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consumption has nearly doubled worldwide. Developing countries had a surge in meat consumption, particularly of monogastric livestock. Animal husbandry drives climate change, ocean acidification, and biodiversity loss, and kills 60 billion animals annually. It uses between 20 and 33% of the world's fresh water, Livestock, and the production of feed for them, occupy about a third of the Earth's ice-free land. Livestock production contributes to species
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318:. Some 70% of the agricultural land and 30% of Earth's land surface is involved directly or indirectly in animal husbandry. Habitat is destroyed by clearing forests and converting land to grow feed crops and for grazing, while predators and herbivores are frequently targeted because of a perceived threat to livestock profits; for example, animal husbandry causes up to 91% of the
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beetles, is a red or purple substance commonly used in food products. It is common in food products such as juice, candy, and yogurt. The presence of carmine in these products has been a source of controversy. One major source of controversy was the use of carmine in
Starbucks frappuccinos. Carmine
245:
The leftover pieces that come from the process of stripping meat from animals tends to get used for different purposes. One of them is to put these parts into pet food. Many large, well-known pet food brands use animal by-products as protein sources in their recipes. This can include animal feet,
71:
Animal by-products, as defined by the USDA, are products harvested or manufactured from livestock other than muscle meat. In the EU, animal by-products (ABPs) are defined somewhat more broadly, as materials from animals that people do not consume. Thus, chicken eggs for human consumption are
301:
Animal husbandry has a significant impact on the world environment. Both production and consumption of animal products have increased rapidly. Since 1950, meat production has tripled, whereas the production of dairy products doubled and that of eggs almost increased fourfold. Meanwhile, meat
2386:
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254:, but are safe and nutritious for pets regardless. By-products can also include bad-looking pieces. They are always cooked (rendered) to kill pathogens. Some pet food makers advertise the lack of by-products to appeal to buyers, a move criticized for contributing to
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72:
considered by-products in the US but not France; whereas eggs destined for animal feed are classified as animal by-products in both countries. This does not in itself reflect on the condition, safety, or wholesomeness of the product.
126:
with animal remains are rarely characterized as animal products. Products sourced from humans (ex; hair sold for wigs, donated blood) are not typically classified as animal products even though humans are part of the animal kingdom.
79:
and parts of carcasses from slaughterhouses, animal shelters, zoos and veterinarians, and products of animal origin not intended for human consumption, including catering waste. These products may go through a process known as
84:
to be made into human and non-human foodstuffs, fats, and other material that can be sold to make commercial products such as cosmetics, paint, cleaners, polishes, glue, soap and ink. The sale of animal by-products allows the
145:
Several popular diet patterns prohibit the inclusion of some categories of animal products and may also limit the conditions of when other animal products may be permitted. This includes but not limited to
2556:
1286:
Krautwald-Junghanns, M-E; Cramer, K; Fischer, B; Förster, A; Galli, R; Kremer, F; Mapesa, E U; Meissner, S; Preisinger, R; Preusse, G; Schnabel, C; Steiner, G; Bartels, T (November 17, 2017).
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for humans to use non-human animals, provided that no unnecessary suffering is caused, and that the benefits to humans outweigh the costs to the livestock. An opposing view is that
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Slaughterhouse waste is defined as animal body parts cut off in the preparation of carcasses for use as food. This waste can come from several sources, including
3258:
1958:
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is always human in origin, though some blood substitutes are made from animal sources. Many diagnostic laboratory tests use animal or human sourced reagents)
2548:
980:
is used as a natural skincare product for hydrating & healing the skin as well as lightening, brightening and maintaining youthfulness of the complexion)
2248:
3105:
2051:
McAfee, Alison J.; McSorley, Emeir M.; Cuskelly, Geraldine J.; Moss, Bruce W.; Wallace, Julie M. W.; Bonham, Maxine P.; Fearon, Anna M. (January 2010).
376:. Standards and laws for animal welfare have been created worldwide, broadly in line with the most widely held position in the western world, a form of
1759:
1671:
707:
Skins (remaining skin scraps as a by-product of meat production or fat rendering are made profitable by being fried/roasted and sold as snacks, like;
396:. Animal rights activists have objected to long-distance transport of animals; one result was the banning of live exports from New Zealand in 2003.
3367:
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735:, also known as “white roe” (commonly fried, used as an ingredient in a larger dish, or used as a condiment in some European and Asian countries)
319:
135:
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2613:
1941:
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1013:(used in topical medications and skincare products as a treatment for lesions and acne or as an antioxidant to brighten and hydrate the skin)
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1288:"Current approaches to avoid the culling of day-old male chicks in the layer industry, with special reference to spectroscopic methods"
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Skidmore, Marin
Elisabeth; Moffette, Fanny; Rausch, Lisa; Christie, Matthew; Munger, Jacob; Gibbs, Holly K. (April 2021).
964:
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3185:
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877:
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Machovina, B.; Feeley, K. J.; Ripple, W. J. (2015). "Biodiversity conservation: The key is reducing meat consumption".
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A dish called "Duck, Duck, Duck" because the three parts come from the complex body of the duck: duck eggs, duck
3479:
1117:
916:
1342:"Animal source foods: Sustainability problem or malnutrition and sustainability solution? Perspective matters"
2270:"Yoplait strawberry yogurt is one of many foods colored with carmine, a dye made from crushed cochineal bugs"
3494:
3285:
852:
326:. Cows produce some 570 million cubic metres of methane per day, that accounts for 35 to 40% of the overall
1697:
Ripple WJ, Wolf C, Newsome TM, Galetti M, Alamgir M, Crist E, Mahmoud MI, Laurance WF (November 13, 2017).
