521:
Workers within the industry were often in the news for large outbreaks within factories. By its nature meat processing requires close proximity to other workers and exposure to a slew of bacteria and viruses. Additionally, workers often have to yell over loud machinery which increases the amount of contaminated droplets in the air. More than 50,000 meat packing workers contracted the disease and over 200 died. Disease is not evenly distributed throughout factories and all workers in a given factory are not at equal risk for exposure and negative health outcomes despite working the same job. In particular, the overlap of immigration status and workplace exposures can result in a variety of negative health outcomes.
470:, 78 slaughter workers lost fingers, parts of fingers or limbs, more than 800 workers had serious injuries, and at least 4,500 had to take more than three days off after accidents. In a 2018 study in the Italian Journal of Food Safety, slaughterhouse workers are instructed to wear ear protectors to protect their hearing from the constant screams of animals being killed. A 2004 study in the Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine found that "excess risks were observed for mortality from all causes, all cancers, and lung cancer" in workers employed in the New Zealand meat processing industry.
490:
indicates, "slaughterhouse employment increases total arrest rates, arrests for violent crimes, arrests for rape, and arrests for other sex offenses in comparison with other industries". As authors from the PTSD Journal explain, "These employees are hired to kill animals, such as pigs and cows that are largely gentle creatures. Carrying out this action requires workers to disconnect from what they are doing and from the creature standing before them. This emotional dissonance can lead to consequences such as domestic violence, social withdrawal, anxiety, drug and alcohol abuse, and PTSD".
159:
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368:. In the early 20th century the workers were immigrants from eastern and southern Europe and black migrants from the South. Today many are Hispanic, from Mexico, Central and South America. Many are from Peru, leading to the formation of a large Peruvian community. The more isolated areas in which the plants are located put workers at greater risk due to their limited ability to organize and seek redress for work-related injuries.
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United States and
Australia. By 1900, the Argentine government encouraged investment in the industry to improve quality. The British dominated the world shipping industry and began fitting their ships for cold air containers, and built new refrigerated steamers. When the Argentine industry finally secured a large slice of the British market,
240:
Swift developed an integrated network of cattle procurement, slaughtering, meat-packing, and shipping meat to market. Up to that time, cattle were driven great distances to railroad shipping points, causing the cattle to lose considerable weight. Swift developed a large business, which grew in size with the entry of several competitors. The
228:, an ambitious entrepreneur from New York who made his fortune in Army contracts during the war, partnered with Jacob Plankinton to build a highly efficient stockyard that serviced the upper Midwest. Chicago built the famous Union Stockyards in 1865 on 345 swampy acres to the south of downtown. Armour opened the Chicago plant, as did
414:
in such locations. In addition, the number of jobs fell sharply due to technology and other changes. Wages fell during the latter part of the 20th century, and eventually, both
Chicago (in 1971) and Omaha (in 1999) closed their stockyards. The workforce increasingly relied on recent migrants from Mexico.
520:
and the resulting supply chain issues. Beyond the consumer perspective, workers were expected to drastically increase the rate at which they process animals. For instance, workers were expected to process 175 birds per minute up from 140 birds per minute. In part this was due to shortages of workers.
435:
Meat in China moved from a minor specialty commodity to a major factor in the food supply in the late 20th century thanks to the rapid emergence of a middle class with upscale tastes and plenty of money. It was a transition from a country able to provide a small ration of meat for urban citizens only
239:
A practical refrigerated (ice-cooled) rail car was introduced in 1881. This made it possible to ship cattle and hog carcasses, which weighed only 40% as much as live animals; the entire national market, served by the railroads, was opened up, as well as transatlantic markets using refrigerated ships.
489:
indicates, "Regression analyses of data from 10,605 Danish workers across 44 occupations suggest that slaughterhouse workers consistently experience lower physical and psychological well-being along with increased incidences of negative coping behavior". A 2009 study by criminologist Amy
Fitzgerald
413:
Mid-century restructuring by the industry of the stockyards, slaughterhouses and meat-packing plants led to relocating facilities closer to cattle feedlots and swine production facilities, to more rural areas, as transportation shifted from rail to truck. It has been difficult for labor to organize
422:
Argentina had the natural resources and human talent to build a world-class meat-packing industry. However, its success in reaching
European markets was limited by the poor quality control in the production of its meat and the general inferiority of frozen meat to the chilled meat exported by the
274:
Because of the
Chicago packers, ranchers in Wyoming and feedlot farmers in Iowa regularly found a reliable market for their animals, and on average received better prices for the animals they sold there. At the same time and for the same reason, Americans of all classes found a greater variety of
359:
Though the meat-packing industry has made many improvements since the early 1900s, extensive changes in the industry since the late 20th century have caused new labor issues to arise. Today, the rate of injury in the meat-packing industry is three times that of the private industry overall, and
1675:
Rubenstein, Beth L.; Campbell, Stefanie; Meyers, Alysha R.; Crum, David A.; Mitchell, Clifford S.; Hutson, Jeré; Williams, D’Ann L.; Senesie, Schabbethai S.; Gilani, Zunera; Reynolds, Steven; Alba, Bianca; Tavitian, Stephanie; Billings, Kristian; Saintus, Lina; Martin, Stephen B. (2020-12-18).
474:
The worst thing, worse than the physical danger, is the emotional toll. If you work in the stick pit for any period of time—that lets you kill things but doesn't let you care. You may look a hog in the eye that's walking around in the blood pit with you and think, 'God, that really isn't a
376:
The industry after 1945 closed its stockyards in big cities like
Chicago and moved operations to small towns close to cattle ranches, especially in Iowa, Nebraska and Colorado. Historically, besides Cincinnati, Chicago and Omaha, the other major meat-packing cities had been
348:, where they were an important minority in the industry. UPWA workers made important gains in wages, hours and benefits. In 1957, the stockyards and meat-packing plants employed half the workers of Omaha. The union supported a progressive agenda, including the
436:
to the world's largest meat producer; it was a movement from a handful of processing facilities in major cities to thousands of modern meat-packing and processing plants throughout the country, alongside the rapid growth of a middle-class with spending money.
6015:
513:, which subsequently became a scarce commodity. Medical historian Benjamin Prinz has therefore pointed to the fragility of today's healthcare systems, which themselves participate in environmentally destructive and disease-causing production chains.
203:
and hogs for local butchers to serve the local market. Large Army contracts during the war attracted entrepreneurs with a vision for building much larger markets. The 1865–1873 era provided five factors that nationalized the industry:
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In the early part of the 20th century, they used the most recent immigrants and migrants as strikebreakers in labor actions taken by other workers, also usually immigrants or early descendants. The publication of the
308:
Meat-packing plants, like many industries in the early 20th century, were known to overwork their employees, failed to maintain adequate safety measures, and actively fought unionization. Public pressure to
504:
Another problem in this context is that the pharmaceutical industry obtains basic materials for its products from the meat-packing industry; for example, tissue extracts from slaughterhouse waste. In the
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bad-looking animal.' You may want to pet it. Pigs down on the kill floor have come up to nuzzle me like a puppy. Two minutes later I had to kill them—beat them to death with a pipe. I can't care.
509:
in 2020, this led to the paradoxical situation that mass slaughterhouses were infection drivers due to the bad labor conditions and at the same time suppliers of important therapeutics such as
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275:
more and better meats on their tables, purchased on average at lower prices than ever before. Seen in this light, the
Packers' "rigid system of economy" seemed a very good thing indeed.
466:, the largest meat producer in America, is injured and amputates a finger or limb per month. The Bureau of Investigative Journalism reported that over a period of six years in the
301:
in the U.S. in 1906, shocked the public with the poor working conditions and unsanitary practices in meat-packing plants in the United States fictionally displayed, specifically
1467:
Baran, B. E.; Rogelberg, S. G.; Clausen, T (2016). "Routinized killing of animals: Going beyond dirty work and prestige to understand the well-being of slaughterhouse workers".
