451:
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368:, who was advised to follow Alexander upon a successful passage whilst the remaining forces were distributed along the river under three phalanx officers to distract Porus' forces. The strategy was successful and they crossed the Jhelum unobstructed, on a stormy night, just before dawn. A band of horsemen on chariots led by Porus' son did detect the intrusion and mount a charge but was repelled by Alexander's superior cavalry.
288:
49:
1146:"Actually, the legend reports a westward march of the Yadus (MBh. 1.13.49, 65) from Mathura, while the route from Mathura to Dvaraka southward through a desert. This part of the Krsna legend could be brought to earth by digging at Dvaraka, but also digging at Darwaz in Afghanistan, whose name means the same thing and which is the more probable destination of refugees from Mathura..."
1708:
392:
and the elephants were pushed back into Porus' columns, wreaking havoc on the rear, Alexander's cavalry kept charging and inflicting disorder. Soon Porus' army was surrounded on all sides, and became easy fodder for
Alexander's forces with the cavalry exterminated and most of the elephants captured.
326:
In response, Abisares offered submission but Porus refused, leading
Alexander to seek a face-off on the bank of Jhelum. Thus began the Battle of the Hydaspes in 326 BC; the exact site remains unknown and the exact strength of the armies cannot be determined either, due to major discrepancies between
470:, ruled by an enemy cousin of Porus; he had earlier submitted to Alexander but, suspicious of Porus' rise in rank, chose to flee with his army. The date of this battle remains disputed; Alexander's forces overran his lands before meeting stiff resistance at a walled Sangala on the other side of the
371:
Informed of
Alexander's passage, Porus became concerned with tackling those who had already crossed, rather than preventing passage of the remaining majority. He took a defensive position in the plains, interspersing infantry units with elephants on the front lines and stationing the cavalry and
727:
The Greeks often chronicled foreign gods in terms of their own divinities; multiple scholars have argued "Herakles" to mean "Hari-Krishna", the closest mythological equivalent. This identification also fits with the geography, Mathura being the epicenter of the Krshna cult. However, there is no
379:
This led to an all-out attack from both sides, but Porus' plans proved futile. According to Heckle (2014), Porus is believed to have had around 30,000 infantry. However, Porus only had 4,000 mounted troops. Not only were Porus' cavalry charges repelled but the
1575:
409:
victory; however, A. B. Bosworth warns against an uncritical reading of Greek sources, who obviously exaggerated. Alexander held athletic and gymnastic games at the site, and even commissioned two cities in commemoration:
372:
chariots in the wings. Alexander chose to shield his infantry and instead led a devastating cavalry charge on Porus' left wing, forcing reinforcements from the right; however, this rear-transit came under attack by
458:
Despite the apparently one-sided results, Alexander was impressed by Porus and chose not to depose him. His territory was not only restored, but also expanded, with
Alexander's forces annexing the territories of
474:. Siege warfare was executed to brilliant effect and the full-fledged attack began once Porus had joined with his elephants. As Sangala and allied cities were razed, Porus was allowed to station his garrisons.
295:
Porus ruled over the tracts between the rivers
Hydaspes (Jhelum) and Acesines (Chenab); Strabo noted the territory to contain almost 300 cities. He had a hostile relationship with the neighboring polity of
363:
A few months later, Alexander decided to accompany a strike force across the densely forested headlands and besiege Porus' defense; the base camp with substantial cavalry and infantry units was left under
393:
Still, Porus refused to surrender and wandered about atop an elephant, until he was wounded and his force routed. A fraction of the infantry successfully escaped and probably planned to regroup but
831:"While the battle raged, Craterus forced his way over the Haranpur ford. When he saw that Alexander was winning a brilliant victory he pressed on and, as his men were fresh, took over the pursuit."
1137:
p. 383, edited by K.A. Nilakanta Sastri, Kallidaikurichi Aiyah
Nilakanta Sastri, Bharatiya Itihas Parishad, Published by Orient Longmans, 1992, Original from the University of California
489:
was at its peak and his weary troops remained stubborn despite his cajoling and threats. A reluctant
Alexander had to renounce his plans and turn back. Porus was thus ratified as the
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to co-rule with, unlike Ambhi and
Abisares. The crossing-back of the Jhelum was a prolonged affair; filled with festivities, it attracted thousands.
