830:), attracting nestmates, who then start to investigate the injured nestmate, pick her up, and carry the injured ant back to the nest. By doing so, they reduce their mortality rate from 32% to close to zero. Inside the nest the clinging termites get removed. If they have lost one or two legs, the ants adapt to four or five legged locomotion to compensate for it, allowing them to reach running speeds similar to a healthy ant. These injured ants are then capable again of performing colony tasks and are even observed in future raids against termites. A model calculated this rescue behaviour to allow a colony to be 28.7% larger than a colony that would not show this behaviour (due to the energy saved by not having to replace the injured workers with new healthy replacements). This is the only invertebrate species known to show such a behaviour towards injured individuals.
745:
formation and overwhelm their prey. During the attack, a division of labour can be observed. While the majors focus mostly on breaking up the protective layer over the foraging galleries of the termites, the minors rush into the galleries to kill the termites through the created openings. After a foraging site has been exploited, the ants congregate at the same place they waited earlier, with the majors carrying the termites, and return to the nest in a column-like formation. These raids are always a single event and ants do not return independently to re-exploit a former raiding site, although the possibility of the scout ant remembering a site and reinvestigating it in the future for a possible second raid cannot be excluded.
947:
959:
993:
977:
610:
598:
586:
892:. Wounds exposed to this pathogen lead to a mortality of close to 90%. Infected ants signal their infected wounds through changes in their cuticular hydrocarbon profile, allowing nestmates to recognise infected wounds and tream them accordingly. This second, therapeutic care phase also includes the application of the secretions from the metapleural gland, which harbor over 100 antimicrobial compounds and proteins. This specialised antimicrobial wound care allows the ants to successfully treat infected wounds, allowing the injured ants to recover from their injuries.
1021:
44:
1009:
843:
702:
855:
673:
79:
873:
834:
ant is injured the first step is for it to try standing normally on its legs again ("return to an idling position"). Step two is to call for help and cooperate with the responding helpers, but if step one cannot be achieved, then step two will not occur. Heavily injured ants are therefore in a constant loop trying to achieve step one, making it a very simple mechanism of only rescuing ants that are still useful for the colony.
754:
733:
start to investigate it without getting into contact with the termites or entering the galleries, before returning by the quickest route to recruit its nestmates to conduct a raid. While the quickest route is often also the shortest, this is not always the case. Scouts have been observed to use deviations on open terrain (like paths) on which they can run twice as fast to reduce travel time on average by 35%.
685:
884:
place with their front legs. They then start to "lick" the wound for numerous minutes. This treatment occurs predominantly within the first hour after injury. Without treatment, the typical mortality rate of injured ants is 80%. Wounds often get infected by opportunistic pathogens on the soil surface entering the wound. A major, lethal pathogen in this regard for
59:
883:
Observations inside the nest have revealed that these ants treat the wounds of their injured nest-mates, making them the first recorded non-human species to consistently take care of the wounds of other individuals. Nest mates grab the damaged limb of the injured ant in their mandibles and hold it in
833:
The rescue behaviour is also limited to only lightly injured ants (loss of 1-2 limbs); heavily injured ants (that have lost 3 or more limbs) are left behind on the hunting ground. The mechanism with which this is regulated is believed to be relatively simple and based on a two-step process: after an
740:
on the return journey to the nest, the other ants seem to be unable to follow this trail without the help of the scout. The scout ant therefore leads the raid from the front, with the other ants following in a column-like formation. Recruitment time varies between 60 and 300 seconds, with all castes
732:
starts with scout ants searching an area of approximately 50 m (160 ft) around the nest for termite foraging sites. This searching phase can last up to one hour, and if it is unsuccessful the scout returns to the nest by a circuitous route. If a scout ant finds a potential site, it will
657:
occurs throughout sub-Saharan Africa from 25° S to 12° N. Its nests are generally subterranean, up to 0.7 metres (2 ft 4 in) deep, and often located next to trees, rocks, or abandoned termite hills. While the nest itself may have more than one entrance, it comprises only one chamber in
744:
Approximately 20–50 cm (7.9–19.7 in) before contact with the termites, the raiding column stops and agglomerates until all the ants in the column have arrived, forming a sort of circle around the raid leader (the scout). Afterwards the ants rush forward towards the termites in an open
821:
During battles against termites some of the ants get injured. The termite soldiers are able to bite off extremities or cling on to ant bodies after their death. These ants have evolved a unique mechanism to deal with this increased foraging cost. The battle-injured ants "call" for help with a
716:
focuses on dawn and dusk between 6:00–10:00 and 15:00–19:00, with approximately three to five raids occurring per day. There are also observations of a third raiding activity window during the night between 22:00–2:00, although this phase has been poorly studied.