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The act of slaughtering animals or of raising or transporting animals for slaughter may engender psychological stress or trauma in the people involved. A 2016 study in
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2217:
Lopes, Maria-Aparecida. "Struggles over an 'Old, Nasty, and
Inconvenient Monopoly': Municipal Slaughterhouses and the Meat Industry in Rio de Janeiro, 1880–1920s."
232:, another wartime contractor. Cincinnati and Buffalo, both with good water and rail service, also opened stockyards. Perhaps the most energetic entrepreneur was
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805:
445:
1541:
2082:
Gordon, Steve C. "From
Slaughterhouse to Soap-Boiler: Cincinnati's Meat Packing Industry, Changing Technologies, and the Rise of Mass Production, 1825-1870."
2210:
Barnes, Felicity, and David M. Higgins. "Brand image, cultural association, and marketing: 'New
Zealand' butter and lamb exports to Britain, c. 1920–1938."
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as being "the most dangerous factory job in America". The meatpacking industry continues to employ many immigrant laborers, including some who are
236:, the Yankee who operated out of Boston and moved to Chicago in 1875, specializing in long distance refrigerated meat shipments to eastern cities.
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1417:"A Slaughterhouse Nightmare: Psychological Harm Suffered by Slaughterhouse Employees and the Possibility of Redress through Legal Reform"
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reports that pig and cattle slaughterhouse workers are nearly seven times more likely to suffer repetitive strain injuries than average.
2869:
501:, slaughterhouse workers were observed not being allowed breaks, were often required to wear diapers, and were paid below minimum wage.
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908:
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2186:
1504:"Slaughterhouses and Increased Crime Rates: An Empirical Analysis of the Spillover From "The Jungle" Into the Surrounding Community"
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844:
2044:"Communications, innovation, and territory: the production network of Swift Meat Packing and the creation of a national US market"
1678:"Factors That Might Affect SARS-CoV-2 Transmission Among Foreign-Born and U.S.-Born Poultry Facility Workers — Maryland, May 2020"
1106:
Guanghong Zhou, Wangang Zhang, and Xinglian Xu. "China's meat industry revolution: Challenges and opportunities for the future."
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facilities in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, circa 1920. This facility was then the third largest hog-packing plant in North America.
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3118:
1735:"How blood met plastics, plant and animal extracts: Material encounters between medicine and industry in the twentieth century"
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Slaughterhouses in the United States commonly illegally employ and exploit underage workers and illegal immigrants. In 2010,
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785:
5962:
3520:
2385:
636:
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Woods, Rebecca JH. "From Colonial Animal to Imperial Edible Building an Empire of Sheep in New Zealand, ca. 1880-1900."
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220:
Abilene, Kansas, became the chief railhead, shipping 35,000 cattle a year, mostly to Kansas City, Milwaukee and Chicago.
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American slaughterhouse workers are three times more likely to suffer serious injury than the average American worker.
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260:
263:. The new laws helped the large packers, and hurt small operations that lacked economy of scale or quality controls.
217:
Overland cattle drives moved large herds to the railheads in Kansas, where cattle cars brought live animals eastward.
2246:
Silver, Jim (2008-07-24). "The Origins of Winnipeg's Packinghouse Industry: Transitions from Trade to Manufacture".
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174:. Railroads made possible the transport of stock to central points for processing, and the transport of products.
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321:, both passed in 1906 on the same day to ensure better regulations of the meat-packing industry. Before the
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The emergence of large-scale ranching, the role of the railroads, refrigeration, and entrepreneurial skills.
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Slaughterhouse:: The Shocking Story of Greed, Neglect, And Inhumane Treatment Inside the U.S. Meat Industry
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Contemporary concerns about the meat industry within the American context have often been colored by the
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investigated the country's meatpackers for anti-competitive practices in the first decade of the 1900s.
55:
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NĂĽtzenadel, Alexander. "A Green International? Food Markets and Transnational Politics, c. 1850-1914."
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In the United States and some other countries, the facility where the meat packing is done is called a
1994:
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1391:"Psychological Distress Among Slaughterhouse Workers Warrants Further Study - SPH - Boston University"
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Kujovich, M. Yeager. "The Refrigerator Car and the Growth of the American Dressed Beef Industry,"
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Negro and White, Unite and Fight!: A Social History of Industrial Unionism in Meatpacking, 1930-90
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reports that on average there are two amputations a week involving slaughterhouse workers in the
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described slaughterhouse line work in the United States as a human rights crime. In a report by
1892:"Im/migration, Work, and Health: Anthropology and the Occupational Health of Labor Im/migrants"
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Hill, Howard Copeland. "The development of Chicago as a center of the meat packing industry."
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2020:
Arnould, Richard J. "Changing patterns of concentration in American meat packing, 1880–1963."
1973:
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Robert Greenhill, "Shipping and the Refrigerated Meat Trade from the River Plate, 1900–1930."
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646:
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344:, where the majority of workers in the industry were black, and other major cities, such as
95:
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Taste, trade, and technology: the development of the international meat industry since 1840
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1995:"Hogging the Gains from Trade: The Real Winners from U.S. Trade and Agricultural Policies"
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329:, workers were exposed to dangerous chemicals, sharp machinery, and horrible injuries.
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Competition and Regulation: The Development of Oligopoly in the Meat Packing Industry
2177:
Competition and Regulation: The Development of Oligopoly in the Meat Packing Industry
2158:
Walsh, Margaret. "The spatial evolution of the mid-western pork industry, 1835-1875"
2148:
Walsh, Margaret. "Pork packing as a leading edge of Midwestern industry, 1835-1875."
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1815:"Nearly 90% of big US meat plants had COVID-19 cases in pandemic's first year - data"
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of the 1960s. While the work was still difficult, for a few decades workers achieved
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Chicago's Pride: The Stockyards, Packingtown, and Environs in the Nineteenth Century
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Cattle ranching on a large-scale moved to the Great Plains, from Texas northward.
166:
The meat-packing industry grew with the construction of railroads and methods of
17:
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926:"A Muckraker's Aftermath: The Jungle of Meat-packing Regulation after a Century"
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Food and globalization: consumption, markets, and politics in the modern world
1790:"Op-ed: Speeding Up Poultry Lines in a Pandemic Puts Workers' Lives in Danger"
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was the first of a series of legislation that led to the establishment of the
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Prime Cut: Livestock raising and meatpacking in the United States, 1607-1983
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Strategy and Structure: Chapters in the History of the Industrial Enterprise
83:
63:
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African-American history between emancipation and the civil rights movement
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Work and Community in the Jungle: Chicago's Packinghouse Workers, 1894-1922
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The rapid growth of cities provided a lucrative new market for fresh meat.
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1907:
1843:"The Impact of COVID-19 on the Meat Supply Chain in the USA: A Review"
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Red Meat Republic: A Hoof-to-Table History of How Beef Changed America
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In the 1920s and early 1930s, workers achieved unionization under the
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Putting meat on the American table: Taste, technology, transformation
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1147:"Working 'The Chain,' Slaughterhouse Workers Face Lifelong Injuries"
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1199:"America's Largest Meat Producer Averages One Amputation Per Month"
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1251:"Noise assessment in slaughterhouses by means of a smartphone app"
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and trade restrictions limited its penetration of the Continent.
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3271:
3261:
3036:
2936:
2834:
2797:
2603:
2578:
2459:
1172:"Two amputations a week: the cost of working in a US meat plant"
200:
75:
67:
5598:
5383:
4653:
3116:
2383:
2344:
4575:
3894:
3816:
3525:
2664:
2499:
2167:
Tied to the great packing machine: The Midwest and meatpacking
1999:
Tufts University: Global Development And Environment Institute
1942:
Tied to the Great Packing Machine: The Midwest and Meatpacking
837:"Following the call of New Zealand's abandoned freezing works"
451:
119:
2276:
Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East
1300:"Mortality and cancer incidence in New Zealand meat workers"
2226:
Kill and Chill: Restructuring Canada's Beef Commodity Chain
467:
90:
is generally not included. This greater part of the entire
983:"Meat Packing Industry Criticized on Human Rights Grounds"
147:, where most of the products are exported, it is called a
27:
Industrial production of food and by-products from animals
1443:"The harrowing psychological toll of slaughterhouse work"
2084:
IA. The Journal of the Society for Industrial Archeology
1573:"America's Worst Graveyard Shift Is Grinding Up Workers"
1249:
Francesca Iulietto, Maria; Sechi, Paola (3 July 2018).
