2541:
53:
1875:
117:
3032:
3122:
1904:
84:
3038:
842:. It ate leaves and small twigs, using its beak to "shear ... with scissor-like moves". However, bio-mechanical testing of its beak and head has shown it was best suited to feed by pulling backwards, possibly while twisting its head to the side. Its food required grinding before it could be digested, as indicated by its large crop. Studies of the upland moa's
1890:
810:
Scientists believed in the past that the upland moa held its neck and head upright; however, it actually carried itself in a stooped posture with its head level to its back. This would have helped it travel through the abundant vegetation in its habitat, whereas an extended neck would have been more suited to open spaces. It had no wings or tail.
802:
831:
893:
809:
At less than 1 metre (3.3 ft) tall and about 17 to 34 kilograms (37 to 75 lb) in weight, the upland moa was among the smallest of the moa species. Unlike other moas, it had feathers covering all of its body but the beak and the soles of its feet, an adaptation to its cold environment.
863:
This moa usually laid only 1 to 2 blue-green coloured eggs at once, and was likely the only type of moa to lay eggs that were not white in colour. Like the emu and ostrich, male moa cared for the young. The upland moa's only predator before the arrival of humans in New
Zealand was the
1549:
Igic, Branislav; Greenwood, David R.; Palmer, David J.; Cassey, Phillip; Gill, Brian J.; Grim, Tomas; Brennan, Patricia L. R.; Bassett, Suzanne M.; Battley, Phil F.; Hauber, Mark E. (2010).
860:, feeding in high alpine areas during the summer and descending to lower altitude forests in the winter. They may also have played an important role in the seed dispersal of alpine plants.
1437:
Horrocks, Mark; D'Costa, Donna; Wallace, Rod; Gardner, Rhys; Kondo, Renzo (2004). "Plant remains in coprolites: diet of a subalpine moa (Dinornithiformes) from southern New
Zealand".
3342:
1244:
Bunce, M.; Worthy, T. H.; Phillips, M. J.; Holdaway, R. N.; Willerslev, E.; Haile, J.; Shapiro, B.; Scofield, R. P.; Drummond, A.; Kamp, P. J. J.; Cooper, A. (2009).
3228:
856:, and the nectar-rich flowers made up part of its diet. Based on the pollen present in the coprolites, it is suggested they had a similar lifestyle to the living
3241:
1131:"On Dinornis (Part XXIV): containing a Description of the Head and Feet, with their dried Integuments, of an Individual of the species Dinornis didinus, Owen"
1788:
3327:
2540:
1720:
884:. Moa, a docile animal, were an easy source of food for the Māori (who called them "moa pukepuke") and were eventually hunted to extinction in 1445.
3202:
101:
1962:
1485:"High-Resolution Coproecology: Using Coprolites to Reconstruct the Habits and Habitats of New Zealand's Extinct Upland Moa (Megalapteryx didinus)"
975:
947:
937:
927:
1307:
3317:
1668:
1228:
1105:
1065:
900:
The species has the best-preserved mummified remains of any moa species. Several specimens with soft tissue and feather remains are known:
1383:"Moa diet fits the bill: virtual reconstruction incorporating mummified remains and prediction of biomechanical performance in avian giants"
3322:
1916:
1381:
Attard, Marie R. G.; Wilson, Laura A. B.; Worthy, Trevor H.; Scofield, Paul; Johnston, Peter; Parr, William C. H.; Wroe, Stephen (2016).
3307:
838:
The upland moa was herbivorous, its diet extrapolated from fossilised stomach contents, droppings, and the structure of its beak and
3312:
3337:
1308:"Morphology, myology, collagen and DNA of a mummified upland moa, Megalapteryx didinus (Aves: dinorthiformes) from New Zealand"
957:
1894:
1602:
1162:"Reconstructing the tempo and mode of evolution in an extinct clade of birds with ancient DNA: The giant moas of New Zealand"
968:
of approximately AD 1300–1400 is in line with this. Unusually, the eggshell is dark olive green, but even if the egg is of
1483:
Wood, Jamie R.; Wilmshurst, Janet M.; Wagstaff, Steven J.; Worthy, Trevor H.; Rawlence, Nicolas J.; Cooper, Alan (2012).
1223:. Vol. 8 Birds I Tinamous and Ratites to Hoatzins (2 ed.). Farmington Hills, MI: Gale Group. pp. 95–98.
116:
3031:
1955:
432:
specimen consists of a mummified head and partial neck, and two mummified legs and feet which preserve the feathers.
1245:
3246:
3180:
2033:
1908:
1803:
1069:
941:
704:
557:
1735:
908:
645:
425:
1934:
822:, in mountains and sub-alpine regions. They travelled to elevations as high as 2000 m (7000 ft).