780:
colonies are obligate termite hunters, a queen could not establish a nest on her own, since she could not conduct a raid against termites without a standing army of worker ants. It is therefore assumed that new colonies are always created through
641:
is often referred to as dimorphic, with a major and minor caste, they actually exhibit polyphasic allometry in worker sizes. The variations among the ants are mostly in size and pubescence (with minors having less), although differences in the
741:
taking part in a raid. During the outward journey towards the termites, all ants are laying a pheromone trail, making it much easier for them to find their way back to the nest later without having to rely on the scout ant.
1881:
Frank, Erik Thomas; Kesner, Lucie; Liberti, Joanito; Helleu, Quentin; LeBoeuf, Adria; Sponsler, Douglas; Azuma, Fumika; Economo, Evan; Waridel, Patrice; Engel, Philipp; Schmitt, Thomas; Keller, Laurent (29 December 2023).
976:
992:
813:) outside of the nest, they cooperate with one another in an attempt to defend themselves by checking each other's extremities for enemy ants and removing any that are clinging to their legs or antennae.
958:
946:
1750:
1052:
Schmidt, C.A.; Shattuck, S. O. (18 June 2014). "The Higher
Classification of the Ant Subfamily Ponerinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), with a Review of Ponerine Ecology and Behavior".
1589:
60:
1136:
914:
2093:
2214:
2119:
1020:
904:
1008:
347:, fierce warriors who overwhelmed various other tribes during the 1800s. With some individuals reaching up to 25 millimetres (0.98 in) in length,
225:
776:
are often observed leaving and entering the nests of established colonies by using pheromone trails from previous raids as guides to the nest. Since
2188:
2080:
2106:
1941:
1608:
1282:
764:
Colony size varies, depending on the location and age of the colony, from 440 to 2300 adult ants. Little is known about the reproduction of
1714:
Longhurst, C.; Howse, P. E. (1979). "Some
Aspects of the Biology of the Males of Megaponera Foetens (Fab.) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)".
2252:
1146:
1949:
1965:
1772:
Frank, Erik Thomas; Schmitt, Thomas; Hovestadt, Thomas; Mitesser, Oliver; Stiegler, Jonas; Linsenmair, Karl Eduard (12 April 2017).
1331:
1227:
1751:"Cooperative self-defence: Matabele ants (Pachycondyla analis) against African driver ants (Dorylus sp.; Hymenoptera: Formicidae)"
569:
798:
While cooperative defence of the nest is well known in ants, cooperative self-defence outside of the nest is much less so. When
625:
The size of worker ants varies between 5–18 millimetres (0.20–0.71 in), with larger workers making up to 50 percent of the
2247:
503:
2111:
2257:
609:
597:
585:
2175:
643:
2219:
78:
2124:
409:
370:
366:
293:
282:
270:
214:
2046:
616:
437:
414:, the sole species belonging to the genus to date. In 1994 William L. Brown Jr. synonymised the genus under
355:
344:
1994:
1540:
1090:
966:
931:
304:
43:
2180:
2166:
377:
to another species in 1792. Both names allude to the fact that the mandibular gland of this ant releases
1632:
Hölldobler, Bert; Braun, Ulrich; Gronenberg, Wulfila; Kirchner, Wolfgang H.; Peeters, Christian (1994).
