832:, delivered January 27, saying, "With all due deference to separation of powers, last week the Supreme Court reversed a century of law that I believe will open the floodgates for special interestsâincluding foreign corporationsâto spend without limit in our elections. I don't think American elections should be bankrolled by America's most powerful interests, or worse, by foreign entities. They should be decided by the American people. And I'd urge Democrats and Republicans to pass a bill that helps to correct some of these problems." President Obama also called the decision, "a major victory for big oil, Wall Street banks, health insurance companies and the other powerful interests that marshal their power every day in Washington to drown out the voices of everyday Americans."
753:. 527s are financed in large part by wealthy individuals, labor unions, and businesses. 527s pre-dated McCainâFeingold but grew in popularity after the law took effect. In May 2004, the FEC voted to not write new rules on the application of federal campaign finance laws to 527 organizations. Although the FEC did promulgate a new rule in the fall of 2004 requiring some 527s participating in federal campaigns to use at least 50% "hard money" (contributions regulated by the Federal Election Campaign Act) to pay their expenses, the FEC did not change its regulations on when a 527 organization must register as a federal "political committee"-prompting Representatives
38:
787:, that BCRA's limitations on corporate and labor union funding of broadcast ads mentioning a candidate within 30 days of a primary or caucus or 60 days of a general election are unconstitutional as applied to ads susceptible of a reasonable interpretation other than as an appeal to vote for or against a specific candidate. Some election law experts believed that the new exception would render BCRA's "electioneering communication" provisions meaningless, while others believed the new exception to be quite narrow.
678:
687:
539:, by defining broadcast ads that name a federal candidate within 30 days of a primary or caucus or 60 days of a general election as "electioneering communications", and prohibiting any such ad paid for by a corporation (including non-profit issue organizations such as Right to Life or the Environmental Defense Fund) or paid for by an unincorporated entity using any corporate or union general treasury funds. The decision in
796:. This provision had attempted to "equalize" campaigns by providing that the legal limit on contributions would increase for a candidate who was substantially outspent by an opposing candidate using personal wealth. In 2008 one of the cosponsors of the legislation, Senator John McCain of Arizona, touted this piece of legislation and others that he sponsored in his
844:" Provision, which requires candidates in the United States for federal political office, as well as interest groups and political parties supporting or opposing a candidate, to include in political advertisements on television and radio "a statement by the candidate that identifies the candidate and states that the candidate has approved the communication."
800:. Senator McCain consistently voiced concern over campaign practices and their funding. "'Questions of honor are raised as much by appearances as by reality in politics, and because they incite public distrust, they need to be addressed no less directly than we would address evidence of expressly illegal corruption,' McCain wrote in his 2002 memoir
765:
In
December 2006 the FEC entered settlements with three 527 groups the commission found to have violated federal law by failing to register as "political committees" and abide by contribution limits, source prohibitions and disclosure requirements during the 2004 election cycle. Swift Boat Veterans
577:
ruled that donors could donate unlimited money to political parties (but not the candidates themselves) if the party used that money for "party building activities" such as voter registration drives, but not to directly support candidates. Both the
Republican and Democratic parties nonetheless used
824:
struck down campaign financing laws related to corporations and unions; law previously banned the broadcast, cable or satellite transmission of "electioneering communications" paid for by corporations in the 30 days before a presidential primary and in the 60 days before the general election. The
819:
could be considered a political ad that must be paid for with funds regulated under the
Federal Election Campaign Act. In January 2010, the Supreme Court struck down sections of McCainâFeingold which limited activity of corporations, saying, "If the First Amendment has any force, it prohibits
806:. 'By the time I became a leading advocate of campaign finance reform, I had come to appreciate that the public's suspicions were not always mistaken. Money does buy access in Washington, and access increases influence that often results in benefiting the few at the expense of the many.'"
