280:, and other forms of enclosure. Bank barrows are parallel-sided mounds, usually flanked by ditches on either side. Originally believed to be Roman in origin, cursus monuments also consist of long parallel lengths of banks of earth with external ditches, but with an open avenue or enclose between. Both forms are usually associated with burial chambers. Examples of bank barrows in Scotland include from Perthshire the long mound at Auchenlaich and the hybrid bank barrow/cursus monument at Cleaven Dyke, which stretches for over 1.5 miles (2 km). Mortuary enclosures are usually sub-rectangular banks with external ditches and raised platforms of stone or wood within them, thought by J. G. Scott to be used for the exposure of corpses prior to burial elsewhere, although this interpretation is disputed. Remains of mortuary enclosures of this period are often found under
307:
390:
249:
1712:
33:
264:, the earliest probably dating from the beginning of the fourth millennium BCE. Today these monuments consist of massive mounds of earth or stone, most commonly trapezoidal in plan and often orientated to the east. They are widely distributed in the Lowlands, particularly in Aberdeenshire, Angus, Dumfries and Galloway and the Scottish Borders. Related structures include
288:. The timber halls are probably unique to Scotland and were massive roofed buildings made of oak, all of which seem to have been subsequently burnt down. There is debate as to the role of these buildings, which have been seen variously as regular farming homesteads of Neolithic families and as related to a series of monumental constructions such as barrows. The hall at
147:
427:
towers, probably dating from about 200 BCE. They are drystone hollow-walled structures that are unique to
Scotland. Most ruins only survive up to a few metres above ground level, although there are five extant examples of towers whose walls still exceed 21 feet (6 m) in height. There are at
240:
construction, built with large stones, many of which weigh several tons. Gallery graves are rectangular gallery-like spaces, where the entrance at one end is the width of the gallery. These were sometimes lined or roofed with slabs and then covered with earth. Among the most impressive surviving
463:
around an enclosure. Most are relatively small, covering one or two acres, but some are much larger as at Castle O'er, Birrenwark, Cadimuir, Cadroner and White Meldon. They appear to have been largely abandoned in the Roman period, but some seem to have been reoccupied after their
358:
in
Scotland, named after those at Balnuaran of Clava near Inverness. They take two distinct forms, either a circular rubble enclosure known as "ring cairns", or passage graves, with a long entrance, usually in complex astronomical alignments. As elsewhere in Europe,
338:
in
Shetland. At Jarlshof these are oval houses with thick stone walls, which may have been partly subterranean at the earliest period of inhabitation, a technique that provided both structural stability and insulation. There is also evidence of the occupation of
455:, a roundhouse with a characteristic outer wall, within which was a circle of stone piers (bearing a resemblance to the spokes of a wheel), but these would flourish most in the era of Roman occupation. There is evidence for about 1,000 Iron Age
321:
As bronze working developed from about 2000 BCE, there was a decline in the building of large new structures, which, with a reduction of the total area under cultivation, suggests a fall in population. From the
343:, roundhouses partially or entirely built on artificial islands, usually in lakes, rivers and estuarine waters. They were often constructed of layers of brushwood and rubble. Sometimes they were
201:
is one of the oldest surviving houses in north-west Europe, making use of locally gathered rubble in a dry-stone construction, it was probably occupied for 900 years, between 3700 and 2800 BCE.
1591:
1741:
292:, Aberdeenshire was 85 feet (26 m) long, 43 feet (13 m) wide and may have had a roof 30 feet (9 m) high, making it large enough to accommodate up to 50 people.
260:
In contrast to the
Highlands and Islands where stone was extensively used, in the south and east the most visible architectural survivals of the Neolithic are mainly earthen
181:
era, around 6,000 years ago, and the first villages around 500 years later. Neolithic habitation, burial and ritual sites are particularly common and well-preserved in the
56:
settlers began to build in wood in what is now
Scotland from at least 8,000 years ago. The first permanent houses of stone were constructed around 6,000 years ago, as at
451:. The heaviest evidence of the occupation of crannogs was in this era, but they would continue to be used until the Middle Ages. This period also saw the beginnings of
1548:
1224:
1581:
1576:
1310:
177:, dated to about 6000 BCE. With the development of agriculture, groups of settlers began building stone houses on what is now Scottish soil in the
236:, near Stenness on the mainland of Orkney (dated 3400–3200 BCE) and Monamore, Isle of Arran (dated approximately 3500 BCE) are passage graves, of
375:
in East
Lothian, which had a 20-acre enclosure, sectioned in two places west of the summit, made up of a coursed, stone wall with a rubble core.