1675:
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3489:
2995:
1559:
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1000:
119:
205:) is used for referring to foods and goods that are derived from animals or have close relation to them.
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1959:"Cow farts have 'larger greenhouse gas impact' than previously thought; methane pushes climate change"
330:
of the planet. Further, livestock production is responsible for 65% of all human-related emissions of
3484:
3397:
3145:
2990:
2895:
2015:
1885:"Intensive Livestock Farming: Global Trends, Increased Environmental Concerns, and Ethical Solutions"
1823:
841:
emollient in cosmetic preparations, especially in products that claim it has the ability enhance and
676:
639:
630:
494:
413:
is an allergen according to the FDA. It takes about 70,000 female insects to produce a pound of dye.
388:, should not be regarded as property, are not necessary to use, and should never be used by humans.
213:
130:
Increased production and consumption over the past 50 years has led to widespread environmental and
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Trans-Scripts 3: An
Interdisciplinary Online Journal in Humanities And Social Sciences at UC Irvine
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191:
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from the ancient remains of marine animals are not considered animal products. Crops grown in soil
81:
2475:"Here's what you need to know about the ground-up insects that Starbucks puts in your Frappuccino"
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3042:
3012:
2728:
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1904:
1432:
943:
924:
659:
247:
190:-vegetarian diets and all its subsets exclude any material of animal origin. Scholarly, the term
1373:
1247:"Cattle ranchers and deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon: Production, location, and policies"
3519:
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838:
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475:, also known as “bee bread” (which is made from both plant pollen and the insect’s secretions)
373:
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989:
645:
307:
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2221:
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893:
Horse oil (used in East Asian skincare masks and creams for similar purposes as emu oil.)
2580:
2019:
1827:
1787:
1560:"Greenwashing the Animal-Industrial Complex: Sustainable Intensification and Happy Meat"
652:. The flours are then used to make products like insect fitness bars or burger patties.)
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1979:
Steinfeld, H.; Gerber, P.; Wassenaar, T.; Castel, V.; Rosales, M.; de Haan, C. (2006).
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377:
349:
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259:
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155:
131:
32:
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992:(fish scales are often used in makeup to impart a refractive & pearlescent finish)
976:(Treated as a precious gem for making jewelry or adorning clothing & accessories.
3504:
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3037:
2785:
2421:
2037:
1908:
1246:
649:
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194:(ASFs) has been used to refer to these animal products and by-products collectively.
163:
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86:
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1980:
1835:
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2095:"Animals are not things: A view on animal welfare based on neurological complexity"
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668:
577:
518:
365:
183:
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2003:
1672:"Unit 9: Biodiversity Decline // Section 7: Habitat Loss: Causes and Consequences"
1528:
1513:"World meat consumption patterns: An overview of the last fifty years (1961–2011)"
392:
of animals has risen to meet increased global demand for livestock such as in the
60:. Examples are fat, flesh, blood, milk, eggs, and lesser known products, such as
3352:
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888:
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17:
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to compete economically with industries selling sources of vegetable protein.
2429:
2408:"Conference proceedings literature added to ISI's chemistry citation index".
2348:
2326:
2124:"What is animal welfare? Common definitions and their practical consequences"
1536:
1489:
1313:
1272:
233:. In the UK, slaughterhouse waste is classed as category 3 risk waste in the
3387:
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2679:
1719:
1402:
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1005:
848:
828:
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768:
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684:
672:
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508:
504:
409:
353:
237:, with the exception of condemned meat which is classed as category 2 risk.
116:
104:
61:
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2149:
2076:
1843:
1544:
1497:
2186:
1933:
1621:. Food and Agriculture Organizations of the United Nations. Archived from
115:. Generally, products made from fossilized or decomposed animals, such as
2910:
2870:
2790:
2644:
Earthly Origin of
Materials, is a material animal, vegetable, or mineral?
2249:"'This one has heat stress': the shocking reality of live animal exports"
1127:
958:
948:
863:
708:
594:
458:
357:
187:
112:
1859:"Vast animal-feed crops to satisfy our meat needs are destroying planet"
1304:
348:
Since the 18th century, people have become increasingly concerned about
2880:
1728:
1287:
1016:
930:
911:
900:
896:
858:
834:
824:
763:
680:
608:
571:
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428:
405:
369:
167:
76:
1148:
Gilman, Daniel Coit; Peck, Harry
Thurston; Colby, Frank Moore (1907).
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1021:
935:
798:
788:
602:
590:
567:
553:
549:
529:
524:
438:
65:
57:
37:
1587:"A Global Assessment of the Water Footprint of Farm Animal Products"
648:(some edible insects are consumed whole or made into a powder, like
2633:
2601:, Food and Agriculture Organization, 2007, accessed March 30, 2012.
142:
shredders on live day old-chicks for 7 billion of them each year.
2820:
2683:
2606:
Animal by-products (ABPs): origins, uses, and
European regulations
1928:. World Bank Working Papers. Washington: World Bank Publications.
1760:"Plant-based diets crucial to saving global wildlife, says report"
1040:
973:
969:
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883:
809:
774:
702:
620:
514:
432:
292:
251:
246:
livers, lungs, heads, spleens, etc or an admixture in the form of
212:
171:
43:
31:
617:(as food is used as a raw or cooked ingredient in various dishes)
2549:"Is it true that some candies are coloured with insect extract?"