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A detailed physical map of the Punjab region. The major rivers of the region including the Jhelum (Hydaspes) and Chenab (Acesines) are visible.
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360:. His forces frequently mounted intrusion-attempts and even before the battle had started, skirmishes were reported in the riverine islands.
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155:. He is only mentioned in Greek sources. Said to be a warrior with exceptional skills, Porus unsuccessfully fought against
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Iswhari
Prashad and others following his lead, found further support for this conclusion in the fact that a section of
2915:
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2098:
1970:
1960:
644:
Porus appears in the video game
Ancient Battle: Alexander, in which he is a playable character, as well as an enemy.
356:
Alexander re-used the same vessels which were used for crossing the Indus, the first time, some 300 km away at
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mentions Porus' vanguard soldiers carrying a banner of "Herakles" during the face-off with Alexander. Accordingly,
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2441:
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2135:
2010:
1810:
1323:
787:(Cambridge University Press, 2009), p.139: "Alexander charges Porus, who hurls a javelin from atop his elephant"
323:
into submission, leveraging the might of Alexander's forces, and dispatched diplomatic missions to this effect.
2030:
1683:
1658:(Alexander the Great. The demise of the Persian empire), Amsterdam: Athenaeum - Polak & Van Gennep, 2004.
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212:
376:' cavalry and Porus' cavalry was compelled to take refuge within the infantry frontlines, causing confusion.
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424:. Later, decadrachms were minted by the Babylonian mint depicting Alexander on horseback, armed with a
1688:
Political History of Ancient India: From the Accession of Parikshit to the Extinction of Gupta Dynasty
1348:(Canto Classics, pp. 112–125). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9781139197076.011
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The only contemporary information available on Porus and his kingdom is from Greek sources, whereas
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evidence of Krishna worship as early as 4th century BC. Some modern scholars equate "Herakles" to
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Porus had expected the elephant units to negate charges by Alexander's well-trained cavalry.
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and was treated as an ally; Omphis' rule was confirmed and gifts lavished, but a Macedonian
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463:, who ruled to the northeast of Porus' kingdom. Further, Omphis was reconciled with Porus.
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sources do not mention him. These Greek sources differ considerably among themselves.
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983:"The development of the Vedic canon and its schools: the social and political milieu"
799:"The Genesis of Military River Operations: Alexander the Great at the Hydaspes River"
628:
589:
304:
207:, a Vedic tribe, who existed as a marginal power in Punjab after their defeat in the
184:
148:
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702:
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2002:
1940:
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1097:. Vol. I. Oxford University Press. pp. 880, 902–905, 923–925, 1015–1016.
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but also granted him dominion over lands to the south-east extending as far as the
140:
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163:(326 BC). In the aftermath, an impressed Alexander not only reinstated him as his
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1988:
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1436:
Who's Who in the Age of Alexander the Great: Prosopography of Alexander's Empire
698:
545:
518:
259:
243:
1041:
The Indo-Aryans of Ancient South Asia: Language, Material Culture and Ethnicity
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Alexander the Great And King Poros – Opera From Antonio Cesti Burnacini – 1750
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Craterus supervised the construction. These cities are yet to be identified.
694:
568:
510:
506:
231:
538:
Porus is defeated by Alexander in single combat in the premodern text, the
234:. This identification is based on the fact that multiple Greek histories —
1707:
1566:"Siddharth Kumar Tewary's next on Porus for Sony Entertainment Television"
1394:
Bosworth, Albert Brian (1993). "From the Hydaspes to the Southern Ocean".
303:
When Alexander crossed the Indus in their eastward migration, probably in
300:, having assassinated their erstwhile ruler Ambhiraj, his maternal uncle.
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1992:
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1044:. Indian Philology and South Asian Studies. De Gruyter. pp. 85–125.