598:(D-WI) jointly published an op-ed calling for campaign finance reform, and began working on their own bill. In 1998, the Senate voted on the bill, but the bill failed to meet the 60 vote threshold to defeat a filibuster. All 45 Senate Democrats and 6 Senate Republicans voted to invoke
633:
and passed a campaign finance reform bill. The House approved the bill with a 240â189 vote, sending the bill to the Senate. The bill passed the Senate in a 60â40 vote, the bare minimum required to overcome the filibuster. Throughout the congressional battle on the bill, President
659:, a long-time opponent of the bill. President Bush signed the law despite "reservations about the constitutionality of the broad ban on issue advertising." He appeared to expect that the Supreme Court would overturn some of its key provisions. But, in December 2003, the
847:
The impact of BCRA first started being felt nationally with the 2004 elections. One immediately recognizable result was that, as a result of the so-called stand by your ad provision, all campaign advertisements included a verbal statement to the effect of "I'm and
1761:
2617:
1754:
2150:
2016:
586:
vetoed a bill passed by the
Democratic Congress that would have, among other things, restricted the use of soft money. President Clinton pushed for a similar bill, but was unable to get both houses to agree on one bill.
2283:
1652:
2734:
1644:
761:
to file a federal court lawsuit against the FEC for the
Commission's failure to adopt a 527 rule. In September, 2007, a Federal District Court ruled in favor of the FEC, against congressmen Shays and Meehan.
2428:
1747:
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2345:
2711:
274:
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532:
in campaign financing, by prohibiting national political party committees from raising or spending any funds not subject to federal limits, even for state and local races or issue discussion;
2667:
1487:
2462:
2329:
2384:
1352:
2688:
2631:
2315:
1965:
1379:
745:, which uses a different legal definition. These organizations have been established on both sides of the political aisle, and have included high-profile organizations such as the
2814:
2469:
378:
355:
336:
317:
298:
279:
260:
195:
2439:
2143:
2092:
2081:
199:
2794:
1731:
1840:
553:
Although the legislation is known as "McCainâFeingold", the Senate version is not the bill that became law. Instead, the companion legislation, H.R. 2356âintroduced by Rep.
1524:
840:
BCRA decreased the role of soft money in political campaigns as the law places limits on the contributions by interest groups and national political parties. BCRA had a "
2809:
1898:
1559:
1302:
1854:
1847:
1791:
825:
minority argued that the court erred in allowing unlimited corporate spending, arguing that corporate spending posed a particular threat to democratic self-government.
2234:
1480:
1473:
1466:
1459:
1452:
1445:
1438:
570:
1812:
2002:
1496:
1826:
1798:
1093:
2799:
2566:
2536:
2185:
1603:
811:
203:
1770:
2227:
1958:
725:
Subsequently, political parties and "watchdog" organizations have filed complaints with the FEC concerning the raising and spending of soft money by so-called "
2213:
1891:
1861:
1805:
2594:
2573:
2506:
1972:
647:
1833:
2520:
2421:
2129:
1589:
938:
1201:
1041:
222:
2559:
2101:
1372:
2649:
2513:
2136:
1568:
1431:
1410:
1397:
350:
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1914:
1610:
2741:
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2478:
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1531:
1503:
1335:
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2391:
2248:
1617:
1545:
1538:
797:
610:
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617:) brought the issue of campaign finance to the fore of public consciousness in 2001. McCain and Feingold pushed the bill in the Senate, while
2610:
2178:
1937:
1552:
1424:
1365:
1347:
1330:
Now
Playing at Reason.tv: Former FEC Head Brad Smith on how campaign finance laws pervert politics. And why John McCain won't shake his hand.
2819:
1986:
1417:
792:
783:
293:
2400:
2199:
1877:
2009:
2789:
2552:
2448:
1510:
660:
243:
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2122:
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638:
declined to take a strong position, but nonethless signed the bill into law in March 2002 after it cleared both houses of
Congress.
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90:
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712:
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181:
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Congress from fining or jailing citizens, or associations of citizens, for simply engaging in political speech." Specifically,
775:
415:
145:
1299:
2697:
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2414:
2377:
2299:
2206:
2030:
602:, but the remaining 49 Republicans voted against invoking cloture. This effectively killed the bill for the remainder of the
504:
492:
2601:
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767:
750:
742:
480:
2308:
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1905:
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1097:
603:
115:
778:
was likewise fined $ 750,000 for its failure to abide by federal campaign finance laws during the 2004 election cycle.