1586:
574:
1541:
1362:
1331:
444:
in
Shetland. Despite extensive research, their purpose and the nature of the societies that created them are still a matter of debate.
416:
on Orkney, and at
Clickimin in Shetland. From about 400 BC more complex Atlantic roundhouses began to be built, as at Howe, Orkney and
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on the mainland of Orkney, which date from about 3100 BCE, of four stones, the tallest of which is 16 feet (5 m) in height.
1124:
Iron Age
Communities in Britain: An Account of England, Scotland and Wales from the Seventh Century BC until the Roman Conquest
1017:
Iron Age
Communities in Britain: An Account of England, Scotland and Wales from the Seventh Century BC until the Roman Conquest
927:
Iron Age Communities in Britain: An Account of England, Scotland and Wales from the seventh century BC until the Roman Conquest
861:
Iron Age Communities in Britain: An Account of England, Scotland and Wales from the Seventh Century BC until the Roman Conquest
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In the early Iron Age, from the seventh century BCE, cellular houses begin to be replaced on the northern isles by simple
209:
of Orkney also dates from this era, occupied from about 3100 to 2500 BCE and is Europe's most complete Neolithic village.
447:
Archaeologists since the 1960s have distinguished brochs from smaller structures of similar construction, usually called
473:
242:
232:. Cists are relatively simple box-like graves, usually made up of stone slabs and covered with a large stone or slab.
1079:
1657:
1697:
1557:
1510:
1315:
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284:. Key examples include Pitnacree, Perthshire and two closely related sites at Lochhill and Slewcairn, both in
1479:
948:
Monuments and Landscape in Atlantic Europe: Perception and Society during the Neolithic and Early Bronze Age
408:, substantial circular buildings with a drystone construction. Important examples are at Quanterness, Bu,
354:
The creation of cairns and Megalithic monuments continued into this period. There are approximately fifty
1662:
1305:
161:
The oldest house for which there is evidence in Britain is the oval structure of wooden posts found at
1398:
1267:
1233:
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93:
1667:
1612:
1285:
448:
428:
least 100 broch sites in Scotland, of which the best preserved include those at South Yarrows near
405:
125:
117:
220:
from this period. Many different types have been identified, but they can be roughly grouped into
1485:
1336:
1262:
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189:, where a lack of trees led to most structures being built of local stone. The stone building at
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17:
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371:, from around 1000 BCE, which accommodated several hundred houses on a fortified hilltop, and
327:
173:
period, about 8240 BCE. The earliest stone structures are probably the three hearths found at
162:
80:, often linked to timber monuments of which only remnants remain. Related structures include
48:
includes all human building within the modern borders of Scotland, before the arrival of the
1632:
1491:
368:
323:
253:
241:
monuments of the period are the first sets of standing stones in Scotland, such as those at
206:
76:
from this era, particularly in the west and north. In the south and east there are earthen
1716:
1637:
1290:
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348:
269:
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85:
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69:
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37:
459:, most located below the Clyde-Forth line. The majority are circular, with a single
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1341:
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194:
49:
1687:
1647:
1378:
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81:
1166:
British Fortifications Through the Reign of Richard III: An Illustrated History
32:
1672:
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1388:
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170:
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65:
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53:
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How to Read Prehistoric Monuments: A Unique Guide to Our Ancient Heritage
460:
384:
331:
315:
237:
113:
109:
993:
The Iron Age in Northern Britain: Celts and Romans, Natives and Invaders
423:
The most massive constructions that date from this era are the circular
1652:
1453:
1448:
1423:
1403:
1383:
1300:
1202:
340:
311:
261:
101:
77:
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The Cleaven Dyke and Littleour: Monuments in the Neolithic of Tayside
198:
61:
146:
1627:
1443:
1433:
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398:
388:
363:
were first introduced in this period, including the occupation of
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247:
145:
121:
73:
1187:
Strongholds of the Picts: The Fortifications of Dark Age Scotland
40:, Orkney, one of the oldest surviving houses in north-west Europe
1418:
1530:
1206:
561:
559:
330:
there is evidence of cellular round houses of stone, as at
100:
there are fewer new buildings, but there is evidence of
969:
Before Scotland: The Story of Scotland Before History
840:
Before Scotland: The Story of Scotland Before History
819:
Before Scotland: The Story of Scotland Before History
515:
Before Scotland: The Story of Scotland Before History
1605:
1564:
1501:
1472:
1371:
1355:
1324:
1276:
1240:
1011:
1009:
921:
919:
903:
The Crannogs of Scotland: An Underwater Archaeology
1147:(London: B. T. Batsford/Historic Scotland, 1999),
798:Neolithic Scotland: Timber, Stone, Earth and Fire
777:Neolithic Scotland: Timber, Stone, Earth and Fire
693:Neolithic Scotland: Timber, Stone, Earth and Fire
672:Neolithic Scotland: Timber, Stone, Earth and Fire
588:Neolithic Scotland: Timber, Stone, Earth and Fire
104:, roundhouses built on artificial islands and of
533:
531:
800:(Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2006),
779:(Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2006),
695:(Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2006),
674:(Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2006),
590:(Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2006),
46:architecture of Scotland in the prehistoric era
504:, 18 November 2012, retrieved 7 December 2012.
