258:
2610:
ongoing spoken conversations, but even economic transactions can be conducted entirely through whistling. Since whistle speech does not encode precise information about vowel or consonants, it is often ambiguous with several possible meanings. However, since most whistling treats a limited number of topics, it is normally unproblematic to disambiguate meaning through context.
549:
Eastern dialects spoken in San Miguel
Huautla, Jalapa de Díaz, Mazatlán de Flores, San Pedro Ixcatlán, and San Miguel Soyaltepec are referred to as Lowland Mazatec. The Highland and Lowland dialects differ by a number of sound changes shared by each of the groups, particularly sound changes affecting the proto-Mazatecan phoneme
2605:
in which linguistic utterances are produced by whistling the tonal contours of words and phrases. Mazatec languages lend themselves very well to becoming whistling languages because of the high functional load of tone in
Mazatec grammar and semantics. Whistling is extremely common for young men, who
2570:
There are 18 verb classes distinguished by the shape of their stem-forming prefixes. Classes 1, 2, 7, 10 and 15 cover intransitive verbs, and the rest of the classes involve transitive verbs. Transitive verbs have two prefix forms, one used for third person and first person singular and another used
1279:
Tone systems differ markedly between varieties. Jalapa
Mazatec has three level tones (high, mid, low) and at least 6 contour tones (high-mid, low-mid, mid-low, mid-high, low-high, high-low-high). Chiquihuitlán Mazatec has a more complex tone system with four level tones (high, midhigh, midlow, low)
556:
Also, the high dialects of
Huautla and Jiotes used "sh", along with the low dialects of San Miguel, Jalapa, and Ixatlán. The use of "sh" in both dialects corresponded with "ch," which was used in the high dialects of Tecoatl, Eloxochitlan, San Mateo, and the low dialects of Mazatlan and Soyaltepec.
529:
Studies of mutual intelligibility between
Mazatec-speaking communities revealed that most are relatively close but distinct enough that literacy programs must recognize local standards. The Huautla, Ayautla, and Mazatlán varieties are about 80% mutually intelligible; Tecóatl (Eloxochitlán), Jalapa,
917:
linguist A. R. Jamieson, in 1977, which is not based on modern acoustic analysis and relies on a much more dated phonological theory and so it should be regarded as a tentative account. One fundamental distinction between the analyses is that
Silverman et al. analyze distinctions between aspirated
2609:
Women, on the other hand, do not generally use whistle speech, just as older males use it more rarely than younger ones. Small boys learn to whistle while they learn to talk. Whistling is used generally to communicate over a distance, attract the attention of passersby, or avoid interfering with
2592:
Chiquihuitlán
Mazatec inflects for four aspects: completive, continuative, incompletive, as well as a neutral or unmarked aspect. Completive aspect is formed by prefixing /ka-/ to the neutral verb form, continuative is formed by prefixing /ti-/. The incompletive aspect has a distinct set of stem
548:
The language is divided into many dialects, or varieties, some of which are not mutually intelligible. The western dialects spoken in
Huautla de Jiménez, and San Mateo Huautla, Santa María Jiotes, Eloxochitlán, Tecóatl, Ayautla, and Coatzospan are often referred to as Highland Mazatec. The North
2593:
forming prefixes as well as distinct tone patterns. In incompletive transitive verbs, only the first-person singular and the third-person prefixes vary from the corresponding neutral forms; the first-person plural and the second-person forms are identical to the corresponding neutral forms.
1101:
Chiquihuitlán
Mazatec on the other hand is described as having 6 vowels and a nasal distinction. Jamieson does not describe a creaky/breathy phonation distinction but instead describes vowels interrupted by glottal stop or aspiration corresponding to creakiness and breathiness respectively.
913:(1994 and 1995). The description is based on acoustic analysis and contemporary forms of phonological analysis. To give an overview of the phonological variety among Mazatecan languages, it is presented here and compared to the earlier description of Chiquihuitlán Mazatec published by the
2571:
for the other persons (2nd person plural and singular and first person plural inclusive and exclusive). Clusivity distinctions as well as the distinction between second and first person is marked by the tonal pattern across the word (morphemes and stem do not have inherent lexical tone).
564:
The San Miguel
Huautla dialect occupies an intermediary position, sharing traits with both groups. The division between highland and lowland dialects corresponds to the political division between highland and lowland territories that existed from 1300 to 1519. During the period of
929:
Jalapa Mazatec has a basic five vowel system contrasting back and front vowels and closed and open vowel height, with an additional mid high back vowel . Additional vowels distinguish oral, nasal, breathy and creaky phonation types. There is some evidence that there are also
444:
Sarah Gudschinsky gave a full reconstruction first of Proto-Mazatec (Gudschinsky 1956). She next reconstructed what she called Proto-Popolocan-Mazatecan (Gudschinsky 1959) (it was referred to as Popotecan, but this term was not widely adopted.)
1280:
and 13 different contour tones (high-low, midhigh-low, midlow-low, high-high (longer than a single high), midhigh-high, midlow-high, low-high, high-high-low, midhigh-high-low, midlow-high-low, low-high-low, low-midhigh-low, low-midhigh).
1283:
Mazatec of Huautla de Jiménez´ has distinctive tones on every syllable, and the same seems to be the case in Chiquihuitlán. Mazatec distinguishes tone only for certain syllables. Huautla Mazatec has no system of tonal
341:
2583:
categories. In the third person, number is not specified but only definiteness (definite or indefinite). Number is not expressed by free pronouns or noun phrases if it is directly retrievable from context.
2619:
926:
There is considerable differences in the number of vowels in different Mazatec varieties. Huautla de Jíménez Mazatec has only four contrasting vowel qualities /i e a o/, and Chiquihuitlán has six.
2579:
Chiquihuitlán Mazatec distinguishes between three person categories (first, second, and third) and two numbers (singular, plural), and for the first person plural, it distinguishes between
347:
The Mazatec language is vigorous in many of the smaller communities of the Mazatec area, and in many towns, it is spoken by almost everyone. But in some of the larger communities, such as
501:
or Jerónimo Mazatec (34,000 speakers in San Jerónimo Tecóatl, San Lucas Zoquiapan, Santa Cruz Acatepec, San Antonio Eloxochitlán, and many other villages. Somewhat similar to Huautla.)
2897:
909:
The Mazatecan variety with the most thoroughly described phonology is that of Jalapa de Díaz, which has been described in two publications by Silverman, Blankenship, Kirk and
362:; tone plays an integral part in distinguishing both lexical items and grammatical categories. The centrality of tone to the Mazatec language is exploited by the system of
4040:
2567:
and aspect. In addition, verbs always carry a suffix that marks the person and number of the subject. The vowel of the suffix fuses with the vowel of the verb stem.
433:
laid the foundations for comparative Oto-Manguean studies. Weitlaner's student, María Teresa Fernandez de Miranda, was the first to propose reconstruction of the
3113:
5073:
3947:
3722:
3657:
3626:
3571:
3532:
3466:
3361:
3322:
3207:
2563:
In Chiquihutlán Mazatec, verb stems are of the shape CV (consonant+vowel) and are always inflected with a stem-forming prefix marking person and number of the
1296:
Jalapa Mazatec has a three-way contrast between aspirated/voiceless, voiced, and nasalized articulation for all plosives, nasals and approximants. The lateral
619:
The Valley dialects then separated into Southern (Mazatlán and Jalapa) and Northern (Soyaltepec and Ixcatlán) valley dialects. The Southern dialects changed
600:
Lowland dialects then split into Valley dialects and the dialect of San Miguel Huautla. The dialect of San Miguel Huautla underwent the same sound change of
457:
standard enumerates nine Mazatecan languages. They are named after the villages where they are commonly spoken (with the exception of Puebla Mazatec):
2390:
1736:
918:
and nasalized consonants, but Jamieson analyzes them as sequences of two or more phonemes, arriving therefore at a much smaller number of consonants.
537:. Approximately 80% of the speakers know and use Spanish for some purposes. Many Mazatec children know little or no Spanish when they enter school.
2976:(1891). "The American Race: A Linguistic Classification and Ethnographic Description of the Native Tribes of North and South America". New York.
332:, but because several varieties are not mutually intelligible, they are better described as a group of languages. The languages belong to the
3495:
Jamieson, C. A.; Tejeda, E. (1978). "Mazateco de Chiquihuitlan, Oaxaca". Archives of the Indigenous Languages of Mexico (ALIM). México: CIIS.
