442:
438:
reason was that Finns (primarily eastern Finns) were sometimes regarded as being of another "race." An opinion of that period, as reflected in contemporary fiction, was that the Sami and the
Finnish populations belonged "more closely to Russia than to Scandinavia". Beginning around this time, the schools in the area only taught in Swedish, and children were forbidden under penalty of physical punishment from speaking their own language at school even during class breaks. Native Finnish speakers were prevented by the authorities from learning Standard Finnish as a school subject for decades, which resulted in the survival of the language only in oral form.
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257:
194:
2403:
516:'s novels and a film based on one of his books in Swedish have improved awareness of this minority among Swedes. Since the 1980s, people who speak Meänkieli have become more aware of the importance of the language as a marker of identity. Today there are grammar books, a Bible translation, drama performances, and there are some TV programmes in Meänkieli.
437:
In the 1880s, the
Swedish state decided that all citizens of the country should speak Swedish. Part of the reason was military; people close to the border speaking the language of the neighbouring country rather than the major language in their own country might not be trusted in case of war. Another
1590:
Once upon a time, there was a little girl who had received a beautiful red hood from her kind grandmother. That’s why the girl was called Rödlyyva. One day, the girl's mother asked her to go to her grandmother, who was sick in her cottage deep in the forest. Rödlyyva was given a basket with food and
1238:
words are in parentheses in case of borrowed cognates. With
Swedish being the dominant everyday language in the region, the language has impacted modern Meänkieli in some ways. Meänkieli also contains many words which have different meanings in Finnish and Meänkieli, yet sound similar. An example is
631:
The grammar of Meänkieli is very similar to
Finnish, with some variations such as the aspiration of consonants before long vowels. Meänkieli is an agglutinative language with fifteen noun cases. It contains consonant gradation and vowel harmony, just like Finnish. It contains four verb tenses, which
305:
and is treated as a distinct language from
Finnish, however its status as an independent Finnic language is sometimes disputed due to its mutual intelligibility with Finnish. According to the National Association of Swedish Tornedalians, 70,000 individuals are able to understand Meänkieli, at least
1582:
Olipa kerran pikku piika joka oli saanu fiinin punasen lyyvan hänen siivolta mummulta. Siksi piikaa kututhiin Rödlyyvaksi. Yhtenä päivänä Rödlyyvan äiti käski hänen mennä mummun tykö, ko mummu makasi saihraana hänen pienessä mökissä pimeässä synkässä mettässä. Rödlyyva sai ruokakorin ja lääkheet
535:
Individuals who agree with the classification of Meänkieli as a separate language generally do so for historical, political and sociological reasons, usually pointing to its separate history, cultural meaning, official status, and its standardised written language that is distinct from standard
486:
Today Meänkieli is declining. Few young people speak Meänkieli as part of daily life though many have passive knowledge of the language from family use, and it is not uncommon for younger people from Meänkieli-speaking families to be more familiar with standard
Finnish, for which literature and
449:
When minority languages first became taught in
Swedish schools, Meänkieli was still classified by Sweden as a form of Finnish and children who spoke it natively were taught the standard Finnish literary language in school instead of their more native Tornedalian variant, causing the students to
1586:
Olipa kerran pikku piika joka oli saanut hienon punaisen hupun hänen kiltiltä mummolta. Siksi piikaa kutsuttiin Rödlyyvaksi. Yhtenä päivänä Rödlyyvan äiti käski hänen mennä mummon tyköön, koska mummo makasi sairaana hänen pienessä mökissä pimeässä synkässä metsässä. Rödlyyva sai ruokakorin ja
450:
become demotivated. However, in 1977 some schools began to make materials specifically designed for speakers of Meänkieli which did not use standard
Finnish. This was also the first time the term "Meänkieli" was applied to the form of speech, which was called "Tornedalian Finnish" before.
353:
and the
Finnish dialects spoken on the Finnish side of the border and is strongly mutually integible with them, although Meänkieli contains strong influences from Swedish and has conserved some archaic features which even the Northern Finnish dialects have lost.
540:
of
Finnish. Although the creation of the 1809 border has moved Meänkieli into its own direction by increasing Swedish influences and keeping some archaic features, Meänkieli is still very comprehensible for speakers of Finnish, especially due to the fact that
462:
of Sweden, which means it can be used for some communication with local and regional authorities in the communities along the Finnish border. Its minority language status applies in designated local communities and areas, not throughout Sweden.
466:
Few people today speak Meänkieli as their only language, with speakers usually knowing Swedish and often standard Finnish as well. Estimates of how many people speak Meänkieli vary from 30,000 to 70,000, of whom most live in
365:
Before 1809, all of what is today Finland was an integral part of Sweden. The language border went west of the Torne Valley area, so the upper section of today's Sweden (about 10% by area), was historically
441:
549:), the independent status of Meänkieli is important to many of its speakers as it has increased its linguistic prestige which has been historically very low due to the process of
2985:
523:(as well as local station P6 in Stockholm) on Mondays to Thursdays between 17:10 and 18:00, while on Sundays further programmes are carried by P6 between 8:34 and 10:00 (also on
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2170:
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1969:
1944:
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in Finland, causing the heavy Swedish influence in Meänkieli to not cause as many problems for comprehension. However, according to Harri Mantila (a professor at the
3211:
471:. Many people in the northern parts of Sweden understand some Meänkieli, but fewer people speak it regularly. People with Meänkieli roots are often referred to as
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3197:
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2005:
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lääkkeet matkaan ja äiti muistutti tytärtä että kulkee suoraa tietä mummon tyköön eikä pysähdy välillä puhumaan kenenkään kanssa.