1542:
1218:
256:, one of the finest stone circles in Scotland
8:
539:A History of Scotland’s Masonry Construction
498:"Bridge works uncover nation's oldest house"
27:Buildings of Scotland in the Prehistoric era
1742:Architecture in Scotland by period or style
1059:Towers in the North: The Brochs of Scotland
1038:Towers in the North: The Brochs of Scotland
882:Towers in the North: The Brochs of Scotland
132:, most located below the Clyde-Forth line.
1549:
1535:
1527:
1225:
1211:
1203:
351:and sometimes surfaced with logs of oak.
128:. There is also evidence of about 1,000
31:
489:
116:there is evidence of substantial stone
758:(Society Antiquaries Scotland, 1998),
971:(London: Thames & Hudson, 2005),
842:(London. Thames & Hudson, 2005),
821:(London: Thames & Hudson, 2005),
735:The Prehistory of Britain and Ireland
628:F. Somerset Fry and P. Somerset Fry,
607:F. Somerset Fry and P. Somerset Fry,
517:(London: Thames & Hudson, 2005),
52:in Britain in the first century BCE.
7:
737:(Cambridge University Press, 2007),
68:. There are also large numbers of
25:
1126:(New York, NY: Routledge, 2004),
1019:(New York, NY: Routledge, 2004),
929:(New York, NY: Routledge, 2004),
863:(New York, NY: Routledge, 2004),
754:G. J. Barclay and G. S. Maxwell,
569:(London: HarperPerennial, 2003),
1710:
479:Timeline of prehistoric Scotland
212:There are also large numbers of
18:Megalithic monuments in Scotland
347:around the edges with vertical
545:(Edinburgh: Arcamedia, 2005),
1:
995:(New York: Routledge, 2004),
950:(New York: Routledge, 2002),
653:(Edinburgh: Birlinn, 2007),
543:Building with Scottish Stone
474:Oldest buildings in Scotland
1103:In the Shadow of the Brochs
1084:(Duncan Baird Publishers),
632:(London: Routledge, 1992),
611:(London: Routledge, 1992),
1768:
651:Orkney: A Historical Guide
382:
299:
139:
1706:
1737:Architecture in Scotland
1558:Architecture in Scotland
1511:Scotland in the Iron Age
1189:(Botley: Osprey, 2010),
1105:(Stroud: Tempus, 2002),
1061:(Stroud: Tempus, 2003),
1040:(Stroud: Tempus, 2003),
905:(Stroud: Tempus, 2004),
884:(Stroud: Tempus, 2003),
577:, pp. 98–104 and 246–50.
1480:Battle of Mons Graupius
1101:B. Smith and I. Banks,
630:The History of Scotland
609:The History of Scotland
401:
318:
257:
158:
41:
36:The stone building at
1752:Architectural history
1592:Industrial Revolution
457:hillforts in Scotland
392:
309:
251:
149:
130:hillforts in Scotland
64:and settlements like
35:
1747:Prehistoric Scotland
1234:Prehistoric Scotland
406:Atlantic roundhouses
367:near Melrose in the
118:Atlantic roundhouses
1717:Scotland portal
1613:Atlantic roundhouse
1286:Atlantic roundhouse
1168:(McFarland, 2012),
1164:J-D. G. G. Lepage,
541:in P. Wilson, ed.,
274:mortuary enclosures
90:mortuary enclosures
1486:Siege of Burnswark
1337:Carved stone balls
649:C. Wickham-Jones,
438:Broch of Clickimin
436:on Orkney and the
402:
319:
258:
169:, dating from the
159:
42:
1724:
1723:
1524:
1523:
714:Neolithic Britain
575:978-0-00-712693-4
328:Middle Bronze Age
163:South Queensferry
16:(Redirected from
1759:
1715:
1714:
1713:
1551:
1544:
1537:
1528:
1492:Great Conspiracy
1227:
1220:
1213:
1204:
1198:
1183:
1177:
1176:, pp. 25 and 31.