2276:
2067:
1667:
574:
521:
2766:
2757:
2704:
2255:
790:
In June 2008, the section of the act known as the "millionaire's amendment" was overturned by the
Supreme Court in
399:
369:
1119:
2660:
2499:
2368:
476:
37:
2361:
2074:
1205:
652:
Provisions of the legislation were challenged as unconstitutional by a group of plaintiffs led by thenâSenate
511:). The law became effective on 6 November 2002, and the new legal limits became effective on January 1, 2003.
2674:
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1183:
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802:
541:
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331:
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1951:
1928:
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177:
1164:
138:
408:
2587:
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1784:
626:
536:
48:
An act to amend the
Federal Election Campaign Act of 1971 to provide bipartisan campaign reform.
1281:
427:
173:
2322:
1944:
1777:
1259:
1070:
625:(D-MA) led the effort to pass the bill in the House. In just the second successful use of the
583:
729:"âorganizations claiming tax-exemption as "political organizations" under Section 527 of the
841:
726:
665:
557:(R-CT), is the version that became law. ShaysâMeehan was originally introduced as H.R. 380.
546:
516:
484:
441:
255:
64:
1357:
2352:
2157:
1306:
893:
828:
President Barack Obama expressed his concern over the
Supreme Court's decision during his
816:
656:
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374:
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635:
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232:
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2455:
1995:
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this money to support their candidates, and money donated to parties became known as
488:
1979:
1660:
1150:
758:
622:
312:
738:
2269:
2241:
2192:
2108:
754:
696:
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591:
554:
500:
185:
212:
17:
1329:
771:
746:
579:
529:
1226:
906:
716:
573:, which put new limits on contributions to campaigns. Four years later, the
566:
496:
1042:"The discharge petition's role in the immigration reform debate, explained"
2023:
704:
629:
since the 1980s, a mixture of Democrats and Republicans defied Speaker
599:
508:
419:
53:
545:
overturns this provision, but not the ban on foreign corporations or
2735:
Small Business Liability Relief and Brownfields Revitalization Act
907:"Religious Leaders Ask Senate to Pass McCainâFeingold As Written"
1137:
2429:
White House Office of Faith-Based and Neighborhood Partnerships
1361:
2682:
Committee on Climate Change Science and Technology Integration
809:
In March 2009, the U.S. Supreme Court heard oral arguments in
939:"Making Sense of McCain-Feingold and Campaign-Finance Reform"
1332:
Smith calls the BCRA, "Before Campaigning, Retain Attorney."
774:
was fined $ 150,000. In February 2007, the 527 organization
524:
ruling on BCRA, the Act was designed to address two issues:
275:
Wisconsin Right to Life, Inc. v. Federal Election Commission
741:), but not registering as "political committees" under the
459:
82:
2463:
Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2001
815:, regarding whether or not a political documentary about
450:
73:
2632:
Tax Increase Prevention and Reconciliation Act of 2005
2385:
President's Council on Service and Civic Participation
2316:
Higher Education Relief Opportunities For Students Act
1300:
Remarks by the President in State of the Union Address
2470:
Jobs and Growth Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2003
468:
453:
91:
76:
2082:
Foreign Investment and National Security Act of 2007
456:
447:
79:
70:
2648:
2438:
2091:
1730:
1636:
1396:
1184:"Campaign Ad Limits Loosened By U.S. Supreme Court"
444:
242:
160:
144:
134:
129:
121:
110:
102:
67:
52:
44:
1260:"Justices Seem Skeptical of Scope of Campaign Law"
1094:"Senator's pet issue: money and the power it buys"
400:
994:"Passage ends long struggle for McCain, Feingold"
2235:National Security Entry-Exit Registration System
1653:Joint session of Congress (September 11 attacks)
1282:"Justices, 5-4, Reject Corporate Spending Limit"
1019:"Campaign Finance Bill Likely Dead For The Year"
571:Federal Election Campaign Act Amendments of 1974
27:2002 American law regulating political campaigns
1241:"McCain Profile: McCain becomes the 'maverick'"
2567:Job Creation and Worker Assistance Act of 2002
2537:Farm Security and Rural Investment Act of 2002
812:Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission
1373:
1120:"President Signs Campaign Finance Reform Act"
871:. Federal Election Commission. Archived from
781:In June 2007 the U.S. Supreme Court held, in
8:
2815:Campaign finance reform in the United States
2595:Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008
2574:Mortgage Forgiveness Debt Relief Act of 2007
2507:Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007
1239:Nowicki, Dan; Muller, Bill (March 1, 2007).