2379:"Berries Over Bugs! | Center for Science in the Public Interest"
2163:
Broom, D.M. (1991). "Animal welfare: concepts and measurement".
1058:
1025:
995:
953:
940:
738:
732:
664:
598:
586:
545:
500:
424:
230:
44:
2652:
2581:
Extensive list identifying animal-derived and vegan ingredients
2519:"Why You Should Never, Ever Give Red Candies To Your Valentine"
1328:
Being Vegan: Living with
Conscience, Conviction, and Compassion
1792:
1374:"Animals and animal products: international trade regulations"
614:
521:
are often created with animal fat, bone, and connective tissue
2053:"Red meat consumption: An overview of the risks and benefits"
791:(used in plastics, clothing, cosmetics, adhesives and paint)
2444:"Cochineal and Starbucks: Actually, this dye is everywhere"
2008:
Environment: Science and Policy for
Sustainable Development
2004:"The Sustainability Challenges of Our Meat and Dairy Diets"
1981:"Livestock's Long Shadow: Environmental Issues and Options"
2002:
Stoll-Kleemann, Susanne; O'Riordan, Tim (April 23, 2015).
1464:"Global Production and Consumption of Animal Source Foods"
831:
products as a preservative and as skin conditioning agent)
1699:"World Scientists' Warning to Humanity: A Second Notice"
2643:
2349:"Why you may have been eating insects your whole life"
1433:"A big pawprint: The environmental impact of pet food"
56:
is any material derived from the body of a non-human
197:
In international trade legislation, the terminology
3330:
3299:
3209:
3061:
2858:
2694:
1925:
3338:Blue Ribbon Commission on America's Nuclear Future
2220:
2201:
741:(found in cheese and added to many other products)
297:Livestock production requires large areas of land.
2347:Smale, Helen Soteriou and Will (April 28, 2018).
611:(used to make candy, ice cream, and marshmallows)
134:impacts. These range from being linked to 80% of
2608:, Mantova (Italy): Universitas Studiorum, 2014.
1889:Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics
1585:Mekonnen, Mesfin M.; Hoekstra, Arjen Y. (2012).
1235:. Technomic Publishing Company Inc., 2000, p. 1.
801:used in perfumes and possibly in food flavoring)
2315:"You Know What Makes Great Food Coloring? Bugs"
250:. These organs are usually not eaten by humans
27:Food product derived from non-human animal body
2618:Mian N Riaz, Riaz N Riaz, Muhammad M Chaudry.
1788:"Humans 'threaten 1m species with extinction'"
1233:Animal by-product processing & utilization
2664:
1437:Clinical Nutrition Service at Cummings School
8:
2586:FDA Consumer Magazine: The Lowdown on Labels
2503:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2298:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1974:
1972:
816:in particular is beloved for jewelry making)
1883:Ilea, Ramona Cristina (December 11, 2008).
1564:3rd ISA Forum of Sociology, Vienna, Austria
441:(commonly used in the production of cheese)
2671:
2657:
2649:
2139:
2027:
1727:
1619:"Livestock a major threat to environment"
1592:. Water Footprint Network. Archived from
1479:
1357:
1303:
1262:
1397:
1395:
3368:High-level radioactive waste management
1758:Carrington, Damian (February 3, 2021).
1511:Sans, P.; Combris, P. (November 2015).
1340:Adesogan, Adegbola (October 14, 2019).
1330:. McGraw-Hill Professional, 2000, p. 7.
1231:Ockerman, Herbert and Hansen, Conly L.
1140:
961:(decorative shell or pearl alternative)
352:. Possible measures of welfare include
289:Environmental impact of meat production
2496:
2359:from the original on November 27, 2021
2291:
1462:Speedy, Andrew W. (November 1, 2003).
2485:from the original on November 9, 2021
2280:from the original on January 24, 2022
1857:Smithers, Rebecca (October 5, 2017).
1443:from the original on October 28, 2021
1380:from the original on January 14, 2021
1213:from the original on January 15, 2021
138:to the welfare implications of using
7:
3383:Sewage regulation and administration
2559:from the original on August 24, 2021
2454:from the original on August 24, 2021
2389:from the original on August 24, 2021
2313:Pearson, Gwen (September 10, 2015).
1413:from the original on August 24, 2021
1674:. Annenberg Learner. Archived from
314:. and is the primary driver of the
2529:from the original on June 28, 2021
2227:. University of California Press.
1558:Boscardin, Livia (July 12, 2016).
1150:The New International Encyclopædia
1130:as alternatives to animal products
447:(commonly used for food dye, food
320:deforestation in the Amazon region
25:
322:. In addition, livestock produce
285:Environmental impact of livestock
3433:
3432:
3421:
3363:Extended producer responsibility
2849:
2473:Cruz, Kim Bhasin, Noelia de la.
1816:Science of the Total Environment
691:, and "exotic dishes" made from
2921:Mechanical biological treatment
2590:Heinz, G. & Hautzinger, P.
2128:The Canadian Veterinary Journal
1836:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.07.022
1650:. Academic Press. p. 277.
1264:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2021.102280
923:blood used to detect bacterial
272:Animal Husbandry § Effects
2553:Office for Science and Society
986:(used as a dietary supplement)
235:Animal By-Products Regulations
1:
2634:"What's in a can of dog food?