1162:
1156:
1145:Ancient Shetland
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716:(Osprey, 2008),
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369:Scottish Borders
270:cursus monuments
254:Callanish Stones
124:towers, smaller
120:, which include
86:cursus monuments
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1638:Chambered cairn
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310:Reconstructed
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222:passage graves
167:Firth of Forth
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108:and the first
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1111:0-7524-2517-X
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1046:0-7524-1932-3
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1015:B. Cunliffe,
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989:D. W. Harding
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961:
957:
953:
949:
943:
940:
936:
932:
928:
925:B. Cunliffe,
922:
920:
916:
912:
911:0-7524-3151-X
908:
904:
898:
895:
891:
890:0-7524-1932-3
887:
883:
877:
874:
870:
866:
862:
859:B. Cunliffe,
856:
853:
849:
845:
841:
835:
832:
829:, pp. 109–13.
828:
824:
820:
814:
811:
807:
803:
799:
793:
790:
786:
782:
778:
772:
769:
765:
761:
757:
751:
748:
744:
740:
736:
730:
727:
723:
719:
715:
709:
706:
702:
698:
694:
688:
685:
681:
677:
673:
667:
664:
660:
656:
652:
646:
643:
639:
635:
631:
625:
622:
618:
614:
610:
604:
601:
597:
593:
589:
583:
580:
576:
572:
568:
562:
560:
556:
552:
551:1-904320-02-3
548:
544:
540:
534:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
510:
507:
503:
499:
493:
490:
484:
480:
477:
475:
472:
471:
467:
465:
462:
458:
454:
450:
445:
443:
439:
435:
434:Midhowe Broch
431:
426:
421:
420:, Caithness.
419:
415:
411:
407:
400:
396:
393:The ruins of
391:
386:
378:
376:
374:
370:
366:
362:
357:
352:
350:
346:
342:
337:
333:
329:
325:
317:
313:
308:
303:
295:
293:
291:
287:
286:Kirkcudbright
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
255:
250:
246:
244:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
210:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
191:Knap of Howar
188:
187:Western Isles
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
156:
155:passage grave
152:
148:
143:
135:
133:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
58:Knap of Howar
55:
51:
47:
39:
38:Knap of Howar
34:
30:
19:
1708:
1658:Estate house
1618:Bastle house
1587:Early modern
1571:
1342:Grooved ware
1278:Architecture
1277:
1186:
1185:A. Konstam,
1181:
1165:
1160:
1144:
1139:
1123:
1118:
1102:
1097:
1080:
1074:
1069:, pp. 15–16.
1058:
1053:
1037:
1032:
1016:
992:
984:
968:
963:
947:
942:
926:
902:
897:
881:
876:
860:
855:
839:
834:
818:
813:
797:
792:
776:
771:
755:
750:
734:
733:R. Bradley,
729:
724:, pp. 39–40.
713:
712:J. Pollard,
708:
692:
687:
671:
666:
650:
645:
629:
624:
608:
603:
587:
582:
566:
542:
538:
537:I. Maxwell,
514:
509:
501:
492:
446:
422:
403:
395:Dun Carloway
373:Traprain Law
356:Clava cairns
353:
320:
282:long barrows
278:timber halls
266:bank barrows
259:
211:
195:Papa Westray
160:
106:Clava cairns
94:timber halls
82:bank barrows
45:
43:
29:
1688:Tower house
1648:Court cairn
1572:Prehistoric
1379:Caledonians
1363:Agriculture
1347:Unstan ware
1296:Court cairn
1241:By location
1143:V. Turner,
1078:A. Butler,
967:A. Moffat,
946:C. Scarre,
838:A. Moffat,
817:A. Moffat,
787:, pp. 72–4.
745:, pp. 62–4.
525:, pp. 90–1.