3142:
1948:
1644:
Worthy, Trevor H.'Moa – Moa and people', Te Ara – the
Encyclopedia of New Zealand, updated 13-Jul-12 URL:
3302:
3274:
3125:
931:
662:
255:
2583:
1130:
3266:
3189:
2370:
2317:
2087:
1562:
1496:
1446:
1260:
1173:
1070:"Checklist-of-Birds of New Zealand, Norfolk and Macquarie Islands and the Ross Dependency Antarctica"
621:
2440:
3037:
2426:
2353:
1880:
951:
73:
61:
3102:
3067:
2780:
2325:
52:
2060:
1829:
1761:
1693:
1619:
1578:
1462:
965:
745:
284:
111:
3279:
3095:
2760:
2433:
1042:
3233:
2643:
2447:
3088:
2559:
2507:
2402:
2339:
1674:
1664:
1611:
1524:
1412:
1288:
1224:
1201:
1111:
1101:
540:
181:
1332:
3332:
3074:
2722:
2395:
2268:
1627:
1570:
1514:
1504:
1454:
1402:
1394:
1278:
1268:
1191:
1181:
865:
326:
322:
231:
1246:"The evolutionary history of the extinct ratite moa and New Zealand Neogene paleogeography"
2600:
2416:
2332:
2252:
2018:
1331:
Flannery, Tim, "A Gap in Nature: Discovering the World's
Extinct Animals", October 2001, "
853:
877:
1566:
1500:
1450:
1357:
1264:
1177:
988:
AV10049, skeleton and partial egg found in 2002 at
Serpentine Range, Humboldt Mountains.
2953:
2215:
1519:
1407:
1283:
1196:
1161:
912:
904:
839:
440:
3296:
2926:
2862:
2770:
2480:
2458:
2245:
2157:
2144:
2099:
1971:
1789:"Unique, dark olive-green moa eggshell from Redcliffe Hill, Rakaia Gorge, Canterbury"
1597:
1550:
1484:
1382:
979:
922:
728:
168:
1582:
1466:
3081:
2884:
2800:
2310:
2300:
1855:
985:
961:
918:
819:
421:
275:
3256:
1928:
876:
Humans first came in contact with the upland moa around 1250 to 1300 AD, when the
1509:
1160:
Baker, A. J.; Huynen, L. J.; Haddrath, O.; Millar, C. D.; Lambert, D. M. (2005).
3215:
3174:
2981:
2969:
2942:
2902:
2893:
2841:
2807:
2715:
2650:
2592:
2470:
2178:
2072:
397:
389:
39:
17:
1903:
3055:
2912:
2855:
2825:
2729:
2623:
2571:
2231:
2189:
1870:
1574:
940:
NMNZ S.023080, a foot with some muscle and sinews, found on 7 January 1987 at
848:
606:
405:
88:
3165:
1615:
2990:
2935:
2869:
2791:
2385:
2363:
2285:
2238:
2224:
2200:
2045:
1678:
1273:
1186:
1115:
881:
843:
451:
128:
1528:
1416:
1398:
1306:
Vickers-Rich, P.; Trusler, P.; Rowley, M. J.; Cooper, A. (1 January 1995).
1292:
1205:
857:
1889:
1631:
1009:
834:
Mummified head head of the holotype, as illustrated in Owen's 1883 article
801:
3159:
3007:
2997:
2834:
2708:
2681:
2633:
1996:
1658:
1645:
1095:
525:
429:
148:
43:
1623:
3207:
2848:
2814:
2744:
2699:
2611:
2488:
404:. It was the last moa species to become extinct, vanishing around 1500
401:
65:
3220:
830:
1990:
1940:
408:, and was predominantly found in alpine and sub-alpine environments.
393:
138:
3136:
1458:
892:
1312:
Tuhinga: The
Records of the Museum of New Zealand te Papa Tongarewa
891:
829:
800:
3194:
1369:
960:
NZ 1725, Remains of one partial egg which have been found at the
921:
C.68.2A, leg with much muscle tissue, skin and feathers from the
2002:
1219:
Davies, S. J. J. F. (2003). "Moas". In
Hutchins, Michael (ed.).
930:
NMNZ S.000400, a skeleton with tissue on neck and head from the
158:
3140:
3053:
2557:
2142:
1983:
1944:
1663:. Paul Martinson. Wellington, N.Z.: Te Papa Press. p. 20.
2668:
1551:"Detecting pigments from colourful eggshells of extinct birds"
385:
194:
972:, the shell colour may have varied between individual eggs.