382:, and to a large extent still are). The area where Meänkieli is spoken that is now northern Sweden (apart from the linguistically
1591:
medicine to take with her. Mother warned the girl to go straight to grandmother's and not stop to talk to anyone along the way.
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479:; judging by the names of towns and places, the Finnish-speaking part of Norrbotten stretches as far west as the town of
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matkhaan ja äiti muistutti tyärtä ette marsia suoraa tietä mummun tykö eikä topata välilä praatimhaan kenenkhän kans.
3022:
1845:
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Meänkieli is distinguished from Standard Finnish by the absence of 19th- and 20th-century developments in Finnish.
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are the present, imperfect, perfect and the pluperfect. It does not have a separate tense for future events.
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2) In certain environments, gemination (doubling of consonants) occurs, which differs from standard Finnish:
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the word "pyörtyä", which means 'to get lost' in Meänkieli, but it refers to fainting in Finnish.
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3083:
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536:
Finnish. However, on pure linguistic grounds, Meänkieli may be classified as a group of Northern
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nationwide from 8:34 to 9:00). All of these programmes are also available via the Internet.
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509:. He has also written several novels, dramas, grammar books, songs and films in Meänkieli.
402:
in 1809, the language spoken on the western side of it developed in partial isolation from
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is a trilingual author from the Torne Valley. In 1985 he wrote the first Meänkieli novel,
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1040:(to be) is sometimes combined with personal pronouns in the spoken form of Meänkieli:
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Personal pronouns in Meänkieli somewhat differ from those used in standard Finnish:
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Why save a minority language? Meänkieli and rationales of language revitalization.
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17:
2021:
1995:
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On radio, programmes in Meänkieli are broadcast regularly from regional station
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although the Finnish-speaking part of Norrbotten is a far larger area than the
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speaking (just like most areas along the eastern coast of the southern part of
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419:
65:
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11) Meänkieli often uses the "š" sound in loanwords due to Swedish influence.
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On April 1, 2000, Meänkieli became one of the now five nationally recognized
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dialects spoken in the northernmost part of Sweden along the valley of the
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73:
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B, C, D, G, W, X, Z, and Å are only used in foreign words and names.
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courses are much more readily available. The language is taught at
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313:, from which the standard written language is derived (spoken in
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2435:
2415:
553:, thus helping to create a stronger cultural identity for the
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In Sweden, Meänkieli consists of three dialect subgroups, the
989:
under the influence of Swedish, while Finnish uses the sound
917:
under the influence of Swedish, while Finnish uses the sound
378:
to Russia and are part of modern Finland, were historically
27:
Finnic language or Finnish dialect spoken in northern Sweden
866:
3) Verb conjugation endings: -mma ~ -mmä, -tta ~ -ttä, -pi
1870:"Meänkieli, yksi Ruotsin vähemmistökielistä – Kielikello"
1807:"Meänkieli, yksi Ruotsin vähemmistökielistä – Kielikello"
1682:"Meänkieli, yksi Ruotsin vähemmistökielistä – Kielikello"
835:
Some consonant clusters have assimilated into geminates:
1654:
Abondolo, Daniel; Valijärvi, Riitta-Liisa (2023-03-31).
263:
Meänkieli is classified as Critically Endangered by the
2048:"Meänkieli saa uuden kirjaimen – Sveriges Radio Finska"
249:
Map of the area where Meänkieli has an official status.
1844:
Aasa, Ahti; ahti.aasa@sverigesradio.se (2022-11-30).
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32:
2297:"Meänkieli – Grammatik, lärobok, historia, texter"
2171:"Meänkieli – Grammatik, lärobok, historia, texter"
2146:"Meänkieli – Grammatik, lärobok, historia, texter"
2073:"Meänkieli – Grammatik, lärobok, historia, texter"
1970:"Meänkieli – Grammatik, lärobok, historia, texter"
744:Differences between standard Finnish and Meänkieli
398:. Since the area east of Torne River was ceded to
1846:"Meänkielen tie koulhuun aukesi 45 vuotta sitten"
1230:Some Meänkieli words not used in standard Finnish
913:5) In certain loanwords, Meänkieli has the sound
749:1) There exists often either the omission of the
601:. Meänkieli has also been historically spoken in
2426:Fennia : International Journal of Geography
985:7) In loanwords, Meänkieli often uses the sound
753:sound (in native words) or its replacement with
1539:
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1503:
1491:
1479:
1467:
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1243:
504:
279:
43:
1920:"Kommuner i förvaltningsområdet för meänkieli"
950:sound, whereas in Finnish it has often become
349:group. Meänkieli is especially similar to the
2637:
2447:
946:6) In loanwords, Meänkieli has preserved the
8:
1834:– How We Lost Norrland, Stockholm 1889, p.17
1782:"Meänkieli, yksi Ruotsin vähemmistökielistä"
909:in Meänkieli (not present in all dialects).