1465:(F.) sur les populations récoltantes de Macrotermitinae dans un ecosystème semi-aride (Kajiado-Kenya)".
842:
197:
785:, with the new queen taking a number of the workers of the old colony with her to create a new colony.
701:
664:
are sometimes found in the nests, and have evolved a skin secretion that inhibits the ants aggression.
2067:
1895:
1785:
1680:
1180:
689:
660:
1244:
672:
1323:
827:
382:
463:
than those recognised at the moment – some of which may warrant elevation to full species status.
224:
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1731:
1696:
1521:
1482:
1375:
1114:
823:
378:
332:
257:
73:
1213:
2098:
854:
2054:
1921:
1863:
1811:
1570:
1442:
1418:
1327:
1278:
1223:
1142:
1069:
782:
1911:
1903:
1853:
1845:
1801:
1793:
1723:
1688:
1649:
1560:
1513:
1474:
1410:
1367:
1315:
1188:
1106:
1061:
872:
2032:
455:
Due to its very wide distribution throughout Africa, it is likely that there are many more
440:
incorrectly used throughout the literature the new name for the species as of June 2014 is
737:
722:
630:
1316:
1916:
1899:
1884:"Targeted treatment of injured nestmates with antimicrobial compounds in an ant society"
1883:
1789:
1684:
1184:
1858:
1833:
1806:
1773:
1304:: 649–776 (page 714, Megaponera; (diagnosis in key) as genus; Megaponera in Ponerinae )
753:
563:
543:
523:
483:
2236:
1653:
1633:
1394:
1735:
1700:
1486:
1379:
2059:
1525:
1414:
1132:
646:
have also been observed, with minors having smoother mandibles compared to majors.
416:
1832:
Frank, Erik Thomas; Wehrhahn, Marten; Linsenmair, Karl Eduard (14 February 2018).
1774:"Saving the injured: Rescue behavior in the termite-hunting ant Megaponera analis"
1192:
633:, they were never observed laying fertile eggs, a function solely reserved to the
432:
back to full genus status due to both molecular and morphological evidence. Since
2151:
1444:
Termite raiding by the ponerine ant
Pachycondyla analis (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)
658:
which the eggs, larvae, cocoons, and the queen are located. Frogs of the species
420:
even though he lacked phylogenetic justification, thereby changing the name from
58:
17:
2201:
2160:
2026:
935:
848:
Injured ant (termite bites) being investigated by nestmate at the hunting ground
401:
130:
2017:
1907:
339:
feeding sites. Their sophisticated raiding behaviour gave them the common name
335:
and most commonly known for their column-like raiding formation when attacking
1065:
909:
899:
626:
509:
456:
1422:
1354:
Longhurst, C.; Howse, P. E. (1979). "Foraging, recruitment and emigration in
397:
328:
150:
110:
90:
1957:
1925:
1867:
1849:
1815:
1797:
1574:
1073:
822:
pheromone in their mandibular gland (consisting of two chemical compounds:
684:
1978:
2145:
2011:
1983:
1217:
803:
634:
529:
489:
160:
2193:
1138:
A Window on
Eternity: A Biologist's Walk Through Gorongosa National Park
1118:
2085:
1973:
1727:
1692:
1565:
1544:
1517:
1500:
Levieux, Jean (1966). "Note préliminaire sur les colonnes de chasse de
1478:
1371:
807:
336:
2206:
629:. Though it was often suggested that the larger ants also function as
2041:
1667:
Longhurst, C.; Baker, R.; Howse, P. E. (1979). "Termite predation by
1110:
549:
120:
100:
1988:
1358:(Fab.) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from the Nigerian Guinea Savanna".
