106:
the outputs of every industry. However, since an output of one industry may be used by another industry and become part of the output of that second industry, to avoid counting the item twice we use not the value output by each industry, but the value-added; that is, the difference between the value of what it puts out and what it takes in. The total value produced by the economy is the sum of the values-added by every industry.
134:', wherein the total value of a good is included several times in national output, by counting it repeatedly in several stages of production. In the example of meat production, the value of the good from the farm may be $ 10, then $ 30 from the butchers, and then $ 60 from the supermarket. The value that should be included in final national output should be $ 60, not the sum of all those numbers, $ 100. The
353:
produced (therefore included in
Product), but not yet sold (therefore not yet included in Expenditure). Similar timing issues can also cause a slight discrepancy between the value of goods produced (Product) and the payments to the factors that produced the goods (Income), particularly if inputs are purchased on credit, and also because wages are collected often after a period of production.
342:"Product" is the general term, often used when any of the three approaches was actually used. Sometimes the word "Product" is used and then some additional symbol or phrase to indicate the methodology; so, for instance, we get "Gross Domestic Product by income", "GDP (income)", "GDP(I)", and similar constructions.
540:
GDP is the mean (average) wealth rather than median (middle-point) wealth. Countries with a skewed income distribution may have a relatively high per-capita GDP while the majority of its citizens have a relatively low level of income, due to concentration of wealth in the hands of a small fraction of
525:
GDP takes no account of the inputs used to produce the output. For example, if everyone worked for twice the number of hours, then GDP might roughly double, but this does not necessarily mean that workers are better off as they would have less leisure time. Similarly, the impact of economic activity
165:
The expenditure approach is basically an output accounting method. It focuses on finding the total output of a nation by finding the total amount of money spent. This is acceptable to economists, because, like income, the total value of all goods is equal to the total amount of money spent on goods.
113:
The income method works by summing the incomes of all producers within the boundary. Since what they are paid is just the market value of their product, their total income must be the total value of the product. Wages, proprietor's incomes, and corporate profits are the major subdivisions of income.
47:
and by various sectors. The boundary is usually defined by geography or citizenship, and it is also defined as the total income of the nation and also restrict the goods and services that are counted. For instance, some measures count only goods & services that are exchanged for money, excluding
521:
Measures of GDP typically exclude unpaid economic activity, most importantly domestic work such as childcare. This leads to distortions; for example, a paid nanny's income contributes to GDP, but an unpaid parent's time spent caring for children will not, even though they are both carrying out the
352:
All three counting methods should in theory give the same final figure. However, in practice, minor differences are obtained from the three methods for several reasons, including changes in inventory levels and errors in the statistics. One problem for instance is that goods in inventory have been
105:
Three strategies have been used to obtain the market values of all the goods and services produced: the product (or output) method, the expenditure method, and the income method. The product method looks at the economy on an industry-by-industry basis. The total output of the economy is the sum of
101:
In order to count a good or service, it is necessary to assign value to it. The value that the measures of national income and output assign to a good or service is its market value – the price it fetches when bought or sold. The actual usefulness of a product (its use-value) is not measured
536:
GDP does not measure factors that affect quality of life, such as the quality of the environment (as distinct from the input value) and security from crime. This leads to distortions - for example, spending on cleaning up an oil spill is included in GDP, but the negative impact of the spill on
109:
The expenditure method is based on the idea that all products are bought by somebody or some organisation. Therefore, we sum up the total amount of money people and organisations spend in buying things. This amount must equal the value of everything produced. Usually, expenditures by private
66:
Arriving at a figure for the total production of goods and services in a large region like a country entails a large amount of data-collection and calculation. Although some attempts were made to estimate national incomes as long ago as the 17th century, the systematic keeping of
323:"Net" means "Gross" minus the amount that must be used to offset depreciation – ie., wear-and-tear or obsolescence of the nation's fixed capital assets. "Net" gives an indication of how much product is actually available for consumption or new investment.
110:
individuals, expenditures by businesses, and expenditures by government are calculated separately and then summed to give the total expenditure. Also, a correction term must be introduced to account for imports and exports outside the boundary.