340:(UPWA). An interracial committee led the organizing in
2309:
Meatpacking: Last Week Tonight with John Oliver (HBO)
259:(FDA). Another such act passed the same year was the
2331:"Meat Packing Industry Has Responsibility to Reform"
1224:"Revealed: Shocking safety record of UK meat plants"
5800:
5683:
5609:
5553:
5503:
5396:
5246:
5186:
5143:
5013:
4904:
4844:
4748:
4666:
4514:
4405:
4311:
3968:
3736:
3536:
3136:
3129:
2919:
2740:
2626:
2403:
2396:
2296:
155:is a place where animals are slaughtered for food.
2325:Meatpacking in the U.S.: Still a Jungle Out There?
2174:
1304:Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine
1542:"The Psychological Damage of Slaughterhouse Work"
2143:The Rise of the Midwestern Meat Packing Industry
6026:History of labor relations in the United States
2036:Nature's Metropolis: Chicago and the Great West
1969:America's Historic Stockyards: Livestock Hotels
958:Nature's Metropolis: Chicago and the Great West
472:
2356:
1599:"Exploitation and Abuse at the Chicken Plant"
1125:Occupational Safety and Health Administration
1071:"Who are America's meat and poultry workers?"
806:Labor rights in American meatpacking industry
446:Labor rights in American meatpacking industry
199:was localized, with nearby farmers providing
8:
1739:Studies in History and Philosophy of Science
537:By 1900, the dominating meat packers were:
191:Postcard of pork dressing in Texas, undated
94:is primarily focused on producing meat for
5606:
5595:
5393:
5380:
4663:
4650:
3133:
3126:
3113:
2400:
2393:
2380:
2363:
2349:
2341:
869:The emergence of modern America, 1865-1878
1915:
1866:
1709:
1323:
1274:
1095:International Journal of Maritime History
903:. Princeton University Press. p. 9.
1945:. University of Iowa Press. p. 15.
1039:"Opinion | The Shame of Postville, Iowa"
733:Imperial Cold Storage and Supply Company
600:Current significant meat packers in the
1841:Whitehead, Dalton (September 1, 2022).
827:
796:Environmental impact of meat production
2293:
2089:Gras, N.S.B. and Henrietta M. Larson.
1228:The Bureau of Investigative Journalism
338:United Packinghouse Workers of America
2181:. Greenwich, Connecticut: Jai Press.
2091:Casebook in American business history
1836:
1834:
1682:Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
1502:Fitzgerald, A. J.; Kalof, L. (2009).
7:
6021:Congress of Industrial Organizations
5970:
2098:Mississippi Valley Historical Review
1441:Nagesh, Ashitha (31 December 2017).
1415:Dillard, Jennifer (September 2007).
863:
861:
2093:(1939) pp 623–43 on Armour company.
1939:Warren, Wilson J. (November 2009).
1571:Waldman, Peter (29 December 2017).
575:In the 1990s, the Big Three were:
286:The Jungle § Federal response
98:, but it also yields a variety of
25:
2219:Journal of Latin American Studies
1993:Wise, Timothy A.; Rakocy, Betsy.
1623:Varia, Nisha (11 December 2010).
1298:McLean, D; Cheng, S (June 2004).
5981:
5969:
5958:
5957:
2302:
1847:Food Science of Animal Resources
1649:Grabell, Michael (23 May 2018).
1197:Lewis, Cora (18 February 2018).
770:
162:Pork packing in Cincinnati, 1873
5982:
3517:Outdoors & sports equipment
2160:Journal of Historical Geography
2048:Journal of Historical Geography
1788:Thompson, Shayla (2020-07-17).
1597:Grabell, Michael (1 May 2017).
801:Golden Triangle of Meat-packing
6036:Occupational safety and health
1733:Prinz, Benjamin (2022-04-01).
1508:Organization & Environment
1255:Italian Journal of Food Safety
1145:Lowe, Peggy (11 August 2016).
462:. On average, one employee of
356:, middle-class lives from it.
253:Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906
114:, and, through the process of
1:
3521:Personal protective equipment
961:. W. W. Norton. p. 254.
2138:(U of Illinois Press, 1987).
2117:(U of Illinois Press, 1997).
2031:(U of Illinois Press, 1990).
1813:Douglas, Leah (2022-01-14).
1363:"PTSD in the Slaughterhouse"
257:Food and Drug Administration
2228:(U of Toronto Press, 2001).
2131:(Texas A & M UP, 1986).
2054:(4). Elsevier BV: 599–617.
1896:Anthropology of Work Review
1751:10.1016/j.shpsa.2022.01.007
930:William Mitchell Law Review
924:Roots, Roger (2001-01-01).
699:Outside the United States:
261:Federal Meat Inspection Act
6057:
443:
360:meat-packing was noted by
313:led to the passage of the
283:
195:Before the Civil War, the
5952:
5605:
5594:
5392:
5379:
4662:
4649:
3125:
3112:
2392:
2379:
2301:
2110:(Johns Hopkins UP, 2006).
1972:. TCU Press. p. 49.
1347:Eisnitz, Gail A. (1997).
1075:Economic Policy Institute
786:Animal–industrial complex
440:Health and safety hazards
399:Sioux Falls, South Dakota
379:South St. Paul, Minnesota
5830:Mergers and acquisitions
5571:Research and development
3936:Chemical & hormonal
3591:Communications equipment
2235:(Berg, 2008) pp: 153-73.
2169:(U of Iowa Press, 2007).
1966:Pate, J'Nell L. (2005).
1520:10.1177/1350508416629456
1481:10.1177/1350508416629456
1015:"Blood, Sweat, and Fear"
383:East St. Louis, Illinois
246:Federal Trade Commission
4621:Painting and decorating
3645:Medical imaging systems
3578:Parts & peripherals
2145:(1983), strong on pork'
2122:Business History Review
2022:Business History Review
1890:Flynn, Micheal (2018).
1395:School of Public Health
1316:10.1136/oem.2003.010587
955:William Cronon (2009).
234:Gustavus Franklin Swift
6041:Industries (economics)
5934:State-owned enterprise
5914:Nonprofit organization
5825:Horizontal integration
3638:Scientific instruments
3601:Network infrastructure
2152:51.4 (1977): 702-717.
2134:Wade, Louise Carroll.
2100:10.3 (1923): 253-273.
2060:10.1006/jhge.2002.0415
1859:10.5851/kosfa.2022.e39
1694:10.15585/mmwr.mm6950a5
1577:Bloomberg Businessweek
1267:10.4081/ijfs.2018.7053
894:Joshua Specht (2019).
727:Charoen Pokphand Group
662:Cargill Meat Solutions
617:Cargill Meat Solutions
483:
327:Pure Food and Drug Act
319:Pure Food and Drug Act
242:Bureau of Corporations
192:
163:
66:, and distribution of
39:
36:William Davies Company
6011:Meat packing industry
5277:Private investigation
2278:35.1 (2015): 117-136.
2221:47.2 (2015): 349-376.
2173:Yeager, Mary (1981).
2042:Fields, Gary (2003).
1151:National Public Radio
1110:92.3 (2012): 188-196.
791:Continuous inspection
444:Further information:
391:Kansas City, Missouri
350:Civil Rights Movement
244:, predecessor of the
190:
161:
70:from animals such as
52:meat packing industry
44:meat-packing industry
33:
5845:Vertical integration
3851:Speciality chemicals
3691:Electrical equipment
3608:Consumer electronics
2150:Agricultural History
1625:"Rights on the Line"
880:Alfred D. Chandler,
652:Seaboard Corporation
366:undocumented workers
112:meat & bone meal
48:meatpacking industry
5929:Sole proprietorship
5904:Joint-stock company
5178:Veterinary medicine
5003:Property management
4797:Passenger transport
3824:Commodity chemicals
3650:Optical instruments
3618:Video game consoles
3511:Musical instruments
3352:Media reproduction
2024:45.1 (1971): 18-34.
