1932–1934 (last)
129:"Be Blessed Without End"
18:May Constitution of 1934
2454:First Austrian Republic
2055:Pannonian mixed forests
1958:First Austrian Republic
1129:Treaty of Saint Germain
1083:Republic's constitution
1036:First Austrian Republic
892:Allied-occupied Austria
831:First Austrian Republic
1928:Siege of Vienna (1529)
1908:Margraviate of Austria
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1279:October 1923 elections
1255:Christian Social Party
1236:Christian Social Party
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1093:views, leading to the
1043:
694:Margraviate of Austria
241:parliamentary republic
122:Sei gesegnet ohne Ende
120:
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1582:of 25 July 1934 (see
1522:Roman Catholic Church
1476:
1464:
1407:In December 1921 the
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1383:
1329:
1322:Heimwehr parade, 1928
1321:
1270:legislative elections
1259:Roman Catholic Church
1181:Carinthian plebiscite
1118:
184:Common languages
2075:World Heritage Sites
1918:Archduchy of Austria
1668:, January 17, 1919 (
1630:Vares, Mari (2008).
1568:Bundeswirtschaftsrat
1499:Vaterländische Front
1167:Republic of Austria.
780:German Confederation
765:Archduchy of Austria
395:Treaty of St Germain
366:• Lower chamber
354:• Upper chamber
2309:freedom of religion
1896:Ostrogothic Kingdom
1778: /
1514:Austrian Nazi party
1372:became Chancellor.
1363:July Revolt of 1927
1314:July Revolt of 1927
1238:and the right-wing
1095:July Revolt of 1927
1048:Republic of Austria
759:Early modern period
639:Ostrogothic Kingdom
39:Republik Österreich
34:Republic of Austria
2219:Telecommunications
1963:Austrian Civil War
1943:Congress of Vienna
1938:March Constitution
1857:Kingdom of Noricum
1665:The New York Times
1533:Austrian Civil War
1479:
1471:
1457:Austrian Civil War
1426:Austrian Schilling
1397:
1386:
1370:Engelbert Dollfuss
1340:) and right-wing (
1332:
1324:
1308:Left–right clashes
1121:
1099:Austrian Civil War
1079:Fatherland's Front
1075:Engelbert Dollfuss
1046:), officially the
998:Austria portal
874:National Socialism
747:Duchy of Carinthia
699:House of Babenberg
605:Kingdom of Noricum
474:Austrian schilling
436:Austrian Civil War
333:Engelbert Dollfuss
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2163:Political parties
2116:Foreign relations
2083:
2082:
1993:History of Vienna
1923:Habsburg monarchy
1847:Hallstatt culture
1782:48.200°N 16.367°E
1646:978-951-39-3074-5
1503:Quadragesimo anno
1467:League of Nations
1163:League of Nations
1032:
1031:
856:Ostmark (Austria)
727:Holy Roman Empire
722:House of Habsburg
704:Privilegium Minus
651:Early Middle Ages
596:Hallstatt culture
553:
552:
539:
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401:10 September 1919
286:• 1928–1934
274:• 1920–1928
262:• 1919–1920
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16:(Redirected from
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2479:Former republics
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2013:
1913:Duchy of Austria
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1738:. 11 March 2009.
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1605:Kurt Schuschnigg
1598:Benito Mussolini
1552:National Council
1491:Fatherland Front
1275:Michael Hainisch
1232:National Council
1058:which ended the
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925:Economic history
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684:Frankish Kingdom
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1933:Austrian Empire
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1537:one-party state
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1453:Austrofascism
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1433:Creditanstalt
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841:Austrofascism
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590:Early history
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544:Today part of
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40:
31:
19:
2343:Coat of arms
2333:Architecture
2300:Prostitution
2270:Demographics
2148:Legal system
2126:Human rights
2106:Constitution
1957:
1901:East Francia
1763:
1753:
1744:
1730:
1710:
1703:
1683:
1677:
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1625:
1608:
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1545:
1530:
1511:
1480:
1430:
1417:Ignaz Seipel
1414:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1367:
1359:Schattendorf
1356:
1348:paramilitary
1346:) political
1341:
1335:
1333:
1295:
1287:
1283:Rudolf Ramek
1267:
1263:Ignaz Seipel
1252:
1225:
1197:
1170:
1166:
1152:
1148:
1122:
1047:
1035:
1033:
985:
868:World War II
830:
689:East Francia
492:Succeeded by
491:
486:
414:15 July 1927
200:Christianity
108:(1920–1929)
94:
85:Coat of arms
2295:Pornography
2285:Health care
2189:Agriculture
2143:LGBT rights
2136:enforcement
1785: /
1613:, in 1936.
