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floods when the point bar is submerged. Typically, the sediment consists of either sand, gravel, or a combination of both. The sediment comprising some point bars might grade downstream into silty sediments. Because of the decreasing velocity and strength of current from the thalweg of the channel to the upper surface of point bar when the sediment is deposited the vertical sequence of sediments comprising a point bar becomes finer upward within an individual point bar. For example, it is typical for point bars to fine upward from gravel at the base to fine sands at the top. The source of the sediment is typically upstream cut banks from which sand, rocks and debris has been eroded, swept, and rolled across the bed of the river and downstream to the inside bank of a river bend. On the inside bend, this sediment and debris is eventually deposited on the slip-off slope of a point bar.
925:
outside of the curve and deposit sediment in the slower flowing water on the inside of the loop, in a process called lateral accretion. Scroll-bar sediments are characterized by cross-bedding and a pattern of fining upward. These characteristics are a result of the dynamic river system, where larger grains are transported during high energy flood events and then gradually die down, depositing smaller material with time (Batty 2006). Deposits for meandering rivers are generally homogeneous and laterally extensive unlike the more heterogeneous braided river deposits. There are two distinct patterns of scroll-bar depositions; the eddy accretion scroll bar pattern and the point-bar scroll pattern. When looking down the river valley they can be distinguished because the point-bar scroll patterns are convex and the eddy accretion scroll bar patterns are concave.
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839:. An antecedent stream or river is one that maintains its original course and pattern during incision despite the changes in underlying rock topography and rock types. However, later geologists argue that the shape of an incised meander is not always, if ever, "inherited", e.g., strictly from an antecedent meandering stream where its meander pattern could freely develop on a level floodplain. Instead, they argue that as fluvial incision of bedrock proceeds, the stream course is significantly modified by variations in rock type and
816:
879:. Such lakes form regularly in undisturbed floodplains as a result of the normal process of fluvial meandering. Either a river or stream forms a sinuous channel as the outer side of its bends are eroded away and sediments accumulate on the inner side, which forms a meandering horseshoe-shaped bend. Eventually as the result of its meandering, the fluvial channel cuts through the narrow neck of the meander and forms a cutoff meander. The final break-through of the neck, which is called a
570:, which, given the same velocity at the end of the drop as at the beginning, is removed by interaction with the material of the stream bed. The shortest distance; that is, a straight channel, results in the highest energy per unit of length, disrupting the banks more, creating more sediment and aggrading the stream. The presence of meanders allows the stream to adjust the length to an equilibrium energy per unit length in which the stream carries away all the sediment that it produces.
261:
unaffected by the boundary layer. Therefore, within the boundary layer, pressure force dominates and fluid moves along the bottom of the river from the outside bend to the inside bend. This initiates helicoidal flow: Along the river bed, fluid roughly follows the curve of the channel but is also forced toward the inside bend; away from the river bed, fluid also roughly follows the curve of the channel but is forced, to some extent, from the inside to the outside bend.
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225:, in which water moves from the outer to the inner bank along the river bed, then flows back to the outer bank near the surface of the river. This in turn increases carrying capacity for sediments on the outer bank and reduces it on the inner bank, so that sediments are eroded from the outer bank and redeposited on the inner bank of the next downstream meander.
38:
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next downstream meander, and not on the point bar opposite it. This can be seen in areas where trees grow on the banks of rivers; on the inside of meanders, trees, such as willows, are often far from the bank, whilst on the outside of the bend, the tree roots are often exposed and undercut, eventually leading the trees to fall into the river.
212:
624:. Erosion that forms a cut bank occurs at the outside bank of a meander because helicoidal flow of water keeps the bank washed clean of loose sand, silt, and sediment and subjects it to constant erosion. As a result, the meander erodes and migrates in the direction of the outside bend, forming the cut bank.
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In case of an entrenched river, a slip-off slope is a gently sloping bedrock surface that rises from the inside, concave bank of an asymmetrically entrenched river. This type of slip-off slope is often covered by a thin, discontinuous layer of alluvium. It is produced by the gradual outward migration
405:
Various mathematical formulae relate the variables of the meander geometry. As it turns out some numerical parameters can be established, which appear in the formulae. The waveform depends ultimately on the characteristics of the flow but the parameters are independent of it and apparently are caused
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exists within the thin layer of fluid that interacts with the river bed. Inside that layer and following standard boundary-layer theory, the velocity of the fluid is effectively zero. Centrifugal force, which depends on velocity, is also therefore effectively zero. Pressure force, however, remains
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Scroll bars often look lighter at the tops of the ridges and darker in the swales. This is because the tops can be shaped by wind, either adding fine grains or by keeping the area unvegetated, while the darkness in the swales can be attributed to silts and clays washing in during high water periods.
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Scroll-bars are a result of continuous lateral migration of a meander loop that creates an asymmetrical ridge and swale topography on the inside of the bends. The topography is generally parallel to the meander, and is related to migrating bar forms and back bar chutes, which carve sediment from the
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As the cut bank is undermined by erosion, it commonly collapses as slumps into the river channel. The slumped sediment, having been broken up by slumping, is readily eroded and carried toward the middle of the channel. The sediment eroded from a cut bank tends to be deposited on the point bar of the
536:
theory can take many forms but one of the most general statements is that of
Scheidegger: "The meander train is assumed to be the result of the stochastic fluctuations of the direction of flow due to the random presence of direction-changing obstacles in the river path." Given a flat, smooth, tilted
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of the earth can cause a small imbalance in velocity distribution, such that velocity on one bank is higher than on the other, it could trigger the erosion on one bank and deposition of sediment on the other that produces meanders
However, Coriolis forces are likely insignificant compared with other
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means having to do with the deeper, or tectonic (plate) structure of the rock. The features included under these categories are not random and guide streams into non-random paths. They are predictable obstacles that instigate meander formation by deflecting the stream. For example, the stream might
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The sinuosity index plays a part in mathematical descriptions of streams. The index may require elaboration, because the valley may meander as well—i.e., the downvalley length is not identical to the reach. In that case the valley index is the meander ratio of the valley while the channel index is
886:
After a cutoff meander is formed, river water flows into its end from the river builds small delta-like feature into either end of it during floods. These delta-like features block either end of the cutoff meander to form a stagnant oxbow lake that is separated from the flow of the fluvial channel
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that is formed by the slow, often episodic, addition of individual accretions of noncohesive sediment on the inside bank of a meander by the accompanying migration of the channel toward its outer bank. This process is called lateral accretion. Lateral accretion occurs mostly during high water or
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as a subtype of incised meanders (inclosed meanders) characterized by a symmetrical valley sides. He argues that the symmetrical valley sides are the direct result of rapid down-cutting of a watercourse into bedrock. In addition, as proposed by Rich, Thornbury argues that incised valleys with a
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Since the flow velocity is diminished, so is the centrifugal pressure. The pressure of the super-elevated column prevails, developing an unbalanced gradient that moves water back across the bottom from the outside to the inside. The flow is supplied by a counter-flow across the surface from the
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can refer to two different fluvial landforms that comprise the inner, convex, bank of a meander loop. In case of a freely meandering river on a floodplain, a slip-off slope is the inside, gently sloping bank of a meander on which sediments episodically accumulate to form a point bar as a river
350:
At any cross-section the flow is following the sinuous axis, the centerline of the bed. Two consecutive crossing points of sinuous and down-valley axes define a meander loop. The meander is two consecutive loops pointing in opposite transverse directions. The distance of one meander along the
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Sinuosity Index has a non-mathematical utility as well. Streams can be placed in categories arranged by it; for example, when the index is between 1 and 1.5 the river is sinuous, but if between 1.5 and 4, then meandering. The index is a measure also of stream velocity and sediment load, those
1010:, which should be at least 20 times the average fullbank channel width. The length of the stream is measured by channel, or thalweg, length over the reach, while the bottom value of the ratio is the downvalley length or air distance of the stream between two points on it defining the reach.