315:
The names of the measures consist of one of the words "Gross" or "Net", followed by one of the words "National" or "Domestic", followed by one of the words "Product", "Income", or "Expenditure". All of these terms can be explained separately.
87:, which prescribed a greater role for the government in managing an economy, and made it necessary for governments to obtain accurate information so that their interventions into the economy could proceed as well-informed as possible.
331:"National" means the boundary is defined by citizenship (nationality). We count all goods and services produced by the nationals of the country (or businesses owned by them) regardless of where that production physically takes place.
237:
130:
Because of the complication of the multiple stages in the production of a good or service, only the final value of a good or service is included in the total output. This avoids an issue often called '
339:"Product", "Income", and "Expenditure" refer to the three counting methodologies explained earlier: the product, income, and expenditure approaches. However, the terms are used loosely.
374:
Gross national product (GNP) is defined as "the market value of all goods and services produced in one year by labour and property supplied by the residents of a country."
138:
at each stage of production over the previous stage are respectively $ 10, $ 20, and $ 30. Their sum gives an alternative way of calculating the value of final output.
735:
166:
The basic formula for domestic output takes all the different areas in which money is spent within the region, and then combines them to find the total output.
1965:
1921:
620:
156:
NDP at factor cost = compensation of employees + net interest + rental & royalty income + profit of incorporated and unincorporated NDP at factor cost
823:
717:
640:
127:
The output approach focuses on finding the total output of a nation by directly finding the total value of all goods and services a nation produces.
828:, 2000. This fairly large document has a wealth of information on the meaning of the national income and output measures and how they are obtained.
328:"Domestic" means the boundary is geographical: we are counting all goods and services produced within the country's borders, regardless of by whom.
334:
The output of a French-owned cotton factory in
Senegal counts as part of the Domestic figures for Senegal, but the National figures of France.
554:
838:
650:
43:– also called as NNI at factor cost). All are specially concerned with counting the total amount of goods and services produced within the
904:
172:
261:
777:
1990:
876:
1403:
529:
Comparison of GDP from one country to another may be distorted by movements in exchange rates. Measuring national income at
707:, Chap. 4, "Economic concepts and the national accounts", "Production", "The production boundary". Retrieved November 2015.
1584:
1373:
1363:
1056:
1523:
1496:
371:
Gross domestic product (GDP) is defined as "the value of all final goods and services produced in a country in 1 year".
131:
732:
1950:
1931:
1508:
1353:
1319:
1304:
1283:
1278:
676:
594:
566:
257:
1995:
1925:
1501:
1191:
1181:
558:
863:
Historicalstatistics.org: Links to historical national accounts and statistics for different countries and regions
473:: Net domestic product is defined as "gross domestic product (GDP) minus depreciation of capital", similar to NNP.
1071:
589:
1955:
1901:
1644:
1599:
1438:
1309:
1186:
635:
614:
562:
533:
may overcome this problem at the risk of overvaluing basic goods and services, for example subsistence farming.
146:
1659:
852:
151:
NNP at factor cost = GDP at market price - net indirect taxes - depreciation + net factor income from abroad
1609:
1443:
1433:
1423:
1413:
1151:
1141:
1101:
1091:
971:
897:
550:
530:
248:
630:
1779:
1624:
1484:
1427:
1383:
1346:
1096:
1036:
1011:
981:
966:
604:
599:
506:
480:
28:
1594:
1911:
1569:
1554:
1528:
1467:
1146:
1086:
1066:
1061:
609:
584:
513:. Countries with higher GDP may be more likely to also score high on other measures of welfare, such as
490:
32:
1960:
1664:
1408:
1378:
1331:
1294:
1220:
1171:
1136:
1076:
1041:
976:
655:
1890:
1699:
1559:
1518:
1418:
1398:
1358:
1314:
1299:
1255:
1196:
1121:
1111:
1081:
1004:
269:
84:
36:
1945:
1916:
1874:
1679:
1388:
1368:
1336:
1250:
1245:
1225:
1176:
1116:
1106:
1051:
1046:
890:
801:
England, R. W. (1998). Measurement of social well-being: alternatives to gross domestic product.