674:
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became the regent of his empire, and after Perdiccas's murder in 321 BC,
394:
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320:
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705:, after Krishna walked to heaven and had established new kingdoms there.
517:, Antipater recognized Porus's authority over the territories along the
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He had traveled to India, after Porus had been already supplanted by
526:
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164:
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99:
78:
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A joint expedition was then mounted against a territory east of the
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ruler of the entire territory east of the Jhelum, with no European
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p. 125, D D Kosambi, Publisher: : Popular Prakashan, 1999
1135:
A Comprehensive History of India: The Mauryas & Satavahanas,
478:
1722:
1263:
Bosworth, Albert Brian (1993). "The Campaign of the Hydaspes".
1670:
Alexander the Great and the Mystery of the Elephant Medallions
1360:
Alexander the Great and the mystery of the elephant medallions
697:
were supposed to have migrated westwards to Punjab and modern
266:
who worshiped one "Herakles" and originated from the lands of
1672:, California: University of California Press, 2003, 217pgs.
1639:
1468:. A People's History of India. Aligarh Historians Society /
1125:
p. 5, Edwin Francis Bryant, Oxford University Press US, 2007
1036:"4. Early Indian history: Linguistic and textual parametres"
948:(Second ed.). Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. p. 147.
1650:. Vol. 22 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
311:, son of Ambhiraj. Years ago, he had visited Alexander in
175:). Porus reportedly died sometime between 321 and 315 BC.
1169:"Megasthenes and the "Indian Gods" Herakles and Dionysos"
57:, on a "victory coin" of Alexander (minted c. 324–322 BC)
1656:
Alexander de Grote - De ondergang van het Perzische rijk
1093:
Brereton, Joel P.; Jamison, Stephanie W., eds. (2014).
732:
but this identification is not widely accepted either.
1396:
Conquest and Empire: The Reign of Alexander the Great
1265:
Conquest and Empire: The Reign of Alexander the Great
319:
was installed. Omphis hoped to force both Porus and
135:
king whose territory spanned the region between the
2720:
2435:
2078:
1757:
1095:
The Rigveda: The Earliest Religious Poetry of India
901:
Concise History of Ancient India: Political history
634:Porus appears in the Historical Battle campaign of
437:Surrender of Porus to Alexander, 1865 engraving by
84:
74:
62:
41:
477:Thereafter, Alexander proceeded unopposed to the
430:and attacking a pair of Indians atop an elephant.
904:. Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers. p. 136.
230:and a few other scholars argue that Porus was a
1344:Heckel, W. (2012). “Conquest of the Punjab” in
1267:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 125–130.
844:Historical Dictionary of Ancient Greek Warfare,
829:
307:, he was greeted by the then-ruler of Taxila,
1734:
1019:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of April 2024 (
918:Nothing is known of Porus from Indian sources
8:
1148:Introduction to the Study of Indian History,
627:in Nov 2017, in which Porus is portrayed by
1741:
1727:
1719:
580:Porus appears in the 1999 animated series
481:and even intended to cross it towards the
47:
38:
987:crossasia-repository.ub.uni-heidelberg.de
349:depicting Alexander and Porus during the
262:to have described an Indian tribe called
215:largely agreed with this identification.
203:conjectures that Porus was a king of the
767:
686:
1411:Alexander the Great: Themes and Issues
1389:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1248:
1246:
1244:
1242:
1240:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1012:
880:from the original on 14 September 2015
655:Indian campaign of Alexander the Great
588:Porus is portrayed by the Thai actor,
2910:Hellenistic satraps were preceded by
1387:
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1383:
1381:
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1162:
1160:
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1118:
1116:
1114:
7:
1548:Old Serials Archive (19 July 2017).
1495:"Book Review: The Alexander Romance"
1346:The Conquests of Alexander the Great
1280:"The Cavalry Battle at the Hydaspes"
928:
926:
601:Porus appears in the 2011 TV series
529:in the Punjab region, killed Porus.