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of drops produce rivulets at random. Natural surfaces are rough and erodible to different degrees. The result of all the physical factors acting at random is channels that are not straight, which then progressively become sinuous. Even channels that appear straight have a sinuous
1570:, p. 432. "In the absence of secondary flow, bend flow seeks to conserve angular momentum so that it tends to conform to that of a free vortex with high velocity at the smaller radius of the inner bank and lower velocity at the outer bank where radial acceleration is lower."
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to the down-valley axis intersecting the sinuous axis at the apex. As the loop is not ideal, additional information is needed to characterize it. The orientation angle is the angle between sinuous axis and down-valley axis at any point on the sinuous axis.
228:
When a fluid is introduced to an initially straight channel which then bends, the sidewalls induce a pressure gradient that causes the fluid to alter course and follow the bend. From here, two opposing processes occur: (1) irrotational flow and (2)
433:, or shallow beds, while at the apices are pools. In a pool direction of flow is downward, scouring the bed material. The major volume, however, flows more slowly on the inside of the bend where, due to decreased velocity, it deposits sediment.
1582:, p. 432. "Near the bed, where velocity and thus the centrifugal effects are lowest, the balance of forces is dominated by the inward hydraulic gradient of the super-elevated water surface and secondary flow moves toward the inner bank."
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the meander ratio of the channel. The channel sinuosity index is the channel length divided by the valley length and the standard sinuosity index is the channel index divided by the valley index. Distinctions may become even more subtle.
1352:
Martínez, Alberto A. (March 2014). "The questionable inventions of the clever Dr. Einstein: József Illy: The practical
Einstein: Experiments, patents, inventions. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2012, xiv+202pp, $ 60.00 HB".
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and therefore result in erosion. Similarly, lower velocities at the inside bend cause lower shear stresses and deposition occurs. Thus meander bends erode at the outside bend, causing the river to becoming increasingly sinuous (until
41:
A stream bed following a tilted valley. The maximum gradient is along the down-valley axis represented by a hypothetical straight coast channel. Meanders develop, which lengthen the course of the stream, decreasing the
468:. In the words of Elizabeth A. Wood: "...this process of making meanders seems to be a self-intensifying process...in which greater curvature results in more erosion of the bank, which results in greater curvature..."
2092:
G. Wasser (2005). "A Comparison Of
Meandering River Deposits From The Middle Belly River And Horsefly With Recent Milk River Valley Deposits; Central And Southern Alberta". Calgary, Alberta: Canadian Natural Resource
887:
and independent of the river. During floods, the flood waters deposit fine-grained sediment into the oxbow lake. As a result, oxbow lakes tend to become filled in with fine-grained, organic-rich sediments over time.
1546:, p. 432. “One of the important consequences of helical flow in meanders is that sediment eroded from the outside of a meander bend tends to move to the inner bank or point bar of the next downstream bend.”
140:. The sinuosity of a watercourse is the ratio of the length of the channel to the straight line down-valley distance. Streams or rivers with a single channel and sinuosities of 1.5 or more are defined as
256:: A force balance exists between pressure forces pointing to the inside bend of the river and centrifugal forces pointing to the outside bend of the river. In the context of meandering rivers, a
608:
is an often vertical bank or cliff that forms where the outside, concave bank of a meander cuts into the floodplain or valley wall of a river or stream. A cutbank is also known either as a
440:
or thalweg line. It is typically designated the borderline when rivers are used as political borders. The thalweg hugs the outer banks and returns to center over the riffles. The meander
180:(and in later Greek thought) the name of the river had become a common noun meaning anything convoluted and winding, such as decorative patterns or speech and ideas, as well as the
3155:
883:, often occurs during a major flood because that is when the watercourse is out of its banks and can flow directly across the neck and erode it with the full force of the flood.
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which sweeps dense eroded material towards the inside of the bend, and leaves the outside of the bend unprotected and vulnerable to accelerated erosion. This establishes a
406:
by geologic factors. In general the meander length is 10–14 times, with an average 11 times, the fullbank channel width and 3 to 5 times, with an average of 4.7 times, the
402:, it extends beyond the meander belt. The meander is then said to be free—it can be found anywhere in the flood plain. If there is no flood plain, the meanders are fixed.
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and sweeps dense eroded material towards the inside of the bend. The cross-current then rises to the surface near the inside and flows towards the outside, forming the
366:
varies from a maximum at the apex to zero at a crossing point (straight line), also called an inflection, because the curvature changes direction in that vicinity. The
273:
events occur). Deposition at the inside bend occurs such that for most natural meandering rivers, the river width remains nearly constant, even as the river evolves.
694:
in
English is a nontechnical word in the southwest United States for either a small secluded valley, an alcove or angular recess in a cliff, or a bend in a river.
929:
This added sediment in addition to water that catches in the swales is in turn is a favorable environment for vegetation that will also accumulate in the swales.
875:, which is the most common type of fluvial lake, is a crescent-shaped lake that derives its name from its distinctive curved shape. Oxbow lakes are also known as
1722:
D'Alessandro, Leandro; Miccadei, Enrico; Piacentini, Tommaso (November 2008). "Morphotectonic study of the lower Sangro River valley (Abruzzi, Central Italy)".
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meanders. This type of slip-off slope is located opposite the cutbank. This term can also be applied to the inside, sloping bank of a meandering tidal channel.
336:, are one line thick, but in the case of a stream the width must be taken into consideration. The bankfull width is the distance across the bed at an average
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bank. The meander belt is defined by an average meander width measured from outer bank to outer bank instead of from centerline to centerline. If there is a
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682:. As in the case of the Anderson Bottom Rincon, incised meanders that have either steep-sided, often vertical walls, are often, but not always, known as
127:. It typically ranges from 15 to 18 times the width of the channel. Over time, meanders migrate downstream, sometimes in such a short time as to create
3148:
1322:
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672:, is a meander that has been abandoned by its stream after the formation of a neck cutoff. A lake that occupies a cutoff meander is known as an
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Once a channel begins to follow a sinusoidal path, the amplitude and concavity of the loops increase dramatically. This is due to the effect of
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1997:
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we would expect low fluid velocity at the outside bend and high fluid velocity at the inside bend. This classic fluid mechanics result is
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to the curve such that the sum of all the amplitudes measured from it is zero. This axis represents the overall direction of the stream.
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As to why streams of any size become sinuous in the first place, there are a number of theories, not necessarily mutually exclusive.
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Depending upon whether a meander is part of an entrenched river or part of a freely meandering river within a floodplain, the term
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in the
Menderes Massif, but has a flood plain much wider than the meander zone in its lower reach. Its modern Turkish name is the
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2406:
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Singh, R.Y. (2005). "Interface drainage analysis of a water divide". In Jansky, Libor; Haigh, Martin J.; Prasad, Hushila (eds.).
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999:. A perfectly straight river would have a meander ratio of 1 (it would be the same length as its valley), while the higher this
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Meanders are a result of the interaction of water flowing through a curved channel with the underlying river bed. This produces
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Canyonlands
Country, A Guidebook of the Four Corners Geological Society Eighth Field Conference — September 22–25, 1975.
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479:. The greater the curvature of the bend, and the faster the flow, the stronger is the cross-current and the sweeping.