445:Traditional spread of the Meänkieli variants
2268:"Tulokset tälle avv | Meänkielen sanakirja"
2244:"Tulokset tälle avv | Meänkielen sanakirja"
2220:"Tulokset tälle avv | Meänkielen sanakirja"
2196:"Tulokset tälle avv | Meänkielen sanakirja"
2122:"Tulokset tälle avv | Meänkielen sanakirja"
2098:"Tulokset tälle avv | Meänkielen sanakirja"
1561:Swedish Institute for Language and Folklore
390:parts of this geographical area), formed a
3079:
2867:
2644:
2630:
2622:
2454:
2440:
2432:
1060:= it is, he/she is (Finnish: hän on/se on)
410:appointed the priest and amateur botanist
255:
243:
29:
736:was added into Meänkieli, instead of the
1565:
1130:
1119:'of the apartments' (Finnish: asuntojen)
543:Swedish is taught as a mandatory subject
268:Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger
1994:Kenttä, Matti; Pohjanen, Bengt (1996).
1732:"Vi uppmärksammar tornedalingarnas dag"
1625:
1225:lekitimašuuni = personal identification
1078:= you (plural) are (Finnish: te olette)
818:(similar to western Finnish dialects):
301:. Meänkieli is recognized in Sweden as
2291:
2289:
2287:
2344:
2342:
565:Meänkieli has an official status in:
345:), which all descend from the larger
152:
7:
1707:"Ett språk under ständig utveckling"
1660:. Taylor & Francis. p. 94.
422:parish, which is situated along the
1089:9) Meänkieli often uses the ending
3343:Languages between parentheses are
1113:'of the houses' (Finnish: talojen)
1031:'positive' (Finnish: positiivinen)
1019:'politician' (Finnish: politiikko)
880:'you come' ('tulette' in Finnish)
25:
2046:Radio, Sveriges (20 April 2016).
2000:(in Tornedalen Finnish). Kaamos.
844:Meänkieli often has the geminate
303:country's five minority languages
2852:
2401:
1101:'of the fish' (Finnish: kalojen)
1066:= it is not (Finnish: se ei ole)
1013:'politics' (Finnish: politiikka)
941:= 'resource' (Finnish: resurssi)
929:= 'culture' (Finnish: kulttuuri)
892:'they eat' ('syövät' in Finnish)
771:'dynamite' (Finnish: dynamiitti)
192:
1559:This example is taken from the
1107:'of the men' (Finnish: miesten)
285:(literally 'our language'), or
3347:of the language on their left.
1876:(in Finnish). 31 December 1999
1813:(in Finnish). 31 December 1999
1688:(in Finnish). 31 December 1999
1054:= you are (Finnish: sinä olet)
874:'we go' ('menemme' in Finnish)
493:Luleå University of Technology
1:
2487:Recognized minority languages
1084:= they are (Finnish: he ovat)
1072:= we are (Finnish: me olemme)
935:= 'music' (Finnish: musiikki)
980:'violet' (Finnish: violetti)
801:'of the war (Finnish: sodan)
707:W – kaksois-vee/tupla-vee –
430:on the border of Finland in
406:Finnish. In 1826, the state
1048:= I am (Finnish: minä olen)
1007:'modern' (Finnish: moderni)
1001:'police' (Finnish: poliisi)
968:'prison' (Finnish: vankila)
886:'buys' ('ostaa' in Finnish)
831:'to look' (Finnish: katsoa)
3404:
1222:informašuuni = information
1025:'vowel' (Finnish: vokaali)
624:
3329:
2850:
2659:
1832:Hur vi förlorade Norrland
825:'forest' (Finnish: metsä)
789:'their' (Finnish: heidän)
777:'to eat' (Finnish: syödä)
561:Geographical distribution
254:
242:
42:
37:
2791:Siberian Ingrian Finnish
2662:List of Uralic languages
1788:(in Finnish). 1999-12-31
1738:(in Swedish). 2022-07-15
795:'your' (Finnish: teidän)
765:'to do' (Finnish: tehdä)
103:(70,000 cited 1997–2020)
2354:meankielensanakirja.com
2272:meankielensanakirja.com
2248:meankielensanakirja.com
2224:meankielensanakirja.com
2200:meankielensanakirja.com
2126:meankielensanakirja.com
2102:meankielensanakirja.com
1643:(subscription required)
1540:
1528:
1516:
1504:
1492:
1480:
1468:
1460:
1448:
1436:
1424:
1412:
1400:
1388:
1376:
1368:
1356:
1348:
1336:
1328:
1320:'along with, company' (
1316:
1304:
1292:
1284:
1272:
1264:
1256:
1244:
962:'color' (Finnish: väri)
855:'smoke' (Finnish: savu)
841:'who' (Finnish: jotka)
783:'our' (Finnish: meidän)
505:
293:or a group of distinct
280:
44:
2420:Ridanpää, Juha (2018)
2350:"Meänkielen sanakirja"
1997:Meänkielen kramatiikki
1945:"Ortnamn på meänkieli"
1604:Demographics of Sweden
1308:'to have a habit of' (
1124:10) Personal pronouns.
974:'bowl' (Finnish: vati)
861:'key' (Finnish: avain)
446:
333:(spoken in Kiruna and
2580:Swedish Sign Language
615:Jokkmokk municipality
444:
311:Torne Valley dialects
160:Torne Valley dialects
2697:Northeastern coastal
2410:at Wikimedia Commons
2022:"Meankieli language"
1657:The Uralic Languages
1496:'to think, ponder' (
1168:3rd person singular
1157:2nd person singular
1146:1st person singular
1093:in plural genitives:
905:form corresponds to
538:Peräpohjola dialects
531:Status as a language
489:Stockholm University
412:Lars Levi Laestadius
3388:Languages of Sweden
2463:Languages of Sweden
2374:"Språket meänkieli"
2322:"Språket meänkieli"
1757:"Språket meänkieli"
1567:
1132:
897:4) Past participle:
814:clusters, there is
732:in 2016 a letter š
347:Peräpohjola dialect
184:Recognised minority
2679:Bjarmian languages
2416:Torniolaaksolaiset
1566:
1201:3rd person plural
1190:2nd person plural
1179:1st person plural
1131:
547:University of Oulu
477:Torne River Valley
460:minority languages
447:
374:, areas that were
339:Gällivare dialects
165:Gällivare dialects
18:Meänkieli dialects
3355:
3354:
3339:extinct languages
3150:
3149:
3023:Northwestern Mari
2958:
2957:
2619:
2618:
2470:Official language
2428:169 (2), 187–203.