1651:"Lives on the Line"
1351:. Prometheus Books.
323:Meat Inspection Act
315:Meat Inspection Act
5877:Putting-out system
5386:Information sector
5307:Personal services
4914:Financial services
4386:offshore platforms
4235:advanced materials
4216:Ready-mix concrete
3669:Laser construction
3629:Clocks and watches
3463:Injection moulding
3434:Other fabrication
3387:household hardware
2336:"Beef's Raw Edges"
2165:Warren, Wilson J.
2124:44 (1970) 460-482.
2038:(1991), pp 207–59.
2027:Barrett, James R.
1629:Human Rights Watch
1368:The Texas Observer
1097:4.1 (1992): 65-82.
1043:The New York Times
1019:Human Rights Watch
987:The New York Times
549:(acquired in 1923)
495:Human Rights Watch
372:Changing geography
362:Human Rights Watch
193:
164:
141:meat-packing plant
40:
5998:
5997:
5948:
5947:
5944:
5943:
5775:Natural resources
5620:Production-based
5590:
5589:
5586:
5585:
5528:Vocational school
5375:
5374:
5371:
5370:
4645:
4644:
4641:
4640:
4606:Electrical wiring
4592:Specialty trades
4546:Civil engineering
4401:
4400:
4075:Vulcanized rubber
3871:Cleaning products
3711:Electric lighting
3428:Surface finishing
3418:Powder metallurgy
3373:Metal fabrication
3119:Industrial sector
3108:
3107:
3104:
3103:
3007:Rare-earth metals
2915:
2914:
2319:
2318:
2238:Perren, Richard.
2224:MacLachlan, Ian.
2141:Walsh, Margaret.
2127:Skaggs, Jimmy M.
2113:Horowitz, Roger.
2106:Horowitz, Roger.
2034:Cronon, William.
1979:978-0-87565-304-4
1952:978-1-58729-774-8
1908:10.1111/awr.12151
1688:(50): 1906–1910.
1371:. 7 February 2012
816:Union Stock Yards
590:Excel Corporation
518:COVID-19 Pandemic
507:Covid-19 pandemic
480:Gail A. Eisnitz,
395:Austin, Minnesota
172:meat preservation
96:human consumption
18:Meatpacking plant
16:(Redirected from
6048:
5985:
5984:
5973:
5972:
5961:
5960:
5857:Enforced breakup
5852:Decentralization
5780:Physical capital
5607:
5596:
5394:
5381:
5257:Customer service
5173:Residential care
5121:Public relations
4929:Financial advice
4906:Asset management
4701:Department store
4664:
4651:
4631:Site preparation
4479:Telecom networks
4447:Waste management
4423:Gas distribution
4107:Synthetic fibers
3834:Industrial gases
3573:Computer systems
3507:Medical supplies
3134:
3127:
3114:
2544:Animal husbandry
2515:Medicinal plants
2401:
2394:
2381:
2365:
2358:
2351:
2342:
2310:
2306:
2305:
2294:
2271:
2242:(Ashgate, 2006).
2212:Business History
2200:
2180:
2162:4#1 (1978) 1-22.
2079:
2009:
2008:
2006:
2005:
1990:
1984:
1983:
1963:
1957:
1956:
1936:
1930:
1929:
1919:
1887:
1881:
1880:
1870:
1838:
1829:
1828:
1826:
1825:
1810:
1804:
1803:
1801:
1800:
1785:
1779:
1778:
1730:
1724:
1723:
1713:
1672:
1666:
1665:
1663:
1661:
1646:
1640:
1639:
1637:
1635:
1620:
1614:
1613:
1611:
1609:
1594:
1588:
1587:
1585:
1583:
1568:
1562:
1561:
1559:
1557:
1548:. Archived from
1538:
1532:
1531:
1499:
1493:
1492:
1464:
1458:
1457:
1455:
1453:
1438:
1432:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1421:ResearchGate.net
1412:
1406:
1405:
1403:
1401:
1387:
1381:
1380:
1378:
1376:
1359:
1353:
1352:
1344:
1338:
1337:
1327:
1295:
1289:
1288:
1278:
1246:
1240:
1239:
1237:
1235:
1220:
1214:
1213:
1211:
1209:
1194:
1188:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1168:
1162:
1161:
1159:
1157:
1142:
1136:
1135:
1133:
1131:
1117:
1111:
1104:
1098:
1091:
1085:
1084:
1082:
1081:
1067:
1061:
1060:
1058:
1057:
1035:
1029:
1028:
1026:
1025:
1011:
1005:
1004:
1002:
1001:
979:
973:
972:
952:
946:
945:
921:
915:
914:
902:
891:
885:
884:(1962). pp 25-28
878:
872:
871:(1927) pp 35-39.
865:
856:
855:
853:
852:
843:. Archived from
832:
780:
775:
774:
751:Cargill Proteins
739:Maple Leaf Foods
647:Smithfield Foods
481:
403:Sioux City, Iowa
21:
6056:
6055:
6051:
6050:
6049:
6047:
6046:
6045:
6001:
6000:
5999:
5994:
5993:
5940:
5909:Nationalization
5796:
5766:Primary inputs
5687:
5679:
5612:
5611:Classification
5601:
5582:
5549:
5499:
5483:Social networks
5400:
5388:
5367:
5351:Business travel
5253:Administrative
5242:
5226:Amusement parks
5190:
5182:
5156:Dentist offices
5139:
5009:
4976:Pension funding
4949:Risk management
4934:Holding company
4900:
4840:
4752:
4744:
4716:Specialty store
4711:Online shopping
4658:
4637:
4510:
4397:
4307:
3964:
3922:Pharmaceuticals
3866:Aroma compounds
3802:Petroleum jelly
3732:
3721:Home appliances
3716:Electric motors
3664:spotting scopes
3625:Instrumentation
3538:
3532:
3514:Office supplies
3121:
3100:
3084:Dimension stone
3018:Other minerals
2963:Mining of ores
2911:
2736:
2622:
2569:Other livestock
2455:Permanent crops
2388:
2375:
2369:
2308:
2303:
2297:External videos
2292:
2245:
2207:
2189:
2172:
2041:
2017:
2015:Further reading
2012:
2003:
2001:
1992:
1991:
1987:
1980:
1965:
1964:
1960:
1953:
1938:
1937:
1933:
1889:
1888:
1884:
1840:
1839:
1832:
1823:
1821:
1812:
1811:
1807:
1798:
1796:
1787:
1786:
1782:
1732:
1731:
1727:
1674:
1673:
1669:
1659:
1657:
1648:
1647:
1643:
1633:
1631:
1622:
1621:
1617:
1607:
1605:
1596:
1595:
1591:
1581:
1579:
1570:
1569:
1565:
1555:
1553:
1540:
1539:
1535:
1501:
1500:
1496:
1466:
1465:
1461:
1451:
1449:
1440:
1439:
1435:
1425:
1423:
1414:
1413:
1409:
1399:
1397:
1389:
1388:
1384:
1374:
1372:
1361:
1360:
1356:
1346:
1345:
1341:
1297:
1296:
1292:
1248:
1247:
1243:
1233:
1231:
1222:
1221:
1217:
1207:
1205:
1196:
1195:
1191:
1181:
1179:
1170:
1169:
1165:
1155:
1153:
1144:
1143:
1139:
1129:
1127:
1119:
1118:
1114:
1105:
1101:
1092:
1088:
1079:
1077:
1069:
1068:
1064:
1055:
1053:
1037:
1036:
1032:
1023:
1021:
1013:
1012:
1008:
999:
997:
981:
980:
976:
969:
954:
953:
949:
923:
922:
918:
911:
900:
893:
892:
888:
879:
875:
866:
859:
850:
848:
834:
833:
829:
825:
776:
769:
766:
745:Schneider Foods
694:Sanderson Farms
678:Pilgrim's Pride
598:
573:
535:
530:
524:
482:
479:
448:
442:
433:
420:
411:
374:
346:Omaha, Nebraska
288:
282:
185:
180:
106:, dried blood,
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6054:
6052:
6044:
6043:
6038:
6033:
6031:Food packaging
6028:
6023:
6018:
6013:
6003:
6002:
5996:
5995:
5992:
5991:
5979:
5967:
5954:
5953:
5950:
5949:
5946:
5945:
5942:
5941:
5939:
5938:
5937:
5936:
5931:
5926:
5921:
5916:
5911:
5906:
5901:
5891:
5890:
5889:
5887:Temporary work
5884:
5879:
5874:
5869:
5864:
5859:
5849:
5848:
5847:
5842:
5837:
5832:
5827:
5822:
5817:
5810:Centralization
5806:
5804:
5798:
5797:
5795:
5794:
5789:
5784:
5783:
5782:
5777:
5772:
5764:
5759:
5758:
5757:
5752:
5747:
5742:
5732:
5727:
5726:
5725:
5720:
5715:
5710:
5705:
5694:
5692:
5681:
5680:
5678:
5677:
5676:
5675:
5670:
5665:
5657:
5656:
5655:
5650:
5645:
5640:
5635:
5626:
5617:
5615:
5603:
5602:
5599:
5592:
5591:
5588:
5587:
5584:
5583:
5581:
5580:
5579:
5578:
5576:Basic research
5568:
5563:
5557:
5555:
5551:
5550:
5548:
5547:
5542:
5537:
5536:
5535:
5530:
5520:
5515:
5509:
5507:
5501:
5500:
5498:
5497:
5496:
5495:
5490:
5485:
5480:
5470:
5469:
5468:
5463:
5458:
5448:
5447:
5446:
5441:
5436:
5428:
5427:
5426:
5421:
5416:
5407:
5405:
5390:
5389:
5384:
5377:
5376:
5373:
5372:
5369:
5368:
5366:
5365:
5364:
5363:
5358:
5353:
5345:
5340:
5339:
5338:
5333:
5328:
5323:
5318:
5313:
5305:
5300:
5299:
5298:
5293:
5285:
5284:
5283:
5274:
5269:
5264:
5259:
5250:
5248:
5244:
5243:
5241:
5240:
5239:
5238:
5233:
5228:
5223:
5215:
5210:
5209:
5208:
5197:
5195:
5184:
5183:
5181:
5180:
5175:
5170:
5169:
5168:
5163:
5158:
5149:
5147:
5141:
5140:
5138:
5137:
5136:
5135:
5125:
5124:
5123:
5118:
5108:
5106:Legal services
5103:
5102:
5101:
5096:
5091:
5081:
5080:
5079:
5077:system testing
5066:
5061:
5047:
5046:
5045:
5040:
5035:
5030:
5019:
5017:
5011:
5010:
5008:
5007:
5006:
5005:
5000:
4990:
4989:
4988:
4983:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4958:
4957:
4956:
4951:
4946:
4941:
4939:Money transfer
4936:
4931:
4926:
4921:
4910:
4908:
4902:
4901:
4899:
4898:
4893:
4892:
4891:
4886:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4861:
4850:
4848:
4842:
4841:
4839:
4838:
4837:
4836:
4826:
4825:
4824:
4819:
4814:
4812:Passenger rail
4809:
4804:
4794:
4793:
4792:
4787:
4782:
4780:Moving company
4777:
4772:
4767:
4756:
4754:
4746:
4745:
4743:
4742:
4741:
4740:
4735:
4730:
4720:
4719:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4686:Consumer goods
4683:
4681:Car dealership
4672:
4670:
4660:
4659:
4656:Service sector
4654:
4647:
4646:
4643:
4642:
4639:
4638:
4636:
4635:
4634:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4590:
4589:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4543:
4542:
4541:
4536:
4531:
4520:
4518:
4512:
4511:
4509:
4508:
4507:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4491:
4486:
4476:
4471:
4470:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4444:
4443:
4442:
4432:
4431:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4411:
4409:
4403:
4402:
4399:
4398:
4396:
4395:
4390:
4389:
4388:
4379:
4374:
4359:
4354:
4353:
4352:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4317:
4315:
4313:Heavy industry
4309:
4308:
4306:
4305:
4300:
4299:
4298:
4293:
4283:
4282:
4281:
4271:
4270:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4252:Metal refining
4249:
4248:
4247:
4245:Synthetic gems
4242:
4237:
4228:
4222:Other mineral
4220:
4219:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4198:
4197:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4166:
4165:
4164:
4159:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4120:
4119:
4118:
4112:Thermoplastics
4109:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4079:
4078:
4077:
4072:
4062:
4061:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4035:
4034:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4003:
4002:
4001:
3992:
3987:
3972:
3970:
3966:
3965:
3963:
3962:
3961:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3938:contraceptives
3934:
3932:Blood products
3929:
3919:
3917:Fine chemicals
3914:
3913:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3848:
3847:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3821:
3820:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3797:Petrochemicals
3794:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3742:
3740:
3734:
3733:
3731:
3730:
3729:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3698:
3688:
3687:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3657:
3647:
3642:
3641:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3622:
3621:
3620:
3615:
3605:
3604:
3603:
3598:
3588:
3587:
3586:
3580:
3575:
3565:
3564:
3563:
3561:Semiconductors
3558:
3556:Circuit boards
3553:
3542:
3540:
3534:
3533:
3531:
3530:
3529:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3515:
3512:
3509:
3504:
3501:
3496:
3490:
3487:
3486:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3432:
3431:
3430:
3425:
3423:Prefabrication
3420:
3415:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3380:
3370:
3369:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3356:Cassette tapes
3350:
3349:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3318:
3317:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3276:
3275:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3224:
3223:
3222:
3217:
3214:
3211:
3206:
3196:
3195:
3194:
3192:Vegetable oils
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3166:
3165:Dairy products
3163:
3158:
3153:
3142:
3140:
3138:Light industry
3131:
3123:
3122:
3117:
3110:
3109:
3106:
3105:
3102:
3101:
3099:
3098:
3097:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3046:
3045:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3016:
3015:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2961:
2960:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2923:
2921:
2917:
2916:
2913:
2912:
2910:
2909:
2908:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2879:
2878:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2827:
2826:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2744:
2742:
2738:
2737:
2735:
2734:
2733:
2732:
2727:
2720:Wild mushrooms
2717:
2716:
2715:
2710:
2697:
2695:Natural rubber
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2662:
2657:
2656:
2655:
2645:
2644:
2643:
2632:
2630:
2624:
2623:
2621:
2620:
2619:
2618:
2608:
2607:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2541:
2540:
2539:
2534:
2524:
2523:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2480:Tropical fruit
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2452:
2451:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2413:Arable farming
2409:
2407:
2398:
2390:
2389:
2386:Natural sector
2384:
2377:
2376:
2370:
2368:
2367:
2360:
2353:
2345:
2339:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2317:
2316:
2299:
2298:
2291:
2290:External links
2288:
2287:
2286:
2281:Yeager, Mary.
2279:
2272:
2243:
2236:
2229:
2222:
2215:
2206:
2203:
2202:
2201:
2187:
2170:
2163:
2156:
2146:
2139:
2132:
2125:
2118:
2111:
2104:
2094:
2087:
2086:(1990): 55-67.
2080:
2039:
2032:
2025:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2010:
1985:
1978:
1958:
1951:
1931:
1902:(2): 116–123.
1882:
1853:(5): 762–774.
1830:
1805:
1780:
1725:
1667:
1641:
1615:
1603:The New Yorker
1589:
1563:
1552:on 25 May 2019
1533:
1514:(2): 158–184.
1494:
1475:(3): 351–369.
1459:
1433:
1407:
1382:
1354:
1339:
1310:(6): 541–547.
1290:
1241:
1230:. 29 July 2018
1215:
1189:
1163:
1137:
1112:
1099:
1086:
1062:
1045:. 2008-07-13.
1030:
1006:
989:. 2005-01-25.