76:
40:
867:
1809:
1784:
1734:
1694:
1574:
1462:
1265:
1201:
1166:
1156:
1026:
645:
579:
68:
61:
1859:
1804:
1789:
1774:
1759:
1739:
1689:
1669:
1649:
1604:
1211:
1161:
1131:
1126:
1016:
954:
872:
716:
E.g., William Petty (1665), Gregory King (1688); and, in France, Boisguillebert and Vauban.
670:
665:
542:
287:
278:
80:
517:. However, there are serious limitations to the usefulness of GDP as a measure of welfare:
377:
As an example, the table below shows some GDP and GNP, and NNI data for the United States:
1970:
1864:
1829:
1794:
1729:
1654:
1639:
1533:
1489:
1326:
1260:
1235:
1230:
1206:
949:
934:
739:
514:
510:
722:, 2000. Chapter 1; heading: Brief history of economic accounts (retrieved November 2009).
1884:
1869:
1834:
1819:
1799:
1769:
1619:
1589:
1240:
961:
929:
781:
1984:
1849:
1839:
1814:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1724:
1714:
1684:
1674:
1579:
1479:
1452:
1216:
72:
1879:
1824:
1719:
1709:
1704:
1629:
1474:
999:
939:
625:
320:"Gross" means total product, regardless of the use to which it is subsequently put.
96:
1854:
1844:
1634:
1513:
1457:
944:
494:
135:
1764:
1564:
1341:
764:
660:
48:
bartered goods, while other measures may attempt to include bartered goods by
1614:
1544:
991:
921:
913:
24:
102:– assuming the use-value to be any different from its market value.
1393:
348:"Expenditure" specifically means that the expenditure approach was used.
251:(Household consumption expenditures / Personal consumption expenditures)
44:
862:
27:
to estimate total economic activity in a country or region, including
682:
71:, of which these figures are a part, only began in the 1930s, in the
509:
per capita (per person) is often used as a measure of a person's
232:{\displaystyle \mathrm {GDP} =C+G+I+\left(\mathrm {X} -M\right)}
886:
366:
362:
345:"Income" specifically means that the income approach was used.
39:(NNI), and adjusted national income (NNI adjusted for natural
882:
719:
Australia's
National Accounts: Concepts, Sources and Methods
825:
Australian
National Accounts: Concepts, Sources and Methods
483:
per capita is the average market value rendered per person.
404: Net U.S. income receipts from rest of the world
537:
well-being (e.g. loss of clean beaches) is not measured.
272:(Government consumption / Gross investment expenditures)
79:. The impetus for that major statistical effort was the
549:
Because of this, other measures of welfare such as the
493:
per capita is related to average income per person and
145:
GDP at market price = value of output in the economy -
868:
526:
on the environment is not measured in calculating GDP.
16:
Overview of the measures of national income and output
175:
1900:
1542:
1276:
1025:
990:
920:
879:- data available in CSV, Excel, JSON or XML formats
444: Government consumption of fixed capital
231:
357:Gross domestic product and gross national product
436: Private consumption of fixed capital
382:National income and output (billions of dollars)
420: U.S. income payments
412: U.S. income receipts
898:
8:
731:Australian Council of Trade Unions, APHEDA,
621:Gross national income in the European Union
905:
891:
883:
641:List of countries by GNI per capita growth
213:
176:
174:
379:
696:
290:(Gross imports of goods and services)
21:measures of national income and output
555:Index of Sustainable Economic Welfare
281:(Gross exports of goods and services)
7:
651:National Income and Product Accounts
118:Methods of measuring national income
751:United States, of the United States
452: Statistical discrepancy
767:appears to be dead as of late 2009
214:
183:
180:
177:
14:
822:Australian Bureau of Statistics,
703:Australian Bureau of Statistics,
262:Gross private domestic investment
1428:neoclassical–Keynesian synthesis
753:], p 5; retrieved November 2009.
312:, both stand for "net exports"
1:
1364:Critique of political economy
705:Concepts, Sources and Methods
677:System of National Accounts
595:European System of Accounts
567:sustainable national income
502:National income and welfare
462:
454:
446:
438:
430:
422:
414:
406:
398:
258:Investment (macroeconomics)
2012:
1502:Real business-cycle theory
559:Genuine Progress Indicator
360:
94:
59:
52:monetary values to them.
1942:
853:Resources in your library
742:, accessed November 2009.