708:
ants breaking up the protective soil layer of a termite feeding site
1167:
Villet, Martin H. (1990). "Division of labour in the
Matabele ant
1094:
871:
769:
752:
700:
683:
671:
986:
termite soldiers back to the nest, with minors walking next to it
2072:
1992:
1222:. Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
140:
1834:"Wound treatment and selective help in a termite-hunting ant"
1095:"Ecological Relations of Ponerine and Other Ants to Termites"
1594:(Formicidae, Ponerinae) in a Tanzanian coastal dry forest"
1966:
Ants of Africa: pictures and taxonomic information about
879:
ant treating the wound of an injured nestmate in the nest
361:, in Latin "anus-related", chosen by Latreille, replaced
1099:
Proceedings of the
American Academy of Arts and Sciences
1545:"Time optimized path-choice in the termite hunting ant
905:
National
Geographic: report about the helping behaviour
327:. They are a strictly termite-eating (termitophagous)
915:
National
Geographic: report about the wound treatment
2135:
2001:
1318:
Identification guide to the ant genera of the world
1277:] (in French). CNRS Ă©ditions. p. 107-109.
1271:
Combattre, sauver, soigner. Une histoire de fourmis
1827:
1825:
900:Science Magazine summary video of rescue behaviour
721:raids focus solely on termites from the subfamily
1979:Hymenoptera online: further taxonomic information
1393:Crewe, R. M.; Peeters, C. P.; Villet, M. (1984).
1026:A major worker guarding a cocoon outside the nest
1014:A migration with ants carrying larvae and cocoons
952:A major carries its queen during a colony fission
910:Science Magazine summary video of wound treatment
1974:AntCat: online catalog for the ants of the world
1461:Lepage, M. G. (1981). "Étude de la prédation de
8:
1297:Mayr, G. (1862). "Myrmecologische Studien".
736:Although the scout ant is observed to lay a
466:The five currently recognised subspecies of
1395:"Frequency distribution of worker sizes in
1245:"Online Catalogue of the Ants of the World"
1989:
1208:
1206:
1204:
1202:
860:Injured ant being carried back to the nest
725:and generally consist of 200 to 500 ants.
223:
56:
42:
31:
1915:
1857:
1805:
1564:
1456:
1454:
1085:
1083:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1436:
1434:
1432:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1343:
1162:
1160:
1158:
68:Stridulating workers in a moving column
1039:
942:
428:. In 2014 Schmidt and Shattuck revived
1322:. Harvard University Press. pp.
1275:Fight, Save, Cure. A Story About Ants
244: Likely present in country
7:
1141:. Simon & Schuster. p. 83.
351:is one of the world's largest ants.
1958:Antwiki: further information about
1671:(FAB.) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)".
1171:(Fabr.) (Hymenoptera Formicidae)".
1950:Arkive: further information about
1942:Antweb: further information about
1838:Proceedings of the Royal Society B
1588:Bayliss, J.; Fielding, A. (2002).
331:ant species widely distributed in
25:
385:, which smell like human faeces.
321:is the sole species of the genus
51:A major worker with termite prey
1638:(Fabr.) (Formicidae, Ponerinae)"
1634:"Trail communication in the ant
1447:(Ph.D.). University of Pretoria.
1403:South African Journal of Zoology
1173:Ethology Ecology & Evolution
1019:
1007:
1002:termites after a successful raid
991:
975:
957:
945:
853:
841:
728:The general foraging pattern of
608:
596:
584:
77:
1553:Journal of Experimental Biology
1299:Verh. K-K. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien
250: Absent from country
1415:10.1080/02541858.1984.11447886
688:Ants returning from a raid in
238: Present in country
1:
1504:F. (Hyménoptère Formicidæ)".
1193:10.1080/08927014.1990.9525400
970:termite soldier during a raid
1654:10.1016/0022-1910(94)90145-7
1642:Journal of Insect Physiology
1590:"Termitophagous foraging by
1441:Yusuf, Abdullahi A. (2010).
1216:; Wilson, Edward O. (1990).
1000:Pseudocanthotermes militaris
749:Colony size and reproduction
1749:Beck, J.; Kunz, K. (2007).