513:became the new regent. According to
1326:from the original on 13 August 2021
1199:from the original on 12 August 2021
1074:from the original on 12 August 2021
1001:from the original on 12 August 2021
962:from the original on 17 August 2023
908:from the original on 17 August 2023
505:After Alexander's death in 323 BC,
420:at the battle-ground, in memory of
559:portrayed Porus in the 1965 movie
548:portrayed Porus in the 1941 movie
405:The battle resulted in a decisive
53:King Porus (on elephant) fighting
25:
2940:Satraps of the Alexandrian Empire
1606:Chandragupta Maurya and his times
1578:from the original on 27 July 2017
1362:. University of California Press.
1706:
938:"India in the Age of the Nandas"
525:, who had served as Alexander's
1284:The Journal of Hellenic Studies
414:at the site of his victory and
2950:4th-century BC Indian monarchs
397:pursued them to their deaths.
1:
2891:
2851:
2840:
2780:
1551:Chandragupta Maurya Episode 1
1519:DD National (6 August 2020).
1398:. Cambridge University Press.
946:Age of the Nandas and Mauryas
898:Asoke Kumar Majumdar (1977).
88:
67:
533:Cultural depictions of Porus
123:
2914:, and followed or ruled by
1413:. Bloomsbury. p. 151.
1038:. In Erdosy, George (ed.).
846:J. Woronoff & I. Spence
131:326–321 BC) was an ancient
27:4th century BC Indian ruler
2966:
997:(inactive 27 April 2024).
334:
119:
29:
18:Megasthenes' Herakles
2908:
2442:Partition of Triparadisus
1462:; Vivekanand Jha (2004).
1434:Heckel, Waldemar (2006).
1409:Anson, Edward M. (2013).
1050:10.1515/9783110816433-009
46:
1684:Raychaudhuri, Hemchandra
1358:Holt, Frank Lee (2003).
1278:Hamilton, J. R. (1956).
1034:Witzel, Michael (1995).
981:Witzel, Michael (1997).
213:Hem Chandra Raychaudhuri
1647:Encyclopædia Britannica
1167:Puskás, Ildikó (1990).
995:10.11588/xarep.00000110
874:Encyclopædia Britannica
209:Battle of the Ten Kings
2728:Peithon, son of Agenor
2697:Peithon, son of Agenor
2412:Peithon, son of Agenor
2045:Peithon, son of Agenor
1931:Cleomenes of Naucratis
1692:University of Calcutta
1499:www.astralcodexten.com
1123:Krishna: a Sourcebook,
942:K. A. Nilakanta Sastri
857:Anabasis of Alexander,
833:
783:17 August 2023 at the
615:Siddharth Kumar Tewary
571:in the 1991 TV series
455:
442:
353:
351:Battle of the Hydaspes
337:Battle of the Hydaspes
331:Battle of the Hydaspes
292:
161:Battle of the Hydaspes
32:Porus (disambiguation)
2480:Hellespontine Phrygia
2130:Hellespontine Phrygia
1805:Hellespontine Phrygia
1601:Mookerji, Radha Kumud
1173:Mediterranean Studies
803:The Military Engineer
797:Jones, T. T. (1964).
453:
436:
344:
290:
252:Bibliotheca historica
224:Quintus Curtius Rufus
2558:Laomedon of Mytilene
2214:Laomedon of Mytilene
2085:Partition of Babylon
1715:at Wikimedia Commons
774:See Keyne Cheshire,
583:Reign: The Conqueror
30:For other uses, see
1763:Alexander the Great
1611:Motilal Banarsidass
1522:Chanakya Episode 12
777:Alexander the Great
716:Chandragupta Maurya
604:Chandragupta Maurya
567:Porus is played by
157:Alexander the Great
143:(Acesines), in the
55:Alexander the Great
2916:Hellenistic rulers
1574:. 4 October 2016.
1493:Alexander, Scott.
934:H. C. Raychaudhuri
625:Battle of Hydaspes
456:
443:
386:were killed using
354:
293:
2945:History of Punjab
2922:
2921:
2912:Achaemenid rulers
2514:Cleitus the White
2007:Cleitus the Black
1711:Media related to
1479:978-81-85229-92-8
1059:978-3-11-081643-3
989:: 263, 267, 320.