3150:
1656:
4033:
3058:
2480:
1690:
4865:
580:
The distinction between highland and lowland dialects is supported by shared sound changes: in Lowland Mazatec dialects, Proto-Mazatecan
4254:
2440:
1675:
1299:
5027:
2894:
5066:
3940:
3121:
608:
before /*k/, which had already happened in the highland dialects, but in San Miguel Huautla, the shift happened after the merger of
647:
The Highland dialects split into Western and Eastern (Huautla de Jiménez and Jiotes) groups; in the Western dialects the sequence
4695:
2157:
1516:
1389:
534:
128:
623:
to /t/ before /*k/ (later changing *tk to /hk/ in Mazatlán and simplifying to /k/ in Jalapa), and the Northern dialects changed
4026:
1877:
1243:
1206:
1070:
914:
530:
Ixcatlán, and Soyaltepec are more distant, at 70%+ intelligibility with Hautla or with each other. Chiquihuitlán is divergent.
441:
270:
3759:
Regino, Juan Gregorio; Hernández-Avila, Inés (2004). "A Conversation with Juan Gregorio Regino, Mazatec Poet: June 25, 1998".
3686:
Schram, T. L. (1979). "Tense, Tense Embedding and Theme in Discourse in Mazatec of Jalapa de Díaz". In Jones, Linda K. (ed.).
3521:
Jamieson, C. A. (1996). "Chiquihuitlán Mazatec Postverbs: The Role of Extension in Incorporation". In Casad, Eugene H. (ed.).
5022:
901:
inventory will be based on the description of the Jalapa de Díaz variety published by Silverman, Blankenship et al. (1995).
5388:
3066:
2310:
2150:
1649:
570:
366:, used in most Mazatec communities, which allows speakers of the language to have entire conversations only by whistling.
5644:
5059:
4915:
3933:
2303:
2143:
1886:
1509:
1382:
1221:
1048:
5609:
4259:
2321:
1837:
1525:
1169:
1003:
651:
changed to /sk/, but the Eastern ones changed it to /hk/. The dialect of Huautla de Jiménez then changed sequences of
2473:
2136:
2128:
1934:
1683:
1375:
1367:
5338:
4950:
4880:
4264:
4227:
4150:
3841:
1710:
1258:
1085:
5290:
5599:
5523:
5427:
5313:
4294:
3197:
3091:
1551:
1544:
1184:
1018:
430:
280:
4890:
4279:
3967:
685:
461:
176:
5368:
5358:
4274:
3140:
3002:
2973:
2546:
2272:
2164:
1558:
1396:
717:
494:
395:
344:, they are recognized as "national languages" in Mexico, along with Spanish and other indigenous languages.
3142:
Fiesta of the Spirits, Revisited: Indigenous Language Poetics and Politics among Mazatecs of Oaxaca, Mexico
5210:
4965:
4685:
4617:
4175:
4049:
2641:
2363:
2256:
2247:
2240:
2233:
1491:
1484:
1477:
1470:
1463:
1333:
1310:
1152:
1133:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
613:
609:
605:
601:
589:
585:
581:
550:
375:
337:
302:
91:
5398:
3464:
Jamieson, C. A. (1982). "Conflated Subsystems Marking Person and Aspect in Chiquihuitlán Mazatec Verbs".
5614:
5594:
5518:
5215:
5167:
5117:
4241:
3500:
2981:
2415:
2027:
2020:
1583:
1576:
631:
before /*/a. The dialect of Ixcatlán then separated from the one of Soyaltepec by changing sequences of
398:
was the first to propose a classification of the Mazatec languages, which he correctly grouped with the
5187:
4990:
4622:
3822:
507:(11,000 speakers in San Pedro Ixcatlán, Chichicazapa, and Nuevo Ixcatlán. Somewhat similar to Huautla.)
426:
348:
406:. In 1892 he second-guessed his own previous classification and suggested that Mazatec was related to
5378:
5245:
4311:
4188:
4064:
3100:
2627:
2036:
1590:
1297:
1256:
1241:
1219:
1204:
1182:
1167:
1083:
1068:
1046:
1016:
1001:
5604:
5513:
5468:
5453:
5413:
5328:
5260:
5205:
5147:
5082:
4955:
4875:
4776:
4669:
4601:
4591:
4586:
4414:
4404:
4374:
4289:
3997:
3985:
3609:
2954:
2504:
2337:
2215:
2208:
2201:
2194:
2187:
2061:
2054:
1987:
1447:
1440:
1433:
1426:
1418:
814:
798:
558:
504:
486:
434:
379:
333:
233:
193:
96:
4690:
5408:
5353:
5132:
4900:
4837:
4819:
4789:
4731:
4664:
4627:
4581:
4345:
4336:
4284:
4007:
3874:
3866:
3809:
3784:
3776:
3747:
3739:
3674:
3643:
3596:
3588:
3557:
3549:
3483:
3386:
3378:
3347:
3339:
3308:
3291:
3234:
3191:
3045:
3028:
3014:
2759:
1982:
1323:
931:
894:
878:
818:
519:(23,000 speakers in San Maria Jacaltepec and San Miguel Soyaltepec. Somewhat similar to Huautla.)
516:
415:
407:
359:
213:
5443:
4708:
4549:
4528:
4471:
4466:
4145:
3992:
721:
156:
3070:
5553:
5483:
5448:
5433:
5373:
5363:
5343:
5295:
5270:
5182:
5157:
5137:
4980:
4970:
4940:
4925:
4895:
4845:
4746:
4741:
4596:
4492:
4461:
4439:
4326:
4320:
4183:
4073:
3837:
3146:
3127:
3117:
3085:
2602:
2564:
2432:
2002:
1343:
399:
383:
363:
352:
3767:(1/2, Special Issue: Empowerment Through Literature). University of Nebraska Press: 121–129.
2660:
5573:
5568:
5533:
5503:
5438:
5393:
5333:
5230:
5225:
5177:
5162:
5127:
5122:
4995:
4985:
4910:
4855:
4784:
4751:
4713:
4576:
4533:
4523:
4518:
4476:
4429:
4387:
4269:
4202:
4160:
4095:
4090:
4082:
3899:
3858:
3768:
3731:
3666:
3635:
3580:
3541:
3475:
3432:
3407:
3370:
3331:
3300:
3277:
3224:
3216:
3037:
2751:
2377:
1977:
1328:
659:
before short vowels, and the dialect of Santa Maria Jiotes merged the labialized velar stop
474:
403:
387:
20:
2922:
5578:
5558:
5548:
5538:
5528:
5508:
5473:
5418:
5348:
5323:
5250:
5235:
5220:
5107:
5002:
4960:
4945:
4920:
4885:
4850:
4827:
4801:
4771:
4703:
4513:
4382:
4352:
4299:
4120:
4114:
3980:
3975:
3797:
3513:
2994:
2901:
2009:
1533:
1338:
1199:
1033:
910:
725:
480:
470:
411:
391:
306:
223:
83:
4975:
4930:
3446:
Jamieson, A. R. (1977a). "Chiquihuitlán Mazatec Phonology". In Merrifield, W. R. (ed.).
2940:
Agee, Daniel; Marlett, Stephen (1986). "Indirect Objects and Incorporation in Mazatec".
5563:
5463:
5403:
5280:
5265:
5172:
5142:
5042:
4905:
4794:
4659:
4654:
4135:
4130:
4105:
4002:
3411:
2533:
2526:
2111:
2099:
2090:
2083:
794:
510:
422:
203:
166:
64:
2640:
A wide variety of Bible-based literature and video content is published in Mazatec by
257:
248:
5638:
5458:
5383:
5318:
5285:
5255:
5240:
4870:
4860:
4736:
4497:
4221:
4215:
4210:
4165:
4155:
4140:
3878:
3788:
3751:
3678:
3647:
3600:
3561:
3523:
Cognitive Linguistics in the Redwoods: The Expansion of a New Paradigm in Linguistics
3487:
3390:
3351:
3238:
1819:
1804:
1789:
1727:
1305:
989:
969:
890:
489:(13,000 speakers in Mazatlán and surrounding villages. Somewhat similar to Huautla.)
5423:
5275:
4935:
4125:
3720:
Pike, Eunice V. (1956). "Tonally Differentiated Allomorphs in Soyaltepec Mazatec".
3455:
Jamieson, A. R. (1977b). "Chiquihuitlán Mazatec Tone". In Merrifield, W. R. (ed.).
3437:
3420:
3281:
2171:
1956:
1918:
1909:
1859:
1777:
1717:
1622:
1615:
1608:
1403:
984:
964:
886:
874:
437:. While the work cited Mazatec data, she left Mazatecan out of the reconstruction.