896:, Federal Election Commission. January 2010.
648:Campaign finance reform in the United States
30:
2521:Financial Literacy and Education Commission
2144:Government response to September 11 attacks
2130:Emmett Till Unsolved Civil Rights Crime Act
964:"Bush Rejects Campaign Finance Legislation"
2795:United States federal election legislation
2560:Food, Conservation, and Energy Act of 2008
2102:Adam Walsh Child Protection and Safety Act
1402:
1380:
1366:
1358:
1336:Full text of the bill along with a summary
549:in decisions regarding political spending.
2514:Fair and Accurate Credit Transactions Act
2137:Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act
1771:JordanâUnited States Free Trade Agreement
1325:: Summary of the Supreme Court's decision
1165:"Finance Battle Shifts to Election Panel"
1096:. Lexington Herald-Leader. Archived from
1071:"Campaign finance battle moves to Senate"
1064:
1062:
869:"Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act overview"
351:McCutcheon v. Federal Election Commission
2810:Acts of the 107th United States Congress
1351:) is being considered for deletion. See
932:
930:
928:
926:
924:
922:
920:
613:and a series of scandals (including the
2742:Water Resources Development Act of 2007
2479:Consumer Product Safety Improvement Act
1504:Dismissal of U.S. attorneys controversy
1275:
1273:
987:
985:
860:
2639:Tax Relief and Health Care Act of 2006
2249:Secondary Security Screening Selection
1202:"Davis v. Federal Election Commission"
396:Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002
31:Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002
29:
2800:Campaign finance in the United States
2179:National Construction Safety Team Act
1938:Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty
7:
2712:MagnusonâStevens Reauthorization Act
2611:Renovation, Repair and Painting Rule
2228:U.S. Department of Homeland Security
793:Davis v. Federal Election Commission
784:FEC v. Wisconsin Right to Life, Inc.
294:FEC v. Wisconsin Right to Life, Inc.
2401:Prison Rape Elimination Act of 2003
1878:Darfur Peace and Accountability Act
766:for Truth was fined $ 299,500; the
487:. Its chief sponsors were senators
2553:Flood Insurance Reform Act of 2004
2449:American Jobs Creation Act of 2004
1820:Dominican RepublicâCentral America
1163:Justice, Glen (January 16, 2004).
663:upheld most of the legislation in
405:Tooltip Public Law (United States)
25:
2123:Born-Alive Infants Protection Act
1355:to help reach a consensus. âş
1280:Liptak, Adam (January 21, 2010).
1069:Barrett, Ted (15 February 2002).
1040:Ehrenfreund, Max (29 June 2013).
196:Committee on House Administration
2330:Criticism of government response
2309:Higher Education Opportunity Act
2200:President's Surveillance Program
1204:. Duke Law. 2007. Archived from
1092:Cheves, John (15 October 2006).
992:Welch, William (20 March 2002).
685:
676:
485:financing of political campaigns
440:
63:
36:
2726:Renewable Identification Number
2544:Forest Land Enhancement Program
2486:Credit Rating Agency Reform Act
2408:Public Service Loan Forgiveness
2186:NIST WTC Disaster Investigation
1258:Liptak, Adam (March 24, 2009).
830:2010 State of the Union Address
776:Progress for America Voter Fund
2698:Diesel Emissions Reduction Act
2618:SAFE Transportation Equity Act
2581:Pension Protection Act of 2006
2415:Unborn Victims of Violence Act
2378:Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act
2300:Election Assistance Commission
2207:Terrorist Surveillance Program
2116:Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act
1611:State funeral of Ronald Reagan
1227:Senator McCain's Voting Record
695:BCRA's lead sponsors, Senator
1:
2602:Troubled Asset Relief Program
2493:Economic Stimulus Act of 2008
2221:Homeland Security Act of 2002
1182:Stohr, Greg (June 25, 2007).