974:
967:
947:
916:
910:978-0691182315
909:
886:
873:
867:Allan Nevins,
857:
826:
824:
821:
820:
819:
813:
811:Slaughterhouse
808:
803:
798:
793:
788:
782:
781:
765:
762:
761:
760:
757:AFFCO Holdings
754:
748:
742:
736:
735:(South Africa)
730:
724:
718:
712:
706:
704:Teys Australia
697:
696:
691:
686:
681:
664:
663:
660:
657:
654:
649:
642:Pork Packers:
640:
639:
634:
624:
614:
607:Beef Packers:
597:
594:
593:
592:
587:
582:
572:
569:
568:
567:
562:
557:
552:
551:
550:
534:
531:
529:
526:
477:
441:
438:
432:
429:
419:
416:
410:
407:
373:
370:
293:Upton Sinclair
281:
278:
277:
276:
268:William Cronon
224:In Milwaukee,
222:
221:
218:
215:
212:
209:
184:
181:
179:
176:
149:freezing works
132:slaughterhouse
110:meals such as
54:) handles the
46:(also spelled
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6053:
6042:
6039:
6037:
6034:
6032:
6029:
6027:
6024:
6022:
6019:
6017:
6014:
6012:
6009:
6008:
6006:
5990:
5989:
5980:
5978:
5977:
5968:
5966:
5965:
5956:
5955:
5951:
5935:
5932:
5930:
5927:
5925:
5924:Privatization
5922:
5920:
5917:
5915:
5912:
5910:
5907:
5905:
5902:
5900:
5897:
5896:
5895:
5892:
5888:
5885:
5883:
5880:
5878:
5875:
5873:
5870:
5868:
5865:
5863:
5860:
5858:
5855:
5854:
5853:
5850:
5846:
5843:
5841:
5838:
5836:
5833:
5831:
5828:
5826:
5823:
5821:
5818:
5816:
5813:
5812:
5811:
5808:
5807:
5805:
5803:
5799:
5793:
5790:
5788:
5785:
5781:
5778:
5776:
5773:
5771:
5768:
5767:
5765:
5763:
5760:
5756:
5753:
5751:
5748:
5746:
5743:
5741:
5738:
5737:
5736:
5733:
5731:
5728:
5724:
5721:
5719:
5716:
5714:
5711:
5709:
5706:
5704:
5701:
5700:
5699:
5698:Externalities
5696:
5695:
5693:
5691:
5686:
5682:
5674:
5671:
5669:
5666:
5664:
5661:
5660:
5659:Market-based
5658:
5654:
5651:
5649:
5646:
5644:
5641:
5639:
5636:
5634:
5633:
5632:
5627:
5625:
5622:
5621:
5619:
5618:
5616:
5614:
5608:
5604:
5597:
5593:
5577:
5574:
5573:
5572:
5569:
5567:
5564:
5562:
5559:
5558:
5556:
5552:
5546:
5543:
5541:
5538:
5534:
5531:
5529:
5526:
5525:
5524:
5521:
5519:
5516:
5514:
5511:
5510:
5508:
5506:
5502:
5494:
5491:
5489:
5486:
5484:
5481:
5479:
5476:
5475:
5474:
5471:
5467:
5464:
5462:
5459:
5457:
5454:
5453:
5452:
5449:
5445:
5442:
5440:
5437:
5435:
5432:
5431:
5430:Audio-visual
5429:
5425:
5422:
5420:
5417:
5415:
5412:
5411:
5409:
5408:
5406:
5404:
5399:
5395:
5391:
5387:
5382:
5378:
5362:
5359:
5357:
5354:
5352:
5349:
5348:
5346:
5344:
5341:
5337:
5334:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5319:
5317:
5314:
5312:
5309:
5308:
5306:
5304:
5301:
5297:
5294:
5292:
5289:
5288:
5286:
5282:
5278:
5275:
5273:
5270:
5268:
5265:
5263:
5260:
5258:
5255:
5254:
5252:
5251:
5249:
5245:
5237:
5234:
5232:
5229:
5227:
5224:
5222:
5219:
5218:
5216:
5214:
5211:
5207:
5204:
5203:
5202:
5199:
5198:
5196:
5194:
5189:
5188:Entertainment
5185:
5179:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5154:
5153:
5151:
5150:
5148:
5146:
5142:
5134:
5131:
5130:
5129:
5126:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5114:
5113:
5112:
5109:
5107:
5104:
5100:
5097:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5087:
5086:
5085:
5082:
5078:
5074:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5057:
5056:
5055:
5051:
5048:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5025:
5024:
5021:
5020:
5018:
5016:
5012:
5004:
5001:
4999:
4996:
4995:
4994:
4991:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4963:
4962:
4959:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4944:Payment cards
4942:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4916:
4915:
4912:
4911:
4909:
4907:
4903:
4897:
4894:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4879:Food delivery
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4859:Drink service
4857:
4856:
4855:
4852:
4851:
4849:
4847:
4843:
4835:
4832:
4831:
4830:
4827:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4799:
4798:
4795:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4762:
4761:
4758:
4757:
4755:
4753:& Storage
4751:
4747:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4725:
4724:
4721:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4696:Grocery store
4694:
4692:
4691:General store
4689:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4678:
4677:
4674:
4673:
4671:
4669:
4665:
4661:
4657:
4652:
4648:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4593:
4591:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4548:
4547:
4544:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4526:
4525:
4522:
4521:
4519:
4517:
4513:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4481:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4449:
4448:
4445:
4441:
4438:
4437:
4436:
4433:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4415:
4413:
4412:
4410:
4408:
4404:
4394:
4391:
4387:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4377:Rail vehicles
4375:
4373:
4369:
4366:
4365:
4364:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4351:
4350:wind turbines
4347:
4344:
4342:
4341:Machine tools
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4323:
4322:
4319:
4318:
4316:
4314:
4310:
4304:
4301:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4288:
4287:
4284:
4280:
4277:
4276:
4275:
4272:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4254:
4253:
4250:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4232:
4231:Carbon fibers
4229:
4227:
4224:
4223:
4221:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4203:
4202:
4199:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4171:
4170:
4167:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4125:
4124:
4121:
4117:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4084:
4083:
4080:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4067:
4066:
4063:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4040:
4039:
4036:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4008:
4007:
4004:
4000:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3982:
3979:
3978:
3977:
3974:
3973:
3971:
3967:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3948:Illegal drugs
3946:
3944:
3943:Generic drugs
3941:
3939:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3924:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3861:Agrochemicals
3859:
3857:
3854:
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3849:
3845:
3844:Pure elements
3842:
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3837:
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3827:
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3812:Synthetic oil
3810:
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3674:Lens grinding
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3209:Bottled water
3207:
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3197:
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3130:Manufacturing
3128:
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2890:Sea cucumbers
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2557:
2555:
2554:Dairy farming
2552:
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2460:Apples et al.
2458:
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2323:NOW on PBS –
2321:
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2248:Prairie Forum
2244:
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2214:(2017): 1-28.