494:. This secondary flow carries sediment from the outside of the bend to the inside making the river more meandering.
64:
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2321:. Kluwer Academic Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences. Dordrecht; Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers. pp. 430–434.
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https://www.ideals.illinois.edu/bitstream/handle/2142/92706/WEISS-DISSERTATION-2016.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
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of the meander as a river cuts downward into bedrock. A terrace on the slip-off slope of a meander spur, known as
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Weiss, Samantha
Freeman. (April 2016). Meandering River Dynamics (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from Ideals.
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length is the distance along the thalweg over one meander. The river length is the length along the centerline.
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Sinuosity indices are calculated from the map or from an aerial photograph measured over a distance called the
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Toonen, W.H., Kleinhans, M.G. and Cohen, K.M., 2012. "Sedimentary architecture of abandoned channel fills."
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of the terrain and the transport capacity of the stream is reached. A mass of water descending must give up
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As noted above, it was initially either argued or presumed that an incised meander is characteristic of an
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1789:"Secondary circulation in a region of flow curvature: Relationship with tidal forcing and river discharge"
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War
Department, Corps of Engineers, Mississippi River Commission, Vicksburg, Mississippi. 2 Vols., 82 pp.
743:. Some Earth scientists recognize and use a finer subdivision of incised meanders. Thornbury argues that
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Gürbüz, Alper; Kazancı, Nizamettin (2019). "The Büyük
Menderes River: Origin of Meandering Phenomenon".
776:. Regardless, the formation of both entrenched meanders and ingrown meanders is thought to require that
355:. The maximum distance from the down-valley axis to the sinuous axis of a loop is the meander width or
1922:
Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series, Vol. 3. McGraw-Hill Company, Inc., New York, New York, 1295 pp.
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are synonyms that are appropriate to describe any meander incised downward into bedrock and defines
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The degree of meandering of the channel of a river, stream, or other watercourse is measured by its
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2229:. Bulletin No. 16. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, Department of Environmental Resources. p. 8.
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2013:"Deposits of a rapidly eroding meandering river: terrace cut and fill in the Taupo Volcanic Zone"
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meanders (how much its course deviates from the shortest possible path). It is calculated as the
840:
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dam, or regional tilting. Classic examples of incised meanders are associated with rivers in the
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1836:
War Department, Corps of Engineers, Mississippi River Commission, Vicksburg, Mississippi. 78 pp.
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956:, can be formed by a brief halt during the irregular incision by an actively meandering river.
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said: ‘...its course is so exceedingly winding that everything winding is called meandering.’
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678:. Cutoff meanders that have cut downward into the underlying bedrock are known in general as
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Dictionary Geotechnical Engineering/Wörterbuch GeoTechnik: English-German/Englisch-Deutsch.
1788:
1335:"Albert Einstein, river meandering, Hans Einstein, sediment transport, Victor Miguel Ponce"
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In the context of meandering rivers, its effects are dominated by those of secondary flow.
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In contrast to sine waves, the loops of a meandering stream are more nearly circular. The
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The zone within which a meandering stream periodically shifts its channel is known as a
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176:), characterised by a very convoluted path along the lower reach. As a result, even in
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How Long Is the Coast of Britain? Statistical Self-Similarity and Fractional Dimension
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challenges for local municipalities attempting to maintain stable roads and bridges.
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Gordon, Nancy D.; Thomas A. McMahon; Christopher J. Gippel; Rory J. Nathan (2005).
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Tidal stream development and its effect on the distribution of the American oyster.
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2012:
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As a waveform the meandering stream follows the down-valley axis, a straight line
239:: From Bernoulli's equations, high pressure results in low velocity. Therefore,
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Hickin, Edward J. (2003). "Meandering Channels". In Middleton, Gerard V. (ed.).
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at the full-stream level, typically estimated by the line of lowest vegetation.
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Fine-grained Alluvial Deposits and Their Effects on Mississippi River Activity.
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Geological investigation of the alluvial valley of the lower Mississippi River.
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Depositional sedimentary environments: with reference to terrigenous clastics.
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Sustainable Management of Headwater Resources: Research from Africa and India
112:. The result of this coupled erosion and sedimentation is the formation of a
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Restoring Streams in Cities: A Guide for Planners, Policymakers and Citizens
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artificial surface, rainfall runs off it in sheets, but even in that case
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1492:. Professional Paper 282-B. United States Geological Survey. p. 50.
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73:
1965:
Intrenched meanders of the North Fork of the Shenandoah River, Virginia.
1469:
1103:(5th ed.). Alexandria, Virginia, American Geological Institute. 779 pp.
391:
320:
The technical description of a meandering watercourse is termed meander
4287:
4236:
3759:
3741:
3721:
3626:
3563:
3498:
3435:
3074:
2994:
2956:
2818:
2597:
2592:
2580:
2558:
2543:
2366:
The Maeander Valley: A historical geography from Antiquity to Byzantium
1954:
Doctoral dissertation, Columbia University, New York, New York, 172 pp.
1952:
The origin and significance of sinuosity along incising bedrock rivers.
1878:
Dictionary by Merriam-Webster: America's most-trusted online dictionary
720:
547:
437:
192:
191:
The Meander River is south of Izmir, east of the ancient Greek town of
113:
108:) and deposits sediments on an inner, convex bank which is typically a
97:
37:
2052:
K. Whipple (September 2004). "Alluvial channels and their landforms".
1099:
Neuendorf, K.K.E., J.P. Mehl Jr., and J.A. Jackson, J.A., eds. (2005)
4082:
3954:
3779:
3774:
3726:
3716:
3686:
3611:
3366:
3297:
3269:
3168:
2974:
2921:
2916:
2391:
1229:
996:
992:
988:
836:
719:
The meanders of a stream or river that has cut its bed down into the
430:
429:
A meander has a depth pattern as well. The cross-overs are marked by
367:
196:
185:
490:
inside to the outside. This entire situation is very similar to the
2758:
2380:
1767:
Springer Science & Business Media, New York, New York. 551 pp.
1497:
486:
the speed on the inside of the bend is faster than on the outside.
116:
course as the channel migrates back and forth across the axis of a
4180:
4165:
4120:
3864:
3837:
3784:
3651:
3646:
3616:
3601:
3410:
3180:
3164:
2630:
1876:
1142:
Leopold, L.B., Wolman, M.G., Wolman, M.G. and Wolman, M.G., 1957.
1000:
984:
963:
814:
707:
641:
504:
451:
412:
377:
307:
296:
210:
169:
89:
63:
45:
36:
4210:
4175:
3731:
3691:
3656:
3012:
2508:
2446:
2441:
2336:
Leopold, Luna B.; Langbein, W.B. (June 1966). "River Meanders".
2252:
Stream Hydrology: an Introduction for Ecologists: Second Edition
1981:
A treatise on limnology, v. 1. Geography, Physics and Chemistry.
1149:
no. 282B, US Government Printing Office, Washington DC., 47 pp.
824:
651:
471:
The cross-current along the floor of the channel is part of the
301:
211:
3137:
2762:
2395:
4130:
3571:
3002:
2381:"River Meandering and a Mathematical Model of this Phenomenon"
525:
2289:. Tokyo, New York: United Nations University Press. pp.
2368:(Cambridge, 2011) (Greek Culture in the Roman World Series).
1866:
Four Corners Geological Society, Durango, Colorado. pp. 278.
578:
Geomorphic refers to the surface structure of the terrain.
1387:
The technical definitions of this section rely heavily on
1144:
River Channel Patterns: Braided, Meandering, and Straight.
27:
One of a series of curves in a channel of a matured stream
2140:(pp. 183–244). Springer, Amsterdam, Netherlands. 391 pp.