424:
from mummified material found in 1878 by H. L. Squires in
1141:(8). London : Zoological Society of London: 257–261
964:
in 1971 are tentatively attributed to this species. The
1387:
Proceedings of the Royal
Society B: Biological Sciences
1721:"Mummified moa remains from Mt Owen, northwest Nelson"
1358:
http://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/theme.aspx?irn=1348
3003:
2965:
2923:
2908:
2776:
2766:
2756:
2665:
2639:
2629:
2619:
2580:
2476:
2466:
2413:
2382:
2350:
2297:
2281:
2212:
2196:
2185:
2174:
982:
in March 1987 at
Honeycomb Hill Cave, Oparara Valley
3149:
2980:
2952:
2922:
2892:
2883:
2824:
2790:
2743:
2698:
2664:
2610:
2579:
2570:
2506:
2457:
2412:
2381:
2349:
2296:
2266:
2211:
2155:
2098:
2071:
2044:
2017:
1100:. Paul Martinson. Wellington, N.Z.: Te Papa Press.
944:. This was dated to be about 3,300–3,400 years old.
846:provided evidence that branchlets of trees such as
1598:"A Catalogue of Moa Eggs (Aves: Dinornithiformes)"
1478:
1476:
1045:. Zwaag, Netherlands: Universal Taxonomic Services
1925:by Alan Tennyson, Te Papa Press, Wellington, 2006
1921:by Paul Martinson. Artwork produced for the book
1135:Transactions of the Zoological Society of London
1253:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1166:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1931:at the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa
1956:
1856:"THE HUNT IS ON: Upland Moa Recovery Project"
8:
1356:Museum of New Zealand, "Upland Moa", 1998,
1327:
1325:
818:The upland moa lived only on New Zealand's
447:, may have been a valid species after all.
3137:
3050:
2958:
2889:
2749:
2673:
2576:
2567:
2554:
2503:
2274:
2167:
2163:
2152:
2139:
2077:
2050:
2023:
2014:
1980:
1963:
1949:
1941:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1342:
1340:
978:NMNZ S.023700, complete skeleton found by
82:
51:
31:
1836:. Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa
1768:. Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa
1700:. Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa
1518:
1508:
1406:
1282:
1272:
1195:
1185:
950:NMNZ S.027950, feathers found in 1949 at
439:, which had previously been considered a
396:, a grouping of flightless birds with no
3343:Species made extinct by human activities
435:In 2005, a genetic study suggested that
1004:
1002:
998:
976:Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa
948:Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa
938:Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa
928:Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa
896:Preserved foot of the holotype specimen
454:below follows a 2009 analysis by Bunce
299:
1646:http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/moa/page-4
1368:TerraNature, "Flightless Birds: Moa",
1066:Ornithological Society of New Zealand
1036:
1034:
7:
3267:19077a84-96e1-4c4c-bf6e-e5963f3a9908
428:and sent to the British Museum. The
720:
696:
637:
613:
601:
532:
520:
486:
478:
471:
461:
1221:Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia
25:
3328:Late Quaternary prehistoric birds
1918:Upland Moa. Megalapteryx didinus.
3121:
3120:
3036:
3030:
2539:
1902:
1888:
1873:
115:
1935:Articulated Upland moa skeleton
359:Forbes 1892 ex Rothschild 1907
347:Forbes 1892 ex Rothschild 1907
304:Forbes 1892 ex Rothschild 1907
1603:Records of the Auckland Museum
1370:http://terranature.org/moa.htm
1:
1657:Tennyson, Alan J. D. (2006).
1094:Tennyson, Alan J. D. (2006).
92:
3318:Extinct birds of New Zealand
1923:Extinct Birds of New Zealand
1787:McCulloch, Beverley (1992).
1660:Extinct birds of New Zealand
1510:10.1371/journal.pone.0040025
1097:Extinct birds of New Zealand
880:arrived in New Zealand from
416:The upland moa was named as
3323:Bird extinctions since 1500
852:, various lake-edge herbs,
384:) is an extinct species of
3359:
1828:Museum of New Zealand(c).
1802:(1): 63–65. Archived from
1760:Museum of New Zealand(b).
1734:(1): 36–38. Archived from
1719:Worthy, Trevor H. (1989).
1692:Museum of New Zealand(a).
1041:Brands, Sheila J. (1989).
316:(Owen 1883) Lydekker 1891
3308:Birds of the South Island
3116:
3062:
3049:
3027:
2961:
2752:
2676:
2566:
2553:
2536:
2502:
2277:
2170:
2166:
2151:
2138:
2080:
2053:
2026:
2013:
1979:
1575:10.1007/s00049-009-0038-2
1439:Emu – Austral Ornithology
954:, Fiordland, New Zealand.
742:
725:
718:
701:
694:
659:
642:
635:
618:
611:
599:
554:
537:
530:
518:
491:
484:
476:
469:
290:
283:
261:
254:
112:Scientific classification
110:
80:
71:
59:
50:
34:
3313:Extinct flightless birds
814:Distribution and habitat
705:Anomalopteryx didiformis
3338:Birds described in 1883
1274:10.1073/pnas.0906660106
1187:10.1073/pnas.0409435102
426:Queenstown, New Zealand
351:Palaeocasuarius elegans
310:Owen 1882 ex Owen 1883
27:Extinct species of bird
1830:"Megalapteryx didinus"
1762:"Megalapteryx didinus"
1694:"Megalapteryx didinus"
1399:10.1098/rspb.2015.2043
1129:Owen, Richard (1883).