2268:Jones, Nathaniel Lee, Benji.
2069:10.1016/j.meatsci.2009.08.029
2029:10.1080/00139157.2015.1025644
1786:McGrath, Matt (May 6, 2019).
1529:10.1016/j.meatsci.2015.05.012
538:oil (food flavoring additive)
2592:"Meat Processing Technology"
2422:10.1016/0926-860x(93)85126-a
2410:Applied Catalysis A: General
1963:International Business Times
1644:Whitford, Walter G. (2002).
1170:. Routledge, 1992, p. 179ff.
878:Traditional Chinese Medicine
486:, especially in the form of
186:diets. Other diets, such as
96:includes all species in the
3373:History of waste management
2416:(1): N4–N5. December 1993.
1251:Global Environmental Change
1108:Mechanically separated meat
1043:(used to produce human and
427:(used in the production of
350:the welfare of farm animals
3546:
2961:fluorescent lamp recycling
2223:The Case for Animal Rights
1024:, may be used in food and
532:(found in milk and cheese)
341:
282:
269:
103:, including, for example,
3416:
2847:
2597:February 7, 2019, at the
2166:Journal of Animal Science
1922:Margulis, Sergio (2003).
1901:10.1007/s10806-008-9136-3
1647:Ecology of desert systems
1359:10.1016/j.gfs.2019.100325
199:products of animal origin
3343:China's waste import ban
1468:The Journal of Nutrition
1118:Potted meat food product
917:Limulus amebocyte lysate
747:Non-food animal products
562:and egg products (e.g.,
461:'s nest (made of saliva)
435:and dietary supplements)
48:Varieties of goat cheese
2704:Agricultural wastewater
1481:10.1093/jn/133.11.4048s
853:artificial insemination
771:(used to make medicine)
729:(also used as medicine)
408:, derived from crushed
241:By-products in pet food
136:Amazonian deforestation
75:Animal by-products are
3428:Environment portal
3106:Bosnia and Herzegovina
2996:water recycling shower
2179:10.2527/1991.69104167x
1407:talkspetfood.aafco.org
1073:Advanced meat recovery
298:
218:
49:
41:
2796:Municipal solid waste
2776:Industrial wastewater
2620:Halal Food Production
2525:. February 13, 2014.
2122:Hewson, C.J. (2003).
1957:Ross, Philip (2013).
1934:10.1596/0-8213-5691-7
1720:10.1093/biosci/bix125
1181:"USDA ERS - Glossary"
296:
266:Effects of production
216:
47:
40:and roast duck breast
35:
2991:water heat recycling
2896:Garden waste dumping
1739:on December 15, 2019
1566:. ISAConf.confex.com
1439:. February 8, 2018.
1346:Global Food Security
1207:"Animal by-products"
1154:Dodd, Mead & Co.
876:(from livestock for
679:made from them, and
279:Environmental impact
252:depending on culture
217:Slaughterhouse waste
209:Slaughterhouse waste
3358:Eco-industrial park
2946:appliance recycling
2866:Anaerobic digestion
2811:Post-consumer waste
2709:Biodegradable waste
2622:, CRC Press, 2004.
2200:Garner, R. (2005).
2111:on August 19, 2014.
2020:2015ESPSD..57c..34S
1828:2015ScTEn.536..419M
1678:on October 28, 2018
1474:(11): 4048S–4053S.
1326:Stepaniak, Joanne.
1187:on February 2, 2017
1098:List of waste types
1078:Biodegradable waste
495:Blood as taboo food
386:animals have rights
372:, and freedom from
316:Holocene extinction
312:habitat destruction
192:animal source foods
3403:Waste minimisation
3348:Cleaner production
3013:Reusable packaging
2926:Mechanical sorting
2729:Construction waste
2450:. April 20, 2012.
2219:Regan, T. (1983).
1168:World Food and You
797:(secretion of the
660:Black Ivory Coffee
382:morally acceptable
299:
248:meat and bone meal
219:
162:diets, as well as
98:biological kingdom
50:
42:
3500:Intensive farming
3467:
3466:
3398:Waste legislation
3307:Sanitation worker
3281:London Convention
3217:Bamako Convention
3008:Resource recovery
2976:textile recycling
2971:plastic recycling
2951:battery recycling
2891:Ecological design
2816:Radioactive waste
2640:, March 19, 2007.
2614:978-88-97683-47-6
2448:Los Angeles Times
2385:. July 24, 2013.
1943:978-0-8213-5691-3
1714:(12): 1026–1028.
1657:978-0-12-747261-4
1625:on March 28, 2008
1599:on March 11, 2015
1305:10.3382/ps/pex389
779:blood substitutes
642:of beer and wine)
374:immunosuppression
328:methane emissions
16:(Redirected from
3537:
3436:
3435:
3426:
3425:
3291:OSPAR Convention
3222:Basel Convention
3033:Waste collection
3023:Sewage treatment
2981:timber recycling
2956:bottle recycling
2936:Reclaimed lumber
2931:Photodegradation
2853:
2771:Industrial waste
2739:Electronic waste
2734:Demolition waste
2714:Biomedical waste
2688:waste management
2673:
2666:
2659:
2650:
2632:Tsai, Michelle.