3359:
Gudschinsky, Sarah C. (1959). "Mazatec Kernel Constructions and Transformations".
612:
with /*t/ before /*i/ and /*e/. The Valley dialects underwent a change of /*n/ to
584:
merged with /*t/ before front vowels /*i/ and /*e/, and in the Highland dialects,
5626:
Note: The list of official languages is ordered by decreasing size of population.
877:
languages, Mazatecan languages have complex phonologies characterized by complex
5478:
3920:
3696:
3655:
Schram, J. L.; Pike, E. V. (1978). "Vowel Fusion in Mazatec of Jalapa de Días".
3268:
Gudschinsky, Sarah C. (1958). "Native Reactions to Tones and Words in Mazatec".
1945:
1902:
1893:
1848:
1831:
1814:
1799:
1784:
1772:
1767:
1634:
1162:
1146:
1127:
1110:
996:
979:
959:
942:
464:(2500 speakers in San Juan Chiquihuitlán. Quite divergent from other varieties.)
3823:"La situación sociolingüística de la lengua mazateca de Jalapa de Díaz en 2006"
3289:
Gudschinsky, Sarah C. (1958). "Mazatec Dialect History: A Study in Miniature".
3160:
Fernandez de Miranda; Maria Teresa (1951). "Reconstruccion del Protopopoloca".
2742:
Gudschinsky, Sarah C. (1958). "Mazatec Dialect History: A Study in Miniature".
1315:"probably". The bilabial aspirated and plain stops are also marginal phonemes.
1926:
1824:
1809:
1794:
1236:
1141:
1122:
1115:
1063:
974:
954:
947:
378:
and belong to the family's Eastern branch. In that branch, they belong to the
4249:
3711:
Schram, T. L. (1979). "Theme in a Mazatec Story". In Jones, Linda K. (ed.).
3530:
Kirk, Paul L. (1970). "Dialect Intelligibility Testing: The Mazatec Study".
3131:
2580:
2456:
2290:
2116:
1871:
1501:
1355:
882:
522:
513:(16,000 speakers in San Felipe Jalapa de Díaz. Somewhat similar to Huautla.)
241:
142:
3904:
3887:
3715:. Summer Institute of Linguistics and the University of Texas at Arlington.
3706:. Summer Institute of Linguistics and the University of Texas at Arlington.
3697:"Participant Reference in Narrative Discourse in Mazatec de Jalapa de Díaz"
3690:. Summer Institute of Linguistics and the University of Texas at Arlington.
3849:
Weitlaner, Roberto J.; Weitlaner, Irmgard (1946). "The Mazatec Calendar".
3772:
3229:
3102:
La inteligibilidad interdialectal en México: Resultados de algunos sondeos
228:
218:
208:
198:
188:
181:
171:
161:
151:
4018:
3610:"Verb Inflection in Chiquihuitlán Mazatec: A Fragment and a PFM Approach"
3175:
Fonología segmental y sistema tonal del mazateco de Río Santiago, Huautla
2550:/ may also be heard as a fricative . Sounds are from Spanish loanwords.
574:
533:
In 2020, there were 237,000 speakers of Mazatecan languages according to
322:
288:
276:
54:
3925:
3813:
5112:
3780:
3743:
3592:
3553:
3382:
3343:
2637:
The entire New Testament is available in several varieties of Mazatec.
1992:
1350:
898:
284:
5051:
3870:
3398:
Gudschinsky, Sarah C. (1951). "Solving the Mazateco Reading Problem".
3320:
Gudschinsky, Sarah C. (1959). "Discourse Analysis of a Mazatec Text".
3312:
3205:
Golston,Chris; Kehrein, Wolfgang (1998). "Mazatec Onsets and Nuclei".
3049:
3018:
2763:
5543:
2631:
1285:
318:
314:
310:
124:
50:
46:
42:
3862:
3735:
3670:
3639:
3584:
3545:
3479:
3374:
3335:
3304:
3220:
3182:
García, Eloy García; Chávez Peón, Mario E.; Polian, Gilles (n.d.).
3041:
2755:
569:
dominance from 1456 to 1519, the Highland territory was ruled from
483:(3500 speakers in San Bartolome Ayautla. Quite similar to Huautla.)
2623:
1997:
566:
3525:. Volume 6 of Cognitive Linguistics Research. Walter de Gruyter.
3005:(1892). "On the Mazatec Language of Mexico and Its Affinities".
5055:
4022:
3929:
3059:"Writing Mazateco: Linguistic Standardization and Social Power"
358:
Like other Oto-Manguean languages, the Mazatecan languages are
3827:
3459:. Arlington, Texas: SIL-University of Texas. pp. 107–136.
3107:
454:
3450:. Arlington, Texas: SIL-University of Texas. pp. 93–105.
3184:
Contrastes laríngeos en el mazateco de Río Santiago (Huautla)
3145:. University of Pennsylvania: Unpublished PhD. dissertation.
2606:
often have complex conversations entirely through whistling.
355:, more people are beginning to use Spanish more frequently.
3254:. Mexico: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México: 171–74.
3248:
Ciencias Sociales, Memoria del Congreso Científico Mexican
1288:, but the Chiquihuitlán variety has complex sandhi rules.
342:
General Law of Linguistic Rights of the Indigenous Peoples
287:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
3888:"Panorama de los estudios lingüísticos sobre el mazateco"
328:
The group is often described as a single language called
3063:
Introduction to Linguistic Anthropology, Course Ant-392N
3713:
Discourse Studies in Mesoamerican Languages: Discussion
3704:
Discourse Studies in Mesoamerican Languages: Discussion
3688:
Discourse Studies in Mesoamerican Languages: Discussion
2865:
305:
spoken by some 200,000 people in the area known as the
557:
Linguists believe that "Sh" and "ch" were reflexes of
262:
The Mazatecan language, number 7 (olive), center-east.
129:
General Law of Linguistic Rights of Indigenous Peoples
3796:
Silverman, Daniel; Blankenship, Barbara; Kirk, Paul;
3263:. University of Pennsylvania: Unpublished MA thesis.
3026:
Cowan, George M. (1948). "Mazateco Whistle Speech".
5587:
5496:
5304:
5196:
5098:
5089:
5015:
4836:
4818:
4764:
4724:
4678:
4647:
4640:
4610:
4569:
4562:
4542:
4506:
4485:
4454:
4447:
4438:
4422:
4413:
4373:
4366:
4335:
4310:
4240:
4201:
4174:
4104:
4081:
4072:
4063:
4056:
3834:
Situaciones sociolingüísticas de lenguas amerindias
525:(33,800 speakers in both Oaxaca and Puebla states.)
239:
140:
135:
117:
112:
80:
70:
60:
38:
28:
3624:Schane, S. A. (1985). "Vowel Changes of Mazatec".
2942:Work Papers of the Summer Institute of Linguistics
616:in sequences with a /vowel-hn-a/ or /vowel-hn-u/.
16:Group of Oto-Manguean languages of southern Mexico
3800:(1995). "Phonetic Structures in Jalapa Mazatec".
3007:Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society
2618:Mazatecan-language programming is carried by the
3892:Cuadernos de Lingüística de el Colegio de México
3857:(3). Society for American Archaeology: 194–197.
3569:Kirk, Paul L. (1985). "Proto-Mazatec Numerals".
3246:Gudschinsky, Sarah C. (1953). "Proto-Mazateco".
317:, as well as in adjacent areas of the states of
309:, which is in the northern part of the state of
3579:(4). The University of Chicago Press: 480–482.
3540:(3). The University of Chicago Press: 205–211.
3619:. Université Paris Diderot: CSLI Publications.
3421:"Toneme Representation in Mazatec Orthography"
3013:(137). American Philosophical Society: 31–39.
5067:
4034:
3941:
3730:(1). The University of Chicago Press: 57–71.
3723:International Journal of American Linguistics
3658:International Journal of American Linguistics
3627:International Journal of American Linguistics
3572:International Journal of American Linguistics
3533:International Journal of American Linguistics
3467:International Journal of American Linguistics
3362:International Journal of American Linguistics
3323:International Journal of American Linguistics
3208:International Journal of American Linguistics
2692:
2690:
2688:
2686:
2684:
2682:
2680:
8:
3162:Revista Mexicana de Estudios Antropológicos
5095:
5074:
5060:
5052:
4644:
4566:
4451:
4444:
4419:
4370:
4078:
4069:
4060:
4041:
4027:
4019:
3948:
3934:
3926:
3886:Vielma Hernández, Jonathan Daniel (2017).