955:978-81-208-0466-1
701:from Mathura and
617:'s serial titled
557:Prithviraj Kapoor
540:Alexander Romance
105:
104:
16:(Redirected from
2957:
2896:
2893:
2856:
2853:
2845:
2842:
2785:
2782:
2776:, Vadfradad II,
1743:
1736:
1729:
1720:
1710:
1695:
1654:Lendring, Jona.
1651:
1643:
1623:
1609:(4th ed.),
1588:
1587:
1585:
1583:
1562:
1556:
1555:
1545:
1539:
1538:
1536:
1534:
1529:on 15 March 2023
1525:. Archived from
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847:
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834:
825:
819:
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809:(374): 424–426.
794:
788:
772:
751:
748:
742:
739:
733:
725:
719:
712:
706:
691:
637:Rome: Total War:
256:Diodorus Siculus
130:
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97:
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21:
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1815:Greater Phrygia
1765:
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1703:
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1682:
1668:Holt, Frank L.
1634:
1630:
1628:Further reading
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1638:, ed. (1911).
1636:Chisholm, Hugh
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305:Udabhandapura
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145:Punjab region
142:
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134:
125:
117:
116:Ancient Greek
113:
109:
101:
96: 315 BC
87:
83:
80:
77:
73:
66:before 326 –
65:
61:
56:
50:
45:
40:
37:
33:
19:
2766:Ardakhshir I
1941:Satibarzanes
1766:(334-323 BC)
1687:
1669:
1655:
1645:
1605:
1580:. Retrieved
1569:
1560:
1550:
1543:
1531:. Retrieved
1527:the original
1521:
1514:
1502:. Retrieved
1498:
1488:
1470:Tulika Books
1464:
1454:
1435:
1429:
1410:
1404:
1395:
1359:
1353:
1345:
1340:
1328:. Retrieved
1287:
1283:
1273:
1264:
1201:. Retrieved
1176:
1172:
1147:
1142:
1134:
1130:
1122:
1094:
1088:
1076:. Retrieved
1040:
1029:
1015:cite journal
1003:. Retrieved
986:
976:
964:. Retrieved
945:
917:
910:. Retrieved
900:
893:
882:, retrieved
873:
864:
856:
851:
843:
838:
830:
823:
806:
802:
792:
776:
770:
746:
737:
723:
710:
689:
636:
618:
602:
593:
581:
573:
560:
550:
504:
494:
490:
476:
465:
457:
425:
416:
404:
387:
382:
378:
370:
362:
355:
325:
302:
294:
263:
222:
199:
182:
141:Chenab River
137:Jhelum River
111:
107:
106:
36:
2889:Hyspaosines
2865:Apollodorus
2774:Vadfradad I
2681:Paropamisia
2579:Mesopotamia
2542:Paphlagonia
2396:Paropamisia
2248:Mesopotamia
2224:Neoptolemus
2198:Paphlagonia
2025:Paropamisia
1989:Pharismanes
1913:Phrasaortes
1883:Mesopotamia
1845:Abdalonymus
1835:Abistamenes
1750:Hellenistic
1460:Irfan Habib
884:8 September
699:Afghanistan
546:Sohrab Modi
521:. However,
519:Indus River
417:Bucephalous
260:Megasthenes
244:Geographica
2929:Categories
2875:Ptolemaeus
2794:Andragoras
2595:Tlepolemus
2538:Cappadocia
2524:Philoxenus
2476:Arrhidaeus
2466:Lysimachus
2330:(Pelasgia)
2284:Tlepolemus
2244:Arcesilaus
2194:Cappadocia
2116:Lysimachus
1971:Andragoras
1839:Cappadocia
1775:(Queen of
1533:17 January
912:14 January
758:References
695:Shurasenas
283:Background
264:Sourasenoi
219:Sourasenis
94: – c.