2569:
2568:
2566:
2564:
2545:
2539:
2538:
2536:
2534:
2515:
2509:
2508:
2502:
2494:
2492:
2490:
2479:Business Insider
2470:
2464:
2463:
2461:
2459:
2440:
2434:
2433:
2405:
2399:
2398:
2396:
2394:
2375:
2369:
2368:
2366:
2364:
2344:
2338:
2337:
2335:
2333:
2310:
2304:
2303:
2297:
2289:
2287:
2285:
2274:Business Insider
2265:
2259:
2258:
2257:. July 30, 2018.
2245:
2239:
2238:
2226:
2216:
2210:
2209:
2207:
2197:
2191:
2190:
2160:
2154:
2153:
2143:
2119:
2113:
2112:
2110:
2104:. Archived from
2099:
2087:
2081:
2080:
2048:
2042:
2041:
2031:
1999:
1993:
1992:
1990:
1988:
1976:
1967:
1966:
1954:
1948:
1947:
1919:
1913:
1912:
1880:
1874:
1873:
1871:
1869:
1854:
1848:
1847:
1811:
1805:
1804:
1802:
1800:
1783:
1777:
1776:
1774:
1772:
1755:
1749:
1748:
1746:
1744:
1738:
1732:. Archived from
1731:
1703:
1694:
1688:
1687:
1685:
1683:
1668:
1662:
1661:
1641:
1635:
1634:
1632:
1630:
1615:
1609:
1608:
1606:
1604:
1598:
1591:
1582:
1576:
1575:
1573:
1571:
1555:
1549:
1548:
1508:
1502:
1501:
1483:
1459:
1453:
1452:
1450:
1448:
1429:
1423:
1422:
1420:
1418:
1399:
1390:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1370:
1364:
1363:
1361:
1337:
1331:
1324:
1318:
1317:
1307:
1283:
1277:
1276:
1266:
1242:
1236:
1229:
1223:
1222:
1220:
1218:
1203:
1197:
1196:
1194:
1192:
1183:. Archived from
1177:
1171:
1166:Unklesbay, Nan.
1164:
1158:
1157:
1145:
781:(blood used for
667:(which includes
324:greenhouse gases
21:
3545:
3544:
3540:
3539:
3538:
3536:
3535:
3534:
3480:Animal products
3470:
3469:
3468:
3463:
3439:Category: Waste
3420:
3412:
3393:Waste hierarchy
3326:
3317:Waste collector
3295:
3286:Oslo Convention
3205:
3057:
3053:Waste-to-energy
3048:Waste treatment
3018:Right to repair
2916:Landfill mining
2901:Illegal dumping
2854:
2845:
2806:Packaging waste
2801:Open defecation
2761:Hazardous waste
2690:
2677:
2599:Wayback Machine
2577:
2575:Further reading
2572:
2562:
2560:
2547:
2546:
2542:
2532:
2530:
2517:
2516:
2512:
2495:
2488:
2486:
2472:
2471:
2467:
2457:
2455:
2442:
2441:
2437:
2407:
2406:
2402:
2392:
2390:
2377:
2376:
2372:
2362:
2360:
2346:
2345:
2341:
2331:
2329:
2312:
2311:
2307:
2290:
2283:
2281:
2267:
2266:
2262:
2247:
2246:
2242:
2235:
2218:
2217:
2213:
2208:. Polity Press.
2199:
2198:
2194:
2173:(10): 4167–75.
2162:
2161:
2157:
2121:
2120:
2116:
2108:
2097:
2091:Grandin, Temple
2089:
2088:
2084:
2050:
2049:
2045:
2001:
2000:
1996:
1986:
1984:
1978:
1977:
1970:
1956:
1955:
1951:
1944:
1921:
1920:
1916:
1882:
1881:
1877:
1867:
1865:
1856:
1855:
1851:
1813:
1812:
1808:
1798:
1796:
1785:
1784:
1780:
1770:
1768:
1757:
1756:
1752:
1742:
1740:
1736:
1701:
1696:
1695:
1691:
1681:
1679:
1670:
1669:
1665:
1658:
1643:
1642:
1638:
1628:
1626:
1617:
1616:
1612:
1602:
1600:
1596:
1589:
1584:
1583:
1579:
1569:
1567:
1557:
1556:
1552:
1510:
1509:
1505:
1461:
1460:
1456:
1446:
1444:
1431:
1430:
1426:
1416:
1414:
1401:
1400:
1393:
1383:
1381:
1372:
1371:
1367:
1339:
1338:
1334:
1325:
1321:
1292:Poultry Science
1285:
1284:
1280:
1244:
1243:
1239:
1230:
1226:
1216:
1214:
1205:
1204:
1200:
1190:
1188:
1179:
1178:
1174:
1165:
1161:
1147:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1133:
1068:
1063:
974:mother of pearl
919:(a chemical in
749:
744:
683:in addition to
578:Escargot pearls
468:
402:
368:, freedom from
346:
340:
308:desertification
291:
283:Main articles:
281:
274:
268:
243:
223:slaughterhouses
211:
164:religious diets
28:
23:
22:
18:Meat by-product
15:
12:
11:
5:
3543:
3541:
3533:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3495:Animal welfare
3492:
3487:
3482:
3472:
3471:
3465:
3464:
3462:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3430:
3417:
3414:
3413:
3411:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3334:
3332:
3328:
3327:
3325:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3312:Street sweeper
3309:
3303:
3301:
3297:
3296:
3294:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3277:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3240:
3239:
3224:
3219:
3213:
3211:
3207:
3206:
3204:
3203:
3198:
3196:United Kingdom
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3067:
3065:
3059:
3058:
3056:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2999:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2986:tire recycling
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2966:land recycling
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2876:Biodegradation
2873:
2868:
2862:
2860:
2856:
2855:
2848:
2846:
2844:
2843:
2838:
2836:Surface runoff
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2747:
2746:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2724:Chemical waste
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2700:
2698:
2692:
2691:
2678:
2676:
2675:
2668:
2661:
2653:
2647:
2646:
2641:
2630:
2616:
2602:
2588:
2583:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2570:
2540:
2510:
2465:
2435:
2400:
2370:
2339:
2305:
2260:
2240:
2233:
2211:
2192:
2155:
2114:
2082:
2043:
1994:
1968:
1949:
1942:
1914:
1895:(2): 153–167.