2880:
2878:
2876:
2874:
2786:
2784:
2782:
1971:
477:of Mazatec, spoken in Huautla de Jiménez).
256:
25:
3903:
3436:
3228:
2601:Most Mazatec communities employ forms of
3036:(3). Language, Vol. 24, No. 3: 280–286.
1761:
1317:
1308:occurs in only one morpheme, the clitic
1104:
936:
577:. The political division remains today.
374:The Mazatecan languages are part of the
3695:Schram, T. L.; Jones, Linda K. (1979).
3608:Léonard, Jean-Leo; Kihm, Alain (2010).
2652:
281:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
3509:
3498:
3189:
3083:
2990:
2979:
2925:. Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society.
2895:this short paper by Léonard & Kihm
2853:
897:. The following review of a Mazatecan
934:contrasting with non-ballistic ones.
7:
3617:Proceedings of the HPSG10 Conference
3110:online facsimile of 1983 reprinting)
2866:García, Chávez Peón & Polian n.d
786:
765:
708:
700:
678:
670:
5028:Classification of Mixtec languages
3412:10.1111/j.1467-1770.1951.tb01184.x
2955:"Fronting in San Jeronimo Mazatec"
1304:occurs only in loanwords, and the
639:to /tik/ and /tuk/, respectively.
14:
2545:
2532:
2525:
2503:
2479:
2472:
2439:
2414:
2389:
2362:
2336:
2320:
2309:
2302:
2271:
2255:
2246:
2239:
2232:
2214:
2207:
2200:
2193:
2186:
2170:
2163:
2156:
2149:
2142:
2135:
2127:
2098:
2089:
2082:
2060:
2053:
2035:
2026:
2019:
1955:
1944:
1933:
1917:
1908:
1901:
1892:
1885:
1876:
1858:
1847:
1836:
1735:
1716:
1709:
1689:
1682:
1674:
1655:
1648:
1621:
1614:
1607:
1589:
1582:
1575:
1557:
1550:
1543:
1524:
1515:
1508:
1490:
1483:
1476:
1469:
1462:
1446:
1439:
1432:
1425:
1417:
1402:
1395:
1388:
1381:
1374:
1366:
3832:. In Marlett, Stephen A. (ed.).
3457:Studies in Otomanguean Phonology
3448:Studies in Otomanguean Phonology
301:are a group of closely related
3114:Instituto Lingüístico de Verano
573:and the lowland territory from
523:Puebla and Northeastern Mazatec
5023:List of Oto-Manguean languages
4397:
3438:10.1080/00437956.1959.11659708
3419:Gudschinsky, Sarah C. (1959).
3282:10.1080/00437956.1958.11659674
3259:Gudschinsky, Sarah C. (1956).
2661:"Diferentes lenguas indígenas"
1:
3821:Ventura Lucio, Felix (2006).
3067:University of Texas at Austin
2923:"Bible literature in Mazatec"
1106:
938:
905:Comparative Mazatec phonology
3702:. In Jones, Linda K. (ed.).
3173:García, Eloy García (2013).
3112:(in Spanish). México, D.F.:
1234:
1197:
1160:
1120:
1061:
1031:
994:
952:
742:Huautla de Jiménez , Jiotes
382:subgroup, together with the
376:Oto-Manguean language family
338:Oto-Manguean language family
5610:Plains Indian Sign Language
3802:Anthropological Linguistics
3615:. In Müller, Stefan (ed.).
5661:
421:Early comparative work by
76:240,000 (2020 census)
18:
5623:
5036:
4255:Chiltepec-Tlacoatzintepec
3963:
3842:Universidad Ricardo Palma
3761:American Indian Quarterly
3057:Duke, Michael R. (n.d.).
2723:Fernandez de Miranda 1951
2520:
2496:
2467:
2455:
2438:
2431:
2412:
2388:
2376:
2359:
2335:
2301:
2289:
2277:
2110:
2088:
2059:
2025:
2008:
1981:
1974:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1764:
1733:
1726:
1706:
1672:
1645:
1633:
1613:
1581:
1549:
1532:
1507:
1500:
1349:
1327:
1320:
1114:
1109:
1107:
946:
941:
939:
812:
792:
784:
770:
763:
740:
714:
706:
698:
683:
676:
592:in position before /*k/.
442:Summer Institute linguist
267:
255:
119:Official language in
33:
5600:Albarradas Sign Language
4696:Western Tlacolula Valley
2844:Silverman et al. 1995:83
2799:Silverman et al. 1995:72
19:Not to be confused with
3261:Proto-Mazatec Structure
3099:Egland, Steven (1978).
2953:Agee, Margaret (1993).
2884:Léonard & Kihm 2010
2581:inclusive and exclusive
396:Daniel Garrison Brinton
4151:Estado de México Otomi
4050:Oto-Manguean languages
3905:10.24201/clecm.v4i1.56
3508:Cite journal requires
3139:Faudree, Paja (2006).
2989:Cite journal requires
772:San Miguel Hualtepec
473:(50,000 speakers. The
269:This article contains
5615:Chatino Sign Language
5595:Mexican Sign Language
4916:Mitlatongo-Yutanduchi
4866:Atatláhuca–San Miguel
3957:Mazatecan language(s)
3773:10.1353/aiq.2005.0009
2962:SIL-Mexico Workpapers
2665:cuentame.inegi.org.mx
881:and several uncommon
462:Chiquihuitlán Mazatec
3196:: CS1 maint: year (
3090:: CS1 maint: year (
716:San Mateo Huautla ,
571:Teotitlán del Camino
495:Eloxochitlán Mazatec
303:indigenous languages
185: – Huautla
5645:Mazatecan languages
5605:Mayan Sign Language
5083:Languages of Mexico
3830:online publication)
2642:Jehovah's Witnesses
932:ballistic syllables
895:ballistic syllables
440:Subsequent work by
435:Popolocan languages
299:Mazatecan languages
5216:Chontal de Tabasco
4951:San Miguel Piedras
4881:Chayuco-Jamiltepec
4700:Extended Ocotepec
3851:American Antiquity
3003:Brinton, Daniel G.
2974:Brinton, Daniel G.
2900:2012-04-12 at the
885:phenomena such as
517:Soyaltepec Mazatec
349:Huautla de Jiménez
5632:
5631:
5492:
5491:
5314:Chontal of Oaxaca
5049:
5048:
5043:extinct languages
5011:
5010:
4814:
4813:
4810:
4809:
4760:
4759:
4636:
4635:
4558:
4557:
4362:
4361:
4236:
4235:
4197:
4196:
4096:Michoacán Mazahua
4016:
4015:
3838:SIL International
3400:Language Learning
3152:978-0-542-79891-7
2826:Jamieson 1977:113
2628:San Lucas Ojitlán
2622:'s radio station
2542:
2541:
1965:
1964:
1750:
1749:
1272:
1271:
1157:interrupted by h
1138:interrupted by h
1099:
1098:
865:
864:
856:
855:
847:
846:
838:
837:
829:
828:
751:
750:
643:Highland dialects
427:Roberto Weitlaner
295:
294:
277:rendering support
273:phonetic symbols.