897:
835:
806:
357:Palaeocasuarius haasti
339:Megalapteryx hamiltoni
60:Mounted skeleton from
3275:Paleobiology Database
895:
833:
805:Restoration from 1907
804:
345:Palaeocasuarius velox
333:Megalapteryx tenuipes
3181:Megalapteryx didinus
3151:Megalapteryx didinus
1929:Articulated skeleton
1910:Megalapteryx didinus
1899:at Wikimedia Commons
1896:Megalapteryx didinus
1596:Gill, B. J. (2006).
1064:Checklist Committee
1012:Megalapteryx didinus
826:Behavior and ecology
495:Megalapteryx didinus
388:that was endemic to
381:Megalapteryx didinus
363:Megalapteryx benhami
320:Megalapteryx hectori
314:Anomalopteryx didina
268:Megalapteryx didinus
1937:at the Otago Museum
1881:Paleontology portal
1567:2010Checo..20...43I
1501:2012PLoSO...740025W
1451:2004EmuAO.104..149H
1265:2009PNAS..10620646B
1259:(49): 20646–20651.
1178:2005PNAS..102.8257B
74:Conservation status
62:Honeycomb Hill Cave
1834:Collections Online
1809:on 18 October 2008
1766:Collections Online
1741:on 27 October 2007
1698:Collections Online
1393:(1822): 20152043.
898:
836:
807:
746:Euryapteryx curtus
558:D. novaezealandiae
212:Bunce et al., 2009
3290:
3289:
3143:Taxon identifiers
3134:
3133:
3112:
3111:
3045:
3044:
3025:
3024:
3021:
3020:
3017:
3016:
2879:
2878:
2739:
2738:
2660:
2659:
2584:Opisthodactylidae
2560:Notopalaeognathae
2549:
2548:
2534:
2533:
2530:
2529:
2526:
2525:
2508:Notopalaeognathae
2498:
2497:
2262:
2261:
2134:
2133:
2130:
2129:
2126:
2125:
2122:
2121:
2118:
2117:
1893:Media related to
1670:978-0-909010-21-8
1230:978-0-7876-5784-0
1107:978-0-909010-21-8
1043:"The Taxonomicon"
958:Canterbury Museum
793:
792:
784:
783:
775:
774:
766:
765:
757:
756:
683:
682:
674:
673:
587:
586:
578:
577:
569:
568:
506:
505:
372:
371:
296:
235:
213:
182:Notopalaeognathae
105:
16:(Redirected from
3350:
3283:
3282:
3270:
3269:
3260:
3259:
3250:
3249:
3237:
3236:
3224:
3223:
3211:
3210:
3198:
3197:
3185:
3184:
3183:
3170:
3169:
3168:
3138:
3124:
3123:
3075:Incognitoolithus
3051:
3040:
3035:
3034:
3005:
2967:
2959:
2925:
2910:
2890:
2778:
2768:
2758:
2750:
2674:
2669:Dinornithiformes
2667:
2641:
2631:
2621:
2582:
2577:
2568:
2555:
2544:
2543:
2504:
2478:
2468:
2415:
2384:
2352:
2299:
2283:
2275:
2269:Struthioniformes
2214:
2198:
2187:
2176:
2168:
2164:
2153:
2140:
2078:
2051:
2024:
2015:
2008:
2007:
1981:
1965:
1958:
1951:
1942:
1907:Data related to
1906:
1892:
1883:
1878:
1877:
1876:
1860:
1859:
1852:
1846:
1845:
1843:
1841:
1825:
1819:
1818:
1816:
1814:
1808:
1793:
1784:
1778:
1777:
1775:
1773:
1757:
1751:
1750:
1748:
1746:
1740:
1725:
1716:
1710:
1709:
1707:
1705:
1689:
1683:
1682:
1654:
1648:
1642:
1636:
1635:
1593:
1587:
1586:
1546:
1540:
1539:
1537:
1535:
1522:
1512:
1480:
1471:
1470:
1434:
1428:
1427:
1425:
1423:
1410:
1378:
1372:
1366:
1360:
1354:
1335:
1329:
1320:
1319:
1303:
1297:
1296:
1286:
1276:
1250:
1241:
1235:
1234:
1216:
1210:
1209:
1199:
1189:
1157:
1151:
1150:
1148:
1146:
1126:
1120:
1119:
1091:
1085:
1084:
1082:
1080:
1074:
1061:
1055:
1054:
1052:
1050:
1038:
1029:
1028:
1026:
1024:
1006:
966:radiocarbon date
911:in 1876, is the
721:
697:
638:
614:
602:
533:
521:
487:
482:Megalapteryidae
479:
472:
466:Dinornithiformes
462:
418:Dinornis didinus
353:Rothschild 1907
341:Rothschild 1907
308:Dinornis didinus
294:
270:
266:
230:
223:
211:
208:Megalapterygidae
206:
195:Dinornithiformes
193:
120:
119:
99:
97:
94:
86:
85:
64:, collection of
55:
38:Temporal range:
32:
21:
18:Megalapterygidae
3358:
3357:
3353:
3352:
3351:
3349:
3348:
3347:
3293:
3292:
3291:
3286:
3278:
3273:
3265:
3263:
3255:
3253:
3245:
3240:
3232:
3227:
3219:
3214:
3206:
3201:
3193:
3188:
3179:
3178:
3173:
3164:
3163:
3158:
3145:
3135:
3130:
3108:
3058:
3041:
3029:
3013:
2976:
2948:
2918:
2875:
2820:
2786:
2735:
2694:
2656:
2606:
2601:Opisthodactylus
2562:
2545:
2538:
2522:
2494:
2453:
2417:Ergilornithidae
2408:
2377:
2371:Galligeranoides
2345:
2333:Palaeophasianus
2318:Galligeranoides
2292:
2271:
2258:
2253:Pseudocrypturus
2207:
2160:
2147:
2114:
2094:
2067:
2040:
2034:Avemetatarsalia