894:Electioneering Communications
768:League of Conservation Voters
751:Swift Boat Veterans for Truth
743:Federal Election Campaign Act
483:of 1971, which regulates the
481:Federal Election Campaign Act
106:McCainâFeingold, ShaysâMeehan
2263:Terrorist Screening Database
2214:NSA warrantless surveillance
2061:H-1B Visa Reform Act of 2004
1906:Vision for Space Exploration
1618:State funeral of Gerald Ford
1389:Presidency of George W. Bush
1348:Presidency of George W. Bush
1298:The White House Press Room,
1153:Federal Election Commission.
911:National Council of Churches
116:107th United States Congress
2820:Federal Election Commission
2284:FISA Amendments Act of 2008
2277:Protect America Act of 2007
2068:L-1 Visa Reform Act of 2004
1151:What is a 527 organization?
611:2000 campaign for president
522:United States Supreme Court
244:United States Supreme Court
211:on February 14, 2002 (
2836:
2705:Healthy Forests Initiative
2346:Medicare Modernization Act
2256:Terrorist Screening Center
2151:Rescue and recovery effort
1987:August 2001 daily briefing
1604:Presidential proclamations
937:Gitell, Seth (July 2003).
645:
370:FEC v. Ted Cruz for Senate
2790:2002 in American politics
2751:
2661:Clean Boating Act of 2008
2500:Energy Policy Act of 2005
2369:Highly qualified teachers
1785:Trade promotion authority
1645:Joint session of Congress
1405:
477:United States federal law
430:), commonly known as the
250:
200:House Energy and Commerce
165:
35:
2758:â Clinton administration
2362:No Child Left Behind Act
2075:Secure Fence Act of 2006
1532:Supreme Court candidates
1497:Legislation and programs
1353:templates for discussion
1021:. CNN. 26 February 1998t
221:on March 20, 2002 (
2719:Renewable Fuel Standard
1973:Pre-attack intelligence
192:Committee consideration
2767:Obama administration â
2675:Clear Skies Initiative
850:I approve this message
803:Worth the Fighting For
798:bid for the presidency
569:, Congress passed the
542:Citizens United v. FEC
528:The increased role of
332:Citizens United v. FEC
2689:Executive Order 13432
2668:Climate change policy
2293:Help America Vote Act
2054:Executive Order 13470
2047:Executive Order 13355
1525:Judicial appointments
770:was fined $ 180,000;
731:Internal Revenue Code
582:. In 1992, President
535:The proliferation of
1959:Communication issues
1952:September 11 attacks
1668:Mission Accomplished
1245:The Arizona Republic
565:In the aftermath of
2422:2006 VRA Amendments
1762:by Condoleezza Rice
1748:International trips
1583:Impeachment efforts
1309:, January 27, 2010.
561:History of the bill
432:McCainâFeingold Act
161:Legislative history
32:
2625:SarbanesâOxley Act
2588:Public Law 110-343
1885:Mexico City policy
1305:2017-01-20 at the
1286:The New York Times
1264:The New York Times
1169:The New York Times
627:discharge petition
590:In 1995, senators
537:issue advocacy ads
188:) on June 28, 2001
2777:
2776:
2323:Hurricane Katrina
1966:Military response
1945:USA Freedom Corps
1871:2002 steel tariff
1778:Trade Act of 2002
1726:
1725:
1717:2008 SOTU Address
1710:2007 SOTU Address
1703:2006 SOTU Address
1696:2005 SOTU Address
1689:2004 SOTU Address
1682:2003 SOTU Address
1675:2002 SOTU Address
1590:Executive actions
1511:Email controversy
1138:National Archives
913:. March 20, 2001.