1489:
River channel patterns: Braided, meandering, and straight
410:
at the apex. This radius is 2–3 times the channel width.
264:
The higher velocities at the outside bend lead to higher
233:. For a river to meander, secondary flow must dominate.
1440:
Leopold, L.B.; Langbein, W.B. (1966). "River meanders".
1018:
quantities being maximized at an index of 1 (straight).
558:
In the equilibrium theory, meanders decrease the stream
1250:. World Geomorphological Landscapes. pp. 509–519.
1184:
Certificate Physics And Human Geography; Indian Edition
760:
pronounced asymmetry of cross section, which he called
1515:
Science from Your Airplane Window: 2nd Revised Edition
1095:
1093:
1091:
1089:
1087:
1085:
1083:
1081:
1079:
195:, now Milet, Turkey. It flows through series of three
2379:
Movshovitz-Hadar, Nitsa; Alla Shmuklar (2006-01-01).
2132:
Scheffers, A.M., May, S.M. and Kelletat, D.H., 2015.
1759:
1757:
1755:
1753:
1991:
1989:
1481:
1479:
780:
falls as a result of either relative change in mean
84:
is one of a series of regular sinuous curves in the
4280:
4219:
4101:
3963:
3935:
3836:
3808:
3740:
3562:
3429:
3346:
3268:
3179:
3062:
3026:
2993:
2965:
2847:
2796:
2730:
2623:
2531:
2429:
2190:
Lateral activity in a river of northwestern Canada.
1287:Callander, R A (January 1978). "River Meandering".
2105:
1968:United States Geological Survey Professional Paper
1933:Certain types of stream valleys and their meaning.
1910:
1908:
1906:
1904:
1898:John Wiley & Sons, New York, New York. 618 pp.
1512:
1419:. Water Resources Publications. pp. 261–265.
1147:United States Geological Survey Professional Paper
2177:Annals of the Association of American Geographers
1890:
1888:
1519:. New York: Courier Dover Publications. p.
2319:Encyclopedia of Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks
1946:
1944:
1118:
1116:
772:of a meander during a period of slower channel
847:, and other geological structures into either
654:. It is an incised cutoff (abandoned) meander.
583:be guided into a fault line (morphotectonic).
436:The line of maximum depth, or channel, is the
328:geometry. It is characterized as an irregular
3149:
2774:
2407:
2017:New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics
1782:
1780:
835:that had incised its channel into underlying
827:. There is a cut-off meander at right center.
215:Straight channel culminating in a single bend
8:
2156:Keck, R., Maurer, D. and Watling, L., 1973.
2069:Principles of Sedimentology and Stratigraphy
1828:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1701:. Washington DC: Island Press. p. 137.
1637:Callander, R.A. (1978). "River Meandering".
550:that leads eventually to a sinuous channel.
3105:List of rivers that have reversed direction
2011:Woolfe and Purdon; Purdon, Richard (1996).
1676:. Berlin, New York: Springer. p. 113.
1187:. Oxford University Press. pp. 41–42.
995:of the stream divided by the length of the
351:down-valley axis is the meander length or
3156:
3142:
3134:
2781:
2767:
2759:
2414:
2400:
2392:
2134:Forms by Flowing Water (Fluvial Features).
1858:Shoemaker, E.M. and Stephens, H.G., 1975.
2227:Pennsylvania Gazetteer of Streams Part II
2138:Landforms of the World with Google Earth.
2071:(4 ed.). NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall.
2054:Surface Processes and Landscape Evolution
2036:
1486:Leopold, Luna; Wolman, M. Gordon (1957).
1003:is above 1, the more the river meanders.
289:forces acting to produce river meanders.
2104:Norman D. Smith and John Rogers (1999).
359:. The course at that point is the apex.
152:The term derives from the winding river
3755:International scale of river difficulty
2174:Meandering valleys and underfit rivers.
1594:"Albert Einstein and Meandering Rivers"
1413:In addition concepts are utilized from
1397:. Cambridge University press. pp.
1126:Routledge, New York, New York. 234 pp.
1075:
1918:In Fairbridge, R.W., ed., pp 548–550,
1860:First photographs of the Canyon Lands.
1579:
1567:
1555:
1543:
1124:Fundamentals of fluvial geomorphology.
1998:Earth Surface Processes and Landforms
1875:Merriam-Webster, Incorporated, 2017.
1763:Reineck, H.E. and Singh, I.B., 2012.
983:is a means of quantifying how much a
7:
2208:Springer, Berlin, Germany. 1549 pp.
2204:Herrmann, H. and Bucksch, H., 2014.
2112:(6 ed.). blackwell publishing.
1862:in Fassett, J.E., ed., pp. 111–122,
574:Geomorphic and morphotectonic theory
516:and abandoned meanders in the broad
2700:The Chemical Basis of Morphogenesis
2387:(7). Israel Physical Society (IPS).
1963:Hack, J.T., and Young, R.S., 1959.
1659:10.1146/annurev.fl.10.010178.001021
1309:10.1146/annurev.fl.10.010178.001021
1054:Meander cutoffs in Avulsion (river)
849:lithologically conditioned meanders
390:A loop at the apex has an outer or
1920:The Encyclopedia of Geomorphology.
1618:10.17704/eshi.7.1.yk72n55q84qxu5n6
1248:Landscapes and Landforms of Turkey
96:. It is produced as a watercourse
25:
2358:10.1038/scientificamerican0666-60
1462:10.1038/scientificamerican0666-60
562:until an equilibrium between the
370:of the loop is the straight line
3118:
3117:
2522:
2256:. John Wiley and Sons. pp.
1639:Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics
1417:Hydraulics of Sediment Transport
1289:Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics
853:structurally controlled meanders
792:uplift, the breach of an ice or
241:in the absence of secondary flow
3912:Flooded grasslands and savannas
2814:Drainage system (geomorphology)
1882:last accessed November 22, 2017
1793:Journal of Geophysical Research
1672:Scheidegger, Adrien E. (2004).
1236:, Book 12 Chapter 8 Section 15.
1181:Leong, Goh Cheng (1995-10-27).
2824:Strahler number (stream order)
1744:10.1016/j.geomorph.2007.06.019
382:Concave bank and convex bank,
1:
2038:10.1080/00288306.1996.9514708
1211:. Online Etymology Dictionary
524:, Argentina. 2010 photo from
332:. Ideal waveforms, such as a
4078:Universal Soil Loss Equation
4028:Hydrological transport model
3922:Storm Water Management Model
1896:Principles of Geomorphology,
1256:10.1007/978-3-030-03515-0_29
541:of water to the surface and
278:Prussian Academy of Sciences
1511:Wood, Elizabeth A. (1975).
907:, which is also known as a
482:Due to the conservation of
284:suggested that because the
104:of an outer, concave bank (
4443:
3582:Antecedent drainage stream
1389:Julien, Pierre Y. (2002).
968:Meanders, scroll-bars and
936:
894:
862:
833:antecedent stream or river
701:
635:
595:
29:
4346:
4318:River valley civilization
4201:Riparian-zone restoration
3113:
2680:D'Arcy Wentworth Thompson
2520:
1787:Chant, Robert J. (2002).
1367:10.1007/s11016-013-9819-x
664:, also known as either a
456:Life history of a meander
384:Great Ouse Relief Channel
4381:Countries without rivers
4356:Rivers by discharge rate
4068:Runoff model (reservoir)
4033:Infiltration (hydrology)
1894:Thornbury, W. D., 1954,
1592:Bowker, Kent A. (1988).