2213:
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2188:9780892320585
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1996:
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1655:Oxfam America
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1216:
1204:
1203:Buzzfeed News
1200:
1193:
1190:
1178:. 5 July 2018
1177:
1173:
1167:
1164:
1152:
1148:
1141:
1138:
1126:
1122:
1121:"Meatpacking"
1116:
1113:
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1103:
1100:
1096:
1090:
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1076:
1072:
1066:
1063:
1052:
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1007:
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968:9780393072457
964:
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948:
943:
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917:
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864:
862:
858:
847:on 2019-05-25
846:
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759:(New Zealand)
758:
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637:National Beef
635:
632:
628:
625:
622:
618:
615:
613:
610:
609:
608:
605:
603:
602:United States
595:
591:
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585:ConAgra Foods
583:
581:
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566:
563:
561:
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556:
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499:Oxfam America
496:
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469:
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461:
460:United States
457:
453:
447:
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437:
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417:
415:
409:Rail to truck
408:
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404:
400:
396:
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388:
387:Dubuque, Iowa
384:
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371:
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363:
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311:U.S. Congress
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273:
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271:
269:
264:
262:
258:
254:
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237:
235:
231:
230:Nelson Morris
227:
226:Philip Armour
219:
216:
213:
210:
207:
206:
205:
202:
198:
197:meat industry
189:
183:United States
182:
177:
175:
173:
169:
168:refrigeration
160:
156:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
133:
127:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
92:meat industry
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
37:
32:
19:
5987:
5975:
5963:
5882:Spinning-off
5867:Homesteading
5820:Conglomerate
5802:Organization
5755:Raw material
5750:Intermediate
5629:
5628:
5451:Broadcasting
5356:Cruise lines
5326:Maid service
5316:Dry cleaning
5287:Maintenance
5050:Architecture
5015:Professional
4834:Self storage
4738:Distribution
4516:Construction
4361:Other heavy
4286:Formed metal
4240:Mineral wool
4162:Safety glass
4133:Fused quartz
4128:Borosilicate
3792:Paraffin wax
3747:oil refining
3726:Transformers
3492:Other goods
3478:Stonemasonry
3458:Glassblowing
3443:Blow molding
3402:Locksmithing
3378:Boilermaking
2927:Fossil fuels
2725:Fungiculture
2680:Gutta-percha
2670:Frankincense
2665:Tree tapping
2636:Silviculture
2616:Fur trapping
2527:Horticulture
2475:Stone fruits
2324:
2282:
2275:
2251:
2247:
2239:
2232:
2225:
2218:
2211:
2176:
2166:
2159:
2149:
2142:
2135:
2128:
2121:
2114:
2107:
2097:
2090:
2083:
2051:
2047:
2035:
2028:
2021:
2002:. Retrieved
1998:
1988:
1968:
1961:
1941:
1934:
1899:
1895:
1885:
1850:
1846:
1822:. Retrieved
1818:
1808:
1797:. Retrieved
1793:
1783:
1742:
1738:
1728:
1685:
1681:
1670:
1658:. Retrieved
1654:
1644:
1632:. Retrieved
1628:
1618:
1606:. Retrieved
1602:
1592:
1580:. Retrieved
1576:
1566:
1554:. Retrieved
1550:the original
1545:
1536:
1511:
1507:
1497:
1472:
1469:Organization
1468:
1462:
1450:. Retrieved
1446:
1436:
1424:. Retrieved
1420:
1410:
1398:. Retrieved
1394:
1385:
1373:. Retrieved
1366:
1357:
1348:
1342:
1307:
1303:
1293:
1258:
1254:
1244:
1232:. Retrieved
1227:
1218:
1206:. Retrieved
1202:
1192:
1180:. Retrieved
1176:The Guardian
1175:
1166:
1154:. Retrieved
1150:
1140:
1128:. Retrieved
1124:
1115:
1108:Meat science
1107:
1102:
1094:
1089:
1078:. Retrieved
1074:
1065:
1054:. Retrieved
1042:
1033:
1022:. Retrieved
1018:
1009:
998:. Retrieved
986:
977:
957:
950:
933:
929:
919:
896:
889:
881:
876:
868:
849:. Retrieved
845:the original
840:
830:
715:Marfrig S.A.
698:
689:Perdue Farms
677:
665:
641:
630:
620:
606:
599:
574:
536:
523:
515:
503:
492:
487:Organization
486:
484:
473:
456:The Guardian
449:
434:
421:
412:
375:
358:
331:
307:
296:
289:
280:Labor issues
265:
250:
238:
223:
194:
165:
148:
140:
137:packinghouse
136:
130:
128:
56:slaughtering
51:
47:
43:
41:
5919:Partnership
5899:Cooperative
5872:Outsourcing
5862:Freelancing
5740:Commodities
5444:Video games
5419:Periodicals
5296:Landscaping
5231:Fairgrounds
5133:Advertising
5054:engineering
5038:Bookkeeping
4993:Real estate
4986:Reinsurance
4884:Restaurants
4854:Foodservice
4846:Hospitality
4829:Warehousing
4817:Ridesharing
4807:Car rentals
4539:Residential
4474:Remediation
4357:Automobiles
4179:Earthenware
4148:Glass fiber
4143:Float glass
3953:Supplements
3927:Antibiotics
3829:Fertilizers
3787:Mineral oil
3762:Diesel fuel
3745:Coal &
3705:fiber optic
3679:Microscopes
3633:GPS devices
3613:Televisions
3546:Electronics
3537:Electrical
3483:Woodworking
3438:3D printing
3397:Gunsmithing
3361:Phonographs
3346:Typesetting
3326:Bookbinding
3289:Dressmaking
3284:Accessories
3216:Soft drinks
3151:Animal feed
2942:Natural gas
2830:Aquaculture
2813:Sea urchins
2685:Maple syrup
2559:Fur farming
2549:Beef cattle
2485:Viticulture
2433:Fiber crops
2405:Agriculture
1546:PTSDJournal
1261:(2): 7053.
778:Food portal
684:Tyson Foods
656:Tyson Foods
612:Tyson Foods
528:Meatpackers
464:Tyson Foods
354:blue-collar
270:concludes:
145:New Zealand
100:by-products
6005:Categories
5792:Technology
5762:Innovation
5723:Well-being
5533:University
5466:Television
5403:Mass media
5398:Publishing
5236:Nightclubs
5145:Healthcare
5116:Consulting
5111:Management
5059:Inspection
5043:Tax advice
5023:Accounting
4954:Securities
4770:Intermodal
4706:Mail order
4601:Demolition
4534:Industrial
4529:Commercial
4452:Collection
4303:Cast metal
4189:Refractory
4157:fiberglass
4153:Glass wool
4116:thermosets
4092:Engineered
4021:Engineered
4016:Sawmilling
3910:Toiletries
3881:Explosives
3701:Electrical
3684:Telescopes
3551:Components
3309:Shoemaking
3027:Phosphorus
2920:Geological
2870:Microalgae
2713:Pine resin
2700:Palm sugar
2675:Gum arabic
2589:Beekeeping
2428:Vegetables
2373:industries
2004:2019-08-11
1824:2023-07-06
1799:2023-07-06
1794:Civil Eats
1426:30 January
1400:30 January
1375:30 January
1080:2024-03-15
1056:2019-08-11
1024:2019-08-11
1000:2019-08-11
851:2019-06-19
729:(Thailand)
669:Chickens:
298:The Jungle
284:See also:
266:Historian
102:including
82:and other
60:processing
5894:Ownership
5840:Monopsony
5718:Pollution
5703:Community
5613:standards
5518:Secondary
5505:Education
5488:Streaming
5161:Hospitals
5152:Medicine
5128:Marketing
5064:Surveying
5028:Assurance
4998:Brokerage
4961:Insurance
4889:Teahouses
4874:Fast food
4765:Air cargo
4750:Transport
4733:Brokerage
4723:Wholesale
4611:Elevators
4596:Cabinetry
4524:Buildings
4504:Telephone
4499:Satellite
4467:Recycling
4462:Hazardous
4428:Renewable
4407:Utilities
4368:Aerospace
4336:Hydraulic
4326:Conveyors
4321:Machinery
4226:Abrasives
4184:Porcelain
4138:Soda-lime
4097:Specialty
4087:Commodity
4048:Cardboard
4031:Composite
3969:Materials
3886:Fireworks
3876:Cosmetics
3856:Adhesives
3738:Chemicals
3696:Batteries
3568:Computers
3503:Jewellery
3489:Furniture
3473:Sintering
3453:Extrusion
3407:Machining
3383:Builders'
3336:Engraving
3331:Embossing
3314:Tailoring
3299:Hatmaking
3199:Beverages
3182:Preserved
3079:Limestone
3049:Quarrying
3022:Gemstones
2992:Palladium
2957:Tar sands
2952:Petroleum
2947:Oil shale
2793:Swordfish
2753:Anchovies
2594:Cochineal
2268:0317-6282
2260:10294/262
2254:: 15–30.
2076:154757208
2068:0305-7488
1775:246575794
1759:0039-3681
1745:: 45–55.