2406:Media related to
2007:978-91-87410-19-2
1874:www.kielikello.fi
1811:www.kielikello.fi
1686:www.kielikello.fi
1667:978-1-317-23097-7
1641:(18th ed., 2015)
1595:
1594:
1440:'to drink beer' (
1332:'when, as, since'
1211:
1210:
627:Meänkieli grammar
613:and northeastern
392:dialect continuum
306:to some level.
276:
275:
16:(Redirected from
3395:
3383:Finnish dialects
3378:Finnic languages
3215:
3201:
3080:
2989:
2868:
2856:
2779:Siberian Finnish
2725:
2653:Uralic languages
2646:
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2018:
2012:
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1991:
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1956:
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1495:
1483:
1471:
1463:
1451:
1439:
1427:
1415:
1403:
1391:
1379:
1371:
1359:
1351:
1339:
1331:
1319:
1307:
1295:
1287:
1276:'to get along' (
1275:
1267:
1259:
1247:
1236:Swedish language
1133:
735:
719:Å – ruotti oo –
508:
408:Church of Sweden
380:Swedish speaking
283:
270:
259:
247:
238:
222:
215:
197:
196:
186:language in
113:
47:
30:
21:
3403:
3402:
3398:
3397:
3396:
3394:
3393:
3392:
3358:
3357:
3356:
3351:
3350:
3325:
3319:Proto-Samoyedic
3287:
3255:
3209:
3195:
3146:
3102:Southern Khanty
3097:Northern Khanty
3078:
3060:
3027:
2999:
2979:
2977:Shoksha dialect
2954:
2918:
2857:
2848:
2803:Karelian proper
2719:
2664:
2655:
2650:
2620:
2615:
2589:Other languages
2584:
2568:
2557:Balkan dialects
2481:
2465:
2460:
2398:
2393:
2392:
2383:
2381:
2372:
2371:
2367:
2358:
2356:
2348:
2347:
2340:
2331:
2329:
2320:
2319:
2315:
2306:
2304:
2295:
2294:
2285:
2276:
2274:
2266:
2265:
2261:
2252:
2250:
2242:
2241:
2237:
2228:
2226:
2218:
2217:
2213:
2204:
2202:
2194:
2193:
2189:
2180:
2178:
2169:
2168:
2164:
2155:
2153:
2144:
2143:
2139:
2130:
2128:
2120:
2119:
2115:
2106:
2104:
2096:
2095:
2091:
2082:
2080:
2071:
2070:
2066:
2057:
2055:
2045:
2044:
2040:
2030:
2028:
2020:
2019:
2015:
2008:
1993:
1992:
1988:
1979:
1977:
1968:
1967:
1963:
1954:
1952:
1943:
1942:
1938:
1929:
1927:
1918:
1917:
1913:
1904:
1902:
1893:
1892:
1888:
1879:
1877:
1868:
1867:
1863:
1854:
1852:
1843:
1842:
1838:
1830:L.W.A Douglas,
1829:
1825:
1816:
1814:
1805:
1804:
1800:
1791:
1789:
1780:
1779:
1775:
1766:
1764:
1755:
1754:
1750:
1741:
1739:
1730:
1729:
1725:
1716:
1714:
1705:
1704:
1700:
1691:
1689:
1680:
1679:
1675:
1668:
1653:
1652:
1648:
1642:
1631:
1627:
1622:
1600:
1557:
1232:
1082:Non/Noova/Hoova
757:(in loanwords):
746:
638:
629:
623:
563:
533:
497:Umeå University
456:
454:Meänkieli today
432:Swedish Lapland
396:Realm of Sweden
372:Gulf of Bothnia
363:
341:(spoken around
291:Finnic language
272:
271:
262:
250:
234:
218:
211:
201:
191:
187:
185:
178:Official status
149:
114:
111:Language family
109:
100:
99:Native speakers
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3401:
3399:
3391:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3360:
3359:
3353:
3352:
3349:
3348:
3341:
3331:
3330:
3327:
3326:
3324:
3323:
3322:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3295:
3293:
3289:
3288:
3286:
3285:
3278:
3271:
3263:
3261:
3257:
3256:
3254:
3253:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3235:
3234:
3229:
3219:
3218:
3217:
3203:
3182:
3181:
3180:
3166:
3160:
3158:
3152:
3151:
3148:
3147:
3145:
3144:
3143:
3142:
3139:Southern Mansi
3135:
3128:
3121:
3119:Northern Mansi
3111:
3110:
3109:
3107:Eastern Khanty
3104:
3099:
3088:
3086:
3077:
3076:
3070:
3068:
3062:
3061:
3059:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3037:
3035:
3029:
3028:
3026:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3009:
3007:
3001:
3000:
2998:
2997:
2992:
2991:
2990:
2968:
2966:
2960:
2959:
2956:
2955:
2953:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2926:
2924:
2920:
2919:
2917:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2894:
2887:
2882:
2874:
2872:
2865:
2859:
2858:
2851:
2849:
2847:
2846:
2845:
2844:
2839:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2816:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2795:
2794:
2793:
2783:
2782:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2756:
2755:
2754:
2753:
2752:
2745:
2738:
2731:
2726:
2714:
2709:
2702:South Estonian
2699:
2694:
2682:
2674:
2672:
2666:
2665:
2660:
2657:
2656:
2651:
2649:
2648:
2641:
2634:
2626:
2617:
2616:
2614:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2592:
2590:
2586:
2585:
2583:
2582:
2576:
2574:
2573:Sign languages
2570:
2569:
2567:
2566:
2561:
2560:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2534:
2533:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2502:
2497:
2491:
2489:
2483:
2482:
2480:
2479:
2473:
2471:
2467:
2466:
2461:
2459:
2458:
2451:
2444:
2436:
2430:
2429:
2418:
2412:
2411:
2397:
2396:External links
2394:
2391:
2390:
2365:
2338:
2313:
2283:
2259:
2235:
2211:
2187:
2162:
2137:
2113:
2089:
2064:
2052:Sveriges Radio
2038:
2013:
2006:
1986:
1961:
1936:
1911:
1886:
1861:
1850:Sveriges Radio
1836:
1823:
1798:
1773:
1748:
1736:www.sigtuna.se
1723:
1698:
1673:
1666:
1646:
1624:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1617:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1599:
1596:
1593:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1579:
1578:
1575:
1572:
1556:
1553:
1552:
1551:
1545:
1537:
1525:
1513:
1501:
1489:
1477:
1465:
1464:'feminine man'
1457:
1445:
1433:
1421:
1409:
1397:
1385:
1373:
1365:
1353:
1345:
1333:
1325:
1313:
1301:
1289:
1281:
1269:
1261:
1253:
1231:
1228:
1227:
1226:
1223:
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1208:
1205:
1202:
1198:
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1191:
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1143:
1142:
1139:
1136:
1121:
1120:
1114:
1108:
1102:
1086:
1085:
1079:
1073:
1067:
1061:
1055:
1049:
1033:
1032:
1026:
1020:
1014:
1008:
1002:
982:
981:
975:
969:
963:
943:
942:
936:
930:
894:
893:
887:
881:
875:
863:
862:
856:
833:
832:
826:
803:
802:
796:
790:
784:
778:
772:
766:
745:
742:
727:
726:
723:
720:
717:
716:Z – tset(a) –
714:
711:
708:
705:
702:
699:
696:
693:
690:
687:
684:
681:
678:
675:
672:
669:
666:
663:
660:
657:
654:
651:
648:
645:
642:
637:
634:
625:Main article:
622:
619:
562:
559:
532:
529:
501:Bengt Pohjanen
455:
452:
362:
359:
274:
273:
261:
260:
252:
251:
248:
240:
239:
232:
224:
223:
216:
208:
207:
206:Language codes
203:
202:
190:
188:
183:
180:
179:
175:
174:
173:
172:
167:
162:
155:
151:
150:
148:
147:
146:
145:
144:
143:
142:
141:
117:
115:
108:
105:
104:
101:
98:
95:
94:
89:
85:
84:
63:
59:
58:
53:
52:Native to
49:
48:
40:
39:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3400:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3365:
3363:
3346:
3342:
3340:
3336:
3333:
3332:
3328:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3301:
3300:
3297:
3296:
3294:
3292:Reconstructed
3290:
3284:
3283:
3279:
3277:
3276:
3272:
3270:
3269:
3265:
3264:
3262:
3258:
3252:
3251:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3233:
3232:Tundra Nenets
3230:
3228:
3227:Forest Nenets
3225:
3224:
3223:
3220:
3216:
3213:
3208:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3194:
3190:
3189:
3188:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3178:
3174:
3173:
3172:
3171:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3161:
3159:
3157:
3153:
3141:
3140:
3136:
3134:
3133:
3132:Eastern Mansi
3129:
3127:
3126:
3125:Western Mansi
3122:
3120:
3117:
3116:
3115:
3112:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3094:
3093:
3090:
3089:
3087:
3085:
3081:
3075:
3072:
3071:
3069:
3067:
3063:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3038:
3036:
3034:
3030:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3010:
3008:
3006:
3002:
2996:
2993:
2987:
2983:
2978:
2975:
2974:
2973:
2970:
2969:
2967:
2965:
2961:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2927:
2925:
2921:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2899:
2895:
2893:
2892:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2880:
2876:
2875:
2873:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2860:
2855:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2837:
2833:
2832:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2800:
2799:
2796:
2792:
2789:
2788:
2787:
2784:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2761:
2760:
2757:
2751:
2750:
2746:
2744:
2743:
2739:
2737:
2736:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2723:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2704:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2692:
2691:Laiuse Romani
2688:
2687:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2680:
2676:
2675:
2673:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2658:
2654:
2647:
2642:
2640:
2635:
2633:
2628:
2627:
2624:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2593:
2591:
2587:
2581:
2578:
2577:
2575:
2571:
2565:
2562:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2552:Vlax dialects
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2539:
2538:
2535:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2507:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2492:
2490:
2488:
2484:
2478:
2475:
2474:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2457:
2452:
2450:
2445:
2443:
2438:
2437:
2434:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2413:
2409:
2404:
2400:
2399:
2395:
2379:
2375:
2369:
2366:
2355:
2351:
2345:
2343:
2339:
2327:
2323:
2317:
2314:
2302:
2298:
2292:
2290:
2288:
2284:
2273:
2269:
2263:
2260:
2249:
2245:
2239:
2236:
2225:
2221:
2215:
2212:
2201:
2197:
2191:
2188:
2176:
2172:
2166:
2163:
2151:
2147:
2141:
2138:
2127:
2123:
2117:
2114:
2103:
2099:
2093:
2090:
2078:
2074:
2068:
2065:
2053:
2049:
2042:
2039:
2027:
2023:
2017:
2014:
2009:
2003:
1999:
1998:
1990:
1987:
1975:
1971:
1965:
1962:
1950:
1946:
1940:
1937:
1925:
1921:
1915:
1912:
1900:
1896:
1890:
1887:
1875:
1871:
1865:
1862:
1851:
1847:
1840:
1837:
1833:
1827:
1824:
1812:
1808:
1802:
1799:
1787:
1783:
1777:
1774:
1762:
1758:
1752:
1749:
1737:
1733:
1727:
1724:
1712:
1708:
1702:
1699:
1687:
1683:
1677:
1674:
1669:
1663:
1659:
1658:
1650:
1647:
1640:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1626:
1619:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1609:Kven language
1607:
1605:
1602:
1601:
1597:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1580:
1576:
1573:
1570:
1569:
1564:
1562:
1554:
1549:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1535:
1530:
1526:
1523:
1518:
1514:
1511:
1506:
1502:
1499:
1494:
1490:
1487:
1482:
1478:
1475:
1472:'breakfast' (
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1455:
1450:
1446:
1443:
1438:
1434:
1431:
1426:
1422:
1419:
1414:
1410:
1407:
1402:
1398:
1395:
1390:
1386:
1383:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1363:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1343:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1323:
1318:
1314:
1311:
1306:
1302:
1299:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1279:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1251:
1246:
1242:
1241:
1240:
1237:
1229:
1224:
1221:
1218:
1217:
1216:
1215:
1206:
1203:
1200:
1199:
1195:
1192:
1189:
1188:
1184:
1181:
1178:
1177:
1173:
1170:
1167:
1166:
1162:
1159:
1156:
1155:
1151:
1148:
1145:
1144:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1134:
1129:
1126:
1125:
1118:
1115:
1112:
1109:
1106:
1103:
1100:
1097:
1096:
1095:
1094:
1092:
1083:
1080:
1077:
1074:
1071:
1068:
1065:
1062:
1059:
1056:
1053:
1050:
1047:
1044:
1043:
1042:
1041:
1039:
1030:
1027:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1015:
1012:
1009:
1006:
1003:
1000:
997:
996:
995:
994:
992:
988:
979:
976:
973:
970:
967:
964:
961:
958:
957:
956:
955:
953:
949:
940:
937:
934:
931:
928:
925:
924:
923:
922:
920:
916:
910:
908:
904:
899:
898:
891:
888:
885:
882:
879:
876:
873:
870:
869:
868:
867:
860:
857:
854:
851:
850:
849:
847:
842:
840:
836:
830:
827:
824:
821:
820:
819:
817:
813:
808:
807:
800:
797:
794:
791:
788:
785:
782:
779:
776:
773:
770:
767:
764:
761:
760:
759:
758:
756:
752:
743:
741:
739:
730:
724:
721:
718:
715:
712:
709:
706:
703:
700:
697:
694:
691:
688:
685:
682:
679:
676:
673:
670:
667:
664:
661:
658:
655:
652:
649:
646:
643:
640:
639:
635:
633:
628:
620:
618:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
560:
558:
556:
552:
551:Swedification
548:
544:
539:
530:
528:
526:
522:
521:P4 Norrbotten
517:
515:
510:
507:
502:
498:
494:
490:
484:
482:
478:
474:
470:
464:
461:
453:
451:
443:
439:
435:
433:
429:
428:Arctic Circle
426:north of the
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
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389:
385:
381:
377:
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369:
360:
358:
355:
352:
351:Kven language
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
325:and parts of
324:
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79:
75:
71:
67:
64:
60:
57:
54:
50:
46:
41:
36:
31:
19:
3373:Tornedalians
3334:
3309:Proto-Finnic
3299:Proto-Uralic
3280:
3273:
3266:
3248:
3205:
3191:
3184:
3175:
3168:
3137:
3130:
3123:
3051:Komi-Permyak
2923:Western Sámi
2896:
2889:
2877:
2871:Eastern Sámi
2834:
2773:
2747:
2740:
2733:
2689:
2677:
2547:Scandoromani
2542:Finnish Kalo
2499:
2425:
2382:. Retrieved
2380:(in Swedish)
2377:
2368:
2357:. Retrieved
2353:
2330:. Retrieved
2328:(in Swedish)
2325:
2316:
2305:. Retrieved
2303:(in Swedish)
2300:
2275:. Retrieved
2271:
2262:
2251:. Retrieved
2247:
2238:
2227:. Retrieved
2223:
2214:
2203:. Retrieved
2199:
2190:
2179:. Retrieved
2177:(in Swedish)
2174:
2165:
2154:. Retrieved
2152:(in Swedish)
2149:
2140:
2129:. Retrieved
2125:
2116:
2105:. Retrieved
2101:
2092:
2081:. Retrieved
2079:(in Swedish)
2076:
2067:
2056:. Retrieved
2054:(in Finnish)
2051:
2041:
2029:. Retrieved
2025:
2016:
1996:
1989:
1978:. Retrieved
1976:(in Swedish)
1973:
1964:
1953:. Retrieved
1951:(in Swedish)
1948:
1939:
1928:. Retrieved
1926:(in Swedish)
1924:Minoritet.se
1923:
1914:
1903:. Retrieved
1901:(in Swedish)
1898:
1889:
1878:. Retrieved
1873:
1864:
1853:. Retrieved
1849:
1839:
1831:
1826:
1815:. Retrieved
1810:
1801:
1790:. Retrieved
1785:
1776:
1765:. Retrieved
1763:(in Swedish)
1760:
1751:
1740:. Retrieved
1735:
1726:
1715:. Retrieved
1713:(in Swedish)
1711:Minoritet.se
1710:
1701:
1690:. Retrieved
1685:
1676:
1656:
1649:
1636:
1628:
1614:Sweden Finns
1558:
1547:
1544:'to have to'
1533:
1521:
1509:
1497:
1485:
1473:
1441:
1429:
1428:'to knock' (
1417:
1405:
1393:
1381:
1380:'to speak' (
1361:
1341:
1321:
1309:
1297:
1277:
1249:
1233:
1219:šinkka = ham
1213:
1212:
1127:
1123:
1122:
1116:
1110:
1104:
1098:
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1088:
1087:
1081:
1075:
1069:
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1057:
1051:
1045:
1037:
1036:8) The verb
1035:
1034:
1029:pusitiivinen
1028:
1022:
1017:pulitiikkeri
1016:
1010:
1004:
998:
990:
986:
984:
983:
977:
971:
965:
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951:
947:
945:
944:
938:
932:
926:
918:
914:
912:
911:
906:
902:
901:The Finnish
900:
896:
895:
889:
883:
877:
871:
865:
864:
858:
852:
845:
843:
838:
837:
834:
828:
822:
815:
811:
809:
805:
804:
798:
792:
786:
780:
774:
768:
762:
754:
750:
748:
747:
740:letters sj.
731:
728:
630:
564:
555:Tornedalians
534:
518:
514:Mikael Niemi
511:
485:
473:Tornedalians
465:
457:
448:
436:
424:Muonio River
364:
356:
308:
286:
278:
277:
227:
138:
92:Tornedalians
3275:Meshcherian
3210: [
3196: [
3018:Meadow Mari
2980: [
2720: [
2601:East Danish
2596:Dalecarlian
2378:www.isof.se
2326:www.isof.se
2301:www.isof.se
2175:www.isof.se
2150:www.isof.se
2077:www.isof.se
2031:15 February
1974:www.isof.se
1949:www.isof.se
1899:www.isof.se
1895:"Meänkieli"
1761:www.isof.se
1550:'to mature'
1520:'freezer' (
1508:'English' (
1340:'to fish' (
1268:'it is not'
1117:asunnoitten
810:Instead of
512:The author
394:within the
335:Jukkasjärvi
331:Lannankieli
299:Torne River
287:Tornedalian
170:Lannankieli
134:Peräpohjola
38:Tornedalian
3362:Categories
3314:Proto-Sámi
3046:Komi-Yazva
2384:2024-09-23
2359:2019-12-10
2332:2024-09-19
2307:2024-03-10
2277:2020-09-13
2253:2020-09-13
2229:2020-09-13
2205:2020-09-13
2181:2024-03-10
2156:2024-03-10
2131:2020-09-13
2107:2020-09-13
2083:2024-03-10
2058:2021-06-14
1980:2024-03-10
1955:2024-08-30
1930:2024-08-30
1905:2021-10-15
1880:2019-12-10
1855:2024-03-10
1817:2020-01-26
1792:2024-09-24
1786:Kielikello
1767:2024-09-24
1742:2024-09-24
1717:2024-03-10
1692:2020-01-26
1638:Ethnologue
1620:References
1571:Meänkieli
1517:fryysbuksi
1493:hunteerata
1404:'to try' (
1360:'carrot' (
1296:'potato' (
1138:Meänkieli
769:tynamiitti
710:X – äks –
704:V – vee –
698:T – tee –
689:Q – kuu –
686:P – pee –
671:K – koo –
668:J – jii –
662:H – hoo –
659:G – gee –
650:D – dee –
647:C – see –
644:B – bee –
571:Övertorneå
469:Norrbotten
420:Karesuando
414:to be the
337:) and the
319:Övertorneå
3368:Meänkieli