590:Compensation of employees
387:
636:Intermediate consumption
615:Gross national happiness
563:gross national happiness
147:intermediate consumption
1142:Industrial organization
972:Computational economics
551:Human Development Index
531:purchasing power parity
522:same economic activity.
249:Consumption (economics)
1991:Gross domestic product
1347:Modern monetary theory
1012:Experimental economics
982:Pluralism in economics
967:Mathematical economics
605:Gross domestic product
600:Green national product
481:Gross domestic product
428:Gross domestic product
396:Gross national product
301:) is often written as
240:
233:
29:gross domestic product
778:"Penn State Glossary"
763:U.S Federal Reserve,
610:Gross national income
585:Chained volume series
491:Gross national income
234:
168:
33:Gross national income
1221:Social choice theory
977:Behavioral economics
803:Ecological Economics
656:Net economic welfare
541:the population. See
308:or less commonly as
173:
1305:American (National)
1005:Economic statistics
384:
270:Government spending
85:Keynesian economics
37:net national income
738:2008-04-15 at the
631:Input–output model
380:
229:
141:Key formulae are:
77:European countries
41:resource depletion
1996:National accounts
1978:
1977:
1509:New institutional
839:Library resources
646:National accounts
580:Capital formation
467:
466:
69:national accounts
62:National accounts
56:National accounts
2003:
1182:Natural resource
1017:Economic history
955:Mechanism design
907:
900:
893:
884:
810:
799:
793:
792:
790:
789:
780:. Archived from
774:
768:
761:
755:
749:
743:
729:
723:
714:
708:
701:
671:Savings identity
666:Penn World Table
569:(SNI) are used.
543:Gini coefficient
385:
238:
236:
235:
230:
228:
224:
217:
186:
83:and the rise of
81:Great Depression
2011:
2010:
2006:
2005:
2004:
2002:
2001:
2000:
1981:
1980:
1979:
1974:
1971:Business portal
1938:
1937:
1936:
1896:
1660:von Böhm-Bawerk
1548:
1547:
1538:
1310:Ancient thought
1288:
1287:
1281:
1272:
1271:
1270:
1021:
986:
950:Contract theory
935:Decision theory
916:
911:
859:
858:
857:
847:
846:
844:National income
842:
835:
819:
814:
813:
800:
796:
787:
785:
776:
775:
771:
762:
758:
750:
746:
740:Wayback Machine
730:
726:
715:
711:
702:
698:
693:
688:
675:United Nations
575:
515:life expectancy
504:
460:National income
369:
361:Main articles:
359:
306:
282:
273:
264:
252:
243:
212:
208:
171:
170:
163:
158:
153:
132:double counting
125:
120:
99:
93:
64:
58:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2009:
2007:
1999:
1998:
1993:
1983:
1982:
1976:
1975:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1940:
1939:
1935:
1934:
1929:
1919:
1914:
1908:
1907:
1906:
1904:
1898:
1897:
1895:
1894:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1551:
1549:
1543:
1540:
1539:
1537:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1505:
1504:
1494:
1493:
1492:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1471:
1470:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1449:
1448:
1447:
1446:
1436:
1431:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1374:Disequilibrium
1371:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1350:
1349:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1323:
1322:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1291:
1289:
1277:
1274:
1273:
1269:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1187:Organizational
1184:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1033:
1032:
1031:
1029:
1023:
1022:
1020:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1008:
1007:
996:
994:
988:
987:
985:
984:
979:
974:
969:
964:
962:Macroeconomics
959:
958:
957:
952:
947:
942:
937:
930:Microeconomics
926:
924:
918:
917:
912:
910:
909:
902:
895:
887:
881:
880:
877:GDP by country
870:
865:
856:
855:
849:
848:
837:
836:
834:
833:External links
831:
830:
829:
818:
815:
812:
811:
794:
769:
756:
744:
724:
709:
695:
694:
692:
689:
687:
686:
680:
673:
668:
663:
658:
653:
648:
643:
638:
633:
628:
623:
618:
612:
607:
602:
597:
592:
587:
582:
576:
574:
571:
547:
546:
538:
534:
527:
523:
503:
500:
499:
498:
487:GNI per capita
484:
477:GDP per capita
474:
465:
464:
461:
457:
456:
453:
449:
448:
445:
441:
440:
437:
433:
432:
429:
425:
424:
421:
417:
416:
413:
409:
408:
405:
401:
400:
397:
393:
392:
389:
358:
355:
350:
349:
346:
343:
340:
336:
335:
332:
329:
325:
324:
321:
304:
227:
223:
220:
216:
211:
207:
204:
201:
198:
195:
192:
189:
185:
182:
179:
162:
159:
154:
143:
124:
121:
119:
116:
95:Main article:
92:
89:
60:Main article:
57:
54:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2008:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1988:
1986:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1941:
1933:
1930:
1927:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1909:
1905:
1903:
1899:
1893:
1892:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1555:de Mandeville
1553:
1552:
1550:
1546:
1541:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1503:
1500:
1499:
1498:
1497:New classical
1495:
1491:
1488:
1487:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1469:
1466:
1465:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1453:Malthusianism
1451:
1445:
1442:
1441:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1429:
1425:
1422:
1421:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1414:Institutional
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1348:
1345:
1344:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1321:
1318:
1317:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1292:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1218:
1217:Public choice
1215:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1192:Participation
1190:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1152:Institutional
1150:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1102:Expeditionary
1100:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1092:Environmental
1090:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1034:
1030:
1028:
1024:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1006:
1003:
1002:
1001:
998:
997:
995:
993:
989:
983:
980:
978:
975:
973:
970:
968:
965:
963:
960:
956:
953:
951:
948:
946:
943:
941:
938:
936:
933:
932:
931:
928:
927:
925:
923:
919:
915:
908:
903:
901:
896:
894:
889:
888:
885:
878:
874:
871:
869:
866:
864:
861:
860:
854:
851:
850:
845:
840:
832:
827:
826:
821:
820:
816:
808:
804:
798:
795:
784:on 2008-05-06
783:
779:
773:
770:
766:
760:
757:
754:
748:
745:
741:
737:
734:
728:
725:
721:
720:
713:
710:
706:
700:
697:
690:
684:
681:
678:
674:
672:
669:
667:
664:
662:
659:
657:
654:
652:
649:
647:
644:
642:
639:
637:
634:
632:
629:
627:
624:
622:
619:
616:
613:
611:
608:
606:
603:
601:
598:
596:
593:
591:
588:
586:
583:
581:
578:
577:
572:
570:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
544:
539:
535:
532:
528:
524:
520:
519:
518:
516:
512:
508:
501:
496:
492:
488:
485:
482:
478:
475:
472:
469:
468:
459:
458:
451:
450:
443:
442:
435:
434:
427:
426:
419:
418:
411:
410:
403:
402:
395:
394:
390:
388:Period ending
386:
383:
378:
375:
372:
368:
364:
356:
354:
347:
344:
341:
338:
337:
333:
330:
327:
326:
322:
319:
318:
317:
313:
311:
307:
300:
296:
291:
289:
285:
280:
276:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
250:
246:
239:
225:
221:
218:
209:
205:
202:
199:
196:
193:
190:
187:
167:
160:
157:
152:
149:
148:
142:
139:
137:
133:
128:
122:
117:
115:
111:
107:
103:
98:
90:
88:
86:
82:
78:
74:
73:United States
70:
63:
55:
53:
51:
46:
42:
38:
34:
30:
26:
22:
19:A variety of
1966:Publications
1922:Publications
1889:
1485:Neoclassical
1475:Mercantilism
1384:Evolutionary
1246:Sociological
1219: /
1117:Geographical
1097:Evolutionary
1072:Digitization
1037:Agricultural
1000:Econometrics
940:Price theory
843:
824:
817:Bibliography
809:(1), 89-103.