802:Kentucky River Palisades
764:, are the result of the
32:Meander (disambiguation)
4053:River Continuum Concept
3818:Agricultural wastewater
2937:River channel migration
2225:Shaw, Lewis C. (1984).
1979:Hutchinson, G.E. 1957.
1914:Fairbridge, R.W. 1968,
688:southwest United States
680:incised cutoff meanders
276:In a speech before the
106:cut bank or river cliff
4376:River name etymologies
4303:Hydraulic civilization
4161:Floodplain restoration
3937:Point source pollution
3712:Sedimentary structures
2867:Bar (river morphology)
2193:The Journal of Geology
2188:Crickmay, C.H., 1960.
2067:Sam Boggs Jr. (2003).
1936:The Journal of Geology
1697:Riley, Ann L. (1998).
976:
954:slip-off slope terrace
828:
716:
655:
529:
466:positive feedback loop
457:
426:
387:
317:
305:
304:canyon meander, Serbia
216:
77:
61:
43:
3988:Discharge (hydrology)
3950:Industrial wastewater
3431:Sedimentary processes
3049:Erosion and tectonics
3044:Degradation (geology)
2514:Widmanstätten pattern
2195:, 68(4), pp. 377–391.
2163:, 42(4), pp. 369–379.
2108:Fluvial Sedimentology
2001:, 37(4), pp. 459–472.
1950:Barbour, J.R., 2008.
1938:, 22(5), pp. 469–497.
1598:Earth Science History
1415:Graf, Walter (1984).
979:The meander ratio or
967:
818:
808:, and streams in the
711:
645:
508:
455:
417:Meander of the River
416:
394:bank and an inner or
381:
311:
300:
214:
67:
49:
40:
4093:Volumetric flow rate
3677:Riffle-pool sequence
3070:Deposition (geology)
2797:Large-scale features
1813:10.1029/2001jc001082
1122:Charlton, R., 2007.
1071:References and notes
1064:Riffle-pool sequence
723:are known as either
587:Associated landforms
201:Büyük Menderes River
30:For other uses, see
4267:Whitewater kayaking
4262:Whitewater canoeing
4063:Runoff curve number
3907:Flood pulse concept
2748:Mathematics and art
2738:Pattern recognition
2708:Aristid Lindenmayer
2350:1966SciAm.214f..60L
2338:Scientific American
2172:Davis, W.M., 1913.
2029:1996NZJGG..39..243W
1805:2002JGRC..107.3131C
1736:2008Geomo.102..145D
1651:1978AnRFM..10..129C
1610:1988ESHis...7...45B
1454:1966SciAm.214f..60L
1442:Scientific American
1301:1978AnRFM..10..129C
1101:Glossary of Geology
757:entrenched meanders
408:radius of curvature
246:irrotational vortex
144:streams or rivers.
4293:Aquatic toxicology
4206:Stream restoration
4171:Infiltration basin
4023:Hydrological model
3539:Sediment transport
3362:Estavelle/Inversac
3240:Subterranean river
3100:Sediment transport
3054:River rejuvenation
3027:Regional processes
2686:On Growth and Form
2586:Logarithmic spiral
2423:Patterns in nature
1931:Rich, J.L., 1914.
1845:Fisk, H.N., 1948.
1832:Fisk, H.N., 1944.
977:
960:Derived quantities
829:
819:Goosenecks of the
717:
656:
554:Equilibrium theory
530:
458:
427:
425:, Southern England
388:
318:
306:
217:
78:
62:
44:
4407:Fluvial landforms
4389:
4388:
4366:Whitewater rivers
4272:Whitewater slalom
4103:River engineering
4003:Groundwater model
3964:River measurement
3892:Flood forecasting
3707:Sedimentary basin
3564:Fluvial landforms
3469:Bed material load
3245:River bifurcation
3131:
3130:
2932:River bifurcation
2756:
2755:
2713:Benoît Mandelbrot
2613:Self-organization
2549:Natural selection
2539:Pattern formation
2214:978-3-642-41713-9
2179:, 3(1), pp. 3–28.
2146:978-94-017-9712-2
1265:978-3-030-03513-6
1194:978-0-19-562816-6
1162:. Merriam-Webster
766:lateral migration
749:inclosed meanders
670:abandoned meander
501:Stochastic theory
237:Irrotational flow
207:Governing physics
160:and known to the
129:civil engineering
58:Guamo Embarcadero
16:(Redirected from
4434:
4351:Rivers by length
4186:River morphology
4088:Wetted perimeter
3993:Drainage density
3504:Headward erosion
3333:Perennial stream
3205:Blackwater river
3158:
3151:
3144:
3135:
3121:
3120:
2862:Avulsion (river)
2790:River morphology
2783:
2776:
2769:
2760:
2564:Sexual selection
2526:
2416:
2409:
2402:
2393:
2388:
2361:
2332:
2305:
2304:
2288:
2278:
2272:
2271:
2255:
2245:
2239:
2238:
2222:
2216:
2202:
2196:
2186:
2180:
2170:
2164:
2154:
2148:
2130:
2124:
2123:
2111:
2101:
2095:
2094:
2089:
2083:
2082:
2064:
2058:
2057:
2049:
2043:
2042:
2040:
2008:
2002:
1993:
1984:
1977:
1971:
1961:
1955:
1948:
1939:
1929:
1923:
1916:Incised meander.
1912:
1899:
1892:
1883:
1873:
1867:
1856:
1850:
1843:
1837:
1830:
1817:
1816:
1784:
1775:
1761:
1748:
1747:
1719:
1713:
1712:
1694:
1688:
1687:
1669:
1663:
1662:
1634:
1628:
1627:
1625:
1624:
1589:
1583:
1577:
1571:
1565:
1559:
1553:
1547:
1541:
1535:
1534:
1518:
1508:
1502:
1501:
1483:
1474:
1473:
1437:
1431:
1430:
1412:
1396:
1385:
1379:
1378:
1349:
1343:
1342:
1337:. Archived from
1331:
1325:
1319:
1313:
1312:
1284:
1278:
1277:
1243:
1237:
1227:
1221:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1205:
1199:
1198:
1178:
1172:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1156:
1150:
1140:
1134:
1120:
1111:
1097:
798:Colorado Plateau
762:ingrown meanders
741:ingrown meanders
704:Entrenched river
698:Incised meanders
568:potential energy
492:Tea leaf paradox
484:angular momentum
312:Meanders on the
293:Meander geometry
182:geomorphological
178:Classical Greece
50:Meanders of the
21:
18:Meandering river
4442:
4441:
4437:
4436:
4435:
4433:
4432:
4431:
4392:
4391:
4390:
4385:
4361:Drainage basins
4342:
4276:
4215:
4191:Retention basin
4151:Erosion control
4146:Detention basin
4097:
4013:Hjulström curve
3965:
3959:
3931:
3875:Non-water flood
3832:
3804:
3750:Helicoidal flow
3736:
3637:Fluvial terrace
3632:Floating island
3558:
3433:
3425:
3416:Rhythmic spring
3350:
3342:
3323:Stream gradient
3264:
3250:River ecosystem
3215:Channel pattern
3183:
3175:
3162:
3132:
3127:
3109:
3090:Helicoidal flow
3058:
3022:
2989:
2961:
2877:Channel pattern
2849:Alluvial rivers
2843:
2839:River sinuosity
2792:
2787:
2757:
2752:
2726:
2619:
2527:
2518:
2425:
2420:
2378:
2375:
2364:Thonemann, P.,
2335:
2329:
2316:
2313:
2308:
2301:
2280:
2279:
2275:
2268:
2247:
2246:
2242:
2224:
2223:
2219:
2203:
2199:
2187:
2183:
2171:
2167:
2155:
2151:
2131:
2127:
2120:
2103:
2102:
2098:
2091:
2090:
2086:
2079:
2066:
2065:
2061:
2051:
2050:
2046:
2010:
2009:
2005:
1994:
1987:
1978:
1974:
1962:
1958:
1949:
1942:
1930:
1926:
1913:
1902:
1893:
1886:
1874:
1870:
1857:
1853:
1844:
1840:
1831:
1820:
1786:
1785:
1778:
1762:
1751:
1721:
1720:
1716:
1709:
1696:
1695:
1691:
1684:
1674:Morphotectonics
1671:
1670:
1666:
1636:
1635:
1631:
1622:
1620:
1591:
1590:
1586:
1578:
1574:
1566:
1562:
1554:
1550:
1542:
1538:
1531:
1510:
1509:
1505:
1485:
1484:
1477:
1439:
1438:
1434:
1427:
1414:
1409:
1393:River Mechanics
1388:
1386:
1382:
1351:
1350:
1346:
1333:
1332:
1328:
1320:
1316:
1286:
1285:
1281:
1266:
1245:
1244:
1240:
1228:
1224:
1214:
1212:
1207:
1206:
1202:
1195:
1180:
1179:
1175:
1165:
1163:
1158:
1157:
1153:
1141:
1137:
1121:
1114:
1098:
1077:
1073:
1068:
1044:Helicoidal flow
1024:
981:sinuosity index
962:
941:
935:
922:
899:
893:
867:
861:
706:
700:
640:
634:
620:and spelled as
610:river-cut cliff
600:
594:
589:
576:
556:
503:
450:
295:
282:Albert Einstein
222:helicoidal flow
209:
150:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4440:
4438:
4430:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4394:
4393:
4387:
4386:
4384:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4353:
4347:
4344:
4343:
4341:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4284:
4282:
4278:
4277:
4275:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4252:Stone skipping
4249:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4223:
4221:
4217:
4216:
4214:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4136:Drop structure
4133:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4116:Balancing lake
4113:
4107:
4105:
4099:
4098:
4096:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4043:Playfair's law
4040:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3998:Exner equation
3995:
3990:
3985:
3983:Bradshaw model
3980:
3975:
3969:
3967:
3961:
3960:
3958:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3941:
3939:
3933:
3932:
3930:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3878:
3877:
3872:
3870:Urban flooding
3862:
3857:
3855:Crevasse splay
3852:
3850:100-year flood
3846:
3844:
3834:
3833:
3831:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3814:
3812:
3810:Surface runoff
3806:
3805:
3803:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3790:Stream capture
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3746:
3744:
3738:
3737:
3735:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3702:Rock-cut basin
3699:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3568:
3566:
3560:
3559:
3557:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3544:Suspended load
3541:
3536:
3534:Secondary flow
3531:
3526:
3524:Retrogradation
3521:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3489:Dissolved load
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3440:
3438:
3427:
3426:
3424:
3423:
3421:Spring horizon
3418:
3413:
3408:
3406:Mineral spring
3403:
3402:
3401:
3391:
3390:
3389:
3387:list in the US
3384:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3358:
3356:
3344:
3343:
3341:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3313:Stream channel
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3274:
3272:
3266:
3265:
3263:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3235:Drainage basin
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3195:Alluvial river
3191:
3189:
3177:
3176:
3163:
3161:
3160:
3153:
3146:
3138:
3129:
3128:
3126:
3125:
3114:
3111:
3110:
3108:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3095:Playfair's law
3092:
3087:
3082:
3080:Exner equation
3077:
3072:
3066:
3064:
3060:
3059:
3057:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3030:
3028:
3024:
3023:
3021:
3020:
3018:Current ripple
3015:
3010:
3005:
2999:
2997:
2991:
2990:
2988:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2971:
2969:
2963:
2962:
2960:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2947:Slip-off slope
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2897:Meander cutoff
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2853:
2851:
2845:
2844:
2842:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2809:Drainage basin
2806:
2804:Alluvial plain
2800:
2798:
2794:
2793:
2788:
2786:
2785:
2778:
2771:
2763:
2754:
2753:
2751:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2734:
2732:
2728:
2727:
2725:
2724:
2723:
2722:
2710:
2705:
2704:
2703:
2691:
2690:
2689:
2677:
2675:Wilson Bentley
2672:
2670:Joseph Plateau
2667:
2662:
2657:
2656:
2655:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2627:
2625:
2621:
2620:
2618:
2617:
2616:
2615:
2610:
2608:Plateau's laws
2605:
2603:Fluid dynamics
2600:
2590:
2589:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2568:
2567:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2541:
2535:
2533:
2529:
2528:
2521:
2519:
2517:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2495:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2433:
2431:
2427:
2426:
2421:
2419:
2418:
2411:
2404:
2396:
2390:
2389:
2374:
2373:External links
2371:
2370:
2369:
2362:
2333:
2327:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2306:
2299:
2273:
2266:
2240:
2217:
2197:
2181:
2165:
2149:
2125:
2118:
2096:
2084:
2077:
2059:
2044:
2023:(2): 243–249.
2003:
1985:
1972:
1956:
1940:
1924:
1900:
1884:
1868:
1851:
1838:
1818:
1776:
1749:
1730:(1): 145–158.
1714:
1707:
1689:
1682:
1664:
1629:
1584:
1572:
1560:
1558:, p. 434.
1548:
1536:
1529:
1503:
1498:10.3133/pp282B
1475:
1432:
1425:
1407:
1380:
1344:
1341:on 2017-11-19.
1326:
1314:
1295:(1): 129–158.