1673:Journal of Chemical Ecology
998:A raiding party collecting
2274:
1908:10.1038/s41467-023-43885-w
817:Saving injured individuals
2253:Insects described in 1802
1607:: 103–122. Archived from
1066:10.11646/zootaxa.3817.1.1
371:Guillaume-Antoine Olivier
367:Johan Christian Fabricius
263:
256:
231:
222:
203:
196:
74:Scientific classification
72:
67:
55:
50:
41:
34:
794:Cooperative self defence
712:The raiding activity of
404:in 1862 for the species
373:had given the same name
1091:Wheeler, William Morton
1850:10.1098/rspb.2017.2457
1798:10.1126/sciadv.1602187
1539:Frank, E.; Hönle, P.;
984:Macrotermes bellicosus
967:Macrotermes bellicosus
890:Pseudomonas aeruginosa
880:
761:
709:
693:
681:
2248:Hymenoptera of Africa
1888:Nature Communications
875:
802:ants are attacked by
756:
704:
687:
675:
400:ant first defined by
365:"stinking", given by
2258:Monotypic ant genera
1984:Encyclopedia of Life
1269:Frank, Erik (2020).
690:Yankari Game Reserve
661:Phrynomantis microps
615:Queen with enlarged
2047:pachycondyla-analis
2003:Pachycondyla analis
1900:2023NatCo..14.8446F
1790:2017SciA....3E2187F
1755:Myrmecological News
1685:1979JCEco...5..703L
1592:Pachycondyla analis
1314:Bolton, B. (1994).
1185:1990EtEcE...2..397V
932:Comoé National Park
868:Wound-care behavior
828:dimethyl trisulfide
426:Pachycondyla analis
383:dimethyl trisulfide
301:Pachycondyla analis
1844:(1872): 20172457.
1728:10.1007/BF02223502
1693:10.1007/BF00986555
1669:Megaponera foetens
1636:Megaponera foetens
1566:10.1242/jeb.174854
1518:10.1007/BF02223567
1479:10.1007/BF02223627
1463:Megaponera foetens
1397:Megaponera foetens
1372:10.1007/BF02223798
1356:Megaponera foetens
1169:Megaponera foetens
881:
824:dimethyl disulfide
762:
710:
694:
682:
422:Megaponera foetens
379:dimethyl disulfide
333:Sub-Saharan Africa
278:Megaponera foetens
2230:
2229:
2167:Megaponera analis
2137:Megaponera analis
1995:Taxon identifiers
1559:(13): jeb174854.
1547:Megaponera analis
1502:Megaponera fœtens
1284:978-2-271-12513-2
1133:Wilson, Edward O.
928:Megaponera analis
789:Helping behaviour
697:Raiding behaviour
692:, Bauchi, Nigeria
655:Megaponera analis
650:Range and habitat
567:
547:
527:
507:
487:
450:Megaponera analis
442:Megaponera analis
413:
369:in 1793, because
318:Megaponera analis
314:
313:
308:
297:
286:
274:
207:Megaponera analis
178:
61:
18:Megaponera analis
16:(Redirected from
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1990:
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1878:
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1820:
1819:
1809:
1778:Science Advances
1769:
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1716:Insectes Sociaux
1711:
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1506:Insectes Sociaux
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1467:Insectes Sociaux
1458:
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1390:
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1360:Insectes Sociaux
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1214:Hölldobler, Bert
1210:
1197:
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1164:
1153:
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1129:
1123:
1122:
1111:10.2307/20023221
1087:
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982:A major carries
979:
964:A major kills a
961:
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612:
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438:specific epithet
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2016:
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1784:(4): e1602187.
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1243:Bolton, Barry.
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819:
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751:
738:pheromone trail
723:Macrotermitinae
699:
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623:
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621:
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619:
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593:
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375:Formica foetens
267:Formica foetens
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76:
57:
28:
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5:
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1616:. Retrieved
1609:the original
1604:
1601:Sociobiology
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1252:. Retrieved
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1060:(1): 1–242.
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603:Major worker
591:Minor worker
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417:Pachycondyla
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204:
188:
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171:
170:
35:
29:
2202:iNaturalist
2161:Wikispecies
2027:Wikispecies
1894:(1): 8446.