1580:July Putsch
1556:corporatist
1507:corporatism
1248:Karl Renner
1133:Sudetenland
1056:World War I
797:World War I
716:Middle Ages
570:History of
487:Preceded by
476:(1924–1938)
471:(1919–1924)
409:July Revolt
343:Legislature
321:Karl Renner
133:(1929–1934)
2448:Categories
2363:Literature
2158:Parliament
2121:Government
2040:Ecoregions
1617:References
1526:Protestant
1394:Red Vienna
1352:Red Vienna
1302:Otto Ender
1296:After the
1268:After the
1189:plebiscite
1185:Burgenland
1177:Slovenians
1161:, without
1105:Foundation
1091:right-wing
1063:rump state
955:Liberalism
679:Carantania
657:Marcomanni
455:1 May 1934
347:Parliament
302:Chancellor
267:Karl Seitz
234:Government
223:Demonym(s)
212:Protestant
127:(English:
2290:Languages
2275:Education
2229:Transport
2199:Companies
2111:Elections
2050:Mountains
2035:Districts
2008:Geography
1978:Anschluss
1864:Roman Era
1572:Länderrat
1560:Staatsrat
1528:Germany.
1173:Carinthia
1154:Anschluss
1101:of 1934.
1087:left-wing
851:Anschluss
836:Civil War
665:Baiuvarii
611:Roman Era
248:President
196:Religion
55:1919–1934
2428:Category
2305:Religion
2255:Abortion
2214:Taxation
2153:Military
2089:Politics
1891:Rugiland
1874:Pannonia
1831:articles
1610:Heimwehr
1343:Heimwehr
1244:Landbund
1097:and the
1077:and the
1060:Habsburg
987:Timeline
970:Hinduism
930:Football
661:Lombards
629:Rugiland
619:Pannonia
561:a series
559:Part of
464:Currency
228:Austrian
204:Catholic
187:German (
2412:Outline
2373:Museums
2348:Cuisine
2325:Culture
2243:Society
2224:Tourism
2194:Banking
2177:Economy
1983:Ostmark
1869:Noricum
1839:History
1827:Austria
1773:16°22′E
1770:48°12′N
1483:fascism
1469:in 1933
1376:Economy
1159:Germany
935:Cricket
615:Noricum
572:Austria
548:Austria
448:•
433:•
420:•
407:•
392:•
238:Federal
216:Judaism
171:Capital
95:Anthem:
2433:Portal
2338:Cinema
2209:Mining
2204:Energy
2065:States
2060:Rivers
2030:Cities
1879:Raetia
1829:
1736:"1931"
1718:
1691:
1643:
1495:German
1216:Vienna
1193:Sopron
1040:German
965:Cinema
919:Vienna
909:Topics
623:Raetia
563:on the
306:
252:
178:Vienna
97:
46:German
42:
2419:Index
2393:Sport
2378:Music
2368:Media
2315:Women
2265:Crime
2045:Lakes
1852:Celts
1637:(PDF)
975:Islam
960:Music
950:Radio
674:Avars
669:Suebi
601:Celts
2358:Flag
2352:wine
1716:ISBN
1689:ISBN
1641:ISBN
1587:1934
1455:and
1089:and
1034:The
915:Jews
71:Flag
2131:Law
1670:PDF
1589:).
1242:or
1135:to
1065:of
214:),
2450::
1752:.
1687:.
1662:,
1509:.
1497::
1443:.
1285:.
1139:,
1042::
667:-
663:-
659:-
621:-
617:-
210:,
206:,
2354:)
2350:(
2311:)
2307:(
1819:e
1812:t
1805:v
1756:.
1697:.
1672:)
1649:.
1493:(
1147:(
1038:(
1023:e
1016:t
1009:v
921:)
917:(
625:)
613:(
607:)
603:(
202:(
191:)
131:)
48:)
44:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