1279:
1264:
1238:
1222:
1200:
1193:
1173:
1151:
1135:
1112:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1039:Crevasse splay
1036:
1031:
1025:
1023:
1020:
961:
958:
945:slip-off slope
939:Slip-off slope
937:Main article:
934:
933:Slip-off slope
931:
921:
918:
895:Main article:
892:
889:
863:Main article:
860:
857:
821:San Juan River
702:Main article:
699:
696:
666:cutoff meander
661:meander cutoff
646:The Rincon on
638:Meander cutoff
636:Main article:
633:
632:Meander cutoff
630:
596:Main article:
593:
590:
588:
585:
580:Morphotectonic
575:
572:
555:
552:
502:
499:
473:secondary flow
449:
446:
294:
291:
286:Coriolis force
266:shear stresses
258:boundary layer
254:Secondary flow
231:secondary flow
208:
205:
162:Ancient Greeks
149:
148:Origin of term
146:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4439:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4422:Water streams
4420:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4412:Geomorphology
4410:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4399:
4397:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4348:
4345:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4333:Surface water
4331:
4329:
4328:Sacred waters
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4313:Riparian zone
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4298:Body of water
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4285:
4283:
4279:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4247:Riverboarding
4245:
4243:
4242:River surfing
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4224:
4222:
4218:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4108:
4106:
4104:
4100:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3970:
3968:
3966:and modelling
3962:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3942:
3940:
3938:
3934:
3928:
3927:Return period
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3887:Flood control
3885:
3883:
3882:Flood barrier
3880:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3867:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3847:
3845:
3843:
3839:
3835:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3815:
3813:
3811:
3807:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3747:
3745:
3743:
3739:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3569:
3567:
3565:
3561:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3514:Palaeochannel
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3474:Granular flow
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3441:
3439:
3437:
3432:
3428:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3400:
3397:
3396:
3395:
3392:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3379:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3349:
3345:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3275:
3273:
3271:
3267:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3220:Channel types
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3200:Braided river
3198:
3196:
3193:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3159:
3154:
3152:
3147:
3145:
3140:
3139:
3136:
3124:
3116:
3115:
3112:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3075:Water erosion
3073:
3071:
3068:
3067:
3065:
3061:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3031:
3029:
3025:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
3000:
2998:
2996:
2992:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2972:
2970:
2968:
2967:Bedrock river
2964:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2927:Riparian zone
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2872:Braided river
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2854:
2852:
2850:
2846:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2801:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2784:
2779:
2777:
2772:
2770:
2765:
2764:
2761:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2735:
2733:
2729:
2721:
2720:
2716:
2715:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2702:
2701:
2697:
2696:
2695:
2692:
2688:
2687:
2683:
2682:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2665:Ernst Haeckel
2663:
2661:
2660:Adolf Zeising
2658:
2654:
2653:
2649:
2648:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2628:
2626:
2622:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2595:
2594:
2591:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2573:
2572:
2569:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2546:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2536:
2534:
2530:
2525:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2504:Vortex street
2502:
2500:
2497:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2482:Quasicrystals
2480:
2478:
2475:
2474:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2434:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2417:
2412:
2410:
2405:
2403:
2398:
2397:
2394:
2386:
2382:
2377:
2376:
2372:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2334:
2330:
2328:1-4020-0872-4
2324:
2320:
2315:
2314:
2310:
2302:
2300:92-808-1108-8
2296:
2292:
2287:
2286:
2277:
2274:
2269:
2267:0-470-84357-8
2263:
2259:
2254:
2253:
2244:
2241:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2221:
2218:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2201:
2198:
2194:
2191:
2185:
2182:
2178:
2175:
2169:
2166:
2162:
2161:Hydrobiologia
2159:
2153:
2150:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2129:
2126:
2121:
2119:0-632-05354-2
2115:
2110:
2109:
2100:
2097:
2088:
2085:
2080:
2078:0-13-099696-3
2074:
2070:
2063:
2060:
2055:
2048:
2045:
2039:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2007:
2004:
2000:
1999:
1992:
1990:
1986:
1983:Wiley. 1015p.
1982:
1976:
1973:
1970:354-A, 10 pp.
1969:
1966:
1960:
1957:
1953:
1947:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1934:
1928:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1911:
1909:
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1802:
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1777:
1774:
1773:9783642962912
1770:
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1733:
1729:
1725:
1724:Geomorphology
1718:
1715:
1710:
1708:1-55963-042-6
1704:
1700:
1693:
1690:
1685:
1683:3-540-20017-7
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1537:
1532:
1530:0-486-23205-0
1526:
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1428:
1426:0-918334-56-X
1422:
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1410:
1408:0-521-52970-0
1404:
1400:
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1190:
1186:
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1177:
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1161:
1155:
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1148:
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1139:
1136:
1133:
1132:0-415-33453-5
1129:
1125:
1119:
1117:
1113:
1110:
1109:0-922152-76-4
1106:
1102:
1096:
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1092:
1090:
1088:
1086:
1084:
1082:
1080:
1076:
1070:
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1027:
1026:
1021:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1009:
1004:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
975:
974:Songhua River
971:
966:
959:
957:
955:
949:
946:
940:
932:
930:
926:
919:
917:
914:
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866:
858:
856:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
826:
822:
817:
813:
811:
810:Ozark Plateau
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
758:
754:
750:
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714:
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569:
565:
561:
553:
551:
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544:
540:
535:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
510:Meander scars
507:
500:
498:
495:
493:
487:
485:
480:
478:
474:
469:
467:
463:
454:
447:
445:
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432:
424:
420:
415:
411:
409:
403:
401:
397:
393:
385:
380:
376:
373:
372:perpendicular
369:
365:
360:
358:
354:
348:
346:
341:
339:
338:cross-section
335:
331:
327:
323:
315:
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213:
206:
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202:
198:
194:
189:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
164:as Μαίανδρος
163:
159:
155:
147:
145:
143:
139:
138:
132:
130:
126:
121:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
75:
71:
66:
59:
55:
54:
48:
39:
33:
19:
4371:Flash floods
4323:River cruise
4220:River sports
4073:Stream gauge
4058:Rouse number
4048:Relief ratio
3897:Flood-meadow
3828:Urban runoff
3764:
3742:Fluvial flow
3727:River valley
3697:River island
3662:Meander scar
3577:Alluvial fan
3519:Progradation
3394:Karst spring
3338:Winterbourne
3293:Chalk stream
3255:River source
3230:Distributary
2891:
2829:River valley
2717:
2698:
2684:
2650:
2576:Chaos theory
2499:Tessellation
2451:
2385:Physicalplus
2384:
2365:
2341:
2337:
2318:
2311:Bibliography
2284:
2276:
2251:
2243:
2226:
2220:
2205:
2200:
2192:
2189:
2184:
2176:
2173:
2168:
2160:
2157:
2152:
2137:
2133:
2128:
2107:
2099:
2087:
2068:
2062:
2053:
2047:
2020:
2016:
2006:
1996:
1980:
1975:
1967:
1964:
1959:
1951:
1935:
1932:
1927:
1919:
1915:
1895:
1877:
1871:
1863:
1859:
1854:
1846:
1841:
1833:
1799:(C9): 3131.
1796:
1792:
1764:
1727:
1723:
1717:
1698:
1692:
1673:
1667:
1642:
1638:
1632:
1621:. Retrieved
1601:
1597:
1587:
1575:
1563:
1551:
1539:
1514:
1506:
1488:
1448:(6): 60–73.
1445:
1441:
1435:
1416:
1392:
1383:
1361:(1): 49–55.
1358:
1354:
1347:
1339:the original
1329:
1317:
1292:
1288:
1282:
1247:
1241:
1233:
1225:
1213:. Retrieved
1203:
1183:
1176:
1164:. Retrieved
1154:
1146:
1143:
1138:
1123:
1100:
1059:Meander scar
1016:
1012:
1005:
978:
953:
950:
944:
942:
927:
923:
908:
902:
900:
885:
880:
877:cutoff lakes
876:
870:
868:
852:
848:
830:
761:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
718:
691:
683:
679:
673:
669:
665:
659:
657:
650:in southern
626:
621:
617:
613:
609:
603:
601:
577:
557:
531:
496:
488:
481:
477:helical flow
470:
462:helical flow
459:
435:
428:
404:
389:
361:
349:
342:
319:
275:
263:
253:
252:
244:
240:
236:
235:
227:
220:
218:
190:
173:
165:
151:
141:
135:
133:
125:meander belt
124:
122:
81:
79:
70:Jordan River
51:
4232:Fly fishing
4156:Fish ladder
4141:Daylighting
3860:Flash flood
3823:First flush
3770:Plunge pool
3494:Downcutting
3479:Debris flow
3454:Aggradation
3328:Stream pool
3034:Aggradation
2985:Plunge pool
2952:Stream pool
2942:River mouth
2834:River delta
2694:Alan Turing
2652:Liber Abaci
2571:Mathematics
2477:in crystals
2467:Soap bubble
2462:Phyllotaxis
1580:Hickin 2003
1568:Hickin 2003
1556:Hickin 2003
1544:Hickin 2003
1355:Metascience
970:oxbow lakes
920:Scroll-bars
913:fluvial bar
909:meander bar
881:neck cutoff
859:Oxbow lakes
804:in central
774:downcutting
713:Glen Canyon
648:Lake Powell
614:river cliff
564:erodibility
518:flood plain
514:oxbow lakes
423:East Sussex
400:flood plain
324:or meander
314:River Clyde
156:located in
94:watercourse
72:, near the
4396:Categories
4338:Wild river
4018:Hydrograph
4008:Hack's law
3973:Baer's law
3917:Inundation
3902:Floodplain
3842:stormwater
3800:Whitewater
3672:Oxbow lake
3509:Knickpoint
3484:Deposition
3377:Hot spring
3318:Streamflow
3308:Stream bed
3225:Confluence
3085:Hack's law
3039:Base level
2980:Knickpoint
2907:Oxbow lake
2887:Floodplain
2641:Empedocles
2636:Pythagoras
2554:Camouflage
2492:in biology
2487:in flowers
2457:Parastichy
1645:: 129–58.