5652:
5339:Chichimeca Jonaz
5096:
5076:
5069:
5062:
5053:
4645:
4567:
4452:
4445:
4420:
4371:
4353:Chorotega/Mangue
4228:Chichimeca Jonaz
4161:Texcatepec Otomi
4079:
4070:
4061:
4043:
4036:
4029:
4020:
3950:
3943:
3936:
3927:
3909:
3907:
3882:
3845:
3831:
3817:
3798:Ladefoged, Peter
3792:
3755:
3716:
3707:
3701:
3691:
3682:
3651:
3620:
3614:
3604:
3565:
3526:
3517:
3511:
3506:
3504:
3496:
3491:
3460:
3451:
3442:
3440:
3415:
3394:
3355:
3316:
3285:
3264:
3255:
3242:
3232:
3201:
3195:
3187:
3178:
3169:
3156:
3135:
3111:
3095:
3089:
3081:
3079:
3078:
3069:. Archived from
3053:
3022:
2998:
2992:
2987:
2985:
2977:
2969:
2959:
2949:
2927:
2926:
2919:
2913:
2910:
2904:
2891:
2885:
2882:
2869:
2863:
2857:
2851:
2845:
2842:
2836:
2833:
2827:
2824:
2818:
2815:
2809:
2806:
2800:
2797:
2791:
2788:
2777:
2774:
2768:
2767:
2739:
2733:
2730:
2724:
2721:
2715:
2712:
2706:
2703:
2697:
2696:Gudschinsky 1958
2694:
2675:
2674:
2672:
2671:
2657:
2588:Tense and aspect
2549:
2536:
2529:
2516:
2507:
2492:
2483:
2476:
2463:
2443:
2418:
2408:
2393:
2384:
2366:
2355:
2340:
2331:
2324:
2313:
2306:
2297:
2275:
2268:
2259:
2250:
2243:
2236:
2227:
2218:
2211:
2204:
2197:
2190:
2181:
2174:
2167:
2160:
2153:
2146:
2139:
2131:
2123:
2102:
2093:
2086:
2079:
2064:
2057:
2050:
2039:
2030:
2023:
2016:
1972:
1959:
1948:
1937:
1921:
1912:
1905:
1896:
1889:
1880:
1862:
1851:
1840:
1778:Laryngeal vowels
1762:
1739:
1720:
1713:
1702:
1693:
1686:
1678:
1668:
1659:
1652:
1641:
1625:
1618:
1611:
1604:
1593:
1586:
1579:
1572:
1561:
1554:
1547:
1540:
1528:
1519:
1512:
1494:
1487:
1480:
1473:
1466:
1459:
1450:
1443:
1436:
1429:
1421:
1413:
1406:
1399:
1392:
1385:
1378:
1370:
1362:
1318:
1312:
1303:
1262:
1247:
1225:
1210:
1188:
1173:
1154:
1135:
1105:
1089:
1074:
1052:
1022:
1007:
937:
873:Like many other
787:
766:
709:
701:
679:
671:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
615:
611:
607:
603:
596:Lowland dialects
591:
587:
583:
552:
505:Ixcatlán Mazatec
500:
487:Mazatlán Mazatec
475:prestige variety
404:Mixtec languages
392:Chocho languages
336:subgroup of the
260:
251:
231:
221:
211:
201:
191:
184:
174:
164:
154:
145:
86:
26:
21:Mazahua language
5660:
5659:
5655:
5654:
5653:
5651:
5650:
5649:
5635:
5634:
5633:
5628:
5619:
5583:
5488:
5428:whistled speech
5306:
5300:
5236:Sierra Popoluca
5198:
5192:
5100:
5091:
5085:
5080:
5050:
5045:
5032:
5007:
4966:Southern Puebla
4832:
4806:
4756:
4720:
4674:
4632:
4606:
4554:
4538:
4502:
4481:
4434:
4409:
4358:
4331:
4306:
4265:Lalana-Tepinapa
4232:
4193:
4170:
4146:Querétaro Otomi
4121:Mezquital Otomi
4115:Classical Otomi
4100:
4091:Central Mazahua
4052:
4047:
4017:
4012:
3959:
3954:
3921:Lengua mazateca
3917:
3912:
3885:
3848:
3825:
3820:
3795:
3758:
3719:
3710:
3699:
3694:
3685:
3654:
3623:
3612:
3607:
3568:
3529:
3520:
3507:
3497:
3494:
3463:
3454:
3445:
3418:
3397:
3358:
3319:
3288:
3276:(2–3): 338–45.
3267:
3258:
3245:
3204:
3188:
3181:
3172:
3159:
3153:
3138:
3124:
3105:
3098:
3082:
3076:
3074:
3056:
3025:
3001:
2988:
2978:
2972:
2957:
2952:
2939:
2935:
2930:
2921:
2920:
2916:
2911:
2907:
2902:Wayback Machine
2892:
2888:
2883:
2872:
2864:
2860:
2852:
2848:
2843:
2839:
2834:
2830:
2825:
2821:
2816:
2812:
2807:
2803:
2798:
2794:
2789:
2780:
2775:
2771:
2741:
2740:
2736:
2731:
2727:
2722:
2718:
2713:
2709:
2704:
2700:
2695:
2678:
2669:
2667:
2659:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2616:
2599:
2590:
2577:
2561:
2559:Verb morphology
2556:
2514:
2490:
2461:
2406:
2382:
2353:
2329:
2295:
2266:
2225:
2179:
2121:
2115:
2077:
2048:
2014:
1970:
1760:
1755:
1753:Huautla Mazatec
1700:
1666:
1639:
1602:
1570:
1538:
1457:
1411:
1360:
1354:
1294:
1277:
1151:interrupted by
1132:interrupted by
924:
907:
871:
866:
857:
848:
839:
830:
752:
645:
598:
546:
544:Dialect history
540:
498:
481:Ayautla Mazatec
471:Huautla Mazatec
451:
372:
307:Sierra Mazateca
275:Without proper
263:
247:
227:
226:
217:
216:
207:
206:
197:
196:
187:
186:
180:
179:
170:
169:
160:
159:
150:
149:
141:
120:
113:Official status
108:
87:
84:Language family
82:
73:
72:Native speakers
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5658:
5656:
5648:
5647:
5637:
5636:
5630:
5629:
5624:
5621:
5620:
5618:
5617:
5612:
5607:
5602:
5597:
5591:
5589:
5585:
5584:
5582:
5581:
5576:
5571:
5566:
5561:
5556:
5551:
5546:
5541:
5536:
5531:
5526:
5521:
5516:
5511:
5506:
5500:
5498:
5494:
5493:
5490:
5489:
5487:
5486:
5481:
5476:
5471:
5466:
5461:
5456:
5451:
5446:
5441:
5436:
5431:
5421:
5416:
5411:
5406:
5401:
5396:
5391:
5386:
5381:
5376:
5371:
5369:Western Apache
5366:
5361:
5356:
5351:
5346:
5341:
5336:
5331:
5326:
5321:
5316:
5310:
5308:
5302:
5301:
5299:
5298:
5293:
5288:
5283:
5278:
5273:
5268:
5263:
5258:
5253:
5248:
5243:
5238:
5233:
5228:
5223:
5218:
5213:
5208:
5202:
5200:
5197:10,000-100,000
5194:
5193:
5191:
5190:
5185:
5180:
5175:
5170:
5165:
5160:
5155:
5150:
5145:
5140:
5135:
5130:
5125:
5120:
5115:
5110:
5104:
5102:
5093:
5087:
5086:
5081:
5079:
5078:
5071:
5064:
5056:
5047:
5046:
5037:
5034:
5033:
5031:
5030:
5025:
5019:
5017:
5013:
5012:
5009:
5008:
5006:
5005:
5000:
4999:
4998:
4993:
4988:
4983:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4963:
4958:
4953:
4948:
4943:
4938:
4933:
4928:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4908:
4903:
4898:
4893:
4891:Chigmecatitlán
4888:
4883:
4878:
4873:
4868:
4863:
4858:
4848:
4842:
4840:
4834:
4833:
4831:
4830:
4824:
4822:
4816:
4815:
4812:
4811:
4808:
4807:
4805:
4804:
4799:
4798:
4797:
4792:
4787:
4779:
4774:
4768:
4766:
4762:
4761:
4758:
4757:
4755:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4728:
4726:
4722:
4721:
4719:
4718:
4717:
4716:
4711:
4706:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4682:
4680:
4679:Western Valley
4676:
4675:
4673:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4651:
4649:
4648:Trans-Yautepec
4642:
4638:
4637:
4634:
4633:
4631:
4630:
4625:
4620:
4618:Coatecas Altas
4614:
4612:
4608:
4607:
4605:
4604:
4599:
4594:
4589:
4584:
4579:
4573:
4571:
4564:
4560:
4559:
4556:
4555:
4553:
4552:
4546:
4544:
4540:
4539:
4537:
4536:
4531:
4526:
4521:
4516:
4510:
4508:
4504:
4503:
4501:
4500:
4495:
4489:
4487:
4483:
4482:
4480:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4458:
4456:
4449:
4442:
4436:
4435:
4433:
4432:
4426:
4424:
4417:
4411:
4410:
4408:
4407:
4402:
4401:
4400:
4390:
4385:
4379:
4377:
4368:
4364:
4363:
4360:
4359:
4357:
4356:
4349:
4341:
4339:
4333:
4332:
4330:
4329:
4324:
4316:
4314:
4308:
4307:
4305:
4304:
4303:
4302:
4297:
4292:
4287:
4282:
4277:
4272:
4267:
4262:
4257:
4246:
4244:
4238:
4237:
4234:
4233:
4231:
4230:
4225:
4218:
4213:
4207:
4205:
4199:
4198:
4195:
4194:
4192:
4191:
4186:
4180:
4178:
4172:
4171:
4169:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4136:Highland Otomi
4133:
4131:Acazulco Otomi
4128:
4123:
4118:
4110:
4108:
4102:
4101:
4099:
4098:
4093:
4087:
4085:
4076:
4067:
4058:
4054:
4053:
4048:
4046:
4045:
4038:
4031:
4023:
4014:
4013:
4011:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3989:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3970:
3964:
3961:
3960:
3955:
3953:
3952:
3945:
3938:
3930:
3924:
3923:
3916:
3915:External links
3913:
3911:
3910:
3898:(1): 211–272.