3345:varieties
3337:indicate
3156:Samoyedic
3074:Hungarian
3013:Hill Mari
2964:Mordvinic
2836:Krevinian
2774:Meänkieli
2764:Fingelska
2606:Elfdalian
2500:Meänkieli
2408:Meänkieli
1633:Meänkieli
1548:raavastua
1484:'field' (
1469:fruukosti
1416:'knife' (
1372:'to talk'
1357:muuruutti
1257:son/s'oon
1248:'apple' (
1111:taloitten
1105:miehitten
1099:kaloitten
1011:pulitikki
725:Ö – öö –
722:Ä – ää –
713:Y – yy –
701:U – uu –
695:S – äs –
692:R – är –
683:O – oo –
680:N – än –
677:M – äm –
674:L – äl –
665:I – ii –
656:F – äf –
653:E – ee –
641:A – aa –
599:Stockholm
579:Gällivare
575:Haparanda
481:Gällivare
418:over the
343:Gällivare
323:Haparanda
281:Meänkieli
229:Glottolog
213:ISO 639-3
139:Meänkieli
88:Ethnicity
82:Stockholm
45:meänkieli
33:Meänkieli
3304:homeland
3282:Muromian
3239:Nganasan
3084:Ob-Ugric
2945:Southern
2935:Northern
2820:Livonian
2798:Karelian
2685:Estonian
2530:Northern
2510:Southern
2026:Omniglot
1598:See also
1577:English
1574:Finnish
1532:'flag' (
1510:engelska
1505:engelska
1454:merrills
1401:pruuvata
1392:'fork' (
1377:praatata
1305:pruukata
1285:sturaani
1273:klaarata
1171:hään/se
1141:Finnish
978:fiuletti
939:resyrssi
933:mysiikki
927:kyltyyri
636:Alphabet
404:standard
236:torn1244
154:Dialects
3335:Italics
3207:Karagas
2842:Kukkuzi
2786:Ingrian
2759:Finnish
2742:Kraasna
2611:Gutnish
2564:Yiddish
2495:Finnish
2477:Swedish
1555:Example
1522:frysbox
1498:fundera
1474:frukost
1425:knakata
1389:kahveli
1369:porista
1352:'child'
1337:fiskata
1298:potatis
1260:'it is'
1076:Toletta
1023:vukaali
1005:muterni
999:puliisi
966:fankila
884:ostaapi
878:tuletta
872:menemmä
738:Swedish
621:Grammar
611:Älvsbyn
506:Lyykeri
388:Swedish
368:Finnish
361:History
295:Finnish
129:Finnish
66:Meänmaa
3260:Others
3250:Yurats
3244:Selkup
3222:Nenets
3177:Koibal
3092:Khanty
3056:Udmurt
3033:Permic
2995:Moksha
2904:Kildin
2891:Kainuu
2879:Akkala
2670:Finnic
2537:Romani
2004:
1664:
1541:häätyy
1534:flagga
1481:fältti
1461:knapsu
1437:öölata
1430:knacka
1413:kniivi
1394:gaffel
1349:kläppi
1293:potati
1288:'ugly'
1070:Molema
907:syönny
903:syönyt
859:avvain
829:kattoa
591:Kiruna
567:Pajala
495:, and
400:Russia
327:Kiruna
315:Pajala
265:UNESCO
199:Sweden
124:Finnic
119:Uralic
62:Region
56:Sweden
3268:Merya
3214:]
3200:]
3193:Taygi
3186:Mator
3170:Kamas
3164:Enets
3114:Mansi
3066:Ugric
2988:]
2972:Erzya
2909:Skolt
2885:Inari
2830:Votic
2813:Ludic
2808:Livvi
2749:Leivu
2735:Ludza
2729:Tartu
2724:]
2717:Mulgi
1529:flaku
1449:miilu
1406:prova
1382:prata
1362:morot
1342:fiska
1322:följe
1317:följy
1310:bruka
1278:klara
1250:äpple
1245:äpyli
1163:sinä
1152:minä
1091:-tten
1052:Solet
1046:Molen
890:syövä
853:savvu
839:jokka
823:mettä
607:Boden
603:Piteå
587:Kalix
583:Luleå
416:Vicar
376:ceded
289:is a
74:Luleå
70:Kalix
3041:Komi
3005:Mari
2940:Pite
2930:Lule
2898:Kemi
2863:Sámi
2825:Veps
2769:Kven
2712:Võro
2707:Seto
2525:Lule
2520:Pite
2505:Sámi
2033:2021
2002:ISBN
1662:ISBN
1486:fält
1418:kniv
1265:sole
1234:The
1204:het
1193:tet
1182:met
1174:hän
1160:sie
1149:mie
1064:Sole
1038:olla
972:fati
960:färi
799:soan
793:teän
787:heän
781:meän
775:syyä
763:tehä
597:and
595:Umeå
386:and
384:Sami
78:Umeå
2950:Ume
2914:Ter
2515:Ume
1635:at
1442:öla
1207:he
1196:te
1185:me
1058:Son
734:/ʃ/
557:.
329:),
220:fit
3364::
3212:ru
3198:ru
2986:ru
2984:;
2982:de
2722:et
2424:–
2376:.
2352:.
2341:^
2324:.
2299:.
2286:^
2270:.
2246:.
2222:.
2198:.
2173:.
2148:.
2124:.
2100:.
2075:.
2050:.
2024:.
1972:.
1947:.
1922:.
1897:.
1872:.
1848:.
1809:.
1784:.
1759:.
1734:.
1709:.
1684:.
1563::
1329:ko
848::
846:vv
816:tt
812:ts
617:.
609:,
605:,
593:,
589:,
585:,
581:,
577:,
573:,
569:,
525:P2
499:.
491:,
483:.
434:.
321:,
317:,
80:,
76:,
72:,
68:,
2645:e
2638:t
2631:v
2455:e
2448:t
2441:v
2387:.
2362:.
2335:.
2310:.
2280:.
2256:.
2232:.
2208:.
2184:.
2159:.
2134:.
2110:.
2086:.
2061:.
2035:.
2010:.
1983:.
1958:.
1933:.
1908:.
1883:.
1858:.
1820:.
1795:.
1770:.
1745:.
1720:.
1695:.
1670:.
1536:)
1524:)
1512:)
1500:)
1488:)
1476:)
1456:'
1452:'
1444:)
1432:)
1420:)
1408:)
1396:)
1384:)
1364:)
1344:)
1324:)
1312:)
1300:)
1280:)
1252:)
993::
991:o
987:u
954::
952:v
948:f
921::
919:u
915:y
755:t
751:d
20:)
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