727:527 organizations
584:George H. W. Bush
547:foreign nationals
479:that amended the
392:
391:
235:on March 27, 2002
219:Passed the Senate
147:Statutes at Large
61:BCRA (pronounced
16:(Redirected from
2827:
2770:
2761:
2744:
2737:
2728:
2721:
2714:
2707:
2700:
2691:
2684:
2677:
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2663:
2641:
2634:
2627:
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2583:
2576:
2569:
2562:
2555:
2546:
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2523:
2516:
2509:
2502:
2495:
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2472:
2465:
2458:
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2431:
2424:
2417:
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2403:
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2371:
2364:
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2318:
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2302:
2295:
2286:
2279:
2272:
2265:
2258:
2251:
2244:
2237:
2230:
2223:
2216:
2209:
2202:
2195:
2188:
2181:
2174:
2167:
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2153:
2146:
2139:
2132:
2125:
2118:
2111:
2104:
2084:
2077:
2070:
2063:
2056:
2049:
2040:
2033:
2026:
2019:
2012:
2005:
1998:
1989:
1982:
1975:
1968:
1961:
1954:
1947:
1940:
1931:
1924:
1917:
1908:
1901:
1894:
1887:
1880:
1873:
1864:
1857:
1850:
1843:
1836:
1829:
1822:
1815:
1808:
1801:
1794:
1787:
1780:
1773:
1764:
1757:
1750:
1743:
1719:
1712:
1705:
1698:
1691:
1684:
1677:
1670:
1663:
1656:
1648:
1629:
1627:Obama transition
1620:
1613:
1606:
1599:
1597:Executive orders
1592:
1585:
1578:
1571:
1562:
1555:
1548:
1541:
1534:
1527:
1520:
1518:Shoeing incident
1513:
1506:
1499:
1490:
1483:
1476:
1469:
1462:
1455:
1448:
1441:
1434:
1427:
1425:2nd inauguration
1420:
1418:1st inauguration
1413:
1403:
1382:
1375:
1368:
1359:
1323:McConnell v. FEC
1310:
1296:
1290:
1289:
1277:
1268:
1267:
1255:
1249:
1248:
1236:
1230:
1229:, On the Issues.
1224:
1218:
1217:
1215:
1213:
1198:
1192:
1191:
1179:
1173:
1172:
1160:
1154:
1148:
1142:
1141:
1135:
1133:
1128:. March 27, 2002
1116:
1110:
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1089:
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1078:
1066:
1057:
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1028:
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1015:
1009:
1008:
1006:
1004:
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980:
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604:105th Congress
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428:H.R. 2356
424:March 27, 2002
409:107â155 (text)
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1980:Phoenix Memo
1899:Space policy
1661:Axis of evil
1553:Samuel Alito
1539:John Roberts
1346:
1322:
1294:
1285:
1263:
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1244:
1234:
1222:
1210:. Retrieved
1206:the original
1196:
1187:
1177:
1168:
1158:
1146:
1136:– via
1130:. Retrieved
1123:
1114:
1102:. Retrieved
1098:the original
1087:
1075:. Retrieved
1049:. Retrieved
1045:
1035:
1023:. Retrieved
1013:
1001:. Retrieved
997:
972:. Retrieved
967:
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946:. Retrieved
943:The Atlantic
942:
910:
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877:. Retrieved
873:the original
863:
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623:Marty Meehan
608:
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514:As noted in
513:
435:
431:
395:
393:
368:
349:
330:
313:Davis v. FEC
311:
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273:
254:
228:
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169:
153:
57:(colloquial)
2805:John McCain
2270:Real ID Act
2242:No Fly List
2193:Patriot Act
2109:Amber alert
1862:South Korea
1391:(2001â2009)
1341:âš The
697:John McCain
621:(R-CT) and
619:Chris Shays
594:(R-AZ) and
592:John McCain
555:Chris Shays
501:John McCain
414:, 116
365: (2014)
346: (2010)
327: (2008)
308: (2007)
289: (2006)
270: (2003)
178:Chris Shays
2784:Categories
1411:Transition
1104:16 October
1077:16 October
1051:16 October
1025:16 October
1003:16 October
974:16 October
970:. CQ Press
968:CQ Almanac
948:16 October
856:References
772:MoveOn.org
747:Media Fund
739:§ 527
646:See also:
580:soft money
530:soft money
422:, enacted
170:Introduced
135:Public law
45:Long title
2172:criticism
2003:2001 AUMF
1855:Singapore
1792:Australia
1212:March 31,
1188:Bloomberg
1132:March 31,
998:USA Today
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