2019:Avemetatarsalia
2009:
1986:
1985:
1975:
1969:
1879:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1864:
1863:
1854:
1853:
1849:
1839:
1837:
1827:
1826:
1822:
1812:
1810:
1806:
1791:
1786:
1785:
1781:
1771:
1769:
1759:
1758:
1754:
1744:
1742:
1738:
1723:
1718:
1717:
1713:
1703:
1701:
1691:
1690:
1686:
1671:
1656:
1655:
1651:
1643:
1639:
1595:
1594:
1590:
1548:
1547:
1543:
1533:
1531:
1482:
1481:
1474:
1459:10.1071/MU03019
1436:
1435:
1431:
1421:
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1380:
1379:
1375:
1367:
1363:
1355:
1338:
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1323:
1305:
1304:
1300:
1248:
1243:
1242:
1238:
1231:
1218:
1217:
1213:
1172:(23): 8257–62.
1159:
1158:
1154:
1144:
1142:
1128:
1127:
1123:
1108:
1093:
1092:
1088:
1078:
1076:
1075:. Te Papa Press
1072:
1063:
1062:
1058:
1048:
1046:
1040:
1039:
1032:
1022:
1020:
1008:
1007:
1000:
995:
915:of the species.
890:
874:
828:
816:
799:
794:
785:
776:
767:
758:
684:
675:
646:P. elephantopus
588:
579:
570:
507:
414:
368:
335:Lydekker, 1891
302:Palaeocasuarius
298:
297:
279:
272:
264:
263:
250:
247:M. didinus
229:
221:
210:
204:
191:
114:
106:
95:
87:
83:
76:
46:
36:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3356:
3354:
3346:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3295:
3294:
3288:
3287:
3285:
3284:
3271:
3261:
3251:
3238:
3225:
3212:
3199:
3186:
3171:
3155:
3153:
3147:
3146:
3141:
3132:
3131:
3129:
3128:
3117:
3114:
3113:
3110:
3109:
3107:
3106:
3099:
3092:
3085:
3078:
3071:
3063:
3060:
3059:
3054:
3047:
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3043:
3042:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3022:
3019:
3018:
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3012:
3011:
3001:
2994:
2986:
2984:
2978:
2977:
2975:
2974:
2962:
2956:
2954:Casuariiformes
2950:
2949:
2947:
2946:
2939:
2931:
2929:
2927:Aepyornithidae
2920:
2919:
2917:
2916:
2906:
2898:
2896:
2887:
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2880:
2877:
2876:
2874:
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2859:
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2647:
2637:
2627:
2616:
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2608:
2607:
2605:
2604:
2597:
2588:
2586:
2574:
2564:
2563:
2558:
2551:
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2546:
2537:
2535:
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2528:
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2524:
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2512:
2510:
2500:
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2496:
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2493:
2492:
2485:
2474:
2463:
2461:
2455:
2454:
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2451:
2444:
2441:Sinoergilornis
2437:
2430:
2422:
2420:
2410:
2409:
2407:
2406:
2399:
2391:
2389:
2379:
2378:
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2359:
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2347:
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2294:
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2290:
2278:
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2264:
2263:
2260:
2259:
2257:
2256:
2249:
2242:
2235:
2228:
2220:
2218:
2216:Lithornithidae
2209:
2208:
2206:
2205:
2194:
2183:
2171:
2161:
2156:
2149:
2148:
2143:
2136:
2135:
2132:
2131:
2128:
2127:
2124:
2123:
2120:
2119:
2116:
2115:
2113:
2112:
2111:
2110:
2104:
2102:
2096:
2095:
2093:
2092:
2091:
2090:
2081:
2075:
2069:
2068:
2066:
2065:
2064:
2063:
2054:
2048:
2042:
2041:
2039:
2038:
2037:
2036:
2027:
2021:
2011:
2010:
2006:
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1999:
1993:
1984:
1977:
1976:
1970:
1968:
1967:
1960:
1953:
1945:
1939:
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1932:
1926:
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1913:at Wikispecies
1900:
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1867:External links
1865:
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1445:(2): 149–156.