1875:
1849:
1806:
1778:
1750:
1689:
1663:
1656:
1636:
1610:
1577:
1550:
1503:
1454:
1424:
1391:
1365:
1332:
1319:
1298:(3): 749–757.
1278:
1237:
1224:
1198:
1172:
1159:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1131:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1103:Meat extenders
1100:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1019:
1014:
1008:
1003:
998:
993:
987:
981:
967:
965:Ovine Placenta
962:
956:
951:
946:
938:
933:
928:
921:horseshoe crab
914:
909:
904:
894:
891:
886:
881:
871:
866:
861:
856:
846:
832:
822:
817:
814:Precious coral
807:
802:
792:
786:
772:
766:
761:
756:
750:
748:
745:
743:
742:
736:
730:
724:
705:
700:
662:
653:
643:
633:
628:
618:
612:
606:
580:
575:
557:
542:Dairy products
539:
533:
527:
522:
512:
498:
481:
476:
469:
467:
464:
463:
462:
456:
453:medicine glaze
442:
436:
414:
401:
398:
378:utilitarianism
344:Animal welfare
342:Main article:
339:
338:Animal welfare
336:
280:
277:
270:Main article:
267:
264:
260:sustainability
242:
239:
210:
207:
132:animal welfare
54:animal product
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3542:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3525:Vegetarianism
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3510:Meat industry
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3490:Animal rights
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3477:
3475:
3460:
3459:Organizations
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3431:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3418:
3415:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3378:Landfill fire
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3335:
3333:
3329:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3304:
3302:
3298:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3238:
3235:
3234:
3233:
3230:
3229:
3228:
3227:EU directives
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3214:
3212:
3208:
3202:
3201:United States
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3068:
3066:
3064:
3060:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3038:Waste sorting
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2943:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2863:
2861:
2857:
2852:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2786:Marine debris
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2745:
2742:
2741:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2701:
2699:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2674:
2669:
2667:
2662:
2660:
2655:
2654:
2651:
2645:
2642:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2629:
2628:1-58716-029-3
2625:
2621:
2617:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2600:
2596:
2593:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2578:
2574:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2544:
2541:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2514:
2511:
2506:
2500:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2469:
2466:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2439:
2436:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2404:
2401:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2374:
2371:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2343:
2340:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2309:
2306:
2301:
2295:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2264:
2261:
2256:
2255:
2250:
2244:
2241:
2236:
2234:9780520049048
2230:
2225:
2224:
2215:
2212:
2206:
2205:
2204:Animal Ethics
2196:
2193:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2167:
2159:
2156:
2151:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2134:(6): 496–99.
2133:
2129:
2125:
2118:
2115:
2107:
2103:
2096:
2092:
2086:
2083:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2047:
2044:
2039:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
1998:
1995:
1982:
1975:
1973:
1969:
1964:
1960:
1953:
1950:
1945:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1926:
1918:
1915:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1879:
1876:
1864:
1860:
1853:
1850:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1810:
1807:
1795:
1794:
1789:
1782:
1779:
1767:
1766:
1761:
1754:
1751:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1708:
1700:
1693:
1690:
1677:
1673:
1667:
1664:
1659:
1653:
1649:
1648:
1640:
1637:
1624:
1620:
1614:
1611:
1595:
1588:
1581:
1578:
1565:
1561:
1554:
1551:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1507:
1504:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1458:
1455:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1428:
1425:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1398:
1396:
1392:
1379:
1375:
1369:
1366:
1360:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1336:
1333:
1329:
1323:
1320:
1315:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1282:
1279:
1274:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1241:
1238:
1234:
1228:
1225:
1212:
1208:
1202:
1199:
1186:
1182:
1176:
1173:
1169:
1163:
1160:
1155:
1151:
1144:
1141:
1135:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1049:
1046:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1031:Tortoiseshell
1029:
1027:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
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985:
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867:
865:
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850:
847:
844:
840:
837:(serves as a
836:
833:
830:
826:
823:
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818:
815:
811:
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796:
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790:
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698:
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686:
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678:
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670:
666:
663:
661:
657:
654:
651:
650:cricket flour
647:
644:
641:
640:clarification
637:
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632:
629:
626:
622:
619:
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613:
610:
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531:
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516:
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510:
506:
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499:
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493:
489:
488:blood sausage
485:
482:
480:
477:
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454:
450:
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387:
383:
380:: that it is
379:
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371:
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363:
359:
355:
351:
345:
337:
335:
333:
332:nitrous oxide
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
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295:
290:
286:
278:
276:
273:
265:
263:
261:
258:and reducing
257:
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229:, stores and
228:
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204:
200:
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193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
148:secular diets
143:
141:
140:chick culling
137:
133:
128:
125:
121:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
99:
95:
90:
88:
87:meat industry
83:
78:
73:
69:
67:
63:
59:
55:
46:
39:
34:
30:
19:
3331:Other topics
3322:Waste picker
3249:incineration
3028:Urban mining
2906:Incineration
2886:Durable good
2831:Sharps waste
2791:Mining waste
2637:
2619:
2605:
2563:September 3,
2561:. Retrieved
2552:
2543:
2533:September 3,
2531:. Retrieved
2522:
2513:
2489:September 3,
2487:. Retrieved
2478:
2468:
2458:September 3,
2456:. Retrieved
2447:
2438:
2413:
2409:
2403:
2393:September 3,
2391:. Retrieved
2382:
2373:
2363:September 3,
2361:. Retrieved
2352:
2342:
2332:September 3,
2330:. Retrieved
2318:
2308:
2284:September 3,
2282:. Retrieved
2273:
2263:
2254:The Guardian
2252:
2243:
2222:
2214:
2203:
2195:
2170:
2164:
2158:
2131:
2127:
2117:
2106:the original
2101:
2085:
2060:
2057:Meat Science
2056:
2046:
2014:(3): 34–48.