936:Ivory Coast
804:driver ants
559:termitivora
436:was just a
402:Gustav Mayr
147:Subfamily:
131:Hymenoptera
2237:Categories
2033:Megaponera
1618:2014-10-21
1035:References
895:See also:
631:gamergates
576:Morphology
510:Mozambique
504:Gerstäcker
457:subspecies
430:Megaponera
394:Megaponera
343:after the
324:Megaponera
177:Mayr, 1862
172:Megaponera
141:Formicidae
111:Arthropoda
36:Megaponera
2243:Ponerinae
2152:Q21322148
1944:M. analis
1423:0254-1858
886:M. analis
877:M. analis
800:M. analis
778:M. analis
774:M. analis
772:males of
766:M. analis
758:M. analis
730:M. analis
719:M. analis
714:M. analis
706:M. analis
678:M. analis
668:Behaviour
644:mandibles
639:M. analis
555:M. analis
539:subpilosa
535:M. analis
515:M. analis
495:M. analis
475:M. analis
468:M. analis
461:M. analis
410:Latreille
349:M. analis
294:Latreille
283:Fabricius
271:Fabricius
215:Latreille
183:Species:
151:Ponerinae
97:Kingdom:
91:Eukaryota
2194:10702843
2146:Wikidata
2099:10592062
2018:Q7122109
2012:Wikidata
1968:M.analis
1960:M.analis
1952:M.analis
1926:38158416
1917:10756881
1868:29445019
1816:28439543
1761:: 27–28.
1736:26624905
1701:19727605
1575:29748213
1543:(2018).
1487:28763771
1380:24846197
1254:21 April
1219:The Ants
1135:(2014).
1119:20023221
1093:(1936).
1074:24943802
564:Santschi
544:Santschi
530:Tanzania
526:, 1914b)
524:Santschi
490:Ethiopia
484:Santschi
398:ponerine
389:Taxonomy
329:ponerine
258:Synonyms
161:Ponerini
137:Family:
107:Phylum:
101:Animalia
87:Domain:
2220:1885322
2086:1319917
1896:Bibcode
1859:5829198
1807:5389746
1786:Bibcode
1681:Bibcode
1526:2031222
1249:AntWiki
1181:Bibcode
1054:Zootaxa
921:Gallery
809:Dorylus
566:, 1930)
557:subsp.
546:, 1937)
537:subsp.
517:subsp.
506:, 1859)
497:subsp.
486:, 1935)
477:subsp.
434:foetens
363:foetens
337:termite
285:, 1793)
217:, 1802)
167:Genus:
157:Tribe:
127:Order:
121:Insecta
117:Class:
2207:426190
2181:923740
2125:613576
2112:583677
2073:494195
2042:ARKive
1924:
1914:
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1072:
768:. The
627:colony
617:gaster
550:Angola
479:amazon
412:, 1802
359:analis
307:, 1994
296:, 1802
273:, 1793
248:
242:
236:
2094:IRMNG
2060:4BQSZ
1732:S2CID
1697:S2CID
1612:(PDF)
1597:(PDF)
1522:S2CID
1483:S2CID
1376:S2CID
1273:[
1115:JSTOR
770:alate
519:rapax
470:are:
305:Brown
2215:NCBI
2189:GBIF
2176:BOLD
2120:NCBI
2107:ITIS
2081:GBIF
1922:PMID
1864:PMID
1812:PMID
1571:PMID
1419:ISSN
1328:ISBN
1279:ISBN
1256:2024
1224:ISBN
1143:ISBN
1070:PMID
1058:3817
826:and
760:male
381:and
354:The
2068:EoL
2055:CoL
1912:PMC
1904:doi
1854:PMC
1846:doi
1842:285
1802:PMC
1794:doi
1724:doi
1689:doi
1650:doi
1561:doi
1557:221
1514:doi
1475:doi
1411:doi
1368:doi
1324:222
1189:doi
1107:doi
1062:doi
888:is
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676:An
570:DRC
459:of
424:to
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