3883:
3863:10.2307/275562
3846:
3818:
3793:
3756:
3736:10.1086/464348
3717:
3708:
3692:
3683:
3671:10.1086/465554
3665:(4): 257–261.
3652:
3640:10.1086/465979
3621:
3605:
3585:10.1086/465940
3566:
3546:10.1086/465112
3527:
3518:
3510:|journal=
3492:
3480:10.1086/465725
3474:(2): 139–167.
3461:
3452:
3443:
3416:
3406:(1–2): 61–65.
3395:
3375:10.1086/464507
3356:
3336:10.1086/464520
3330:(3): 139–146.
3317:
3305:10.2307/410694
3299:(4): 469–481.
3286:
3265:
3256:
3243:
3230:10211.3/179350
3221:10.1086/466364
3215:(4): 311–337.
3202:
3179:
3170:
3157:
3151:
3136:
3122:
3096:
3054:
3042:10.2307/410362
3023:
2999:
2991:|journal=
2970:
2950:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2928:
2914:
2905:
2886:
2870:
2858:
2846:
2837:
2835:Suárez 1983:53
2828:
2819:
2817:K Pike 1948:95
2810:
2808:Suárez 1983:52
2801:
2792:
2778:
2776:Suárez 1983:59
2769:
2756:10.2307/410694
2750:(4): 469–481.
2734:
2732:Egland (1978).
2725:
2716:
2707:
2698:
2676:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2615:
2612:
2603:whistle speech
2598:
2597:Whistle speech
2595:
2589:
2586:
2576:
2573:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2540:
2539:
2537:
2530:
2523:
2521:
2519:
2517:
2511:
2510:
2508:
2501:
2499:
2497:
2495:
2493:
2487:
2486:
2484:
2477:
2470:
2468:
2466:
2464:
2459:
2453:
2452:
2450:
2448:
2446:
2444:
2437:
2435:
2429:
2428:
2426:
2424:
2422:
2420:
2411:
2409:
2403:
2402:
2400:
2398:
2396:
2394:
2387:
2385:
2380:
2374:
2373:
2371:
2369:
2367:
2360:
2358:
2356:
2350:
2349:
2347:
2345:
2343:
2341:
2334:
2332:
2326:
2325:
2318:
2316:
2314:
2307:
2300:
2298:
2293:
2287:
2286:
2284:
2282:
2280:
2278:
2276:
2269:
2263:
2262:
2260:
2253:
2251:
2244:
2237:
2230:
2228:
2222:
2221:
2219:
2212:
2205:
2198:
2191:
2184:
2182:
2176:
2175:
2168:
2161:
2154:
2147:
2140:
2133:
2124:
2119:
2108:
2107:
2105:
2103:
2096:
2094:
2087:
2080:
2074:
2073:
2071:
2069:
2067:
2065:
2058:
2051:
2045:
2044:
2042:
2040:
2033:
2031:
2024:
2017:
2012:
2006:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1969:
1966:
1963:
1962:
1960:
1953:
1951:
1949:
1942:
1940:
1938:
1931:
1929:
1923:
1922:
1915:
1913:
1906:
1899:
1897:
1890:
1883:
1881:
1874:
1868:
1867:
1865:
1863:
1856:
1854:
1852:
1845:
1843:
1841:
1834:
1828:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1781:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1748:
1747:
1745:
1743:
1741:
1732:
1730:
1724:
1723:
1721:
1714:
1707:
1705:
1703:
1697:
1696:
1694:
1687:
1680:
1671:
1669:
1663:
1662:
1660:
1653:
1646:
1644:
1642:
1637:
1631:
1630:
1628:
1626:
1619:
1612:
1605:
1603:modal (creaky)
1599:
1598:
1596:
1594:
1587:
1580:
1573:
1567:
1566:
1564:
1562:
1555:
1548:
1541:
1536:
1530:
1529:
1522:
1520:
1513:
1506:
1504:
1498:
1497:
1495:
1488:
1481:
1474:
1467:
1460:
1454:
1453:
1451:
1444:
1437:
1430:
1423:
1414:
1408:
1407:
1400:
1393:
1386:
1379:
1372:
1363:
1358:
1347:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1293:
1290:
1276:
1273:
1270:
1269:
1267:
1265:
1263:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1248:
1239:
1233:
1232:
1230:
1228:
1226:
1217:
1215:
1213:
1211:
1202:
1196:
1195:
1193:
1191:
1189:
1180:
1178:
1176:
1174:
1165:
1159:
1158:
1155:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1136:
1130:
1125:
1119:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1097:
1096:
1094:
1092:
1090:
1081:
1079:
1077:
1075:
1066:
1060:
1059:
1057:
1055:
1053:
1044:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1036:
1030:
1029:
1027:
1025:
1023:
1014:
1012:
1010:
1008:
999:
993:
992:
987:
982:
977:
972:
967:
962:
957:
951:
950:
945:
940:
923:
920:
906:
903:
870:
867:
863:
862:
859:
858:
854:
853:
850:
849:
845:
844:
841:
840:
836:
835:
832:
831:
827:
826:
823:
822:
811:
807:
806:
803:
802:
791:
785:
783:
779:
778:
775:
774:
769:
764:
762:
758:
757:
754:
753:
749:
748:
745:
744:
739:
735:
734:
731:
730:
713:
707:
705:
699:
697:
694:
693:
690:
689:
682:
677:
675:
669:
644:
641:
597:
594:
559:Proto-Poplocan
545:
542:
527:
526:
520:
514:
511:Jalapa Mazatec
508:
502:
492:
491:
490:
484:
478:
465:
450:
447:
431:Stanley Newman
423:Morris Swadesh
371:
370:Classification
368:
364:whistle speech
353:Jalapa de Díaz
293:
292:
279:, you may see
265:
264:
261:
253:
252:
245:
237:
236:
204:Puebla Mazatec
146:
138:
137:
136:Language codes
133:
132:
121:
118:
115:
114:
110:
109:
107:
106:
105:
104:
90:
88:
81:
78:
77:
74:
71:
68:
67:
62:
58:
57:
40:
36:
35:
31:
30:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5657:
5646:
5643:
5642:
5640:
5627:
5622:
5616:
5613:
5611:
5608:
5606:
5603:
5601:
5598:
5596:
5593:
5592:
5590:
5586:
5580:
5577:
5575:
5572:
5570:
5567:
5565:
5562:
5560:
5557:
5555:
5552:
5550:
5547:
5545:
5542:
5540:
5537:
5535:
5532:
5530:
5527:
5525:
5522:
5520:
5517:
5515:
5512:
5510:
5507:
5505:
5502:
5501:
5499:
5495:
5485:
5482:
5480:
5477:
5475:
5472:
5470:
5467:
5465:
5462:
5460:
5457:
5455:
5452:
5450:
5447:
5445:
5442:
5440:
5437:
5435:
5432:
5429:
5425:
5422:
5420:
5417:
5415:
5412:
5410:
5407:
5405:
5402:
5400:
5397:
5395:
5392:
5390:
5387:
5385:
5382:
5380:
5377:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5367:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5352:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5342:
5340:
5337:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5327:
5325:
5322:
5320:
5317:
5315:
5312:
5311:
5309:
5303:
5297:
5294:
5292:
5289:
5287:
5284:
5282:
5279:
5277:
5274:
5272:
5269:
5267:
5264:
5262:
5259:
5257:
5254:
5252:
5249:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5234:
5232:
5229:
5227:
5224:
5222:
5219:
5217:
5214:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5204:
5203:
5201:
5195:
5189:
5186:
5184:
5181:
5179:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5159:
5156:
5154:
5151:
5149:
5146:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5136:
5134:
5131:
5129:
5126:
5124:
5121:
5119:
5116:
5114:
5111:
5109:
5106:
5105:
5103:
5097:
5094:
5088:
5084:
5077:
5072:
5070:
5065:
5063:
5058:
5057:
5054:
5044:
5040:
5035:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5020:
5018:
5014:
5004:
5001:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4853:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4843:
4841:
4839:
4835:
4829:
4826:
4825:
4823:
4821:
4817:
4803:
4800:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4782:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4769:
4767:
4763:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4729:
4727:
4723:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4701:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4683:
4681:
4677:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4652:
4650:
4646:
4643:
4639:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4615:
4613:
4609:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4574:
4572:
4568:
4565:
4561:
4551:
4548:
4547:
4545:
4541:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4511:
4509:
4505:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4490:
4488:
4484:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4459:
4457:
4455:Sierra Juárez
4453:
4450:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4437:
4431:
4428:
4427:
4425:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4412:
4406:
4403:
4399:
4396:
4395:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4380:
4378:
4376:
4372:
4369:
4365:
4355:
4354:
4350:
4348:
4347:
4343:
4342:
4340:
4338:
4334:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4322:
4318:
4317:
4315:
4313:
4309:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4252:
4251:
4248:
4247:
4245:
4243:
4239:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4223:
4222:Southern Pame
4219:
4217:
4216:Northern Pame
4214:
4212:
4209:
4208:
4206:
4204:
4200:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4181:
4179:
4177:
4173:
4167:
4166:Ixtenco Otomi
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4156:Temoaya Otomi
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4141:Tenango Otomi
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4116:
4112:
4111:
4109:
4107:
4103:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4088:
4086:
4084:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4062:
4059:
4055:
4051:
4044:
4039:
4037:
4032:
4030:
4025:
4024:
4021:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3973:
3971:
3969:
3968:Chiquihuitlán
3966:
3965:
3962:
3958:
3951:
3946:
3944:
3939:
3937:
3932:
3931:
3928:
3922:
3919:
3918:
3914:
3906:
3901:
3897:
3893:
3889:
3884:
3880:
3876:
3872:
3868:
3864:
3860:
3856:
3852:
3847:
3843:
3839:
3835:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3815:
3811:
3807:
3803:
3799:
3794:
3790:
3786:
3782:
3778:
3774:
3770:
3766:
3762:
3757:
3753:
3749:
3745:
3741:
3737:
3733:
3729:
3725:
3724:
3718:
3714:
3709:
3705:
3698:
3693:
3689:
3684:
3680:
3676:
3672:
3668:
3664:
3660:
3659:
3653:
3649:
3645:
3641:
3637:
3633:
3629:
3628:
3622:
3618:
3611:
3606:
3602:
3598:
3594:
3590:
3586:
3582:
3578:
3574:
3573:
3567:
3563:
3559:
3555:
3551:
3547:
3543:
3539:
3535:
3534:
3528:
3524:
3519:
3515:
3502:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3469:
3468:
3462:
3458:
3453:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3431:(3): 446–52.
3430:
3426:
3422:
3417:
3413:
3409:
3405:
3401:
3396:
3392:
3388:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3372:
3368:
3364:
3363:
3357:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3324:
3318:
3314:
3310:
3306:
3302:
3298:
3294:
3293:
3287:
3283:
3279:
3275:
3271:
3266:
3262:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3209:
3203:
3199:
3193:
3185:
3180:
3176:
3171:
3167:
3163:
3158:
3154:
3148:
3144:
3143:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3123:968-31-0003-1
3119:
3115:
3109:
3104:
3103:
3097:
3093:
3087:
3073:on 2001-04-29
3072:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3030:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2983:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2956:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2938:
2937:
2932:
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2918:
2915:
2909:
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2899:
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2859:
2855:
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2847:
2841:
2838:
2832:
2829:
2823:
2820:
2814:
2811:
2805:
2802:
2796:
2793:
2790:Jamieson 1977
2787:
2785:
2783:
2779:
2773:
2770:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2745:
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2238:
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2206:
2203:
2199:
2196:
2192:
2189:
2185:
2183:
2178:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2166:
2162:
2159:
2155:
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2148:
2145:
2141:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2118:
2113:
2109:
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2104:
2101:
2097:
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2072:
2070:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2056:
2052:
2047:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2022:
2018:
2013:
2011:
2007:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1979:
1976:
1973:
1967:
1961:
1958:
1954:
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1950:
1947:
1943:
1941:
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1936:
1932:
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1928:
1925:
1924:
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1916:
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1911:
1907:
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1597:
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1569:
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1514:
1511:
1505:
1503:
1499:
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1486:
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1479:
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1468:
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1456:
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1431:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1398:
1394:
1391:
1387:
1384:
1380:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1357:
1352:
1348:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1325:
1322:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1307:
1301:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1281:
1274:
1268:
1266:
1264:
1260:
1255:
1253:
1251:
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1245:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1231:
1229:
1227:
1223:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1212:
1208:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1194:
1192:
1190:
1186:
1181:
1179:
1177:
1175:
1171:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1156:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1137:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1117:
1112:
1103:
1095:
1093:
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1087:
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1080:
1078:
1076:
1072:
1067:
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1028:
1026:
1024:
1020:
1015:
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1011:
1009:
1005:
1000:
998:
995:
991:
988:
986:
983:
981:
978:
976:
973:
971:
968:
966:
963:
961:
958:
956:
953:
949:
944:
935:
933:
927:
921:
919:
916:
912:
904:
902:
900:
896:
892:
891:breathy voice
888:
884:
880:
876:
868:
861:
860:
852:
851:
843:
842:
834:
833:
825:
824:
821:
820:
816:
809:
808:
805:
804:
801:
800:
796:
789:
788:
781:
780:
777:
776:
773:
768:
767:
760:
759:
756:
755:
747:
746:
743:
737:
736:
733:
732:
729:
728:, Coatzospan
727:
723:
719:
711:
710:
703:
702:
696:
695:
692:
691:
688:
687:
686:Chiquihuitlán
681:
680:
673:
672:
668:
642:
640:
617:
595:
593:
578:
576:
572:
568:
562:
560:
554:
543:
541:
538:
536:
531:
524:
521:
518:
515:
512:
509:
506:
503:
496:
493:
488:
485:
482:
479:
476:
472:
469:
468:
466:
463:
460:
459:
458:
456:
448:
446:
443:
438:
436:
432:
428:
424:
419:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
369:
367:
365:
361:
356:
354:
350:
345:
343:
339:
335:
331:
326:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
272:
266:
259:
254:
250:
246:
244:
243:
238:
235:
232: –
230:
225:
222: –
220:
215:
212: –
210:
205:
202: –
200:
195:
192: –
190:
183:
178:
177:Chiquihuitlán
175: –
173:
168:
165: –
163:
158:
155: –
153:
147:
144:
139:
134:
131:(in Spanish).
130:
126:
122:
116:
111:
103:
100:
99:
98:
95:
94:
93:
89:
85:
79:
75:
69:
66:
63:
59:
56:
52:
48:
44:
41:
37:
32:
27:
22:
5625:
5519:Plautdietsch
5497:Non-official
5305:Under 10,000
5152:
5128:Tzotzil Maya
5123:Tzeltal Maya
5118:Yucatec Maya
5038:
4956:Silacayoapan
4876:Cacaloxtepec
4570:Cis-Yautepec
4392:
4351:
4344:
4319:
4220:
4211:Central Pame
4176:Matlatzincan
4126:Tilapa Otomi
4113:
3993:Eloxochitlán
3956:
3895:
3891:
3854:
3850:
3833:
3808:(1): 70–88.
3805:
3801:
3764:
3760:
3727:
3721:
3712:
3703:
3687:
3662:
3656:
3634:(4): 62–78.
3631:
3625:
3616:
3576:
3570:
3537:
3531:
3522:
3501:cite journal
3471:
3465:
3456:
3447:
3428:
3424:
3403:
3399:
3369:(2): 81–89.