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516:Dinornithidae
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485:
483:
477:
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470:
468:
460:
441:junior synonym
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3061:
3057:
3052:
3048:
3039:
3033:
3010:
3009:
3002:
3000:
2999:
2995:
2993:
2992:
2988:
2987:
2985:
2983:
2979:
2972:
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2964:
2963:
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2915:
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2904:
2900:
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2831:
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2827:
2823:
2817:
2816:
2812:
2810:
2809:
2805:
2803:
2802:
2798:
2797:
2795:
2793:
2789:
2783:
2782:
2775:
2773:
2772:
2771:Querandiornis
2765:
2763:
2762:
2755:
2754:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2742:
2732:
2731:
2727:
2725:
2724:
2720:
2718:
2717:
2713:
2711:
2710:
2709:Anomalopteryx
2706:
2705:
2703:
2701:
2697:
2691:
2690:
2686:
2684:
2683:
2679:
2678:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2663:
2653:
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2648:
2646:
2645:
2638:
2636:
2635:
2628:
2626:
2625:
2618:
2617:
2615:
2613:
2609:
2603:
2602:
2598:
2595:
2594:
2590:
2589:
2587:
2585:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2556:
2552:
2542:
2516:
2515:
2514:
2513:
2511:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2491:
2490:
2486:
2483:
2482:
2481:Pachystruthio
2475:
2473:
2472:
2465:
2464:
2462:
2460:
2459:Struthionidae
2456:
2450:
2449:
2445:
2443:
2442:
2438:
2436:
2435:
2431:
2429:
2428:
2427:Amphipelargus
2424:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2411:
2405:
2404:
2400:
2398:
2397:
2393:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2380:
2373:
2372:
2368:
2366:
2365:
2361:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2354:Palaeotididae
2348:
2342:
2341:
2337:
2335:
2334:
2330:
2328:
2327:
2323:
2320:
2319:
2315:
2313:
2312:
2308:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2295:
2288:
2287:
2280:
2279:
2276:
2273:
2270:
2265:
2255:
2254:
2250:
2248:
2247:
2246:Paracathartes
2243:
2241:
2240:
2236:
2234:
2233:
2229:
2227:
2226:
2222:
2221:
2219:
2217:
2210:
2203:
2202:
2195:
2192:
2191:
2184:
2181:
2180:
2173:
2172:
2169:
2165:
2162:
2159:
2158:Palaeognathae
2154:
2150:
2146:
2145:Palaeognathae
2141:
2137:
2108:
2107:
2106:
2105:
2103:
2101:
2100:Palaeognathae
2097:
2089:
2085:
2084:
2083:
2082:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2070:
2062:
2058:
2057:
2056:
2055:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2043:
2035:
2031:
2030:
2029:
2028:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2004:
2000:
1998:
1994:
1992:
1988:
1987:
1982:
1978:
1973:
1966:
1961:
1959:
1954:
1952:
1947:
1946:
1943:
1936:
1933:
1930:
1927:
1924:
1920:
1919:
1915:
1912:
1911:
1905:
1901:
1898:
1897:
1891:
1887:
1886:
1882:
1871:
1866:
1857:
1851:
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1835:
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1824:
1821:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1790:
1783:
1780:
1767:
1763:
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1737:
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1722:
1715:
1712:
1699:
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1688:
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1676:
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1666:
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1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1495:(6): e40025.
