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The lands opposite to the latter places, on the north of Rio
Camerones, are inhabited by the Calbonges, . . . a strong and lusty people very knavish and treacherous dealers, and miserably poor, continually at war with the Camerones Blacks, living higher on that river, governed by a chief or their own
85:, translates as "free-born and descended from Mbongo". Edwin Ardener proposes that the names of many of Cameroon's coastal ethnic groups historically derived from the name Mbongo. For example, in 1668, a Dutch writer named O. Dapper, drawing from the records of
73:
calls him a "shadowy" figure and ascribes him to a "proto-tradition" of the coastal peoples. Edwin
Ardener and Shirley Ardener place Mbongo in the "legendary or mythical stratum" of Sawa oral histories.
58:. From there, Mbongo's grandsons migrated south toward the coast to found the various Sawa ethnic groups. Some stories make these migrants Mbongo's sons rather than grandsons.
299:
244:
294:
243:
Barbot, John (1732). "An abstract of a voyage to New
Calabar river, or Rio Real, in the year 1699 . . ." In
17:
249:
A Collection of
Voyages and Travels, some now printed for the first time from Original Manuscripts . . . .
270:
Ardener, Edwin, and
Ardener, Shirley (1996). "Preliminary chronological notes for the Cameroon coast".
149:
However, there are rival traditions, such as a
Bakweri myth that claims Mbongo as the brother of
105:, which may also derive from some form of Mbongo's name. A later writer, John Barbot, wrote,
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The Sawa highly esteem descent from Mbongo as a marker of ethnic inclusion. A Bakweri
288:
150:
70:
55:
272:
Kingdom on Mount
Cameroon: Studies in the History of the Cameroon Coast, 1500–1970
265:
Kingdom on Mount
Cameroon: Studies in the History of the Cameroon Coast, 1500–1970
279:
Middlemen of the
Cameroons Rivers: The Duala and their Hinterland, c. 1600–c.1960
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usually place Mbongo at the head of the lineage. Mbongo's son, usually given as
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47:
101:, are bold men, but villainous rogues." Dapper also recorded names such as
39:
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Mbongo does not seem to be a historical figure. Rather, he is a
97:: "The people who live higher up the river , by them called
223:
277:Austen, Ralph A., and Derrick, Jonathan (1999):
38:) is the common ancestor of the Sawa peoples of
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8:
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65:of the ancient past and an inhabitant of a
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7:
245:Awnsham ChurchillZChurchill, Messers
126:to the Dutch, may also derive from
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225:Amesterdam. Quoted in Ardener 14.
54:, lived at Piti, Cameroon on the
89:, described a people called the
300:Cameroonian traditional rulers
1:
281:. Cambridge University Press.
251:London. Quoted in Ardener 15.
316:
274:. New York: Bergahn Books.
267:. New York: Bergahn Books.
153:. (Austen and Derrick 14).
15:
203:Ardener and Ardener 363.
185:Ardener and Ardener 364.
263:Ardener, Edwin (1996).
221:Dapper, Dr. O. (1668).
18:Mbongo (disambiguation)
212:Austen and Derrick 14.
162:Austen and Derrick 10.
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110:tribe, called by them
16:For other uses, see
42:according to their
130:, and ultimately
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83:mokpel'anembongo
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234:Ardener 15–16.
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52:Mbedi a Mbongo
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71:Edwin Ardener
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56:Dibamba River
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26:(also called
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67:mythological
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27:
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194:Ardener 28.
176:Ardener 16.
122:, known as
120:Old Calabar
95:Rio del Rey
48:genealogies
289:Categories
258:References
114:. . . . "
103:Kalbanges
99:Kalbongos
91:Kalbongos
79:honorific
247:(1732).
128:Calbongo
124:Calborch
40:Cameroon
36:Nembongo
32:Nambongo
93:at the
46:. Sawa
132:Mbongo
112:Moneba
63:symbol
34:, and
28:Mbengo
24:Mbongo
138:Notes
69:age.
291::
167:^
134:.
81:,
30:,
20:.
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