806:
802:
797:
786:. Retrieved
782:the original
772:
759:
752:
747:
727:
718:
712:
704:
699:
626:Gross output
548:
505:
486:
476:
470:
381:
376:
373:
370:
351:
314:
309:
302:
298:
294:
292:
283:
274:
265:
253:
244:
241:
169:
164:
155:
150:
144:
140:
136:values added
129:
126:
112:
108:
104:
100:
97:Market value
91:Market value
65:
49:
23:are used in
20:
18:
1760:von Neumann
1529:Supply-side
1514:Physiocracy
1458:Marginalism
1147:Information
1087:Engineering
1067:Development
1062:Demographic
945:Game theory
922:Theoretical
685:(economics)
565:(GNH), and
495:mean income
161:Expenditure
1985:Categories
1917:Economists
1790:Schumacher
1695:Schumpeter
1665:von Wieser
1585:von ThĂĽnen
1545:Economists
1444:Circuitism
1409:Humanistic
1404:Historical
1379:Ecological
1369:Democratic
1342:Chartalism
1332:Behavioral
1295:Mainstream
1256:Statistics
1251:Solidarity
1172:Managerial
1137:Humanistic
1132:Historical
1077:Ecological
1042:Behavioral
788:2008-03-11
691:References
661:Net output
1835:Greenspan
1800:Samuelson
1780:Galbraith
1750:Tinbergen
1690:von Mises
1685:Heckscher
1645:Edgeworth
1524:Stockholm
1519:Socialist
1419:Keynesian
1399:Happiness
1359:Classical
1320:Mutualism
1315:Anarchist
1300:Heterodox
1197:Personnel
1157:Knowledge
1122:Happiness
1112:Financial
1082:Education
1057:Democracy
992:Empirical
914:Economics
431:11,008.1
399:11,063.3
219:−
75:and some
25:economics
1946:Category
1926:journals
1912:Glossary
1865:Stiglitz
1830:Rothbard
1810:Buchanan
1795:Friedman
1785:Koopmans
1775:Leontief
1755:Robinson
1640:Marshall
1490:Lausanne
1394:Georgism
1389:Feminist
1337:Buddhist
1327:Austrian
1226:Regional
1202:Planning
1177:Monetary
1107:Feminist
1052:Cultural
1047:Business
765:the link
736:Archived
733:Glossary
573:See also
557:(ISEW),
463:9,679.7
439:1,135.9
50:imputing
1961:Outline
1932:Schools
1924: (
1885:Piketty
1880:Krugman
1745:Kuznets
1735:Kalecki
1710:Polanyi
1600:Cournot
1595:Bastiat
1580:Ricardo
1570:Malthus
1560:Quesnay
1463:Marxian
1354:Chicago
1284:history
1279:Schools
1266:Welfare
1236:Service
1027:Applied
679:(UNSNA)
561:(GPI),
553:(HDI),
511:welfare
423:-273.9
293:Note: (
288:Imports
279:Exports
45:economy
35:(GNI),
31:(GDP),
1870:Thaler
1850:Ostrom
1845:Becker
1840:Sowell
1820:Baumol
1725:Myrdal
1720:Sraffa
1715:Frisch
1705:Knight
1700:Keynes
1675:Fisher
1670:Veblen
1655:Pareto
1635:Menger
1630:George
1625:Jevons
1620:Walras
1610:Gossen
1534:Thermo
1212:Public
1207:Policy
1162:Labour
1127:Health
873:Quandl
841:about
683:Wealth
447:218.1
415:329.1
242:where:
123:Output
1956:Lists
1951:Index
1902:Lists
1875:Hoppe
1860:Lucas
1825:Solow
1815:Arrow
1805:Simon
1770:Lange
1765:Hicks
1740:Röpke
1730:Hayek
1680:Pigou
1650:Clark
1565:Smith
1480:Mixed
1439:Post-
1261:Urban
1241:Socio
1231:Rural
617:(GNH)
455:25.6
407:55.2
391:2003
1891:more
1615:Marx
1605:Mill
1590:List
1468:Neo-
1424:Neo-
365:and
1855:Sen
1575:Say
1434:New
1167:Law
507:GDP
471:NDP
367:GNP
363:GDP
1987::
875:-
807:25
805:,
489::
479::
310:NX
297:-
286:=
277:=
268:=
260:/
256:=
247:=
1928:)
1430:)
1426:(
1286:)
1282:(
906:e
899:t
892:v
791:.
545:.
497:.
305:N
303:X
299:M
295:X
284:M
275:X
266:G
254:I
245:C
226:)
222:M
215:X
210:(
206:+
203:I
200:+
197:G
194:+
191:C
188:=
184:P
181:D
178:G
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