1702:0149-2195
1528:148368906
1489:148368906
1051:0362-4331
995:0362-4331
942:0270-272X
823:Footnotes
818:, Chicago
604:include:
571:Big Three
418:Argentina
122:(such as
116:rendering
84:livestock
64:packaging
5964:Category
5835:Monopoly
5787:Services
5566:Language
5561:Creative
5545:Tutoring
5523:Tertiary
5493:Websites
5473:Internet
5424:Software
5410:Written
5331:Pet care
5291:Janitors
5281:security
5272:Staffing
5201:Gambling
5094:Interior
5075:, &
5069:Physical
4981:Property
4869:Catering
4802:Airlines
4790:Trucking
4626:Plumbing
4581:Dredging
4556:Railways
4489:Internet
4484:Cable TV
4418:Electric
4363:vehicles
4262:Aluminum
4169:Ceramics
4082:Plastics
3995:Currying
3985:deliming
3958:Vaccines
3900:Perfumes
3839:Pigments
3782:Kerosene
3777:Jet fuel
3772:Gasoline
3767:Fuel oil
3499:Bicycles
3413:smithing
3321:Printing
3279:Clothing
3247:Spinning
3227:Textiles
3177:Prepared
2997:Platinum
2967:Aluminum
2895:Scallops
2808:Lobsters
2783:Mackerel
2763:Sardines
2730:Truffles
2706:, &
2653:Firewood
2628:Forestry
2438:Oilseeds
2154:in JSTOR
2102:in JSTOR
1926:31080311
1877:36133635
1767:35131685
1720:33332291
1334:15150395
1285:30046554
764:See also
753:(Canada)
747:(Canada)
741:(Canada)
723:(Brazil)
721:BRF S.A.
717:(Brazil)
711:(Brazil)
709:JBS S.A.
533:Big Four
478:—
325:and the
153:abattoir
5988:Outline
5976:Commons
5730:Funding
5713:Culture
5690:outputs
5600:Related
5540:Testing
5513:Primary
5478:Hosting
5361:Tourism
5347:Travel
5343:Poverty
5321:Funeral
5303:Repairs
5267:Renting
5262:Leasing
5221:Arcades
5217:Venues
5193:leisure
5166:Nursing
5099:Product
5089:Fashion
5073:product
4919:Banking
4728:Auction
4586:Harbors
4566:Tunnels
4551:Bridges
4457:Dumping
4393:Weapons
4211:Plaster
4102:Pellets
3990:Tanning
3976:Leather
3807:Propane
3752:Bitumen
3655:Cameras
3495:Baggage
3468:Pottery
3448:Drawing
3392:Cutlery
3257:Carpets
3252:Weaving
3232:Carding
3161:Canning
3089:Granite
3012:Uranium
3002:Lithium
2875:Seaweed
2860:Oysters
2855:Mussels
2850:Abalone
2845:Tilapia
2840:Catfish
2823:Whaling
2778:Pollock
2773:Haddock
2758:Herring
2748:Fishing
2741:Aquatic
2648:Logging
2611:Hunting
2599:Shellac
2584:Poultry
2532:Flowers
2465:Berries
2448:Tobacco
2423:Legumes
2418:Cereals
2314:YouTube
2197:7167708
1917:6503519
1868:9478983
1819:Reuters
1711:7745955
1325:1763658
1276:6036995
835:Noted.
674:JBS USA
667:Broiler
659:JBS USA
627:JBS USA
511:heparin
425:Pateros
342:Chicago
303:Chicago
178:History
108:protein
88:Poultry
5815:Cartel
5688:&
5685:Inputs
5624:ANZSIC
5401:&
5311:Beauty
5279:&
5206:Online
5191:&
5084:Design
5052:&
4966:Health
4924:Credit
4896:Hotels
4676:Retail
4571:Canals
4494:Mobile
4440:Sewage
4414:Power
4384:&
4370:&
4348:&
4296:Forged
4291:Rolled
4274:Alloys
4267:Copper
4233:&
4206:Mortar
4201:Cement
4155:&
4114:&
4065:Rubber
4058:Tissue
4043:Sizing
4026:Lumber
4011:Drying
3999:oiling
3997:&
3983:&
3981:Liming
3893:&
3891:Paints
3707:cables
3703:&
3662:&
3582:Blank
3411:Other
3385:&
3341:Secure
3304:Sewing
3267:Linens
3242:Prints
3237:Dyeing
3213:Liquor
3187:Sweets
3156:Baking
3094:Marble
3074:Gypsum
3054:Gravel
3042:Sulfur
3032:Potash
2987:Silver
2972:Copper
2905:Shrimp
2900:Salmon
2865:Pearls
2690:Mastic
2660:Rattan
2641:Bamboo
2564:Horses
2520:Spices
2510:Olives
2495:Coffee
2470:Citrus
2397:Biotic
2371:Major
2285:(1981)
2266:
2195:
2185:
2074:
2066:
1976:
1949:
1924:
1914:
1875:
1865:
1773:
1765:
1757:
1718:
1708:
1700:
1660:23 May
1634:23 May
1608:23 May
1582:23 May
1556:23 May
1526:
1487:
1452:23 May
1332:
1322:
1283:
1273:
1234:23 May
1208:23 May
1182:23 May
1156:23 May
1130:23 May
1049:
993:
965:
940:
907:
560:Wilson
555:Cudahy
547:Morris
542:Armour
401:; and
295:novel
124:tallow
72:cattle
5770:Labor
5745:Final
5735:Goods
5708:Crime
5653:UKSIC
5643:NAICS
5554:Other
5461:Radio
5439:Music
5414:Books
5247:Other
5213:Sport
5033:Audit
4864:Cafés
4822:Taxis
4760:Cargo
4668:Sales
4561:Roads
4435:Water
4382:Ships
4372:space
4346:Power
4331:Heavy
4279:Steel
4174:Brick
4123:Glass
4070:Tires
4038:Paper
3168:Flour
3064:Chalk
2885:Clams
2881:Both
2818:Squid
2803:Crabs
2788:Shark
2704:syrup
2537:Seeds
2490:Cocoa
2443:Sugar
2205:World
2072:S2CID
1771:S2CID
1524:S2CID
1485:S2CID
1447:Metro
936:(4).
901:(PDF)
841:Noted
631:Swift
621:Excel
596:Today
565:Swift
431:China
151:. An
143:; in
139:or a
104:hides
80:sheep
5673:TRBC
5663:GICS
5638:NACE
5631:ISIC
5456:News
5434:Film
4971:Life
4785:Rail
4775:Mail
4616:HVAC
4576:Dams
4257:Iron
4194:Tile
4053:Pulp
4006:Wood
3905:Soap
3895:inks
3757:Coke
3526:Toys
3294:Furs
3272:Rope
3262:Lace
3220:Wine
3204:Beer
3172:Meat
3146:Food
3069:Clay
3059:Sand
3037:Salt
2982:Gold
2977:Iron
2937:Peat
2932:Coal
2835:Carp
2798:Tuna
2708:wine
2604:Silk
2579:Wool
2505:Nuts
2264:ISSN
2193:OCLC
2183:ISBN
2064:ISSN
1974:ISBN
1947:ISBN
1922:PMID
1873:PMID
1763:PMID
1755:ISSN
1716:PMID
1698:ISSN
1662:2019
1636:2019
1610:2019
1584:2019
1558:2019
1454:2019
1428:2019
1402:2019
1377:2019
1330:PMID
1281:PMID
1236:2019
1210:2019
1184:2019
1158:2019
1132:2019
1047:ISSN
991:ISSN
963:ISBN
938:ISSN
905:ISBN
317:and
251:The
201:beef
170:for
120:fats
76:pigs
68:meat
42:The
34:The
5668:ICB
5648:SIC
5336:Sex
3817:Tar
3660:Gun
2768:Cod
2574:Pig
2500:Tea
2312:on
2256:hdl
2056:doi
1912:PMC
1904:doi
1863:PMC
1855:doi
1747:doi
1706:PMC
1690:doi
1516:doi
1477:doi
1320:PMC
1312:doi
1271:PMC
1263:doi
580:IBP
452:NPR
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