92: 321
2899:Characene
2885:Noumenios
2879:Commagene
2848:Timarchus
2828:Alexander
2804:Demodamas
2778:Alexander
2762:Bagadates
2746:Drangiana
2742:Arachosia
2738:Sibyrtius
2667:Arachosia
2663:Sibyrtius
2657:Drangiana
2649:Stasander
2629:Babylonia
2615:Antigenes
2568:Peucestas
2504:Cassander
2498:Pamphylia
2486:Antigonus
2452:Antipater
2382:Scythaeus
2362:Arachosia
2358:Sibyrtius
2352:Drangiana
2318:Antigenes
2264:Atropates
2256:(Greater
2234:Peucestas
2164:Pamphylia
2136:Antigonus
2126:Leonnatus
2095:Antipater
2003:Artabazos
1981:Amminapes
1963:(Tapuri,
1951:Sibyrtius
1921:Peucestas
1903:Atropates
1855:Mithrenes
1811:Antigonus
1801:Demarchus
1504:16 August
1438:. Wiley.
1330:13 August
1320:163435999
1304:0075-4269
1290:: 26–31.
1203:12 August
1185:1074-164X
1179:: 39–47.
1078:12 August
1068:238465491
936:(1988) .
815:0026-3982
763:Citations
639:Alexander
613:launched
595:Alexander
569:Arun Bali
511:Antipater
507:Perdiccas
446:Aftermath
422:his horse
327:sources.
232:Shurasena
2818:Diodotus
2812:Sogdiana
2701:Gandhara
2677:Oxyartes
2671:Gedrosia
2643:Sogdiana
2635:Stasanor
2625:Seleucus
2599:Carmania
2445:(321 BC)
2416:Gandhara
2392:Oxyartes
2386:Sogdiana
2366:Gedrosia
2344:Stasanor
2338:Hyrcania
2266:(Lesser
2180:Philotas
2170:Menander
2156:Nearchus
2088:(323 BC)
2049:Gandhara
2021:Oxyartes
1993:Hyrcania
1955:Carmania
1899:Oxydates
1889:Abulites
1869:Stamenes
1821:Balakros
1787:Menander
1686:(1953).
1603:(1966),
1576:Archived
1324:Archived
1197:Archived
1193:41163978
1072:Archived
1005:15 April
999:Archived
966:23 April
960:Archived
906:Archived
878:archived
855:Arrian,
781:Archived
675:Pauravas
670:Cleophis
665:Abisares
649:See also
574:Chanakya
551:Sikandar
515:Diodorus
491:de facto
461:Glausaes
395:Craterus
389:sarissas
366:Craterus
321:Abisares
313:Sogdiana
169:Hyphasis
153:Pakistan
2869:Susiana
2822:Bactria
2808:Bactria
2798:Parthia
2770:Wahbarz
2752:Eudemus
2732:Babylon
2687:Taxiles
2639:Bactria
2619:Susiana
2609:Parthia
2585:Peithon
2548:Ptolemy
2534:Nicanor
2528:Cilicia
2490:Phrygia
2456:Macedon
2439:at the
2437:Satraps
2402:Taxiles
2376:Bactria
2372:Amyntas
2322:Susiana
2312:Parthia
2308:Armenia
2298:Parthia
2294:Nicanor
2278:Susiana
2254:Peithon
2228:Armenia
2204:Ptolemy
2190:Eumenes
2184:Cilicia
2146:Asander
2140:Phrygia
2110:Illyria
2108:Philo (
2099:Macedon
2080:Satraps
2055:Taxiles
2035:Eudemus
2015:Bactria
2011:Amyntas
1997:Parthia
1975:Parthia
1893:Susiana
1879:Mazakes
1873:Babylon
1865:Mazaeus
1859:Armenia
1829:Cilicia
1783:Asander
1759:Satraps
1752:satraps
1594:Sources
1582:23 July
944:(ed.).
870:"Porus"
842:p. xl,
703:Dvārakā
660:Taxiles
623:on the
523:Eudemus
487:monsoon
427:sarissa
383:mahouts
268:Mathura
258:— note
179:Sources
159:in the
2788:Persis
2691:Punjab
2605:Philip
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