3366:
3360:
3327:
3321:
3296:
3290:
3273:
3269:
3260:
3251:
3247:
3212:
3206:
3183:
3174:
3165:
3161:
3141:
3101:
3075:. Retrieved
3071:the original
3062:
3033:
3027:
3010:
3006:
2982:cite journal
2965:
2961:
2945:
2941:
2917:
2908:
2889:
2861:
2849:
2840:
2831:
2822:
2813:
2804:
2795:
2772:
2747:
2743:
2737:
2728:
2719:
2714:Brinton 1892
2710:
2705:Brinton 1891
2701:
2668:. Retrieved
2664:
2655:
2639:
2636:
2617:
2608:
2600:
2591:
2578:
2569:
2562:
2543:
1773:Nasal vowels
1458:prenasalized
1334:Postalveolar
1309:
1295:
1282:
1278:
1100:
928:
925:
908:
887:creaky voice
879:tone systems
875:Oto-Manguean
872:
813:
793:
771:
741:
718:Eloxochitlán
715:
684:
646:
618:
599:
588:merged with
579:
563:
555:
547:
539:
532:
528:
452:
439:
420:
373:
357:
346:
340:. Under the
329:
327:
313:in southern
298:
296:
268:
240:
127:through the
101:
92:Oto-Manguean
45:, states of
5379:Matlatzinca
5211:Tojol-abʼal
4991:Yoloxóchitl
4901:Cuyamecalco
4686:Chichicápam
4670:Quiavicuzas
4602:Tlacolulita
4295:Tepetotutla
4242:Chinantecan
4189:Matlatzinca
2854:García 2013
2626:, based in
2515:glottalized
2078:glottalized
1768:Oral vowels
283:instead of
5514:Portuguese
5414:Texistepec
5349:Chocholtec
5329:Chiricahua
5291:Qʼanjobʼal
5206:Tarahumara
5092:Indigenous
4981:Tilantongo
4971:Soyaltepec
4896:Coatzospan
4790:Texmelucan
4732:Albarradas
4665:Lachiguiri
4628:Ozolotepec
4623:Miahuatlán
4582:Quiegolani
4312:Tlapanecan
4065:Oto-Pamean
4008:Soyaltepec
3077:2008-02-29
2933:References
2912:Cowan 1948
2670:2024-08-22
1968:Consonants
1292:Consonants
819:Soyaltepec
214:Soyaltepec
148:Variously:
5409:Kaqchikel
5389:Mezcalero
5354:Pima Bajo
5261:Popolocan
5188:Purépecha
5168:Chinantec
5090:Official/
5041:indicate
4996:Zacatepec
4986:Tututepec
4911:Ixtayutla
4856:Amoltepec
4781:Papabuco
4747:Ayoquezco
4742:Antequera
4415:Zapotecan
4405:Popolocan
4398:varieties
4375:Popolocan
4346:Chiapanec
4290:Sochiapam
4250:Chinantec
3879:164125944
3789:162286897
3752:143653563
3679:145194449
3648:143526686
3601:143614169
3562:144000417
3488:143519194
3391:144414823
3352:143182863
3239:144070485
3192:cite book
2893:see also
2491:aspirated
2457:Semivowel
2330:aspirated
2296:voiceless
2291:Fricative
2180:aspirated
2122:voiceless
2117:Affricate
2049:aspirated
1988:Retroflex
1701:nasalized
1640:voiceless
1539:voiceless
1502:Fricative
1412:aspirated
1356:Affricate
1200:Close-mid
1034:Close-mid
911:Ladefoged
883:phonation
869:Phonology
810:Northern
790:Southern
704:Highland
455:ISO 639-3
449:Languages
408:Chiapanec
380:Popolocan
334:Popolocan
242:Glottolog
143:ISO 639-3
97:Popolocan
61:Ethnicity
5639:Category
5554:Japanese
5524:Venetian
5484:Awakatek
5479:Ayapanec
5374:Jakaltek
5364:Lacandón
5344:Huarijío
5307:speakers
5271:Cuicatec
5246:Tepehuán
5199:speakers
5183:Tlapanec
5101:speakers
5099:100,000+
4961:Sindihui
4946:Pinotepa
4921:Mixtepec
4886:Chazumba
4846:Cuicatec
4838:Mixtecan
4820:Amuzgoan
4785:Elotepec
4777:Lachixío
4752:Quiatoni
4714:Zaachila
4592:Xanaguía
4587:Lapaguía
4577:Mixtepec
4563:Southern
4524:Yatzachi
4519:Zoogocho
4477:Abejones
4448:Northern
4337:Manguean
4327:Tlapanec
4321:Subtiaba
4285:Palantla
4280:Ozumacín
4260:Highland
4184:Tlahuica
3998:Ixcatlán
3986:Mazatlán
3972:Central
3836:. Lima:
3814:30028043
3292:Language
3168:: 61–93.
3132:29429401
3086:cite web
3029:Language
2968:: 29–37.
2948:: 59–76.
2898:Archived
2744:Language
2354:prenasal
2226:prenasal
1983:Alveolar
1324:Bilabial
815:Ixcatlán
799:Mazatlán
761:Lowland
738:Eastern
712:Western
674:Mazatec
575:Tuxtepec
467:Central
384:Popoloca
323:Veracruz
289:Help:IPA
249:maza1295
234:Mazatlán
194:Ixcatlán
55:Veracruz
34:En Ngixo
5574:Chinese
5569:Italian
5534:Catalan
5504:English
5469:Cochimí
5399:Kʼicheʼ
5394:Ixcatec
5359:Qʼeqchí
5334:Tacuate
5296:Tepehua
5231:Chatino
5226:Huichol
5178:Mazahua
5163:Huastec
5153:Mazatec
5148:Totonac
5138:Zapotec
5113:Nahuatl
5108:Spanish
5039:Italics
4941:Peñasco
4906:Estetla
4802:Solteco
4772:El Alto
4709:Ocotlán
4704:Isthmus
4641:Central
4550:Choápam
4529:Yalálag
4514:Cajonos
4507:Cajonos
4472:Yavesía
4467:Aloápam
4440:Zapotec
4430:Chatino
4423:Chatino
4393:Mazatec
4388:Ixcatec
4367:Eastern
4275:Ojitlán
4083:Mazahua
4074:Otomian
4057:Western
3981:Ayautla
3976:Huautla
3781:4139050
3744:1263579
3593:1265311
3554:1264590
3383:1263623
3344:1263788
2565:subject
2554:Grammar
2462:central
2433:Lateral
2003:Glottal
1993:Palatal
1820:Central
1805:Central
1790:Central
1635:Approx.
1351:Plosive
1344:Glottal
990:breathy
970:breathy
899:phoneme
782:Valley
726:Ayautla
722:Tecóatl
416:Chibcha
400:Zapotec
388:Ixcatec
330:Mazatec
285:Unicode
224:Ayautla
157:Tecóatl
102:Mazatec
65:Mazatec
29:Mazatec
5579:German
5559:Korean
5549:Romani
5544:Arabic
5539:Hebrew
5529:Basque
5509:French
5474:Kiliwa
5464:Olutec
5454:Pápago
5449:Kumiai
5444:Qatoʼk
5439:Cucapá
5424:Kikapú
5419:Paipai
5324:Akatek
5251:Triqui
5221:Amuzgo
5133:Mixtec
5003:Trique
4871:Ayutla
4861:Apoala
4851:Mixtec
4828:Amuzgo
4795:Zaniza
4660:Petapa
4655:Guevea
4611:Coatec
4597:Xánica
4493:Rincón
4486:Rincón
4462:Ixtlán
4383:Chocho
4270:Lealao
4203:Pamean
4003:Jalapa
3877:
3871:275562
3869:
3812:
3787:
3779:
3750:
3742:
3677:
3646:
3599:
3591:
3560:
3552:
3486:
3389:
3381:
3350:
3342:
3313:410694
3311:
3237:
3149:
3130:
3120:
3050:410362
3048:
3019:983207
3017:
2764:410694
2762:
2632:Oaxaca
2575:Person
2378:Rhotic
2267:voiced
2015:voiced
1978:Labial
1758:Vowels
1329:Dental
1286:sandhi
985:creaky
965:creaky
922:Vowels
795:Jalapa
653:/*tʲh/
633:/*tʲk/
412:Mangue
319:Puebla
315:Mexico
311:Oaxaca
167:Jalapa
125:Mexico
51:Puebla
47:Oaxaca
43:Mexico
39:Region
5564:Greek
5404:Lipan
5281:Yaqui
5266:Huave
5158:Chʼol
5143:Otomí
5016:Lists
4976:Tidaá
4936:Nuyoo
4931:Nuxaá
4765:Other
4737:Mitla
4725:Other
4691:Güilá
4543:Other
4534:Tabaá
4498:Yatee
4300:Usila
4106:Otomi
3875:S2CID
3867:JSTOR
3810:JSTOR
3785:S2CID
3777:JSTOR
3748:S2CID
3740:JSTOR
3700:(PDF)
3675:S2CID
3644:S2CID
3613:(PDF)
3597:S2CID
3589:JSTOR
3558:S2CID
3550:JSTOR
3484:S2CID
3387:S2CID
3379:JSTOR
3348:S2CID
3340:JSTOR
3309:JSTOR
3235:S2CID
3046:JSTOR
3015:JSTOR
2958:(PDF)
2760:JSTOR
2648:Notes
2624:XEOJN
2614:Media
2407:trill
2010:Nasal
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