1623:2016-07-01
1049:Jet stream
1029:Baer's law
872:oxbow lake
865:Oxbow lake
778:base level
733:entrenched
729:intrenched
675:oxbow lake
534:stochastic
353:wavelength
316:, Scotland
158:Asia-Minor
142:meandering
118:floodplain
4402:Limnology
4308:Limnology
4257:Triathlon
4227:Canyoning
4196:Revetment
4126:Check dam
4038:Main stem
3795:Waterfall
3682:Point bar
3667:Mouth bar
3607:Billabong
3554:Water gap
3549:Wash load
3529:Saltation
3449:Anabranch
3372:Holy well
3260:Tributary
3063:Mechanics
2912:Point bar
2902:Mouth bar
2857:Anabranch
2743:Emergence
2646:Fibonacci
2344:(6): 60.
1604:(1): 45.
1375:169290222
1274:134826361
1234:Geography
1209:"Meander"
1160:"Meander"
1034:Billabong
904:point bar
897:Point bar
891:Point bar
841:fractures
794:landslide
786:isostatic
782:sea level
522:Rio Negro
448:Formation
386:, England
364:curvature
357:amplitude
334:sine wave
280:in 1926,
184:feature.
166:Maiandros
137:sinuosity
110:point bar
102:sediments
92:or other
53:Rio Cauto
42:gradient.
4111:Aqueduct
3978:Baseflow
3945:Effluent
3622:Cut bank
3587:Avulsion
3464:Bed load
3444:Abrasion
3123:Category
3008:Antidune
2995:Bedforms
2882:Cut bank
2472:Symmetry
2430:Patterns
2235:17150333
2093:Limited.
1470:24930965
1215:July 12,
1166:July 12,
1022:See also
806:Kentucky
790:tectonic
770:incision
753:enclosed
737:inclosed
605:cut bank
598:Cut bank
592:Cut bank
560:gradient
543:cohesion
539:adhesion
419:Cuckmere
330:waveform
326:planform
322:geometry
174:Maeander
154:Menderes
74:Dead Sea
4427:Erosion
4288:Aquifer
4281:Related
4237:Rafting
3765:Meander
3760:Log jam
3722:Thalweg
3627:Estuary
3499:Erosion
3436:erosion
3348:Springs
3303:Current
3270:Streams
3210:Channel
3173:springs
3169:streams
2957:Thalweg
2892:Meander
2819:Estuary
2731:Related
2598:Crystal
2593:Physics
2581:Fractal
2559:Mimicry
2544:Biology
2452:Meander
2346:Bibcode
2025:Bibcode
1801:Bibcode
1732:Bibcode
1647:Bibcode
1606:Bibcode
1450:Bibcode
1297:Bibcode
972:in the
911:, is a
745:incised
725:incised
721:bedrock
686:in the
684:rincons
622:cutbank
616:, or a
548:thalweg
520:of the
438:thalweg
431:riffles
392:concave
193:Miletus
114:sinuous
86:channel
82:meander
4417:Rivers
4083:WAFLEX
3955:Sewage
3838:Floods
3780:Riffle
3775:Rapids
3717:Strath
3687:Ravine
3612:Canyon
3367:Geyser
3298:Coulee
3283:Bourne
3278:Arroyo
3181:Rivers
3165:Rivers
2975:Canyon
2922:Rapids
2917:Riffle
2624:People
2532:Causes
2325:
2297:
2293:–106.
2264:
2260:–184.
2233:
2212:
2144:
2116:
2075:
1771:
1705:
1680:
1527:
1468:
1423:
1405:
1401:–184.
1373:
1272:
1262:
1230:Strabo
1191:
1130:
1107:
997:valley
993:length
989:stream
845:faults
837:strata
800:, the
692:Rincon
396:convex
368:radius
345:fitted
271:cutoff
197:graben
186:Strabo
98:erodes
76:, 1937
60:, Cuba
4181:Levee
4166:Flume
4121:Canal
3865:Flood
3785:Shoal
3652:Gully
3647:Gulch
3617:Chine
3602:Bayou
3459:Armor
3411:Ponor
3186:lists
2631:Plato
2437:Crack
1466:JSTOR
1371:S2CID
1270:S2CID
1008:reach
1001:ratio
985:river
823:, SE
618:bluff
248:flow.
170:Latin
90:river
88:of a
4211:Weir
4176:Leat
3840:and
3732:Wadi
3692:Rill
3657:Glen
3642:Gill
3592:Bank
3434:and
3399:list
3382:list
3353:list
3288:Burn
3171:and
3013:Dune
2509:Wave
2447:Foam
2442:Dune
2323:ISBN
2295:ISBN
2262:ISBN
2231:OCLC
2210:ISBN
2142:ISBN
2114:ISBN
2073:ISBN
1769:ISBN
1703:ISBN
1678:ISBN
1525:ISBN
1421:ISBN
1403:ISBN
1260:ISBN
1217:2012
1189:ISBN
1168:2012
1128:ISBN
1105:ISBN
869:The
825:Utah
768:and
715:, US
652:Utah
532:The
302:Uvac
100:the
68:The
4131:Dam
3597:Bar
3572:Ait
3003:Ait
2354:doi
2342:214
2258:183
2136:In
2033:doi
1809:doi
1797:107
1740:doi
1728:102
1655:doi
1614:doi
1494:doi
1458:doi
1446:214
1399:179
1363:doi
1305:doi
1252:doi
987:or
851:or
788:or
755:or
747:or
739:or
668:or
526:ISS
442:arc
421:in
56:at
4398::
3167:,
2383:.
2352:.
2340:.
2291:87
2031:.
2021:39
2019:.
2015:.
1988:^
1943:^
1903:^
1887:^
1821:^
1807:.
1795:.
1791:.
1779:^
1752:^
1738:.
1726:.
1653:.
1643:10
1641:.
1612:.
1600:.
1596:.
1523:.
1521:45
1478:^
1464:.
1456:.
1444:.
1369:.
1359:23
1357:.
1303:.
1293:10
1291:.
1268:.
1258:.
1232:,
1115:^
1078:^
901:A
855:.
843:,
812:.
784:,
735:,
731:,
727:,
690:.
658:A
612:,
602:A
512:,
203:.
172::
120:.
80:A
3355:)
3351:(
3188:)
3184:(
3157:e
3150:t
3143:v
2782:e
2775:t
2768:v
2415:e
2408:t
2401:v
2360:.
2356::
2348::
2331:.
2303:.
2270:.
2237:.
2122:.
2081:.
2056:.
2041:.
2035::
2027::
1880:.
1815:.
1811::
1803::
1746:.
1742::
1734::
1711:.
1686:.
1661:.
1657::
1649::
1626:.
1616::
1608::
1602:1
1533:.
1500:.
1496::
1472:.
1460::
1452::
1429:.
1411:.
1377:.
1365::
1311:.
1307::
1299::
1276:.
1254::
1219:.
1197:.
1170:.
528:.
168:(
34:.
20:)
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