2011:
2007:
1997:
1987:December 13,
1985:. Retrieved
1962:
1952:
1924:
1917:
1892:
1888:
1878:
1866:. Retrieved
1863:The Guardian
1862:
1852:
1819:
1815:
1809:
1797:. Retrieved
1791:
1781:
1769:. Retrieved
1765:The Guardian
1763:
1753:
1741:. Retrieved
1734:the original
1711:
1705:
1692:
1680:. Retrieved
1676:the original
1666:
1646:
1639:
1627:. Retrieved
1623:the original
1613:
1601:. Retrieved
1594:the original
1580:
1568:. Retrieved
1563:
1553:
1520:
1517:Meat Science
1516:
1506:
1471:
1467:
1457:
1445:. Retrieved
1436:
1427:
1415:. Retrieved
1406:
1403:"Byproducts"
1382:. Retrieved
1368:
1349:
1345:
1335:
1327:
1322:
1295:
1291:
1281:
1254:
1250:
1240:
1232:
1227:
1215:. Retrieved
1201:
1189:. Retrieved
1185:the original
1175:
1167:
1162:
1156:p. 474.
1149:
1143:
1088:Food quality
1083:Boiling down
978:Pearl powder
899:, including
783:transfusions
754:Animal fiber
503:, including
491:
425:pig bristles
366:reproduction
347:
300:
275:
244:
220:
202:
198:
196:
144:
129:
100:
93:
91:
74:
70:
53:
51:
29:
3485:Animal fats
3353:Downcycling
3300:Occupations
3269:waste water
3166:Switzerland
3156:South Korea
3146:New Zealand
3071:Afghanistan
3043:Waste trade
3003:Repurposing
2841:Toxic waste
2821:Scrap metal
2756:Green waste
2719:Brown waste
2696:Major types
2604:Leoci, R.,
2383:cspinet.org
2063:(1): 1–13.
1822:: 419–431.
1729:11336/71342
1523:: 106–111.
1217:January 20,
1191:January 20,
1123:Spam (food)
1093:Food safety
1011:Snail Mucin
984:Royal jelly
820:Donkey milk
717:scratchings
623:(including
394:Middle East
390:Live export
227:restaurants
180:macrobiotic
160:paleolithic
156:pescetarian
3474:Categories
3408:Zero waste
3210:Agreements
3141:Kazakhstan
3096:Bangladesh
2881:Composting
2766:Heat waste
2751:Food waste
2744:by country
1868:October 5,
1743:August 10,
1707:BioScience
1629:October 5,
1603:October 5,
1570:August 10,
1352:: 100325.
1257:: 102280.
1136:References
1113:Pink slime
1045:veterinary
874:Gallstones
727:Snake wine
693:amphibians
656:Kopi luwak
625:comb honey
564:mayonnaise
421:human hair
417:L-cysteine
362:physiology
304:extinction
256:food waste
166:, such as
152:vegetarian
124:fertilized
109:arthropods
3515:Pet foods
3388:Upcycling
3254:landfills
3244:framework
3237:Recycling
3232:batteries
3161:Sri Lanka
3121:Hong Kong
3086:Australia
3063:Countries
2941:Recycling
2859:Processes
2680:Biosolids
2430:0926-860X
2327:1059-1028
2038:153809456
1909:154306257
1799:August 3,
1771:August 5,
1537:0309-1740
1490:0022-3166
1447:April 29,
1417:April 29,
1384:August 6,
1314:0032-5791
1273:0959-3780
1054:Whale oil
1048:antivenin
1006:Skunk oil
925:endotoxin
851:(used in
849:Ejaculate
839:”natural”
829:skin care
827:(used in
805:Civet oil
795:Castoreum
777:and some
769:Bear bile
759:Ambergris
685:livestock
673:shellfish
638:(used in
636:Isinglass
627:products)
509:bone meal
505:bone char
479:Arachnids
410:cochineal
400:Additives
354:longevity
117:petroleum
105:tetrapods
92:The word
82:rendering
77:carcasses
62:isinglass
3520:Veganism
3449:Journals
3264:vehicles
3186:Thailand
3176:Tanzania
2911:Landfill
2871:Balefill
2595:Archived
2557:Archived
2527:Archived
2523:HuffPost
2499:cite web
2483:Archived
2452:Archived
2387:Archived
2357:Archived
2353:BBC News
2294:cite web
2278:Archived
2150:12839246
2093:(2013).