513:A. Moffat,
453:wheelhouses
365:Eildon hill
230:stone cists
112:. From the
96:. From the
1731:Categories
1698:Wheelhouse
1673:Peel tower
1623:Blackhouse
1389:Carnonacae
1316:Wheelhouse
1132:0415347793
1090:178028330X
1057:I. Armit,
1036:I. Armit,
1025:0415347793
1001:0415301505
977:0500287953
956:0415273145
935:0415347793
880:I. Armit,
869:0415347793
848:0500287953
827:0500287953
806:0748623388
796:G. Noble,
785:0748623388
775:G. Noble,
764:090390313X
743:0521848113
722:0747803536
701:0748623388
691:G. Noble,
680:0748623388
670:G. Noble,
659:1780270011
638:0710090013
617:0710090013
596:0748623388
586:G. Noble,
567:Britain BC
565:F. Pryor,
523:0500287953
464:departure.
414:Tofts Ness
383:See also:
361:hill forts
302:Bronze Age
300:See also:
296:Bronze Age
203:Skara Brae
171:Mesolithic
140:See also:
98:Bronze Age
66:Skara Brae
1494:(367–368)
1464:Venicones
1325:Artefacts
1311:Roman era
1306:Hillforts
1134:, p. 323.
1113:, p. 218.
1027:, p. 325.
1003:, p. 190.
979:, p. 182.
958:, p. 125.
937:, p. 340.
901:N. Dixon
850:, p. 154.
766:, p. xii.
598:, p. 113.
496:R. Gray,
418:Crosskirk
410:Pierowall
397:Iron Age
290:Balbridie
234:Maes Howe
179:Neolithic
165:near the
157:on Orkney
151:Maes Howe
142:Stone Age
136:Stone Age
110:hillforts
54:Stone Age
1683:Shieling
1663:Hillfort
1582:Medieval
1503:Timeline
1459:Vacomagi
1439:Selgovae
1429:Novantae
1414:Decantae
1409:Damnonii
1399:Cornovii
1268:Shetland
1197:, p. 12.
1155:, p. 81.
1048:, p. 55.
892:, p. 28.
871:, p. 60.
808:, p. 17.
703:, p. 45.
682:, p. 71.
661:, p. 28.
553:, p. 19.
468:See also
461:palisade
440:and the
385:Iron Age
379:Iron Age
345:revetted
341:crannogs
336:Sumburgh
332:Jarlshof
316:Loch Tay
243:Stenness
238:megalith
207:Mainland
183:Northern
114:Iron Age
102:crannogs
1668:Housing
1653:Crannog
1482:(83 AD)
1473:Warfare
1454:Taexali
1449:Smertae
1424:Maeatae
1404:Creones
1384:Caereni
1356:Economy
1301:Crannog
640:, p. 8.
619:, p. 7.
312:crannog
262:barrows
205:on the
78:barrows
1643:Church
1633:Castle
1597:Modern
1372:Tribes
1263:Orkney
1193:
1172:
1151:
1130:
1109:
1088:
1065:
1044:
1023:
999:
975:
954:
933:
909:
888:
867:
846:
825:
804:
783:
762:
741:
720:
699:
678:
657:
636:
615:
594:
573:
549:
521:
412:, and
218:cairns
199:Orkney
74:cairns
62:Orkney
50:Romans
1628:Broch
1606:Forms
1577:Roman
1488:(140)
1444:Scoti
1434:Picts
485:Notes
425:broch
399:broch
349:piles
324:Early
122:broch
1565:Eras
1419:Lugi
1191:ISBN
1170:ISBN
1149:ISBN
1128:ISBN
1107:ISBN
1086:ISBN
1063:ISBN
1042:ISBN
1021:ISBN
997:ISBN
973:ISBN
952:ISBN
931:ISBN
907:ISBN
886:ISBN
865:ISBN
844:ISBN
823:ISBN
802:ISBN
781:ISBN
760:ISBN
739:ISBN
718:ISBN
697:ISBN
676:ISBN
655:ISBN
634:ISBN
613:ISBN
592:ISBN
571:ISBN
547:ISBN
519:ISBN
449:duns
430:Wick
334:and
326:and
252:The
228:and
216:and
185:and
175:Jura
153:, a
126:duns
92:and
72:and
44:The
1394:Cat
1332:Art
314:on
193:at
1733::
1008:^
991:,
918:^
558:^
530:^
500:,
432:,
276:,
272:,
268:,
224:,
197:,
88:,
84:,
60:,
1550:e
1543:t
1536:v
1226:e
1219:t
1212:v
1092:.
913:.
20:)
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