1494:
1490:
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1479:
1477:
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1468:
1464:
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1396:
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1388:
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1377:
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1371:
1365:
1362:
1359:
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1351:
1349:
1347:
1345:
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1341:
1337:
1333:
1328:
1326:
1322:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1302:
1299:
1294:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1247:
1240:
1237:
1232:
1226:
1222:
1215:
1212:
1207:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1156:
1153:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1125:
1122:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1103:
1099:
1098:
1090:
1087:
1071:
1067:
1060:
1057:
1044:
1037:
1035:
1031:
1019:
1015:
1013:
1005:
1003:
999:
992:
987:
984:
981:
980:Trevor Worthy
977:
974:
971:
967:
963:
959:
956:
953:
952:Takahe Valley
949:
946:
943:
939:
936:
933:
929:
926:
924:
923:Old Man Range
920:
917:
914:
910:
906:
903:
902:
901:
894:
887:
885:
883:
879:
871:
869:
867:
866:Haast's eagle
861:
859:
855:
851:
850:
845:
841:
832:
825:
823:
821:
813:
811:
803:
796:
789:
788:
780:
779:
771:
770:
762:
761:
753:
752:
749:
748:
747:
740:
739:
736:
735:
732:
731:
730:
729:Emeus crassus
723:
722:
716:
715:
712:
711:
708:
707:
706:
699:
698:
692:
691:
688:
687:
679:
678:
670:
669:
666:
665:
664:
663:P. geranoides
657:
656:
653:
652:
649:
648:
647:
640:
639:
633:
632:
629:
628:
625:
624:
623:
616:
615:
609:
608:
604:
603:
596:
595:
592:
591:
583:
582:
574:
573:
565:
564:
561:
560:
559:
552:
551:
548:
547:
544:
543:
542:
535:
534:
528:
527:
523:
522:
515:
514:
511:
510:
502:
501:
498:
497:
496:
489:
488:
481:
480:
474:
473:
467:
464:
463:
459:
457:
453:
448:
446:
442:
438:
433:
431:
427:
423:
419:
411:
409:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
382:
377:
364:
361:
358:
355:
352:
349:
346:
343:
340:
337:
334:
331:
328:
324:
321:
318:
315:
312:
309:
306:
303:
300:
289:
286:
282:
277:
271:
269:
260:
257:
256:Binomial name
253:
249:
248:
242:
239:
238:
233:
228:
227:
220:
217:
216:
209:
203:
200:
199:
196:
190:
187:
186:
183:
180:
177:
174:
173:
170:
169:Palaeognathae
167:
164:
163:
160:
157:
154:
153:
150:
147:
144:
143:
140:
137:
134:
133:
130:
127:
124:
123:
118:
113:
109:
103:
90:
79:
75:
70:
67:
63:
58:
54:
49:
45:
41:
33:
30:
19:
3303:Megalapteryx
3150:
3103:Tsondabornis
3101:
3094:
3087:
3082:Medioolithus
3080:
3073:
3068:Diamantornis
3066:
3006:
2996:
2989:
2968:
2941:
2934:
2911:
2901:
2885:Novaeratitae
2868:
2861:
2854:
2847:
2840:
2833:
2813:
2806:
2801:Crypturellus
2799:
2781:Roveretornis
2779:
2769:
2759:
2728:
2721:
2714:
2707:
2689:Megalapteryx
2688:
2687:
2680:
2649:
2642:
2632:
2622:
2599:
2591:
2487:
2479:
2469:
2446:
2439:
2432:
2425:
2401:
2394:
2369:
2362:
2338:
2331:
2326:Geranodornis
2324:
2316:
2311:Eogeranoides
2309:
2301:Geranoididae
2284:
2251:
2244:
2237:
2230:
2223:
2199:
2188:
2177:
1922:
1917:
1909:
1895:
1850:
1838:. Retrieved
1833:
1823:
1811:. Retrieved
1804:the original
1799:
1795:
1782:
1770:. Retrieved
1765:
1755:
1743:. Retrieved
1736:the original
1731:
1727:
1714:
1702:. Retrieved
1697:
1687:
1659:
1652:
1640:
1607:
1601:
1591:
1561:(1): 43–48.