2077:20374748
1844:26231772
1682:June 18,
1545:26117396
1498:14672310
1441:Archived
1411:Archived
1378:Archived
1211:Archived
1128:Veganism
1066:See also
959:Nautilus
949:Mink oil
864:Fishmeal
859:Feathers
845:beauty.)
843:maintain
733:Soft roe
709:gribenes
697:reptiles
631:Honeydew
615:Hard roe
595:schmaltz
492:see also
473:Ambrosia
459:Swiftlet
429:biscuits
358:behavior
176:mahayana
150:; like,
113:mollusks
101:Animalia
3116:Georgia
3091:Belgium
3081:Armenia
3076:Albania
2187:1778832
2016:Bibcode
1824:Bibcode
1017:Stearin
1001:Sponges
931:Leather
912:Lanolin
901:antlers
835:Emu oil
825:Egg oil
764:Beeswax
681:poultry
646:Insects
609:Gelatin
605:, etc.)
585:(e.g.,
574:, etc.)
572:custard
556:, etc.)
544:(e.g.,
445:Shellac
406:Carmine
370:disease
184:sattvic
94:animals
3437:
3191:Turkey
3181:Taiwan
3151:Russia
3131:Israel
3101:Brazil
2826:Sewage
2781:Litter
2686:, and
2626:
2612:
2428:
2325:
2231:
2185:
2148:
2141:340178
2138:
2075:
2036:
1940:
1907:
1842:
1654:
1543:
1535:
1496:
1488:
1312:
1271:
1022:Tallow
990:Scales
944:lashes
936:Manure
812:rock (
799:beaver
789:Casein
721:rambak
719:, and
677:sauces
603:tallow
591:lardon
568:eggnog
554:yogurt
550:cheese
530:Casein
525:Caviar
519:stocks
515:Broths
511:, etc.
439:Rennet
310:, and
182:, and
168:kosher
158:, and
120:formed
111:, and
66:rennet
58:animal
38:confit
3530:Waste
3454:Lists
3444:Index
3171:Syria
3136:Japan
3126:India
3111:Egypt
2684:waste
2638:Slate
2319:Wired
2109:(PDF)
2098:(PDF)
2034:S2CID
1983:. FAO
1905:S2CID
1737:(PDF)
1702:(PDF)
1597:(PDF)
1590:(PDF)
1041:Venom
1036:Urine
970:Pearl
907:Ivory
884:Guano
810:Coral
775:Blood
713:rinds
703:Offal
621:Honey
536:Civet
484:Blood
449:glaze
433:bread
419:from
231:farms
188:vegan
172:halal
3505:Meat
3274:WEEE
3259:RoHS
2624:ISBN
2610:ISBN
2565:2020
2535:2020
2505:link
2491:2020
2460:2020
2426:ISSN
2395:2020
2365:2020
2334:2020
2323:ISSN
2300:link
2286:2020
2229:ISBN
2183:PMID
2146:PMID
2073:PMID
1989:2017
1938:ISBN
1870:2017
1840:PMID
1801:2021
1773:2021
1745:2021
1684:2020
1652:ISBN
1631:2015
1605:2015
1572:2021
1541:PMID
1533:ISSN
1494:PMID
1486:ISSN
1449:2020
1419:2020
1386:2018
1310:ISSN
1269:ISSN
1219:2017
1193:2017
1059:Wool
1026:soap
996:Silk
954:Musk
941:Mink
903:etc.
897:Horn
889:Hide
739:Whey
689:game
669:fish
665:Meat
658:and
599:suet
587:lard
560:Eggs
546:milk
517:and
501:Bone
466:Food
451:and
423:and
287:and
203:POAO
64:and
2418:doi
2414:107
2175:doi
2136:PMC
2065:doi
2024:doi
1930:doi
1897:doi
1832:doi
1820:536
1793:BBC
1724:hdl
1716:doi
1525:doi
1521:109
1476:doi
1472:133
1354:doi
1300:doi
1259:doi
972:or
869:Fur
695:or
583:Fat
52:An
3476::
2682:,
2636:,
2555:.
2551:.
2521:.
2501:}}
2497:{{
2481:.
2477:.
2446:.
2424:.
2412:.
2381:.
2355:.
2351:.
2321:.
2317:.
2296:}}
2292:{{
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2272:.
2251:.
2181:.
2171:69
2169:.
2144:.
2132:44
2130:.
2126:.
2100:.
2071:.
2061:84
2059:.
2055:.
2032:.
2022:.
2012:57
2010:.
2006:.
1971:^
1961:.
1936:.
1903:.
1893:22
1891:.
1887:.
1861:.
1838:.
1830:.
1818:.
1790:.
1762:.
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1712:67
1710:.
1704:.
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1531:.
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1515:.
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1484:.
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1435:.
1409:.
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1394:^
1376:.
1350:25
1348:.
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1308:.
1296:97
1294:.
1290:.
1267:.
1255:68
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1249:.
1209:.
1152:.
715:,
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597:,
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548:,
507:,
431:,
364:,
360:,
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334:.
306:,
262:.
225:,
178:,
174:,
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107:,
68:.
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2507:)
2493:.
2462:.
2432:.
2420::
2397:.
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2189:.
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2079:.
2067::
2040:.
2026::
2018::
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1965:.
1946:.
1932::
1911:.
1899::
1872:.
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