1558:
1555:Chemoecology
1554:
1544:
1532:. Retrieved
1492:
1488:
1442:
1438:
1432:
1420:. Retrieved
1390:
1386:
1376:
1364:
1315:
1311:
1301:
1256:
1252:
1239:
1220:
1214:
1169:
1165:
1155:
1143:. Retrieved
1138:
1134:
1124:
1096:
1089:
1077:. Retrieved
1059:
1047:. Retrieved
1021:. Retrieved
1018:nztcs.org.nz
1017:
1011:
986:Otago Museum
969:
962:Rakaia River
919:Otago Museum
899:
878:Māori people
875:
862:
847:
837:
820:South Island
817:
808:
744:
743:
727:
726:
703:
702:
661:
660:
644:
643:
622:P. australis
620:
619:
605:
556:
555:
539:
538:
524:
494:
493:
492:
465:
455:
449:
444:
436:
434:
422:Richard Owen
417:
415:
380:
379:
375:
373:
365:Archey 1941
362:
356:
350:
344:
338:
332:
319:
313:
307:
301:
267:
262:
246:
245:
226:Megalapteryx
225:
224:
207:
175:
165:Infraclass:
29:
3216:iNaturalist
3175:Wikispecies
2982:Casuariidae
2970:Diogenornis
2943:Mullerornis
2894:Apterygidae
2842:Nothoprocta
2808:Nothocercus
2723:Euryapteryx
2593:Diogenornis
2471:Orientornis
2179:Asteriornis
2088:Maniraptora
2073:Maniraptora
1972:Palaeognath
888:Discoveries
797:Description
541:D. robustus
420:in 1883 by
390:New Zealand
96: 1500
40:Pleistocene
3297:Categories
3257:upland-moa
3096:Psammornis
2913:Proapteryx
2856:Rhynchotus
2826:Nothurinae
2761:Miniothura
2730:Pachyornis
2624:Heterorhea
2572:Rheiformes
2517:see below↓
2434:Ergilornis
2232:Fissuravis
2190:Eremopezus
2109:see below↓
1049:21 January
993:References
970:M. didinus
942:Mount Owen
909:Queenstown
872:Extinction
849:Nothofagus
844:coprolites
607:Pachyornis
445:M. didinus
437:M. benhami
392:. It is a
376:upland moa
35:Upland moa
2991:Casuarius
2936:Aepyornis
2870:Tinamotis
2863:Taoniscus
2792:Tinaminae
2745:Tinamidae
2644:Protorhea
2448:Urmiornis
2386:Eogruidae
2364:Palaeotis
2286:Remiornis
2239:Lithornis
2225:Calciavis
2201:Limenavis
2061:Theropoda
2046:Theropoda
1989:Kingdom:
1813:20 August
1745:19 August
1632:Q58623352
1616:1174-9202
1610:: 55–80.
1079:4 January
882:Polynesia
452:cladogram
240:Species:
135:Kingdom:
129:Eukaryota
3234:10539775
3195:52231947
3160:Wikidata
3126:Category
3089:Namornis
3008:Emuarius
2998:Dromaius
2835:Eudromia
2682:Dinornis
2634:Hinasuri
2489:Struthio
2403:Sonogrus
2340:Paragrus
1997:Chordata
1995:Phylum:
1991:Animalia
1796:Notornis
1728:Notornis
1679:80016906
1628:Wikidata
1624:42905885
1583:10956718
1529:22768206
1489:PLOS ONE
1467:86345660
1417:26763698
1293:19923428
1206:15928096
1116:80016906
1068:(2010).
1023:29 April
1014:. NZTCS"
932:Cromwell
597:Emeidae
526:Dinornis
430:holotype
412:Taxonomy
325:1884 ex
285:Synonyms
201:Family:
149:Chordata
145:Phylum:
139:Animalia
125:Domain:
44:Holocene
3333:Ratites
3208:4852024
3166:Q998863
2903:Apteryx
2849:Nothura
2815:Tinamus
2700:Emeidae
2612:Rheidae
2001:Class:
1840:18 July
1772:18 July
1704:18 July
1563:Bibcode
1534:21 July
1520:3386916
1497:Bibcode
1447:Bibcode
1422:21 July
1408:4721086
1318:: 1–26.
1284:2791642
1261:Bibcode
1197:1149408
1174:Bibcode
854:tussock
402:sternum
400:on the
278:, 1883)
265:†
244:†
218:Genus:
188:Order:
155:Class:
100: (
91: (
89:Extinct
66:Te Papa
3280:369702
3264:NZOR:
3254:NZBO:
3221:410554
3056:Ootaxa
2396:Eogrus
1974:genera
1677:
1667:
1630:
1622:
1614:
1581:
1527:
1517:
1465:
1415:
1405:
1291:
1281:
1227:
1204:
1194:
1145:7 July
1114:
1104:
858:takahē
456:et al.
394:ratite
102:NZ TCS
3229:IRMNG
2716:Emeus
1807:(PDF)
1792:(PDF)
1739:(PDF)
1724:(PDF)
1620:JSTOR
1579:S2CID
1463:S2CID
1249:(PDF)
1073:(PDF)
934:area.
329:1886
327:Haast
323:Haast
232:Haast
176:Clade
3247:8813
3242:NCBI
3203:GBIF
2651:Rhea
2086:see
2059:see
2032:see
2003:Aves
1842:2010
1815:2006
1774:2010
1747:2006
1706:2010
1675:OCLC
1665:ISBN
1612:ISSN
1536:2023
1525:PMID
1424:2023
1413:PMID
1289:PMID
1225:ISBN
1202:PMID
1147:2023
1112:OCLC
1102:ISBN
1081:2016
1051:2010
1025:2023
913:type
840:crop
450:The
398:keel
374:The
295:list
276:Owen
234:1886
159:Aves
3190:EoL
1571:doi
1515:PMC
1505:doi
1455:doi
1443:104
1403:PMC
1395:doi
1391:283
1279:PMC
1269:doi
1257:106
1192:PMC
1182:doi
1170:102
443:of
386:moa
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93:c.
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1957:t
1950:v
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